Article(id=1261336275282477175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020230, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740931200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778655602522, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778655602522, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778655602522, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778655602522, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=43, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261336277564178558, articleId=1261336275282477175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Nitrite Substitutes on Quality Characteristics and Safety of Yak Sausage during Storage, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a nitrite composite substitute (NSCS) composed of several natural substances (0.03% monascus red, 0.04% Nisin, and 0.03% rosemary) on the eating quality, total bacterial count, nitrite residue, and other indices of yak meat sausages during storage (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 d), and to clarify the substitution effect of NSCS on nitrite in minced meat products. Results showed that NSCS exerted positive effects on improving the eating quality of yak meat sausages, reducing the total bacterial count and nitrite residues by substituting nitrite. Specifically, on day 9, the NSCS-treated group exhibited the highest water-holding capacity (86.1%), which was 15.5% higher than that of the nitrite-treated group (P<0.05). The cooking loss rate of the NSCS-treated group was significantly lower than that of the nitrite-treated group (P<0.05), and also significantly lower than that of the control group except on day 7 (P<0.05). During the storage period of 1~9 d, there was no significant difference in the total bacterial count between the NSCS group and the nitrite group, and both were significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). On day 1, the nitrite residue in the nitrite-treated group reached the maximum of 28.3 mg/kg, which was significantly higher than those in the NSCS-treated group and the control group (P<0.05). On day 9, the nitrite residue in the nitrite-treated group dropped to the minimum of 11.2 mg/kg. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in nitrite residue between the NSCS-treated group and the control group. In conclusion, NSCS can replace nitrite to a certain extent in the processing of yak meat sausages. This finding provides important reference significance for the development of green and organic yak meat products, and also offers theoretical references for research on nitrite substitutes in other minced meat products.

, correspAuthors=Linlin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiajia MO, Yuyu ZHOU, Yihua WANG, Kunweng PUGUAN, Kun WANG, Lina WANG, Linlin WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261336288117047480, articleId=1261336275282477175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=亚硝酸盐替代物对牦牛肉肠贮藏期间品质特性和安全性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究由几种天然物质组合而成的亚硝酸盐复合替代物(NSCS,0.03%红曲红、0.04% Nisin、0.03%迷迭香)对牦牛肉肠贮藏期间(1、3、5、7、9 d)食用品质、菌落总数及亚硝酸盐残留量等的影响,并明确NSCS对肉糜制品中亚硝酸盐的替代作用。结果表明,NSCS通过替代亚硝酸盐对提高牦牛肉肠食用品质、减少菌落总数及亚硝酸盐残留等均有积极作用。其中,9 d时,NSCS处理组持水力最高(86.1%)比亚硝酸盐处理组高15.5%(P<0.05);NSCS处理组蒸煮损失率显著低于亚硝酸盐处理组(P<0.05)且除7 d外均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);1~9 d期间,NSCS组和亚硝酸盐组菌落总数含量无显著差异且均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);1 d时,亚硝酸盐组亚硝酸盐残留量达最高28.3 mg/kg,远超过NSCS处理组和对照组(P<0.05),9 d时达最低11.2 mg/kg,且NSCS处理组与对照组亚硝酸盐残留量无显著差异。综上所述,NSCS可以在一定程度上代替亚硝酸盐应用于牦牛肉肠加工中,这对于开发绿色有机牦牛肉制品具有重要参考意义,并可为其他肉糜制品中亚硝酸盐替代物的研究提供理论参考。

, correspAuthors=王琳琳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王琳琳(1988−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=MK3Kd2X6KkMO8gbFJMxTGw==, magXml=PogOwJiP9sQWeyb6NiOjDQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=SttBEsWQTH+Df7F1EAEniw==, pdfFileSize=3854912, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=hwnGcpU6BavfNRHa1uz5wg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=kPwloHMyXYbqKf8VdD7wMw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

磨佳佳(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

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Food Chemistry, 2017, 218: 129−136., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1261336289316618428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275282477175, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336289345978557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275282477175, companyId=1261336289316618428, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Pharmacy and Food Science, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336289379532991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275282477175, companyId=1261336289316618428, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西南民族大学药学与食品学院,四川成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1261336320148947493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275282477175, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of NSCS on the color of yak sausage, figureFileSmall=yOIn6eGXFdZgZCvMRzodwA==, figureFileBig=hwnGcpU6BavfNRHa1uz5wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336322078327341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275282477175, language=CN, label=图1, caption=NSCS对牦牛肉肠色泽的影响

注:图中大写字母表示不同处理之间组间差异显著(P<0.05),小写字母表示同一处理不同天数之间组内差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图4同。

, figureFileSmall=yOIn6eGXFdZgZCvMRzodwA==, figureFileBig=hwnGcpU6BavfNRHa1uz5wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336325094031938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275282477175, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of NSCS on the oxidation state of yak myoglobin, figureFileSmall=MuMeBJXfklOU5BEkugbDdg==, figureFileBig=bq2ih19oEhCePWnhi+/q3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336326629147209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275282477175, language=CN, label=图2, caption=NSCS对牦牛肉肠Mb氧化状态的影响, figureFileSmall=MuMeBJXfklOU5BEkugbDdg==, figureFileBig=bq2ih19oEhCePWnhi+/q3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336327858078292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275282477175, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of NSCS on pH, water retention and cooking loss of yak sausage, figureFileSmall=ExQFhOGGwfVuj8dbVWI4tQ==, figureFileBig=hwDLhWzlJX1Axw6wlnIrGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336328327840350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275282477175, language=CN, label=图3, caption=NSCS对牦牛肉肠pH、保水性和蒸煮损失的影响, figureFileSmall=ExQFhOGGwfVuj8dbVWI4tQ==, figureFileBig=hwDLhWzlJX1Axw6wlnIrGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336329254781541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275282477175, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of NSCS on the total bacterial count and nitrite residue of yak beef sausage during the storage period, figureFileSmall=/Ha8rs3z3UcQvwe1YO+Nvw==, figureFileBig=GfjTiRGF4H0OhujWESC0Gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336330907337321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275282477175, language=CN, label=图4, caption=NSCS对牦牛肉肠贮藏期间菌落总数和亚硝酸盐残留的影响, figureFileSmall=/Ha8rs3z3UcQvwe1YO+Nvw==, figureFileBig=GfjTiRGF4H0OhujWESC0Gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336332023022197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275282477175, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of NSCS on the texture characteristics of yak beef sausage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏时间(d)质构特性组别
ABC
注:大写字母表示不同贮藏时间同一组别的差异性(P<0.05),小写字母表示相同贮藏时间不同组别的差异性(P<0.05);表2同。
1硬度(g)1260.98±61.78Aab1115.81±72.44Ab1399.12±75.18Aa
31122.03±11.52Ba983.58±5.12ABa827.13±54.84Bb
51135.88±38.65Ba873.43±38.51Bb701.57±63.75Cc
71032.83±41.49Ba839.97±20.57Bb631.20±55.01Cc
9770.91±24.37Ca810.60±66.41Ba641.81±59.50Cb
1弹性(mm)0.78±0.014BCa0.81±0.04Aa0.82±0.02Aa
30.80±0.014Ba0.78±0.01Aa0.81±0.01Aa
50.78±0.014Ca0.74±0.11Aa0.73±0.01Ba
70.87±0.014Aa0.83±0.03Aa0.85±0.06Aa
90.77±0.014Cb0.79±0.02Ab0.85±0.02Aa
1内聚性(N·sec)0.63±0.01CDb0.70±0.05ABab0.71±0.01Ba
30.65±0.02BCb0.66±0.01ABb0.70±0.02Ba
50.62±0.01Db0.72±0.05ABa0.66±0.02Cab
70.73±0.01Aa0.73±0.01Aa0.78±0.04Aa
90.67±0.01Ba0.65±0.02Ba0.66±0.01Ca
1胶着性(N)565.55±9.20Ca538.61±79.35Dab404.85±24.81Cb
3690.80±85.95Ba595.97±12.15CDb371.13±50.22Cc
5710.93±57.80Ba621.66±30.70BCb520.48±75.38Bc
7735.89±18.73ABa678.31±34.47Bb581.64±27.92Bc
9836.04±70.48Aab761.45±9.52Ab922.16±38.24Aa
1咀嚼性(mJ)493.58±15.01Ca465.02±27.00Ba270.66±38.24Cb
3542.83±56.30BCa481.37±79.58Ba330.93±12.75Cb
5556.35±51.48BCa493.72±4.17Ba437.53±45.35Bb
7584.89±20.86ABa553.10±56.56ABa469.14±27.90Bb
9647.99±59.31Ab593.92±40.41Ab768.55±33.60Aa
), ArticleFig(id=1261336333059015297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275282477175, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

NSCS对牦牛肉肠质构特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏时间(d)质构特性组别
ABC
注:大写字母表示不同贮藏时间同一组别的差异性(P<0.05),小写字母表示相同贮藏时间不同组别的差异性(P<0.05);表2同。
1硬度(g)1260.98±61.78Aab1115.81±72.44Ab1399.12±75.18Aa
31122.03±11.52Ba983.58±5.12ABa827.13±54.84Bb
51135.88±38.65Ba873.43±38.51Bb701.57±63.75Cc
71032.83±41.49Ba839.97±20.57Bb631.20±55.01Cc
9770.91±24.37Ca810.60±66.41Ba641.81±59.50Cb
1弹性(mm)0.78±0.014BCa0.81±0.04Aa0.82±0.02Aa
30.80±0.014Ba0.78±0.01Aa0.81±0.01Aa
50.78±0.014Ca0.74±0.11Aa0.73±0.01Ba
70.87±0.014Aa0.83±0.03Aa0.85±0.06Aa
90.77±0.014Cb0.79±0.02Ab0.85±0.02Aa
1内聚性(N·sec)0.63±0.01CDb0.70±0.05ABab0.71±0.01Ba
30.65±0.02BCb0.66±0.01ABb0.70±0.02Ba
50.62±0.01Db0.72±0.05ABa0.66±0.02Cab
70.73±0.01Aa0.73±0.01Aa0.78±0.04Aa
90.67±0.01Ba0.65±0.02Ba0.66±0.01Ca
1胶着性(N)565.55±9.20Ca538.61±79.35Dab404.85±24.81Cb
3690.80±85.95Ba595.97±12.15CDb371.13±50.22Cc
5710.93±57.80Ba621.66±30.70BCb520.48±75.38Bc
7735.89±18.73ABa678.31±34.47Bb581.64±27.92Bc
9836.04±70.48Aab761.45±9.52Ab922.16±38.24Aa
1咀嚼性(mJ)493.58±15.01Ca465.02±27.00Ba270.66±38.24Cb
3542.83±56.30BCa481.37±79.58Ba330.93±12.75Cb
5556.35±51.48BCa493.72±4.17Ba437.53±45.35Bb
7584.89±20.86ABa553.10±56.56ABa469.14±27.90Bb
9647.99±59.31Ab593.92±40.41Ab768.55±33.60Aa
), ArticleFig(id=1261336335575597706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275282477175, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of NSCS on bioamine in yak meat intestine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(d)指标含量(mg/kg)组别
ABC
1色胺2.27±0.02Db2.14±0.28Cb2.93±0.10Ba
32.54±0.06Bb3.26±0.28Ab7.30±0.59Aa
52.18±0.02Eb2.60±0.28BCa
72.90±0.03Aa2.51±0.28BCb
92.34±0.02Cb2.73±0.28Ba
1乙苯胺1.58±0.02Db1.30±0.07Cc1.97±0.10Ca
33.01±0.02Cb7.12±0.55Aa1.26±0.10Cc
53.96±0.21Bb5.22±0.69Bab6.12±1.03Ba
74.42±0.16Ab5.54±0.69Bab6.68±1.03Ba
97.09±0.70Ab9.35±1.03Aa
1组胺7.60±0.01Ea5.68±0.58Eb2.91±0.01Dc
332.79±0.17Da16.52±0.50Db3.32±0.01Dc
539.35±0.15Ca27.92±0.08Cb13.39±0.58Cc
746.25±0.22Ba30.99±0.17Bb26.56±2.52Bc
958.88±1.27Aa34.65±1.33Ab29.12±0.05Ac
1精胺5.00±0.07Ca3.66±0.44Dc4.35±0.07Bb
35.32±0.03Ba5.52±0.19BCa3.64±0.05Cb
55.10±0.10Ca5.31±0.16Ca4.83±0.06Ab
76.21±0.22Aa5.83±0.14Bb4.20±0.06Bc
96.70±0.15Aa4.27±0.24Bb
1生物胺总量16.45±0.07Ea12.78±0.55Eb12.16±0.27Eb
343.66±0.26Da32.42±1.18Db15.51±0.65Dc
550.58±0.43Ca41.05±0.29Cb24.33±1.62Cc
759.77±0.39Ba44.87±0.31Bb37.44±1.59Bc
961.23±1.27Aa51.17±1.12Ab42.74±1.14Ac
), ArticleFig(id=1261336336213131921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275282477175, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

NSCS对牦牛肉肠生物胺的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(d)指标含量(mg/kg)组别
ABC
1色胺2.27±0.02Db2.14±0.28Cb2.93±0.10Ba
32.54±0.06Bb3.26±0.28Ab7.30±0.59Aa
52.18±0.02Eb2.60±0.28BCa
72.90±0.03Aa2.51±0.28BCb
92.34±0.02Cb2.73±0.28Ba
1乙苯胺1.58±0.02Db1.30±0.07Cc1.97±0.10Ca
33.01±0.02Cb7.12±0.55Aa1.26±0.10Cc
53.96±0.21Bb5.22±0.69Bab6.12±1.03Ba
74.42±0.16Ab5.54±0.69Bab6.68±1.03Ba
97.09±0.70Ab9.35±1.03Aa
1组胺7.60±0.01Ea5.68±0.58Eb2.91±0.01Dc
332.79±0.17Da16.52±0.50Db3.32±0.01Dc
539.35±0.15Ca27.92±0.08Cb13.39±0.58Cc
746.25±0.22Ba30.99±0.17Bb26.56±2.52Bc
958.88±1.27Aa34.65±1.33Ab29.12±0.05Ac
1精胺5.00±0.07Ca3.66±0.44Dc4.35±0.07Bb
35.32±0.03Ba5.52±0.19BCa3.64±0.05Cb
55.10±0.10Ca5.31±0.16Ca4.83±0.06Ab
76.21±0.22Aa5.83±0.14Bb4.20±0.06Bc
96.70±0.15Aa4.27±0.24Bb
1生物胺总量16.45±0.07Ea12.78±0.55Eb12.16±0.27Eb
343.66±0.26Da32.42±1.18Db15.51±0.65Dc
550.58±0.43Ca41.05±0.29Cb24.33±1.62Cc
759.77±0.39Ba44.87±0.31Bb37.44±1.59Bc
961.23±1.27Aa51.17±1.12Ab42.74±1.14Ac
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亚硝酸盐替代物对牦牛肉肠贮藏期间品质特性和安全性的影响
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磨佳佳 , 周昱宇 , 王亿桦 , 普关坤翁 , 王琨 , 王立娜 , 王琳琳 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(9): 43-50
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食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026, 47(9): 43-50
亚硝酸盐替代物对牦牛肉肠贮藏期间品质特性和安全性的影响
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磨佳佳 , 周昱宇, 王亿桦, 普关坤翁, 王琨, 王立娜, 王琳琳*
作者信息
  • 西南民族大学药学与食品学院,四川成都 610041
  • 磨佳佳(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

通讯作者:

王琳琳(1988−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:
Effects of Nitrite Substitutes on Quality Characteristics and Safety of Yak Sausage during Storage
Jiajia MO , Yuyu ZHOU, Yihua WANG, Kunweng PUGUAN, Kun WANG, Lina WANG, Linlin WANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Pharmacy and Food Science, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020230
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为探究由几种天然物质组合而成的亚硝酸盐复合替代物(NSCS,0.03%红曲红、0.04% Nisin、0.03%迷迭香)对牦牛肉肠贮藏期间(1、3、5、7、9 d)食用品质、菌落总数及亚硝酸盐残留量等的影响,并明确NSCS对肉糜制品中亚硝酸盐的替代作用。结果表明,NSCS通过替代亚硝酸盐对提高牦牛肉肠食用品质、减少菌落总数及亚硝酸盐残留等均有积极作用。其中,9 d时,NSCS处理组持水力最高(86.1%)比亚硝酸盐处理组高15.5%(P<0.05);NSCS处理组蒸煮损失率显著低于亚硝酸盐处理组(P<0.05)且除7 d外均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);1~9 d期间,NSCS组和亚硝酸盐组菌落总数含量无显著差异且均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);1 d时,亚硝酸盐组亚硝酸盐残留量达最高28.3 mg/kg,远超过NSCS处理组和对照组(P<0.05),9 d时达最低11.2 mg/kg,且NSCS处理组与对照组亚硝酸盐残留量无显著差异。综上所述,NSCS可以在一定程度上代替亚硝酸盐应用于牦牛肉肠加工中,这对于开发绿色有机牦牛肉制品具有重要参考意义,并可为其他肉糜制品中亚硝酸盐替代物的研究提供理论参考。

牦牛肉肠  /  亚硝酸盐  /  亚硝酸盐替代物  /  品质特性  /  安全性

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a nitrite composite substitute (NSCS) composed of several natural substances (0.03% monascus red, 0.04% Nisin, and 0.03% rosemary) on the eating quality, total bacterial count, nitrite residue, and other indices of yak meat sausages during storage (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 d), and to clarify the substitution effect of NSCS on nitrite in minced meat products. Results showed that NSCS exerted positive effects on improving the eating quality of yak meat sausages, reducing the total bacterial count and nitrite residues by substituting nitrite. Specifically, on day 9, the NSCS-treated group exhibited the highest water-holding capacity (86.1%), which was 15.5% higher than that of the nitrite-treated group (P<0.05). The cooking loss rate of the NSCS-treated group was significantly lower than that of the nitrite-treated group (P<0.05), and also significantly lower than that of the control group except on day 7 (P<0.05). During the storage period of 1~9 d, there was no significant difference in the total bacterial count between the NSCS group and the nitrite group, and both were significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). On day 1, the nitrite residue in the nitrite-treated group reached the maximum of 28.3 mg/kg, which was significantly higher than those in the NSCS-treated group and the control group (P<0.05). On day 9, the nitrite residue in the nitrite-treated group dropped to the minimum of 11.2 mg/kg. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in nitrite residue between the NSCS-treated group and the control group. In conclusion, NSCS can replace nitrite to a certain extent in the processing of yak meat sausages. This finding provides important reference significance for the development of green and organic yak meat products, and also offers theoretical references for research on nitrite substitutes in other minced meat products.

yak meat sausages  /  nitrites  /  nitrite substitute  /  quality characteristics  /  safety
磨佳佳, 周昱宇, 王亿桦, 普关坤翁, 王琨, 王立娜, 王琳琳. 亚硝酸盐替代物对牦牛肉肠贮藏期间品质特性和安全性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 43 -50 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020230
Jiajia MO, Yuyu ZHOU, Yihua WANG, Kunweng PUGUAN, Kun WANG, Lina WANG, Linlin WANG. Effects of Nitrite Substitutes on Quality Characteristics and Safety of Yak Sausage during Storage[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 43 -50 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020230
牦牛是生活在我国高寒地区的一种特有珍稀牛种。牦牛肉营养价值极高,富含蛋白质和氨基酸以及各种微量元素,脂肪含量低,风味独特,具有极高的营养价值[1]。亚硝酸盐作为使用最广泛的食品添加剂,能赋予肉糜制品消费者喜欢的鲜红色,改善肉制品风味和质构特性,抑制微生物滋生和脂类物质氧化,在储藏期间能有效延缓食品腐败[2]。但不当使用会带来一定的安全隐患,如过量食用导致晕厥、恶心等急性中毒现象,长期超标食用,亚硝胺等致癌物积累,增加患癌机率。随着人们生活质量的提高,对绿色健康无化学添加食品的需求越来越高。
亚硝酸盐在肉制品生产过程中具有发色作用、抗氧化作用和抑菌防腐作用[3]。目前国内外学者对亚硝酸盐替代物在肉制品发色作用方面开展了一系列相关研究。番茄红素是一种天然植物色素,具有安全性高、着色自然、抗氧化、降血脂、延缓衰老等优点[4]。Calvo等[5]在干发酵香肠生产研究中发现,将干番茄皮渣添加于干发酵香肠原料中,生产出的干发酵香肠品质、感官和综合可行性效果明显;王洋等[6]将玫瑰液与亚硝酸钠复合使用,结果发现发酵肠色泽得到明显改善,且还能使肉肠产生独特风味。红曲色素是红曲霉代谢产生的物质,具有耐受光、热及氧化还原的特性,性质稳定,耐储藏,且具有较好的蛋白质染色能力,可让腌腊肉制品具有良好色泽和独特的风味[7]。杜鹃等[8]以红曲色素替代部分亚硝酸钠对花生蛋白灌肠品质,研究发现红曲色素可以替代部分亚硝酸钠应用到花生蛋白灌肠生产中。除此之外,亚硝酸盐替代物在肉制品生产中的抑菌防腐和抗氧化作用也有较多研究报道。茶多酚是一种具有天然抗氧化能力的化学物质,对于提升茶叶色香味具有不可或缺的作用[9]。杜伟等[10]为降低肉制品中亚硝酸盐的含量,在火腿肠加工中添加几种不同剂量添加剂,研究表明茶多酚能够显著抑制火腿肠的脂肪氧化酸败,同时,减少亚硝酸盐残留量;维生素C又称抗坏血酸,具有脂溶性特征,其含有的钠盐——抗坏血酸钠具有良好的水溶性[11]。刘芳等[12]研究不同肌肽添加量对冷藏条件下牛肉肉糜脂质氧化的影响,研究显示,肌肽的添加量为0.1%和0.5%时,能够明显抑制牛肉的脂质氧化并延长牛肉的贮藏时间;卢芸等[13]将迷迭香、D-异抗坏血酸钠等抗氧化剂加入淡盐青鱼干中,研究表明迷迭香可以有效抑制青鱼干脂质氧化。由上述研究可知,天然发色剂、抗氧化剂的添加可以抑制肉制品脂质氧化,但其作用单一,无法全面代替亚硝酸盐。目前,并未发现任何一种可以完全代替亚硝酸盐的天然物质,无论是红曲红、迷迭香、Ninsin等天然发色剂,还是抗氧化剂、抗菌剂等都不能独自发挥亚硝酸盐既发色、护色又抗菌等作用。因此,寻求一种由天然物质组合的可以代替亚硝酸盐的复配体系具有重要意义。
本研究在前期研究基础之上,将前期试验优化得到的亚硝酸盐复合替代物(NSCS)添加到牦牛肉肠中,并在4 ℃下贮藏9 d,测定分析NSCS对牦牛肉肠食用品质、菌落总数、亚硝酸盐残留量以及生物胺含量等各项指标,以期明确NSCS对贮藏期间牦牛肉肠品质特性和安全性的影响,为肉糜制品中亚硝酸盐替代物的研究与应用提供数据支持和理论参考。
牦牛里脊肉 购于成都市武侯区开文牛羊肉商铺;猪肥肉 购于成都市双流区白家市场;食盐等调味品 购于国贸超市;亚硝酸盐 购自浙江一诺生物科技有限公司;红曲红、迷迭香、Nisin 购于徐州恒世食品有限公司;氯化镁(分析纯≥98.0%)、EGTA(分析纯≥99.0%)、氢氧化钠(分析纯≥98.0%) 购自成都市科隆化学品有限公司;亚铁氰化钾(分析纯≥99.5%)、对氨基苯磺酸(分析纯≥99.8%) 购自福晨(天津)化学试剂有限公司等。
PH-STAR手持pH计 德国麦斯特有限公司;TA-XT-Plus食品物性分析仪 英国Stable Micro System公司;Trace DSQ气相色谱-质谱联用仪 美国Themo股份有限公司;E-1045离子溅射装置 日本株式会社日立高新技术那珂事务所;5810R冷冻离心机 德国艾蓬多夫股份有限公司。
牦牛肉与猪肥肉质量比7:3;冰水占肉总质量的15%;根据前期对亚硝酸盐复合替代物的筛选及其配比优化试验得出,按质量分数添加复合磷酸盐2.5%,五香粉0.5%,马铃薯淀粉7%,味精0.5%,其中所有配料的添加量均为牛肉瘦肉和肥肉的质量分数。
本试验分为3组,A组(不添加亚硝酸盐的牦牛肉肠);B组(按肉重量混合添加0.03%红曲红、0.04% Nisin、0.03%迷迭香的牦牛肉肠);C组(添加150 mg/kg亚硝酸盐的牦牛肉肠)。将各组样品置于4 ℃冷藏条件下贮藏1、3、5、7、9 d,在相应时间点取样测定理化指标[14]
参照Wang等[15]方法。取2.0 cm厚肉块待色差仪校准后随机选择3个位置进行测量,其测量结果用亮度值L*、红度值a*和黄度值b*表示。
参考Krzywicki[16]方法,并略作修改。称取5.0 g肉样并剔除脂肪,加入20 mL磷酸盐缓冲液(0.04 mol/L,pH6.8),在室温条件下匀浆后冰浴1 h,再4 ℃ 8000 r/min离心15 min,过滤后测定其在525、545、565、572 nm处的吸光度,并按以下公式计算。
$ \begin{split} & \mathrm{氧合肌红蛋白}(\text{OxyMb})\mathrm{相对含量}(\text{%})= \\ &(0.882\mathrm{R}_1-1.267\mathrm{R}_2+0.809\mathrm{R}_3-0.361)\times 100\end{split} $
$ \begin{split} & \mathrm{高铁肌红蛋白}(\text{MetMb})\mathrm{相对含量}(\text{%})= \\ &(2.5141\mathrm{R}_1+0.777\mathrm{R}_2+0.800\mathrm{R}_3+1.098)\times 100\end{split} $
式中,R1、R2、R3分别是:吸光率比值A572/A525、A565/A525、A545/A525
参照GB5009. 237-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品pH值的测定》方法测定。
参照Zhao等[17]的方法。称取3~5 g除去肠衣的牦牛肉肉肠,用滤纸擦净多余的水分,记录样品质量,用滤纸包裹放于50 mL带盖离心管内,在4 ℃下离心(10000×g,15 min),再次称量样品质量,计算前后水分损失,得出保水性,计算公式如下。
$ \text{持水力}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{离心后样品保留水的质量}}{\text{样品中干物质质量}}\times 100 $
将肉样切成3.0 cm×2.0 cm×2.0 cm左右大小的肉块,将肉块称重(m1)后插入温度计,放入密闭的蒸煮袋中,在水浴锅中隔水加热至肉样的中心温度75 ℃立即取出放至室温后测定其煮后重量(m2)计算公式如下[18]
$\rm 蒸煮损失(\text{%})=\frac{m_1-m_2}{m_1}\times 100$
参考赵芩[19]方法。将牦牛肉肠切成2.0 cm×2.0 cm×2.0 cm均匀方块,每组样品平行测定3次。仪器分析参数设定如下:探头:P36R-圆形探头;测前速度:2.00 mm/s,测中速度:1.00 mm/s,测后速度:2.00 mm/s,模式为:Strain,压缩比:70%;应变时间:5.0 s,负载类型为Auto(Force)-5.0 g。
参照GB 4789.2-2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 菌落总数测定》方法对牦牛肉肠进行菌落总数测定[20]
参照GB 5009.33-2025《食品安全国家标准 食品中亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐的测定》方法检测[21]
参照GB 5009.208-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中生物胺的测定》方法进行检测[22]
以上数据均取3次重复测定的平均值并用平均值±标准差表示。利用SPSS 20.0对数据进行统计分析,采用Duncan多重比较进行显著性方差分析,显著性水平P<0.05。作图采用OriginPro 2018软件。
NSCS对贮藏期间牦牛肉肠a*值影响如图1(a)所示。与A组相比,添加亚硝酸盐和NSCS均能使肉肠a*值显著提升(P<0.05),随着贮藏时间延长,A组变化无规律性,C组呈先上升后下降趋势,第5 d时达到最大值15.35,这说明亚硝酸盐在肉肠中的发色作用是个缓慢过程,这与张婷婷等[23]研究结果一致;B组a*值整体呈下降趋势,与A、C组相比,虽然第9 d下降至16.67,但仍显著高于A、C组(P<0.05),这可能是因为添加红曲红后,色素分子会吸附在肉的蛋白质表面,通过物理吸附和化学结合的方式与蛋白质相结合,使肉制品呈现出稳定的红色[24],在较短贮藏时间,NSCS对肉肠的发色效果显著优于亚硝酸盐(P<0.05),这与师文添等[25]、赵明月等[26]研究结果一致,但随着贮藏时间延长,护色效果还有待考究。
b*值随贮藏时间延长变化如图1(b)所示。A组与B组均呈先下降再上升变化,第3 d达到最小值分别为11.68和12.79,除第1 d和第5 d外,两组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);C组呈先下降后上升最后下降趋势,且第9 d时达最小为11.9。NSCS对贮藏期间牦牛肉肠L*值影响如图1(c)所示。由图可知,随着贮藏时间延长,A组变化无规律,呈先下降后上升又下降最后上升变化,B组整体呈下降后上升变化,C组整体呈先上升后下降变化;1、5、7 d,B组L*值均显著小于A组和C组(P<0.05),而1、5、9 d A组与C组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),这可能是因为NSCS对肉肠的保水性优于亚硝酸盐,C组中水分流出影响肉肠对光的折射,从而导致L*值增大[2728]
图2(a)可知,A组OxyMb含量先上升后下降,随着贮藏时间延长,MetMb生成率逐渐大于OxyMb生成速率,B组和C组OxyMb含量均随贮藏时间延长而减少;1、5 d时A、B、C组OxyMb含量无显著差异,但3、7、9 d 时B、C组显著低于A组(P<0.05),OxyMb含量越高对肉的品质并非越好,高含量的OxyMb反而更易转化为MetMb,导致肉迅速褐变。综上所述,NSCS和亚硝酸盐均对Mb的氧化具有一定抑制作用。
图2(b)可知,随贮藏时间延长,各组MetMb含量逐渐增多,原因是OxyMb不断氧化为MetMb,最终导致其含量增加,同时B、C组MetMb含量均低于A组,与图2(a)中OxyMb的分析一致,说明试验组肉色为何会优于A组。1~5 d时B、C组MetMb含量无显著差异,但7~9 d时B组MetMb含量显著高于C组(P<0.05),这可能是由于亚硝酸盐能够消耗肉制品中的氧气,从而减少了氧气与Mb的接触,降低了Mb被氧化为MetMb的几率;此外,亚硝酸盐还可以抑制脂肪氧化,通过抑制脂肪氧化间接保护Mb不被氧化;虽然NSCS中含有迷迭香,但天然抗氧化剂中抗氧化活性物质易受环境影响失活,因此NSCS组Mb更容易在氧气和其他氧化因素的作用下转化为MetMb[2930]。综上所述,与对照组相比,NSCS和亚硝酸盐均能减缓Mb氧化为MetMb的速率,但随贮藏时间延长,NSCS效果逐渐不如亚硝酸盐。
各组pH随贮藏时间变化趋势如图3(a)所示。A、B两组pH随贮藏时间延长,均呈上升变化;C组pH随贮藏时间延长变化趋势不明显,仅第3 d时相较于第1 d下降1.23%,可能是由于贮藏初期,肉肠与氧气接触不充分,肌糖原发生无氧反应降解生成乳酸,ATP分解生成磷酸从而导致pH降低。1~9 d时B、C两组pH均低于A组,其中B组在1~7 d时,显著低于A组(P<0.05),C组在第3、5、9 d时也显著低于A组(P<0.05);1~7 d时B组pH均低于C组;1~5 d贮藏时间段内B、C组均无显著差异。B、C组在整个储藏期内pH均保持较低水平,有利于肉肠的长期保存。各组持水力随贮藏时间变化如图3(b)所示,整体看,各组第9 d肉肠持水力相较于第1 d均有所下降;除1 d外B组持水力均高于A组,C组持水力整体均低于A组,值得关注的是,B组持水力均显著高于C组(P<0.05),这可能是因为NSCS复配体系中的红曲红主要在蛋白质水平上提高水合能力,迷迭香从抗氧化角度保护蛋白质和细胞膜结构,Nisin则通过抑制微生物减少蛋白质和脂肪的分解,三者从不同方面共同作用,综合提高了肉制品的持水力;而亚硝酸盐主要是通过与肉中的Mb结合形成稳定的亚硝基Mb来改善肉的色泽和风味,在持水方面的作用机制相对单一,主要是通过影响肌肉蛋白质的电荷分布来提高持水力,不如NSCS的作用全面和协同[3133],故NSCS可以明显提升肉肠的持水力。
肉肠的蒸煮损失变化如图3(c)所示,A、C两组整体呈上升变化;B组呈先上升后下降变化,且在5~9 d时均显著低于A、C组(P<0.05),除B组外,A、C两组第9 d的蒸煮损失均显著高于第1 d(P<0.05),说明随着贮藏时间延长,细胞对水分的束缚能力减弱,肉肠的蒸煮损失逐渐变大,这与李艳红等[34]研究结果一致,由此可见NSCS能维持肉肠中的水分。
表1可知,随贮藏时间延长,各组肉肠的硬度呈下降趋势,在贮藏过程中肉肠硬度变化受两种相反机制共同调节,在贮藏过程中内源酶与微生物导致蛋白质降解、脂质分解使肌肉组织结构被破坏,硬度下降;蛋白质氧化脂肪氧化与蛋白质交联作用使得硬度上升;胶着性和咀嚼性均呈上升趋势,这可能是因为时间延长肉肠内的氧化作用加剧,肌肉蛋白溶解度加大,形成致密的凝胶网状结构,从而导致胶着性和咀嚼性增加[35]。除第1 d和第9 d外,其余时间段B、C组硬度均低于A组,这可能是由于A组无抗氧化与抑菌剂,脂质氧化与蛋白氧化交联严重,导致肌肉组织结构紧缩质地更硬,而B、C两个处理能有效抑制氧化交联维持肉质嫩度,这说明NSCS和亚硝酸盐在一定程度上可以改善肉肠的硬度;1~9 d,A组胶着性高于B组,除第9 d外其余时间点B组胶着性高于C组;1~7 d,B、C组咀嚼性均低于A组;在整个贮藏期三个组别的弹性变化差异不大,仅在9 d时C组弹性显著高于其他两组(P<0.05);7~9 d各组内聚性无显著差异,上述现象的原因这可能是由于红曲红与肉肠蛋白质相互作用形成稳定网络结构,增加内部支撑力,提高胶着性和咀嚼性,迷迭香与Nisin抑制微生物,减少代谢产物对蛋白质破坏,保留弹性和内聚性相关结构[3637]。由此可知,添加NSCS可以在一定程度上改善肉肠的硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性、弹性和内聚性也有一定改善作用。
根据GB 4789.2-2022中规定,新鲜肉微生物菌落总数应<4 lgCFU/g,当冷鲜肉菌落总数>6 lgCFU/g则属于变质肉,不具备食用价值[38]。如图4(a)所示,各组肉肠菌落总数均呈上升趋势,且A组在贮藏期间菌落总数显著高于B、C组(P<0.05),A组第5 d菌落总数为4.39 lgCFU/g已不属于新鲜肉,第9 d时为6.42 lgCFU/g,已不具备食用价值。而B、C组第7 d时菌落总数分别为3.84 lgCFU/g、3.86 lgCFU/g,仍属于新鲜肉,第9 d时分别为4.69 lgCFU/g和4.50 lgCFU/g,仍具备食用价值,且同一时间点二者菌落总数无显著差异,这说明NSCS和亚硝酸盐均具有较好的抑菌能力,且NSCS的抑菌能力与亚硝酸盐无显著差异,可能是因为NSCS中的Nisin能够有效抑制肉肠中微生物的生长繁殖[37]。由图4(b)可知,1~9 d A、B组中亚硝酸盐残留量变化波动不大,且二者无显著差异,这说明NSCS的加入不会导致亚硝酸盐残留量的增多。C组中亚硝酸盐残留量随贮藏时间延长呈下降趋势,但仍显著高于A、B组(P< 0.05),C组中亚硝酸盐残留量下降可能是因为在贮藏期内肉肠pH整体较低,有助于亚硝酸盐降解[31],从而亚硝酸盐逐渐被分解或转化为亚硝胺等致癌物质;但三组均未超过国家限量标准。
NSCS对贮藏期间牦牛肉肠生物胺含量影响如表2所示。由表可知,在贮藏期间从肉肠中检测出色胺、乙苯胺、组胺和精胺,其他几类生物胺均未检测出,且组胺含量明显高于其他几类。1~3 d,C组色胺含量显著高于A、B组(P<0.05),但5~9 d,C组均未检测出色胺;A组乙苯胺含量随贮藏时间延长显著增加(P<0.05),但第9 d未检测到乙苯胺,5~7 d,C组显著高于A组,但与B组无显著差异;随贮藏期的延长,各组组胺均呈上升变化,B、C组中组胺含量均显著低于A组(P<0.05);此外,C组中精胺呈先下降后上升再趋于平缓趋势,在第3 d达到最小值3.64 mg/kg,3~7 d,C组中精胺含量均显著低于A、B组(P<0.05);1~9 d B、C组生物胺总量低于A组,3~9 d,C组生物胺总量显著低于B组(P<0.05),这有可能是生物胺在亚硝酸盐的作用下向致癌物质亚硝胺转化,从而导致其含量降低[39]。综上所述,NSCS和亚硝酸盐均能一定程度上抑制肉肠中生物胺的生成,但添加亚硝酸盐的牦牛肉肠存在生成亚硝胺的风险。
本研究采用NSCS替代亚硝酸盐加工牦牛肉肠,系统测定了贮藏期间肉肠的食用品质、蛋白氧化水平、菌落总数及亚硝酸盐残留量等指标。结果显示,NSCS对肉肠品质具有显著改善作用,其能显著提高肉肠持水力并降低蒸煮损失率(P<0.05);在蛋白氧化调控方面,可有效抑制Mb的氧化进程,总体上显著减少MetMb的生成(P<0.05)。同时,NSCS兼具降低亚硝酸盐残留量与控制菌落总数的双重功效,综合呈现出传统亚硝酸盐的防腐优势与对照组的安全低残留特性。结果表明,NSCS对牦牛肉肠产品品质的提升具有积极意义。值得注意的是,经NSCS加工的肉肠,其亚硝酸盐残留量远低于30 mg/kg的国家限量标准,为绿色有机牦牛肉肠的开发提供了重要支撑。结合各项指标评估,NSCS可在一定程度上替代亚硝酸盐用于牦牛肉制品加工,但要实现亚硝酸盐的完全替代,仍需在物质筛选与开发方面开展进一步研究。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020230
  • 接收时间:2025-03-03
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-03
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    西南民族大学药学与食品学院,四川成都 610041

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王琳琳(1988−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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