Article(id=1261336275131482230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024030191, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710345600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778655602486, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778655602486, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778655602486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778655602486, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=171, endPage=181, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261336277299937404, articleId=1261336275131482230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of Microbial Dynamic Succession and Its Correlation with Flavor Metabolites during the Full Fermentation Cycle of Traditionally Gray Sufu, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Taking gray Sufu inoculated with Mucor UV-M2 as the research object, the changes of volatile metabolites, microorganisms and their correlation during fermentation of grag Sufu were explored. In this study, the quality of the fermentation process was comprehensively evaluated using physicochemical indexes and sensory assessment methods. The results confirmed that the fermentation process reached an optimal state after 40 days. Non-targeted volatile metabolomics analysis revealed significant variations in metabolites at different fermentation stages. Based on the odor threshold, 18 compounds with an odor activity value (OAV)>1 were evaluated. Among them, 11 compounds contributed to the aroma profile, including esters, aldehydes, and ketones, while 7 compounds were associated with unpleasant odors, mainly sulfur-containing compounds. Microbiological analysis demonstrated that the diversity of fungi and bacteria decreased significantly as the fermentation progressed. Through Spearman correlation analysis, it was found that the bacteria Tetragenococcus and Halanaerobium exhibited positive correlations with most volatile compounds with OAV>1, whereas Acinetobacter showed negative correlations with these compounds. Among fungi, Mortierella, Aspergillus, Malassezia, Botrytis, Penicillium, and Sagenomella were positively correlated with most of the compounds, while Actinomucor and Candida showed negative correlations. Furthermore, the results of redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that, among bacteria, Weissella and other genera were positively correlated with salt content. In the fungal community, amino-acid nitrogen was positively correlated with Mortierella, salt content was positively correlated with Actinomucor, and pH was positively correlated with Kodamaea. These findings suggest that the quality indexes of gray Sufu are positively associated with the core microbial flora. Overall, the above results indicate a significant correlation between the aroma characteristics and the microbial community at different stages during the fermentation of gray Sufu. This study provides valuable references for enhancing the flavor quality of gray Sufu through microbial regulation techniques.

, correspAuthors=Dayong REN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ying JIANG, Liu YANG, Xianming ZHU, Hansong YU, Dayong REN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261336288406454457, articleId=1261336275131482230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=传统发酵青腐乳全发酵周期微生物动态演替及其与风味代谢物的相关性分析, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以接种毛霉UV-M2的青腐乳为研究对象,探究青腐乳全发酵周期挥发性代谢物变化、微生物变化及其相关性。本研究通过理化指标和感官评价分析评估发酵过程的质量,并确认发酵40 d达到了理想的状态。采用非靶向挥发性代谢组学技术揭示了全发酵周期代谢物具有显著差异。基于气味阈值评估了18种香气活性值(odor activity value,OAV)>1的化合物,其中呈现香气化合物有11种,包括酯类、醛类和酮类化合物等;不良气味化合物7种,包括含硫化合物等。微生物组学分析表明,随着发酵的进行,真菌和细菌的多样性显著降低。通过Spearman相关分析发现,细菌TetragenococcusHalanaerobium与大部分OAV>1的挥发性化合物呈显著正相关,Acinetobacter与大部分化合物呈显著负相关。真菌MortierellaAspergillusMalasseziaBotryotrichumPenicilliumSagenomella与大部分化合物呈极显著正相关,ActinomucorCandida与它们呈极显著负相关。此外,冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,在细菌方面,Weissella等与盐含量呈明显正相关。在真菌方面,氨基酸态氮与Mortierella等呈显著正相关,盐含量与Actinomucor等呈正相关,pH与Kodamaea等呈正相关,揭示了腐乳的品质指标与核心菌群呈正相关。以上结果表明,在发酵青腐乳过程中,香气特征与不同阶段微生物之间存在相关性。本研究对于利用微生物调控技术改善青腐乳风味品质具有参考价值。

, correspAuthors=任大勇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
任大勇(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:
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姜影(1998−),女,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:农产品安全控制与品质提升,E-mail:

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注:不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

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注:细菌(A);真菌(B);图8同。

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Sensor array of the E-nose

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传感器性能描述
W1C芳香成分
W5S灵敏度大,对氮氧化合物很灵敏
W3C氨水,对芳香成分灵敏
W6S主要对氢气有选择性
W5C烷烃芳香成分
W1S对甲烷灵敏
W1W对硫化物灵敏
W2S对乙醇灵敏
W2W芳香成分,对有机硫化物灵敏
W3S对烷烃灵敏
), ArticleFig(id=1261336336334766741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275131482230, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电子鼻传感器

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器性能描述
W1C芳香成分
W5S灵敏度大,对氮氧化合物很灵敏
W3C氨水,对芳香成分灵敏
W6S主要对氢气有选择性
W5C烷烃芳香成分
W1S对甲烷灵敏
W1W对硫化物灵敏
W2S对乙醇灵敏
W2W芳香成分,对有机硫化物灵敏
W3S对烷烃灵敏
), ArticleFig(id=1261336337484006043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275131482230, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Scoring for descriptive sensory evaluation of gray Sufu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分标准23~2519~2213~180~12
形态(25分)块状整齐,大小均匀块形基本整齐,大小基本均匀块状稍有不整齐,大小较均匀块形不整齐,大小不均匀
香味(25分)香气浓烈,无酸味异味香气稍浓,无酸味异味香气稍淡,少许酸味异味香气较淡,有酸味及异味
色泽(25分)豆青色,表里基本一致豆青色,表里不一致淡黄偏黄
口感(25分)细腻较细腻稍细腻口感较差
), ArticleFig(id=1261336338025071268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275131482230, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

青腐乳描述性感官评价评分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分标准23~2519~2213~180~12
形态(25分)块状整齐,大小均匀块形基本整齐,大小基本均匀块状稍有不整齐,大小较均匀块形不整齐,大小不均匀
香味(25分)香气浓烈,无酸味异味香气稍浓,无酸味异味香气稍淡,少许酸味异味香气较淡,有酸味及异味
色泽(25分)豆青色,表里基本一致豆青色,表里不一致淡黄偏黄
口感(25分)细腻较细腻稍细腻口感较差
), ArticleFig(id=1261336340046725806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275131482230, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Odour thresholds and corresponding OAV for compounds with OAV>1

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编号化合物成分气味阈值10 d20 d30 d40 d50 d
V1二甲基四硫化物0.020±00±0119.79±38.57421.10±92.492246.61±625.14
V2二甲基三硫化物0.360±03.20±1.939.20±1.9814.11±1.4564.56±27.57
V32,4-壬二烯醛0.000064.10±1.8019.82±6.2631.25±3.0630.96±3.3031.45±3.96
V4(Z)-癸-2-烯醛0.00717.37±13.9817.19±2.8512.93±11.7914.81±13.1124.12±4.00
V5吲哚0.503.13±1.472.43±0.875.42±1.213.15±1.216.94±1.91
V61-己醇2.505.04±0.797.50±2.5911.11±0.9210.32±3.435.99±1.05
V7己醛0.215.80±6.7518.66±8.840±00±07.04±12.20
V82,4-庚二烯醛0.003580.56±6.47182.03±42.81298.56±31.70350.40±26.86274.74±19.36
V93-辛醇0.1063.32±12.67103.91±35.48192.52±11.96174.33±27.72102.45±7.95
V10辛酸0.0288.54±18.8848.28±17.37897.61±35.22122.69±4.5996.83±13.89
V11庚醛0.0313.00±1.2324.80±4.2133.46±3.1242.40±2.8038.60±6.32
V12丁酸2.730.37±0.648.74±4.007.33±6.3611.66±4.2620.68±17.98
V131-辛烯-3-醇0.058.04±1.279.92±2.8813.79±1.2716.35±2.0415.88±1.66
V14壬醛3.000.09±0.062.40±1.222.91±0.753.38±1.103.51±0.91
V153-辛酮1.002.40±0.542.00±0.902.98±0.263.09±0.272.73±0.37
V16乙酸乙酯7.500.0026±0.00020.37±0.191.142±0.391.34±0.851.79±0.99
V17丙酸11.203.12±0.573.66±0.853.267±0.793.18±0.572.98±0.90
V18(E)-2-乙烯醇0.040±00.29±0.510.39±0.680.53±0.921.17±1.04
), ArticleFig(id=1261336340709425843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336275131482230, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

OAV>1的化合物气味阈值及对应OAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物成分气味阈值10 d20 d30 d40 d50 d
V1二甲基四硫化物0.020±00±0119.79±38.57421.10±92.492246.61±625.14
V2二甲基三硫化物0.360±03.20±1.939.20±1.9814.11±1.4564.56±27.57
V32,4-壬二烯醛0.000064.10±1.8019.82±6.2631.25±3.0630.96±3.3031.45±3.96
V4(Z)-癸-2-烯醛0.00717.37±13.9817.19±2.8512.93±11.7914.81±13.1124.12±4.00
V5吲哚0.503.13±1.472.43±0.875.42±1.213.15±1.216.94±1.91
V61-己醇2.505.04±0.797.50±2.5911.11±0.9210.32±3.435.99±1.05
V7己醛0.215.80±6.7518.66±8.840±00±07.04±12.20
V82,4-庚二烯醛0.003580.56±6.47182.03±42.81298.56±31.70350.40±26.86274.74±19.36
V93-辛醇0.1063.32±12.67103.91±35.48192.52±11.96174.33±27.72102.45±7.95
V10辛酸0.0288.54±18.8848.28±17.37897.61±35.22122.69±4.5996.83±13.89
V11庚醛0.0313.00±1.2324.80±4.2133.46±3.1242.40±2.8038.60±6.32
V12丁酸2.730.37±0.648.74±4.007.33±6.3611.66±4.2620.68±17.98
V131-辛烯-3-醇0.058.04±1.279.92±2.8813.79±1.2716.35±2.0415.88±1.66
V14壬醛3.000.09±0.062.40±1.222.91±0.753.38±1.103.51±0.91
V153-辛酮1.002.40±0.542.00±0.902.98±0.263.09±0.272.73±0.37
V16乙酸乙酯7.500.0026±0.00020.37±0.191.142±0.391.34±0.851.79±0.99
V17丙酸11.203.12±0.573.66±0.853.267±0.793.18±0.572.98±0.90
V18(E)-2-乙烯醇0.040±00.29±0.510.39±0.680.53±0.921.17±1.04
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传统发酵青腐乳全发酵周期微生物动态演替及其与风味代谢物的相关性分析
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姜影 1, 2 , 杨柳 2 , 朱先明 3 , 于寒松 2 , 任大勇 *, 2
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(9): 171-181
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食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026, 47(9): 171-181
传统发酵青腐乳全发酵周期微生物动态演替及其与风味代谢物的相关性分析
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姜影1, 2 , 杨柳2, 朱先明3, 于寒松2, 任大勇*, 2
作者信息
  • 1.长春科技学院医药学院,吉林长春 130600
  • 2.吉林农业大学食品科学与工程学院,吉林长春 130118
  • 3.长春市朱老六食品股份有限公司,吉林长春 130157
  • 姜影(1998−),女,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:农产品安全控制与品质提升,E-mail:

通讯作者:

任大勇(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:
Analysis of Microbial Dynamic Succession and Its Correlation with Flavor Metabolites during the Full Fermentation Cycle of Traditionally Gray Sufu
Ying JIANG1, 2 , Liu YANG2, Xianming ZHU3, Hansong YU2, Dayong REN*, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Medical, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun 130600, China
  • 2.College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
  • 3.Changchun ZhuLaoLiu Food Co., Ltd., Changchun 130157, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024030191
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以接种毛霉UV-M2的青腐乳为研究对象,探究青腐乳全发酵周期挥发性代谢物变化、微生物变化及其相关性。本研究通过理化指标和感官评价分析评估发酵过程的质量,并确认发酵40 d达到了理想的状态。采用非靶向挥发性代谢组学技术揭示了全发酵周期代谢物具有显著差异。基于气味阈值评估了18种香气活性值(odor activity value,OAV)>1的化合物,其中呈现香气化合物有11种,包括酯类、醛类和酮类化合物等;不良气味化合物7种,包括含硫化合物等。微生物组学分析表明,随着发酵的进行,真菌和细菌的多样性显著降低。通过Spearman相关分析发现,细菌TetragenococcusHalanaerobium与大部分OAV>1的挥发性化合物呈显著正相关,Acinetobacter与大部分化合物呈显著负相关。真菌MortierellaAspergillusMalasseziaBotryotrichumPenicilliumSagenomella与大部分化合物呈极显著正相关,ActinomucorCandida与它们呈极显著负相关。此外,冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,在细菌方面,Weissella等与盐含量呈明显正相关。在真菌方面,氨基酸态氮与Mortierella等呈显著正相关,盐含量与Actinomucor等呈正相关,pH与Kodamaea等呈正相关,揭示了腐乳的品质指标与核心菌群呈正相关。以上结果表明,在发酵青腐乳过程中,香气特征与不同阶段微生物之间存在相关性。本研究对于利用微生物调控技术改善青腐乳风味品质具有参考价值。

青腐乳  /  风味代谢物  /  核心微生物  /  气味活度值  /  相关性分析

Taking gray Sufu inoculated with Mucor UV-M2 as the research object, the changes of volatile metabolites, microorganisms and their correlation during fermentation of grag Sufu were explored. In this study, the quality of the fermentation process was comprehensively evaluated using physicochemical indexes and sensory assessment methods. The results confirmed that the fermentation process reached an optimal state after 40 days. Non-targeted volatile metabolomics analysis revealed significant variations in metabolites at different fermentation stages. Based on the odor threshold, 18 compounds with an odor activity value (OAV)>1 were evaluated. Among them, 11 compounds contributed to the aroma profile, including esters, aldehydes, and ketones, while 7 compounds were associated with unpleasant odors, mainly sulfur-containing compounds. Microbiological analysis demonstrated that the diversity of fungi and bacteria decreased significantly as the fermentation progressed. Through Spearman correlation analysis, it was found that the bacteria Tetragenococcus and Halanaerobium exhibited positive correlations with most volatile compounds with OAV>1, whereas Acinetobacter showed negative correlations with these compounds. Among fungi, Mortierella, Aspergillus, Malassezia, Botrytis, Penicillium, and Sagenomella were positively correlated with most of the compounds, while Actinomucor and Candida showed negative correlations. Furthermore, the results of redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that, among bacteria, Weissella and other genera were positively correlated with salt content. In the fungal community, amino-acid nitrogen was positively correlated with Mortierella, salt content was positively correlated with Actinomucor, and pH was positively correlated with Kodamaea. These findings suggest that the quality indexes of gray Sufu are positively associated with the core microbial flora. Overall, the above results indicate a significant correlation between the aroma characteristics and the microbial community at different stages during the fermentation of gray Sufu. This study provides valuable references for enhancing the flavor quality of gray Sufu through microbial regulation techniques.

gray Sufu  /  flavor metabolites  /  core microorganisms  /  OAV  /  correlation analysis
姜影, 杨柳, 朱先明, 于寒松, 任大勇. 传统发酵青腐乳全发酵周期微生物动态演替及其与风味代谢物的相关性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 171 -181 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024030191
Ying JIANG, Liu YANG, Xianming ZHU, Hansong YU, Dayong REN. Analysis of Microbial Dynamic Succession and Its Correlation with Flavor Metabolites during the Full Fermentation Cycle of Traditionally Gray Sufu[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 171 -181 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024030191
青腐乳是以大豆为原料制成的豆腐经过发酵而得到的豆制品,其形态和发酵特征与西方奶酪相似[1]。在中国北方,深度发酵的青腐乳多是在开放或半开放的环境中制作而成。制作过程包括前发酵和后发酵两个阶段。在前发酵阶段,人工接种发酵剂(如毛霉、根霉等真菌)进行发酵,一般需要48~72 h。接着进入后发酵阶段,进行40~50 d的发酵,最终得到成品。青腐乳通过前发酵和长时间的后发酵,形成了具有特殊的香气、质地和味道的特点,这对消费者的购买至关重要。
近年来,发酵食品成为食品领域的研究热点[23],特别是在微生物变化和发酵过程中风味的变化方面[34]。随着分子生物学的发展,高通量测序用于研究发酵食品中的微生物群落,可以更准确、全面地反映样本的微生物群落结构,直接揭示微生物群落的组成和多样性。Zang 等[5]通过 16S rRNA 和 ITS1 基因的高通量测序研究酸鱼(发酵鱼)制备过程中存在的微生物群落的动态、多样性和演替,结果表明,微生物群落在发酵过程中是动态的,混合发酵剂的接种抑制了许多与食品腐败相关的微生物的生长,有助于酸鱼产品质量的提高。风味物质是食品体系中,由微生物代谢活动及内源酶系统催化大分子底物降解后,产生的一类具有特征性气味的挥发性物质与呈味物质。这类物质是决定食品风味品质的核心化学组分。为系统解析食品的风味特征与气味属性,常采用电子舌、电子鼻等感官分析仪器开展客观评价。在发酵食品的研究领域,单一的组学技术已难以全面阐释其复杂的风味形成机制与代谢调控网络;而高通量测序技术与非靶向代谢组学的整合应用,为破解发酵食品科学领域的综合性科学问题提供了关键的技术支撑。例如,对发酵食品(鱼露、奶酪和泡菜等)[69]以及非发酵食品(绿茶和螃蟹等)[1011]进行了分析,研究结果揭示了在加工和发酵过程中涉及的微生物和挥发性化合物的代谢情况[1113],并通过优化和规避不良的气味问题进行改进。柯美伶等[14]通过感官评价结合非靶向代谢组学技术,系统分析了镇巴腊肉在熏制过程中代谢物的动态变化规律。时伟等[15]以不同年份酱香型白酒二轮次基酒为研究对象,采用HS-SPME-GC-MS技术结合感官定量描述和主成分分析(PCA)等方法,揭示了不同年份基酒风味物质的差异,为酱香型白酒酒体设计和风味研究提供了理论依据。以上研究表明,高通量测序与非靶向代谢组学地结合在发酵食品研究中起着重要作用。
目前关于霉菌型青腐乳的研究主要集中在基础的发酵特点、理化特性和单一风味物质的检测方面,而对于发酵过程中微生物演变规律、风味特点以及二者之间的相关性的研究还比较有限[1618]。因此,对发酵过程中青腐乳微生物变化、挥发性代谢物以及二者之间的相关性进行研究具有重要的意义。本研究结果有助于更好地理解青腐乳的核心香气与核心微生物之间的关系,同时建立定向调控微生物的发酵方法,以避免产生不良气味并促进有益风味物质的生成。
青腐乳、毛霉UV-M2 长春市朱老六食品有限公司提供,青腐乳共发酵50 d,每隔10 d取样一次;PDA培养基 青岛海博生物技术有限公司;氯化钠、盐酸、氢氧化钠、亚铁氰化钾、硝酸银、冰乙酸、硝酸、丙酮、甲醛、氢氧化钠(均为分析纯级) 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;酚酞、无水乙醇、邻苯二甲酸氢钾、2-辛醇(分析纯) 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;DNA提取试剂盒 天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;DNeasy Power Soil Kit试剂盒 北京强欣博瑞生物技术有限公司;AxyPrep DNA凝胶回收试剂盒 上海百赛生物技术股份有限公司。
TA-XT plus质构仪 英国Stable Micro Systems公司;PEN3电子鼻 德国默克公司;TS-5000Z电子舌 日本INSENT公司;7890B气相色谱仪 美国Agilent公司;LECO Pegasus 4D质谱仪 美国力可公司LECO;5804R台式离心机 上海安亭科学仪器制造厂;实时荧光定量PCR仪 美国ABI公司。
青腐乳由长春市朱老六食品有限公司生产,制作过程如下:将毛霉UV-M2接种在豆腐块上,经过48 h的发酵后,进行搓毛处理,再经过盐腌制72 h。随后,将豆腐块装瓶,并灌入足量的汤汁(盐水和黄浆水混合物)。室温下发酵50 d,每隔10 d取样一次(G10、G20、G30、G40、G50分别代表发酵第10 d、第20 d、第30 d、第40 d、第50 d),每个样品分别密封在离心管中,并在−80 ℃条件下保存以供进一步分析。
基础理化指标主要检测食盐含量、氨基酸态氮含量及pH的变化情况:食盐含量的检测方法参照GB 5009.44-2016《食品中氯化物的测定》;氨基酸态氮含量检测方法参照GB 5009.235-2016《食品中氨基酸态氮的测定》;pH的测定方法参照GB 5009.237-2016《食品pH值的测定》。
选取块形完整、均匀的青腐乳样品,利用质构仪检测探头二次下压测得腐乳质地特征曲线。质地剖面分析(texture profile analysis,TPA)测定参数:探头型号P/0.5,满负荷压力25 kg,测前速率5.0 mm/s,测试速率1.0 mm/s,测后速率10.0 mm/s,形变模量50%,触发力5.0 g[13]。每个样品重复三次。
准确称取0.5 g样品置于25 mL顶空瓶中,加盖密封,26 ℃下静置平衡30 min后检测。采用动态顶空法采集气体,顶空温度25 ℃,气体流量1 L/min,测定时间60 s,每次样品检测间的清洗时间200 s,等待时间15 s。每个样品测定3次。电子鼻传感器及其响应物质见表1
测试液制备:准确称取5 g研磨均匀的腐乳样品置于烧杯中,取50 mL蒸馏水倒入烧杯中搅拌,将充分搅拌后的样品液移入50 mL无菌离心管中,然后放置在超声波清洗机(功率600 W,温度50 ℃)中处理30 min,在2000 r/min的条件下离心15 min,提取上清液进行抽滤后,所得滤液即为测试液。检测:将30 mL测试液加入电子舌专用的样品杯中。每个样品重复4次,取后3次作为测试结果。
青腐乳的感官评定参照SB/T 10170-2007中感官要求并进行修改,选择6名训练有素的小组成员参加感官评估。对腐乳形态、香味、色泽、口感4个方面制定感官评分标准,感官评价人员按照表2进行打分评定[13]
使用7890B气相色谱仪与LECO Pegasus 4D质谱仪进行分析。采用第一维柱 DB-WAX(30 m×250 μm×0.25 μm);进样温度250 ℃;初始温度40 ℃保留3 min,然后以5 ℃/min 升至250 ℃,保留5 min;氦气(99.9999%)流速1.0 mL/min;无分流;二维柱DB-17MS(2 m×100 μm×0.10 μm);柱温高于第一维柱5 ℃;调制解调器温度始终高于第二维柱5 ℃[14]。质谱条件:全二维分析时调制周期6.0 s;接口温度270 ℃;离子源温度250 ℃;电子轰击源70 eV;检测器1680 v;采集率 50张/s;质谱扫描范围33~500 m/z[14]。通过比较美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST17)质谱库初步鉴定风味化合物,并通过将计算的RI与文献中报道的化合物进行比较进一步确认。本研究中提出的相对含量计算为挥发性化合物的峰面积与内标(2-辛醇:10 μg/mL)的峰面积之间的比率。通过OAV评估每种挥发性化合物对青腐乳特有香气的贡献程度。
$ \rm OAV=\frac{C}{T} $
式中,C是青腐乳样本中每个化合物的总浓度(以μg/kg计),T是水/乙醇溶液中化合物的气味阈值(mg/L):阈值取自文献中的现有信息《化合物香气阈值汇编》进行比较[19]
细菌测序:提取样品总DNA后,针对细菌 16S rRNA 基因进行测序分析,根据全长引物序列合成带有Barcode的特异引物,进行PCR扩增并对其产物进行纯化、定量和均一化形成测序文库(SMRT Bell)[2021],建好的文库先进行文库质检,质检合格的文库用PacBio Sequel进行测序。真菌测序:采用DNeasy PowerSoil Kit试剂盒提取青腐乳中微生物总DNA[22],以真菌的内部转录间隔区(ITS)核糖体RNA基因作为测序目标,使用特异性引物对ITS区域进行PCR扩增,采用AxyPrep DNA凝胶回收试剂盒回收纯化PCR产物,用ABI Step OnePlus实时荧光定量PCR仪进行定量检测,上机进行测序,测序平台为Illumina HiSeq 2500。
所有实验均为三个平行样品。通过单因素方差分析研究发酵时间对理化指标和质构数据的显著影响(P<0.05)。此外,使用斯皮尔曼相关分析探究微生物与代谢物之间的相关性(P<0.05),并采用冗余分析(RDA)分析理化指标与微生物的相关性(P<0.05)。所有统计分析均使用GRAPHPAD 8软件完成。
青腐乳发酵伴随着众多微生物参与及生化反应,图1为青腐乳发酵过程中的基础指标检测结果,包括理化指标及质构特性。如图1A所示,青腐乳的pH在20 d达到最大值,在30 d下降随后趋于平稳。氨基酸态氮作为评价青腐乳成熟度的指标,随着发酵时间的延长,氨基酸态氮含量呈上升趋势后趋于平稳,发酵50 d时氨基酸态氮含量达到1.18 g/100 g(图1B),可能由于微生物将蛋白质水解为小分子的氨基酸及多肽,使氨基酸态氮含量增加,发酵40 d后蛋白质总量不足以产生更多氨基酸态氮,后续增加较少。图1C为氯化钠含量变化,10 d至30 d食盐含量由8.4%降低至4.0%,40 d到50 d食盐含量逐渐上升但小于7%。青腐乳中的盐除了具有调味的作用外,还能抑制一些不良微生物生长。图1D图1H为青腐乳质构特性数据,随着发酵时间的增加,包括硬度、胶黏性、弹性和粘附性都呈下降趋势(P<0.05),内聚性无显著差异(P>0.05)。这可能是青腐乳发酵过程中,蛋白质的酶解作用破坏了大豆蛋白的三维网络结构,导致硬度、胶黏性、弹性及粘附性等质构指标显著下降,而内聚性因小分子肽与氨基酸的分子间作用力得以维持,未发生显著变化。
电子鼻不同传感器(表1)对特征化合物有特定响应[23],即使挥发性成分存在微小变化也能表现出明显差异。图2A显示,随着发酵时间的增长,传感器W1C、W3C、W6S、W5C和W1S响应强度变化不显著。而W5S、W1W和W2W出现显著变化,表明发酵时间对氮氧化合物、含硫化合物、芳香族化合物和有机硫成分具有显著影响,尤其是含硫化合物。电子舌结果显示,随着发酵时间的增加(图2B),酸味、咸味和整体丰富度有明显变化,整体丰富度信号响应强度减小,而其他方面未出现显著差异。为了进一步评估青腐乳的感官性质,描述性感官评价小组对发酵40 d和50 d的样品进行了评价。两组评分没有显著差异,但味道方面50 d的样品评分较高,而香气、色泽和形态方面40 d的样品评分较高。香气评分降低可能是因为在青腐乳发酵50 d时,臭味盖过了其他香气特征,而色泽和形态方面的评分略有下降可能是因为成熟度过高。这些结果与电子鼻和电子舌的结果一致。
采用非靶向挥发性代谢组学对不同发酵时间的青腐乳进行表征。5组样品共鉴定出241个代谢物,包括酯类52个,醇类35个,酸类8个,醛类21个,酮类25个,杂环类26个,烷烃类36个,未知化合物及其他38个。如图3A所示,累积方差贡献率达到54.56%,表明不同发酵时间的青腐乳有明显的区分,平行样品的处理聚类良好。偏最小二乘-判别分析(PLS-DA)的R2Y=0.949,表明模型能解释不同发酵时间对青腐乳的代谢差异,进一步说明不同组的样品代谢物有明显差异(图3B)。根据代谢物相对含量变化的分析结果(图3C),通过聚类分析将代谢物分为三类,第一类化合物(Ⅰ类)的相对含量随发酵时间增加而增多,主要是酯类、醛类、酮类和杂环类化合物,这些化合物是青腐乳后期挥发性化合物的主要成分。第二类化合物(Ⅱ类)的相对含量在40 d时达到最高水平,之后有相对下降的趋势,主要是醇类、酮类和杂环类化合物。而第三类化合物(Ⅲ类)在30 d时的相对含量最高,之后在40~50 d的发酵过程中有降低的趋势,主要包括酸类、醇类、酮类和烷烃类化合物。
随着青腐乳发酵时间的增加,一些挥发性代谢物呈上调或下调趋势。通过VIP>1和P<0.05的标准进行差异代谢物筛选,使用火山图对腐乳发酵过程中的差异代谢物进行表征(图4)。在发酵G10~G40阶段,与前一次取样时间相比,差异代谢物相对含量增加(图4A~D)。火山图(图4E~H)结果显示,G20与G10相比较有38种上调和4种下调的差异代谢物,G30与G20比较,有36种上调和1种下调的差异代谢物,G40与G30比较,有33种上调和2种下调的差异代谢物,G50与G40相比较有3种上调和50种下调的差异代谢物。G50与G40相比较下调的差异代谢物较多,可能是因为发酵时间增加导致腐乳中的某些香气化合物发生分解。根据图4中差异代谢物的变化情况,酯类和醇类是主要的差异代谢物,其次是醛类、酸类、酮类和杂环有机化合物。
酯类物质是重要的呈味呈香物质[2426],脂肪链越长阈值越高,长链酯通常具有油脂味。青腐乳当中酯类化合物的气味阈值较高,会出现酯类的相对含量较大但并不能起到影响整体风味的作用,如己酸丁酯等。发酵的40 d内酯类化合物呈现上调趋势,但己酸丁酯在50 d下调,这一结果与感官评价中40 d评分更高结果一致。
醇类物质主要是酵母分解氨基酸或糖类物质产生的次级产物[27],青腐乳发酵过程中,一方面酵母等微生物利用现有的碳源分解生成醇类化合物,如乙醇、2-丁醇等在发酵10 d和20 d均上调;另一方面,微生物产生蛋白酶将大豆蛋白水解生成小分子肽和各种氨基酸,一部分被作为营养物质,另一部分则发酵生成了二氧化碳促使形成无氧环境,从而形成有利于醇类物质生成的无氧环境。
酸类物质是在发酵初期细菌分解有机物产生的[28],是发酵食品中重要的呈味物质。同时其还降低了环境内的pH,一定程度上抑制有害微生物的生长,如丁酸、庚酸等在发酵20 d时呈上调趋势,泡菜,发酵豆乳等均有相似结果[17],后续参与形成2-甲基丁酸乙酯等大量酯类物质的生成。
醛类物质主要通过发酵[29]过程中脂肪酸氧化反应和氨基酸代谢反应产生。其中,2-甲基丁醛、苯甲醛和苯乙醛具有果香、花香的特点,对青腐乳的风味特点也有一定贡献。酮类物质通常来自于氨基酸的热降解和美拉德反应过程,能够为发酵食品提供黄油味、奶油味和甜味等香气。在发酵过程中,巯基丙酮和苯乙酮在20 d时上调,在50 d时苯乙酮则下调。杂环类化合物[30]主要以吡嗪类和吲哚类的变化最为明显,吡嗪类为发酵豆制品重要的挥发性化合物,为整体提供坚果香和焙烤香。发酵期间甲基吡嗪和2,3-二甲基吡嗪在发酵前40 d上调,对风味有重要影响。在前40 d的发酵过程中,吲哚类化合物存在明显的上调现象。尽管吲哚在发酵食品中被认为是不良气味的成分,但它在青腐乳的香气组成中起着重要的作用。
青腐乳的风味与其挥发性物质含量密切相关,尤其是在气味活性方面。挥发性化合物的浓度与其阈值比值可用来描述该化合物的气味活性值[31]。一般来说,气味活性值大于1的化合物对整体香气起主要贡献,而活性值小于1的化合物贡献较小。如表3所示,共有18种香气化合物的OAV大于1,表明对青腐乳整体香气有显著贡献。在青腐乳中,根据香气化合物的呈香气特点分为呈现异味的化合物和呈现香味的化合物,首先,基于气味活性值(OAV)的研究发现,青腐乳中存在异味物质,已被证实含硫化合物的存在是导致青腐乳产生异味(洋葱味、油腻和烧焦味等)的原因,与之前对青腐乳风味的相关研究结果相一致[32],尤其是吲哚、二甲基三硫醚和二乙基四硫醚。
青腐乳中香气化合物的成分与其他大部分发酵食品相似,包括具有花香、果香和甜味的酯类化合物,以及具有草香和蘑菇香气的醛类和酮类化合物。其中,乙酸乙酯是唯一的OAV大于1的酯类化合物,其他酯类化合物由于其阈值较高,对风味影响不大,但它们的叠加效应仍然能够增加整体的香气。青腐乳中大多数OAV大于1的化合物为含硫化合物、吲哚、醛类、酸类和醇类等。
对青腐乳发酵过程中不同时期的微生物组成进行分析可以了解到各个阶段的微生物变化[3133]。微生物多样性由丰度指数和多样性指数来反映(图5),细菌的Chao1指数先上升(G10~G30),然后相对稳定(G40),最后下降(G50)。然而,真菌的Chao1指数先下降(G10~G30),然后上升(G40~G50)。ACE指数与Chao1指数呈现相似的变化趋势,真菌ACE指数高于细菌。发酵过程中,真菌和细菌的Shannon指数和Simpson指数变化趋势相似,整体是先下降,再升高,最后呈下降趋势。事实上,微生物种类在最初阶段是丰富的,因为原材料、工艺器具和环境提供了原始细菌。由于初始选择、代谢环境和微生物相互作用等因素的驱动压力,部分微生物群在发酵后期会受到抑制。细菌与真菌群落的稀释曲线(图6A和6F)和丰富等级曲线(图6B和6G)结果表明,随着发酵时间的延长,细菌丰富度降低,均匀度增加。真菌丰富度增加,均匀度降低。
细菌门水平(图6C)发酵过程中以Firmicutes、Proteobacteria 和 Bacteroides为主,在属水平(图6D)分析了TOP 10菌属,发酵10 d,以Chishuiella(21.3%)的相对丰度最高,50 d的优势菌属为LeuconostocPeptostreptococcusEnterobacterLactococcusLactobacillus,在发酵过程中占细菌属水平的主导地位。真菌门水平的相对丰度分布(图6H)表明,在发酵前期G10~G30,Ascomycota(44.8%~50.8%)和Basidiomycota(36.5%~50.5%)在门水平占主导地位。青腐乳发酵10 d时,真菌属水平变得更加复杂(图6I),人为接种的发酵剂包含在Mortierella中,但相对丰度很低(1.5%)。在G20和G30的阶段,Trichosporon成为优势菌属,其相对丰度分别为44.1%和21.9%。在酱油、泡菜和米酒中都能检测到MortierellomycotaAspergillus菌属[9,26,34],与油脂产生相关。G40和G50的真菌的相对丰度接近,MortierellomycotaAspergillus为其中的主要优势菌属。Pichia在发酵食品如大酱和葡萄酒中对风味起到重要作用,在青腐乳发酵中Pichia相对丰度比较稳定。PCA分析显示样品之间的差异,图6E表示细菌的PCA,方差贡献率为85.14%,图6J表示真菌的PCA,方差贡献率为86.55%,这些数据具有较高的代表性。
青腐乳的风味与微生物和其理化性质之间的关系密不可分。对青腐乳中OAV>1的挥发性化合物与发酵过程中属水平TOP 20的真菌和细菌进行了Spearman相关性分析,并以P值的显著性确定它们之间的相关性,从而确定核心风味与优势微生物之间的关联关系(图7)。除了己醛和丁酸外,细菌属水平TetragenococcusHalanaerobium与其他挥发性化合物呈显著正相关。在发酵豆制品中Tetragenococcus是产生核心风味的主要微生物,并且在盐含量高的发酵食品中,Halanaerobium是优势微生物[28,3536],这与相关性结果一致。而PediococcusKurthiaPeptostreptococcus与己醛显著正相关,Kluyvera与(E)-2-乙烯醇显著正相关。Acinetobacter与大部分OAV>1的挥发性化合物呈显著负相关,Pectinatus与二甲基四硫化物呈显著负相关,而Enterobacter与其他挥发性化合物呈正相关,但与己醛呈负相关。
真菌属水平MortierellaAspergillusMalasseziaBotryotrichumPenicilliumSagenomella与大部分OAV>1的挥发性化合物呈极显著正相关,CladosporiumAlternaria与大部分挥发性化合物呈显著正相关。ActinomucorCandida与大部分挥发性化合物呈极显著负相关,Trichoderma与丁酸呈负相关。
RDA分析可以直观地看出优势微生物与理化指标间的关系,微生物与理化指标之间的夹角为锐角表示呈正相关,钝角呈负相关。理化指标射线越长,说明该影响因子的影响程度越大。图8A、B为细菌和真菌属水平TOP 20与pH、氨基酸态氮和盐含量的RDA分析结果。
细菌属水平中TetragenococcusHalanaerobium和Pediococcus等与氨基酸态氮和pH呈正相关,WeissellaLactobacillusEmpedobacter与盐含量呈明显正相关。真菌可以根据pH、氨基酸态氮和盐含量分成三个部分,对应三类微生物,氨基酸态氮与MortierellaAspergillusMalasseziaBotryotrichumSagenomellaCladosporiumAlternaria等呈显著正相关,盐含量与ActinomucorTrichochodermaPichia等呈现正相关。pH与KodamaeaCandidaTrichosporonFilobasidium呈正相关。
本研究利用感官评价、电子舌和电子鼻等方法对青腐乳的风味进行了描述。同时,通过理化指标、非靶向代谢组学的分析和微生物组学,揭示了传统工艺发酵过程中青腐乳的核心风味化合物与优势微生物之间的相关性。
青腐乳发酵30 d后,pH、含盐量、氨基酸态氮等理化指标趋于稳定,40 d时感官评价达较高水平,电子舌与电子鼻结果验证了该观察。GC-MS分析检测到发酵过程中241种挥发性代谢物,PCA和PLS-DA分析显示不同组间代谢物存在差异;经OAV确定18种气味主要贡献物,其中7种呈不良气味、11种呈香气。微生物组成上,细菌门水平以Firmicutes、Proteobacteria和Bacteroides为主,真菌门水平以Ascomycota和Basidiomycota为主;属水平上,发酵10 d时Chishuiella相对丰度最高,50 d时优势细菌属为LeuconostocPeptostreptococcusEnterobacter等,优势真菌属为MortierellomycotaAspergillus。Spearman相关性分析表明,核心微生物属与OAV>1的挥发性化合物存在相关性:细菌中TetragenococcusHalanaerobium与大部分化合物呈显著正相关,Acinetobacter呈显著负相关;真菌中MortierellaAspergillusMalasseziaBotryotrichumPenicilliumSagenomella与大部分化合物呈极显著正相关,ActinomucorCandida呈极显著负相关。RDA分析表明,多种细菌与氨基酸态氮、pH呈显著正相关,Weissella等与盐含量呈显著正相关;真菌中,氨基酸态氮与Mortierella等呈显著正相关,盐含量与Actinomucor等呈正相关,pH与Kodamaea等呈正相关。本研究对于开发基于微生物调控技术的青腐乳现代发酵工艺技术具有重要意义。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024030191
  • 接收时间:2024-03-14
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-14
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    1.长春科技学院医药学院,吉林长春 130600
    2.吉林农业大学食品科学与工程学院,吉林长春 130118
    3.长春市朱老六食品股份有限公司,吉林长春 130157

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任大勇(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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