Article(id=1320881755259781585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2026010391, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1769875200000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852351250, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852351250, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852351250, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852351250, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=55, endPage=65, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881755876344274, articleId=1320881755259781585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of the Dynamic Change Patterns of Volatile Compounds in Sea Buckthorn Leaf Green Tea during Processing Based on GC-E-Nose and HS-SPME-GC-MS, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The dynamic variation patterns of volatile components during the processing of sea buckthorn leaf green tea were investigated using gas chromatography-electronic nose (GC-E-Nose) and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), combined with partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal PLS-DA (OPLS-DA). Qualitative and relative quantitative analyses of volatile substances were performed across six processing stages of sea buckthorn leaves. These were fresh leaves (XY), steam fixation (ZQ), rolling (RN), pan-firing (CQ), aroma enhancement (ZX), and finished tea (CP). The results showed that there were significant differences in the tea aroma profiles among the different processing stages. A total of 70 volatile components were identified in six samples. These covered eight major categories, including alcohols and aldehydes, of which aldehydes, alcohols, and olefins were the dominant core categories. During processing, the volatile components showed strong stage-specific evolution. The relative contents of the aldehydes continuously increased from 28.24% in fresh leaves to 58.64% in the finished tea and became the most abundant category. In contrast, alcohols and esters decreased sharply throughout the entire process and olefins increased to five times that of fresh leaves at the rolling stage. The aroma profile showed a characteristic trend of "green leaf aroma fading, floral and fruity aromas enriching", with the finished tea having a composite aroma dominated by floral (37.09%) and fruity (23.48%) notes. The OPLS-DA model based on HS-SPME-GC-MS (R2X=0.945, R2Y=0.982, Q2=0.960) identified 22 key volatile compounds, of which nonanal content was the highest. The different processing procedures led to the formation of specific dominant components: Steam fixation facilitated the accumulation of (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, whereas rolling promoted the release of terpinolene. This study revealed that enzymatic reactions occurred prior to steam fixation. These enriched the aroma components in subsequent processing, which then regulated aroma formation via mechanisms such as thermal degradation and cell disruption. These results reveal the complex dynamic changes in volatile compounds and provide a theoretical basis for sea buckthorn leaf green tea process optimization and quality improvement.

, authors=Na ZHANG1, Zhiwei ZHANG1, *, Yizhuo QU2, Zhixi CHEN3, authorsList=Na ZHANG, Zhiwei ZHANG, Yizhuo QU, Zhixi CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhiwei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881758510367195, articleId=1320881755259781585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于GC-E-Nose和HS-SPME-GC-MS技术分析沙棘叶绿茶加工过程中挥发性物质的动态变化规律, columnId=1320881740915261775, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏—茶饮品全产业链生产关键技术研究与应用(客座主编:尹军峰、张建勇、许勇泉、崔宏春), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究沙棘叶绿茶加工过程中挥发性成分的动态变化规律,采用气相色谱-电子鼻技术(gas chromatography-electronic nose,GC-E-Nose)和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用技术(headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS),结合偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discrimination analysis,PLS-DA)、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis,OPLS-DA)方法,对沙棘叶加工中鲜叶(XY)、蒸青(ZQ)、揉捻(RN)、炒青(CQ)、增香(ZX)及成品茶(CP)6个阶段的挥发性物质的动态变化进行定性、相对定量分析。结果表明,不同加工阶段茶叶香气有显著差异,在上述6种样品中共鉴定出70种挥发性成分,涵盖醇类、醛类等8大类,其中醛类、醇类、烯烃类为核心优势类别。加工过程中,挥发性成分呈现显著阶段性演变:醛类从鲜叶的28.24%持续攀升至成品茶的58.64%,成为占比最高类别;醇类、酯类全程大幅下降,烯烃类在揉捻阶段骤升至鲜叶的5倍。香气类型呈现“绿叶香消退、花香果香富集”特征,成品茶形成以花香(37.09%)、果香(23.48%)为核心的复合香气。HS-SPME-GC-MS的OPLS-DA模型(R2X=0.945,R2Y=0.982,Q2=0.960)鉴定出22种关键挥发性化合物,其中壬醛含量最高,在不同加工环节催生特异性优势成分,蒸青促进(Z)-2-己烯-1-醇生成,揉捻促进异松油烯释放。综上,蒸青前会发生酶促反应并在后续过程中富集香气成分,揉捻、增香则通过细胞破损、热降解等机制调控香气形成。本研究阐明了挥发性物质的复杂变化,为沙棘叶绿茶工艺优化及品质提升提供理论依据。

, authors=张娜1, 张志伟1, *, 曲奕卓2, 陈志玺3, authorsList=张娜, 张志伟, 曲奕卓, 陈志玺, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张志伟, authorNote=

张娜(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张志伟(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:。
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journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=挥发性物质), Keyword(id=1320881762226520578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用技术)], refs=[Reference(id=1320881763405120013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=焦岩, 常影, 刘井权. 沙棘黄酮提取与分离技术研究综述[J]. 食品工业, 2012, 33(8): 115−118. 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Food Research International, 2023, 169: 112799., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320881758728471004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881758736859613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, companyId=1320881758728471004, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881758745248222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, companyId=1320881758728471004, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1天津商业大学生物技术与食品科学学院,天津市食品生物技术重点实验室,天津 300134)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320881758812357087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881758820745696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, companyId=1320881758812357087, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Yantai Green Extract Food Technology Co., Ltd.,Yantai 264000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881758824940001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, companyId=1320881758812357087, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2烟台绿萃食品科技有限公司,山东烟台 264000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320881758896243170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881758904631779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, companyId=1320881758896243170, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Huachi County Gannong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingyang 745000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881758913020388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, companyId=1320881758896243170, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3华池县甘农生物科技有限公司,甘肃庆阳 745000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320881762352349699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Multivariate statistical analysis of volatile components determined by GC-E-Nose, figureFileSmall=TegtzKl12wnCOyKmR3du+w==, figureFileBig=4nDiPL5jV6qko55Xqv5RXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881762444624388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, language=CN, label=图1, caption=GC-E-Nose测定挥发性成分的多元统计分析

注:a:PLS-DA评分图;b:200次排列试验交叉验证图。

, figureFileSmall=TegtzKl12wnCOyKmR3du+w==, figureFileBig=4nDiPL5jV6qko55Xqv5RXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881762692088325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Analysis of volatile compound profiles during the processing of sea buckthorn leaf green tea, figureFileSmall=AAcvDHG9W9DYvGjaom2QFg==, figureFileBig=+Fg3mnd7AkE/HExjThSrHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881762767585798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, language=CN, label=图2, caption=沙棘叶绿茶加工过程中挥发性化合物分析

注:a:6个沙棘叶绿茶样品加工过程;b:8种类别中化合物相对含量比例;c:整个加工过程中8种类别化合物的动态变化;d:加工过程中挥发性物质共有与特有种类 UpSet图分析。

, figureFileSmall=AAcvDHG9W9DYvGjaom2QFg==, figureFileBig=+Fg3mnd7AkE/HExjThSrHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881762847277575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Aroma profiles during the processing of sea buckthorn leaf green tea, figureFileSmall=6XPxSHPhOM6Ef8PniQmhQQ==, figureFileBig=gDegCV3iiwylqYw3oqWFSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881762922775048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, language=CN, label=图3, caption=沙棘叶绿茶加工过程香气谱

注:a:12种香气类型;b:加工过程中12种香气类型化合物的动态变化;c:不同香气分类下加工过程中挥发性成分热图。

, figureFileSmall=6XPxSHPhOM6Ef8PniQmhQQ==, figureFileBig=gDegCV3iiwylqYw3oqWFSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881763010855433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Multivariate statistical analysis of volatile components, figureFileSmall=XEZvJH0QitaxAca247P8Bg==, figureFileBig=JUqWQJRRMcH3rj00VXiVJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881763086352906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, language=CN, label=图4, caption=挥发性成分的多元统计分析

注:a:OPLS-DA评分图;b:200次排列试验交叉验证图;c:6个加工过程中挥发性成分聚类图;d:VIP>1的关键鉴别化合物;e:基于VIP>1构建的热图可视化,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=XEZvJH0QitaxAca247P8Bg==, figureFileBig=JUqWQJRRMcH3rj00VXiVJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881763178627595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Dynamic changes in volatile components during the processing of sea buckthorn leaf green tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
保留时间(min)名称CAS相对含量(%)
XYZQRNCQZXCP
醇类
2.39(E)-2-戊烯-1-醇1576-96-11.11±0.01b1.64±0.02a1.05±0.05c0.96±0.01d0.84±0.01e0.73±0.01f
2.42顺式-4-环戊烯-1,3-二醇29783-26-4−2.89±2.55a1.50±1.46ab0.36±0.51b−−
2.44(E)-2-己烯-1-醇928-95-02.18±0.00b1.26±2.19b1.94±1.68b0.79±0.70b1.29±0.01b5.53±0.04a
3.34(Z)-2-己烯-1-醇928-94-92.45±0.01b5.99±3.52a1.16±0.00b1.32±0.01b0.75±0.01b0.55±0.06b
4.02(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇544-12-724.16±0.28a2.55±0.00c2.20±0.00d2.79±0.13b2.12±0.03d1.85±0.07e
4.05(E)-3-己烯-1-醇928-97-210.41±0.06a3.30±0.00b2.77±0.00c2.55±0.03d2.22±0.14e1.56±0.02f
4.182,4-己二烯-1-醇111-28-41.20±0.00d3.56±0.00a2.03±0.01b1.60±0.12c0.17±0.14e0.25±0.01e
5.85(Z)-3-癸烯-1-醇10340-22-42.62±0.17−−−−−
6.29紫苏醇536-59-4−−−−−1.02±0.88
6.31异蒲勒醇89-79-20.44±0.02bc0.68±0.08b1.29±0.22a0.72±0.01b0.23±0.05c0.51±0.18bc
6.41二氢香芹醇619-01-20.21±0.08a0.42±0.37a0.35±0.13a0.35±0.05a0.29±0.01a0.22±0.01a
6.743-(苄氧基甲基)己-5-烯-1,2-二醇/2.01±0.02−−−−−
6.75反式-4-侧柏醇17699-16-0−−0.10±0.00−−−
6.973,7-二甲基-1-辛醇106-21-8−−−0.28±0.02b1.21±0.01a−
7.18芳樟醇78-70-63.33±0.17b2.76±0.02c4.58±0.15a2.43±0.03d1.21±0.01e0.97±0.02f
7.63丁辛醇3913/2/80.11±0.02d0.88±0.01b2.15±0.04a0.12±0.01d0.11±0.00d0.19±0.02c
7.64反式-2-壬烯-1-醇31502-14-4−0.71±0.01c−0.25±0.03d1.81±0.12a1.18±0.02b
8.002-己基癸醇2425-77-60.43±0.01d1.43±0.05b0.74±0.03c1.64±0.03a0.18±0.01e0.15±0.02e
9.19(E)-2-十三烯醇74962-98-4−−2.21±0.02a1.81±0.01b0.28±0.01d0.35±0.01c
8.31(E)-2-癸烯-1-醇18409-18-20.76±0.06b0.14±0.01c0.11±0.01c3.14±0.12a0.24±0.42c0.20±0.02c
11.41橙花叔醇142-50-70.19±0.33c0.78±0.01b1.41±0.01a1.21±0.02a0.90±0.00b0.68±0.00b
醛类
2.28己醛66-25-11.43±0.01c1.88±0.01a1.54±0.01b1.06±0.03d0.88±0.01f0.95±0.01e
2.543-甲基丁醛590-86-3−−1.58±0.00b0.46±0.48c0.49±0.02c3.54±0.02a
4.12(E)-2-壬烯醛18829-56-60.47±0.04a0.67±0.00a0.63±0.00a0.71±0.00a0.53±0.02a0.44±0.57a
4.20(E)-2-己烯醛6728-26-31.26±0.12d5.61±0.11a2.63±0.02b1.83±0.00c0.29±0.25e0.34±0.01e
4.52庚醛111-71-70.65±0.02e2.66±0.02a1.59±0.12b1.03±0.02c0.89±0.01d0.34±0.02f
5.90辛醛124-13-011.43±0.12a5.05±3.63b6.33±1.73b10.71±0.58a10.57±0.06a9.83±0.05a
6.78苯乙醛122-78-1−0.58±0.51b−−−2.75±0.01a
7.37壬醛124-19-610.26±0.12f28.56±0.60c17.88±0.21e27.15±0.32d40.88±0.31a29.78±0.27b
7.91十二醛112-54-91.95±0.07a0.79±0.03d1.62±0.12b0.98±0.04c0.49±0.03e0.42±0.00f
8.87癸醛112-31-2−3.14±0.01b2.97±0.01c−2.82±0.01d4.07±0.03a
9.16β-环柠檬醛432-25-7−−−−−2.66±0.03
9.672,6,6-三甲基-1-环己烯基-1-乙醛472-66-20.13±0.00a0.12±0.02a−−−−
10.73(Z)-7-十六碳烯醛56797-40-1−−0.26±0.00−−−
烯烃类
4.93α-蒎烯80-56-80.15±0.02e1.64±0.02b4.54±0.03a1.58±0.23b1.21±0.01c1.00±0.06d
5.72反式氧化柠檬烯4959-35-7−−2.53±2.26−−−
6.52(Z)-β-罗勒烯3338-55-4−−2.21±0.05−−−
7.16异松油烯586-62-9−−7.86±0.33a1.35±0.02b−−
11.29椰脂烯3856-25-50.85±0.02b0.81±0.05b0.98±0.08a0.52±0.02c0.16±0.00d0.14±0.00d
11.42β-降冰片烯5208-59-30.38±0.33a−−−0.29±0.25ab0.31±0.02ab
11.75α-古芸烯489-40-70.20±0.02d0.42±0.01a0.35±0.01b0.19±0.01d0.23±0.00c0.18±0.02d
11.90β-石竹烯87-44-50.30±0.01e1.14±0.08c1.47±0.01a1.24±0.01b0.50±0.00d0.16±0.01f
12.34α-草烯6753-98-60.96±0.05a0.10±0.00f0.26±0.02d0.29±0.02c0.16±0.00e0.91±0.04b
12.44香树烯489-39-40.13±0.01b0.12±0.00c0.16±0.01a−−−
12.77γ-莎草烯515-17-3−−−0.22±0.01−−
12.87α-依兰烯10208-80-70.67±0.03b0.69±0.00b1.08±0.06a1.03±0.05a0.33±0.01c0.15±0.02d
13.15β-卡丁烯523-47-70.21±0.01c0.17±0.00d0.36±0.02a0.29±0.01b0.17±0.02d0.27±0.01b
烷烃类
6.596-甲基十八烷10544-96-4−0.08±0.14a−0.11±0.01a−−
6.60十一烷112-21-4−−−−5.73±0.51−
7.052,6,10-三甲基十二烷3891-98-3−0.91±0.01c−1.12±0.01b1.30±0.02a−
8.142-甲基十一烷7045-71-8−−−−0.40±0.05−
8.66十二烷112-40-30.85±0.02c0.81±0.01d1.26±0.01b1.55±0.02a0.44±0.02e0.28±0.02f
9.44十四烷629-59-4−−−−2.10±0.06a0.40±0.00b
9.91十五烷629-62-9−−−−0.80±0.00a0.13±0.12b
10.07壬烷629-92-50.21±0.01c0.24±0.00c0.25±0.01c0.82±0.12b1.03±0.06a0.22±0.01c
10.432,6,10-三甲基十四烷14905-56-7−−−−−0.21±0.00
11.013-甲基十三烷6418-41-30.14±0.01c0.13±0.00cd0.50±0.02a0.40±0.02b0.12±0.00d0.10±0.01e
12.192,6,10-三甲基十三烷3891-99-40.40±0.01d0.34±0.01e0.40±0.02d0.61±0.01b0.81±0.03a0.55±0.02c
酯类
4.46己酸苯乙酯6290-37-51.04±0.00e1.46±0.01c1.13±0.01d2.16±0.12b2.23±0.02b2.54±0.04a
6.27(S,E)-2,5-二甲基-4-乙烯基己-2,5-二烯-1-基乙酸酯20384-05-8−−2.29±0.25−−−
6.97二十烷酸苯甲酯77509-04-70.14±0.01−−−−−
9.18[(Z)-己-3-烯基]2-甲基丁酸酯53398-85-99.14±0.02a4.11±0.04b0.12±0.02c−−−
11.43异戊酸香叶酯109-20-6−−−−−0.30±0.12
12.35橙花醇基乙酸酯2306-78-7−−−0.11±0.00c0.20±0.01b0.39±0.01a
酮类
5.716-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮110-93-00.15±0.01c5.56±0.12a2.92±2.53b4.05±0.21ab3.20±0.14b3.75±0.01ab
8.543,5-壬二烯-2-酮41628-40-40.46±0.02−−−−−
12.70(E)-β-紫罗兰酮79-77-60.61±0.02c0.73±0.02a0.71±0.01a0.64±0.01b0.56±0.03d0.51±0.01e
杂环类
2.401,6-脱水-2,4-二脱氧-β-D-核糖-己吡喃糖14059-74-6−−−−0.60±0.65b2.70±2.22a
11.04脱氢芳紫罗兰30364-38-6−−−−−0.37±0.00
硫化物类
1.80二甲硫醚75-18-31.55±0.01f2.21±0.01e2.76±0.01d3.71±0.01c4.94±0.03b7.35±0.03a
合计97.71±0.51a99.28±0.48a95.65±1.94b88.25±0.93d99.17±0.52a93.99±1.91c
), ArticleFig(id=1320881763262513676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881755259781585, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

沙棘叶绿茶加工过程中挥发性成分的动态变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
保留时间(min)名称CAS相对含量(%)
XYZQRNCQZXCP
醇类
2.39(E)-2-戊烯-1-醇1576-96-11.11±0.01b1.64±0.02a1.05±0.05c0.96±0.01d0.84±0.01e0.73±0.01f
2.42顺式-4-环戊烯-1,3-二醇29783-26-4−2.89±2.55a1.50±1.46ab0.36±0.51b−−
2.44(E)-2-己烯-1-醇928-95-02.18±0.00b1.26±2.19b1.94±1.68b0.79±0.70b1.29±0.01b5.53±0.04a
3.34(Z)-2-己烯-1-醇928-94-92.45±0.01b5.99±3.52a1.16±0.00b1.32±0.01b0.75±0.01b0.55±0.06b
4.02(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇544-12-724.16±0.28a2.55±0.00c2.20±0.00d2.79±0.13b2.12±0.03d1.85±0.07e
4.05(E)-3-己烯-1-醇928-97-210.41±0.06a3.30±0.00b2.77±0.00c2.55±0.03d2.22±0.14e1.56±0.02f
4.182,4-己二烯-1-醇111-28-41.20±0.00d3.56±0.00a2.03±0.01b1.60±0.12c0.17±0.14e0.25±0.01e
5.85(Z)-3-癸烯-1-醇10340-22-42.62±0.17−−−−−
6.29紫苏醇536-59-4−−−−−1.02±0.88
6.31异蒲勒醇89-79-20.44±0.02bc0.68±0.08b1.29±0.22a0.72±0.01b0.23±0.05c0.51±0.18bc
6.41二氢香芹醇619-01-20.21±0.08a0.42±0.37a0.35±0.13a0.35±0.05a0.29±0.01a0.22±0.01a
6.743-(苄氧基甲基)己-5-烯-1,2-二醇/2.01±0.02−−−−−
6.75反式-4-侧柏醇17699-16-0−−0.10±0.00−−−
6.973,7-二甲基-1-辛醇106-21-8−−−0.28±0.02b1.21±0.01a−
7.18芳樟醇78-70-63.33±0.17b2.76±0.02c4.58±0.15a2.43±0.03d1.21±0.01e0.97±0.02f
7.63丁辛醇3913/2/80.11±0.02d0.88±0.01b2.15±0.04a0.12±0.01d0.11±0.00d0.19±0.02c
7.64反式-2-壬烯-1-醇31502-14-4−0.71±0.01c−0.25±0.03d1.81±0.12a1.18±0.02b
8.002-己基癸醇2425-77-60.43±0.01d1.43±0.05b0.74±0.03c1.64±0.03a0.18±0.01e0.15±0.02e
9.19(E)-2-十三烯醇74962-98-4−−2.21±0.02a1.81±0.01b0.28±0.01d0.35±0.01c
8.31(E)-2-癸烯-1-醇18409-18-20.76±0.06b0.14±0.01c0.11±0.01c3.14±0.12a0.24±0.42c0.20±0.02c
11.41橙花叔醇142-50-70.19±0.33c0.78±0.01b1.41±0.01a1.21±0.02a0.90±0.00b0.68±0.00b
醛类
2.28己醛66-25-11.43±0.01c1.88±0.01a1.54±0.01b1.06±0.03d0.88±0.01f0.95±0.01e
2.543-甲基丁醛590-86-3−−1.58±0.00b0.46±0.48c0.49±0.02c3.54±0.02a
4.12(E)-2-壬烯醛18829-56-60.47±0.04a0.67±0.00a0.63±0.00a0.71±0.00a0.53±0.02a0.44±0.57a
4.20(E)-2-己烯醛6728-26-31.26±0.12d5.61±0.11a2.63±0.02b1.83±0.00c0.29±0.25e0.34±0.01e
4.52庚醛111-71-70.65±0.02e2.66±0.02a1.59±0.12b1.03±0.02c0.89±0.01d0.34±0.02f
5.90辛醛124-13-011.43±0.12a5.05±3.63b6.33±1.73b10.71±0.58a10.57±0.06a9.83±0.05a
6.78苯乙醛122-78-1−0.58±0.51b−−−2.75±0.01a
7.37壬醛124-19-610.26±0.12f28.56±0.60c17.88±0.21e27.15±0.32d40.88±0.31a29.78±0.27b
7.91十二醛112-54-91.95±0.07a0.79±0.03d1.62±0.12b0.98±0.04c0.49±0.03e0.42±0.00f
8.87癸醛112-31-2−3.14±0.01b2.97±0.01c−2.82±0.01d4.07±0.03a
9.16β-环柠檬醛432-25-7−−−−−2.66±0.03
9.672,6,6-三甲基-1-环己烯基-1-乙醛472-66-20.13±0.00a0.12±0.02a−−−−
10.73(Z)-7-十六碳烯醛56797-40-1−−0.26±0.00−−−
烯烃类
4.93α-蒎烯80-56-80.15±0.02e1.64±0.02b4.54±0.03a1.58±0.23b1.21±0.01c1.00±0.06d
5.72反式氧化柠檬烯4959-35-7−−2.53±2.26−−−
6.52(Z)-β-罗勒烯3338-55-4−−2.21±0.05−−−
7.16异松油烯586-62-9−−7.86±0.33a1.35±0.02b−−
11.29椰脂烯3856-25-50.85±0.02b0.81±0.05b0.98±0.08a0.52±0.02c0.16±0.00d0.14±0.00d
11.42β-降冰片烯5208-59-30.38±0.33a−−−0.29±0.25ab0.31±0.02ab
11.75α-古芸烯489-40-70.20±0.02d0.42±0.01a0.35±0.01b0.19±0.01d0.23±0.00c0.18±0.02d
11.90β-石竹烯87-44-50.30±0.01e1.14±0.08c1.47±0.01a1.24±0.01b0.50±0.00d0.16±0.01f
12.34α-草烯6753-98-60.96±0.05a0.10±0.00f0.26±0.02d0.29±0.02c0.16±0.00e0.91±0.04b
12.44香树烯489-39-40.13±0.01b0.12±0.00c0.16±0.01a−−−
12.77γ-莎草烯515-17-3−−−0.22±0.01−−
12.87α-依兰烯10208-80-70.67±0.03b0.69±0.00b1.08±0.06a1.03±0.05a0.33±0.01c0.15±0.02d
13.15β-卡丁烯523-47-70.21±0.01c0.17±0.00d0.36±0.02a0.29±0.01b0.17±0.02d0.27±0.01b
烷烃类
6.596-甲基十八烷10544-96-4−0.08±0.14a−0.11±0.01a−−
6.60十一烷112-21-4−−−−5.73±0.51−
7.052,6,10-三甲基十二烷3891-98-3−0.91±0.01c−1.12±0.01b1.30±0.02a−
8.142-甲基十一烷7045-71-8−−−−0.40±0.05−
8.66十二烷112-40-30.85±0.02c0.81±0.01d1.26±0.01b1.55±0.02a0.44±0.02e0.28±0.02f
9.44十四烷629-59-4−−−−2.10±0.06a0.40±0.00b
9.91十五烷629-62-9−−−−0.80±0.00a0.13±0.12b
10.07壬烷629-92-50.21±0.01c0.24±0.00c0.25±0.01c0.82±0.12b1.03±0.06a0.22±0.01c
10.432,6,10-三甲基十四烷14905-56-7−−−−−0.21±0.00
11.013-甲基十三烷6418-41-30.14±0.01c0.13±0.00cd0.50±0.02a0.40±0.02b0.12±0.00d0.10±0.01e
12.192,6,10-三甲基十三烷3891-99-40.40±0.01d0.34±0.01e0.40±0.02d0.61±0.01b0.81±0.03a0.55±0.02c
酯类
4.46己酸苯乙酯6290-37-51.04±0.00e1.46±0.01c1.13±0.01d2.16±0.12b2.23±0.02b2.54±0.04a
6.27(S,E)-2,5-二甲基-4-乙烯基己-2,5-二烯-1-基乙酸酯20384-05-8−−2.29±0.25−−−
6.97二十烷酸苯甲酯77509-04-70.14±0.01−−−−−
9.18[(Z)-己-3-烯基]2-甲基丁酸酯53398-85-99.14±0.02a4.11±0.04b0.12±0.02c−−−
11.43异戊酸香叶酯109-20-6−−−−−0.30±0.12
12.35橙花醇基乙酸酯2306-78-7−−−0.11±0.00c0.20±0.01b0.39±0.01a
酮类
5.716-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮110-93-00.15±0.01c5.56±0.12a2.92±2.53b4.05±0.21ab3.20±0.14b3.75±0.01ab
8.543,5-壬二烯-2-酮41628-40-40.46±0.02−−−−−
12.70(E)-β-紫罗兰酮79-77-60.61±0.02c0.73±0.02a0.71±0.01a0.64±0.01b0.56±0.03d0.51±0.01e
杂环类
2.401,6-脱水-2,4-二脱氧-β-D-核糖-己吡喃糖14059-74-6−−−−0.60±0.65b2.70±2.22a
11.04脱氢芳紫罗兰30364-38-6−−−−−0.37±0.00
硫化物类
1.80二甲硫醚75-18-31.55±0.01f2.21±0.01e2.76±0.01d3.71±0.01c4.94±0.03b7.35±0.03a
合计97.71±0.51a99.28±0.48a95.65±1.94b88.25±0.93d99.17±0.52a93.99±1.91c
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基于GC-E-Nose和HS-SPME-GC-MS技术分析沙棘叶绿茶加工过程中挥发性物质的动态变化规律
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张娜 1 , 张志伟 1, * , 曲奕卓 2 , 陈志玺 3
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏—茶饮品全产业链生产关键技术研究与应用(客座主编:尹军峰、张建勇、许勇泉、崔宏春) 2026,47(16): 55-65
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏—茶饮品全产业链生产关键技术研究与应用(客座主编:尹军峰、张建勇、许勇泉、崔宏春) 2026 , 47 (16) : 55 -65
基于GC-E-Nose和HS-SPME-GC-MS技术分析沙棘叶绿茶加工过程中挥发性物质的动态变化规律
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张娜1 , 张志伟1, * , 曲奕卓2, 陈志玺3
作者信息
  • 1天津商业大学生物技术与食品科学学院,天津市食品生物技术重点实验室,天津 300134
  • 2烟台绿萃食品科技有限公司,山东烟台 264000
  • 3华池县甘农生物科技有限公司,甘肃庆阳 745000
通讯作者:
张志伟(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张娜(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:

Analysis of the Dynamic Change Patterns of Volatile Compounds in Sea Buckthorn Leaf Green Tea during Processing Based on GC-E-Nose and HS-SPME-GC-MS
Na ZHANG1 , Zhiwei ZHANG1, * , Yizhuo QU2, Zhixi CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
  • 2Yantai Green Extract Food Technology Co., Ltd.,Yantai 264000, China
  • 3Huachi County Gannong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingyang 745000, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2026010391
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为探究沙棘叶绿茶加工过程中挥发性成分的动态变化规律,采用气相色谱-电子鼻技术(gas chromatography-electronic nose,GC-E-Nose)和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用技术(headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS),结合偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discrimination analysis,PLS-DA)、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis,OPLS-DA)方法,对沙棘叶加工中鲜叶(XY)、蒸青(ZQ)、揉捻(RN)、炒青(CQ)、增香(ZX)及成品茶(CP)6个阶段的挥发性物质的动态变化进行定性、相对定量分析。结果表明,不同加工阶段茶叶香气有显著差异,在上述6种样品中共鉴定出70种挥发性成分,涵盖醇类、醛类等8大类,其中醛类、醇类、烯烃类为核心优势类别。加工过程中,挥发性成分呈现显著阶段性演变:醛类从鲜叶的28.24%持续攀升至成品茶的58.64%,成为占比最高类别;醇类、酯类全程大幅下降,烯烃类在揉捻阶段骤升至鲜叶的5倍。香气类型呈现“绿叶香消退、花香果香富集”特征,成品茶形成以花香(37.09%)、果香(23.48%)为核心的复合香气。HS-SPME-GC-MS的OPLS-DA模型(R2X=0.945,R2Y=0.982,Q2=0.960)鉴定出22种关键挥发性化合物,其中壬醛含量最高,在不同加工环节催生特异性优势成分,蒸青促进(Z)-2-己烯-1-醇生成,揉捻促进异松油烯释放。综上,蒸青前会发生酶促反应并在后续过程中富集香气成分,揉捻、增香则通过细胞破损、热降解等机制调控香气形成。本研究阐明了挥发性物质的复杂变化,为沙棘叶绿茶工艺优化及品质提升提供理论依据。

沙棘叶  /  绿茶  /  加工过程  /  挥发性物质  /  顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用技术

The dynamic variation patterns of volatile components during the processing of sea buckthorn leaf green tea were investigated using gas chromatography-electronic nose (GC-E-Nose) and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), combined with partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal PLS-DA (OPLS-DA). Qualitative and relative quantitative analyses of volatile substances were performed across six processing stages of sea buckthorn leaves. These were fresh leaves (XY), steam fixation (ZQ), rolling (RN), pan-firing (CQ), aroma enhancement (ZX), and finished tea (CP). The results showed that there were significant differences in the tea aroma profiles among the different processing stages. A total of 70 volatile components were identified in six samples. These covered eight major categories, including alcohols and aldehydes, of which aldehydes, alcohols, and olefins were the dominant core categories. During processing, the volatile components showed strong stage-specific evolution. The relative contents of the aldehydes continuously increased from 28.24% in fresh leaves to 58.64% in the finished tea and became the most abundant category. In contrast, alcohols and esters decreased sharply throughout the entire process and olefins increased to five times that of fresh leaves at the rolling stage. The aroma profile showed a characteristic trend of "green leaf aroma fading, floral and fruity aromas enriching", with the finished tea having a composite aroma dominated by floral (37.09%) and fruity (23.48%) notes. The OPLS-DA model based on HS-SPME-GC-MS (R2X=0.945, R2Y=0.982, Q2=0.960) identified 22 key volatile compounds, of which nonanal content was the highest. The different processing procedures led to the formation of specific dominant components: Steam fixation facilitated the accumulation of (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, whereas rolling promoted the release of terpinolene. This study revealed that enzymatic reactions occurred prior to steam fixation. These enriched the aroma components in subsequent processing, which then regulated aroma formation via mechanisms such as thermal degradation and cell disruption. These results reveal the complex dynamic changes in volatile compounds and provide a theoretical basis for sea buckthorn leaf green tea process optimization and quality improvement.

sea buckthorn leaves  /  green tea  /  processing  /  volatile components  /  headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas phase chromatography-mass spectrometry
张娜, 张志伟, 曲奕卓, 陈志玺. 基于GC-E-Nose和HS-SPME-GC-MS技术分析沙棘叶绿茶加工过程中挥发性物质的动态变化规律. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 55 -65 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2026010391
Na ZHANG, Zhiwei ZHANG, Yizhuo QU, Zhixi CHEN. Analysis of the Dynamic Change Patterns of Volatile Compounds in Sea Buckthorn Leaf Green Tea during Processing Based on GC-E-Nose and HS-SPME-GC-MS[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 55 -65 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2026010391
沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.)是一种多年生落叶灌木,隶属于胡颓子科下的沙棘属,有诸如醋柳、酸刺、黄酸刺等俗称,在中国和欧洲都有自然分布[1]。中国西北地区及高原山区的沙棘资源尤为丰富。作为富含黄酮类、多酚类、多糖、氨基酸等多种营养与生物活性成分的天然原料[2],沙棘叶的开发利用具有重要的经济与生态价值。然而在沙棘果成熟前,沙棘林未能产生直接经济效益。若能够有效开发并利用沙棘叶资源,不仅有助于激发种植者及关联企业对于沙棘林建设与管理的热情,增加其经济收益,同时也有利于推动生态环境的改善与发展。因此,沙棘的多功能性使其在多个领域具有极高的开发利用价值,受到越来越多的关注与研究[3]。2013年沙棘叶被正式认定为新型食品资源[4],其在食品加工领域的深度开发与应用得到了显著推动。
随着消费者对天然功能性饮品的需求升级,药食同源原料与传统茶饮的融合成为饮品创新的重要方向。沙棘叶作为富含黄酮类、多酚等活性成分的天然原料,具有低咖啡因、高营养的独特优势,与绿茶的茶多酚、儿茶素形成成分互补[5],不仅解决了传统绿茶的刺激性痛点,更通过口感调和形成“清香+微酸+回甘”的复合风味,使沙棘叶绿茶成为兼具健康属性与饮用体验的差异化产品。其加工工艺与绿茶高度兼容,原料供应稳定,已逐步契合办公、养生等多元消费场景,但目前关于该产品的研究多集中于配方优势与市场潜力,对加工过程中核心风味物质的组分尚未明确。而挥发性物质是决定茶饮风味品质与消费者接受度的关键因素[6],沙棘叶的草本特征香气与绿茶的鲜爽清香在杀青、揉捻、干燥等加工环节中可能发生复杂的转化、合成或降解,直接影响最终产品的风味协调性[7−10]。GC-E-Nose技术能够快速捕捉样品的整体风味轮廓,HS-SPME-GC-MS技术凭借高灵敏度与高分离度的优势[11],成为挥发性代谢物定性定量分析的核心手段,两者结合可实现“风味整体评价”与“成分精准识别”的有机统一,为解析加工过程中风味物质的变化机制提供了技术支撑。
本研究以沙棘叶绿茶加工过程为研究对象,采用GC-E-Nose结合HS-SPME-GC-MS技术,系统分析沙棘叶绿茶加工各阶段(鲜叶、蒸青、揉捻、炒青、增香、成品茶)中挥发性物质的种类、含量及风味轮廓的动态变化特征,揭示沙棘叶与绿茶融合加工中风味物质的形成与转化规律,明确影响产品风味品质的关键工段,为优化沙棘叶绿茶加工工艺、提升产品风味稳定性与市场竞争力提供理论依据,同时为功能性草本茶饮的风味调控研究提供技术参考。
‘中华沙棘’叶片 采摘自甘肃华池县7月上旬。
TG-5MS毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 μm×0.25 mm)、TSQ 8000 Duo/Evo型三重四极杆气相色谱质谱联用仪(配有Xcalibur数据处理系统) 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;DVB/CAR/PDMS-SPME萃取头、SPME手动进样手柄 德国Sigma公司;HWS24电热恒温水浴锅 上海一恒科技有限公司;FW-100高速粉碎机 天津泰斯特有限公司;Heracles Ⅱ全自动电子气味分析仪 法国Alpha MOS公司。
工艺流程:采摘鲜叶→蒸青→揉捻→炒青→增香→成品茶,每个工序结束后立即取样,根据取样节点不同,样品分别标记为XY(鲜叶)、ZQ(蒸青)、RN(揉捻)、CQ(炒青)、ZX(增香)、CP(成品茶)。
加工工艺参数:鲜叶:采摘新梢顶部4~6片的成熟叶进行清洗,摊开自然晾干;蒸青:微波105 ℃蒸45 s;揉捻:茶叶温度下降到60 ℃手工逐步加压揉捻50 min;炒青:放入炒锅内180 ℃翻炒10 min;增香:放入炒锅内150 ℃增香20 min;成品茶:将增香后的茶叶放入烘干机100 ℃烘干2 h,共6个样本,各3次生物学重复取样,取样后立即于−80 ℃条件下保存。将冷冻的样品破碎研磨后,过25目、600 μm筛待测。
将0.5 g样品密封在20 mL玻璃瓶中,放置在GC-E-Nose的样品托盘上,在80 ℃孵化温度下培养20 min。随后,在200 ℃和10 kPa压力下注入4000 μL顶空气体。挥发性化合物通过内嵌式气味浓缩器在40 ℃温度下捕集42 s。色谱柱升温程序:从初始温度50 ℃开始,持续5 s,然后以0.5 ℃/s的速率从50 ℃上升到150 ℃,最后以3 ℃/s的速率从150 ℃上升到250 ℃,维持20 s。每个样品进行三次重复分析。
采用顶空固相微萃取方法(headspace solid phase microextraction,HS-SPME)富集沙棘叶绿茶加工过程中的挥发性成分。取茶样1.5 g,置于20 mL顶空瓶中,在60 ℃的水浴锅中平衡30 min,平衡完成后插入已老化的萃取针,于顶空瓶上方顶空吸附(萃取温度60 ℃,萃取时间60 min),后将萃取针在GC进样口进样解析(解析时间3.5 min,解析温度250 ℃)。
色谱柱:TG-5MS毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 μm×0.25 mm);高纯氦气(纯度99.999%),流速1 mL/min,不分流进样;进样口温度为250 ℃;升温程序:60 ℃保持1 min,以10 ℃/min升温至230 ℃,保持10 min,以40 ℃/min升温至300 ℃。
电子轰击离子源(EI);电子能量70 eV,离子源温度300 ℃;传输线温度280 ℃;采用全扫描模式;质量扫描范围m/z 50~400。每个茶叶样品进行三次实验。
挥发性物质处理由Xcalibur软件系统进行定性分析,遵循相似性超过80%的指导原则,将获得的质谱与NIST 14文库中的质谱进行比较,并用TGSC(The Good Scents Company Information System)查询其香气。用面积归一化法对茶叶样品中挥发性化合物进行相对定量分析。
所有实验样本均进行三次重复运行,结果以平均值±标准差表示。数据分析采用PLS-DA和OPLS-DA方法,SIMCA-P 14.1软件处理。组间显著性分析采用SPSS Statistics 20.0软件进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)。动态变化轨迹使用Origin 9.1绘图,热图通过TBtools v2.0完成。
图1a为GC-E-Nose检测数据的PLS-DA得分图(R2X=0.992,R2Y=0.947,Q2=0.913),直观呈现了沙棘叶绿茶不同加工阶段样品的风味轮廓聚类特征,各加工阶段的样品在得分空间中呈现明显的分组聚集趋势,其中鲜叶单独分布于得分图底部区域,蒸青、揉捻、炒青等中间加工阶段样品集中在图中区域,而成品茶则分布于得分图左侧区域,表明不同加工阶段的沙棘叶绿茶挥发性风味轮廓差异显著,PLS-DA模型可有效区分各加工环节的风味特征差异。替换试验参数(R2=0.166,Q2=−0.564)进一步证实了该模型在没有过拟合的情况下的可行性(图1b)。综上,GC-E-Nose结合PLS-DA的分析结果表明:沙棘叶绿茶加工各阶段的风味整体轮廓具有显著特异性,体现了加工工艺对沙棘叶绿茶风味特征的定向调控作用。
采用HS-SPME法富集香气,气相色谱质谱联用法对6个加工过程(图2a)的沙棘叶绿茶的挥发性化合物进行了分析[12],通过文库检索和标准认证共鉴定出70种挥发性化合物。这些化合物被分为8类,包括醇类(21种)、醛类(13种)、烯烃类(13种)、烷烃类(11种)、酯类(6种)、酮类(3种)、杂环化合物(2种)、硫化物(1种)。其中醛类(47.04%)、醇类(27.44%)和烯烃类(7.20%)所占比例较高(图2b)。在醇类化合物中,(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇与(E)-3-己烯-1-醇在鲜叶中相对含量分别高达24.16%、10.41%,显著高于其他各阶段,是鲜叶具有独特绿叶清香的主要贡献者。在醛类化合物中,壬醛在增香阶段相对含量高达40.88%,呈极显著优势,是增香阶段呈现浓郁花香、脂香、醛香等香气的主要物质基础。烯烃类中的异松油烯在揉捻阶段首次出现,相对含量高达7.86%,使揉捻阶段呈现清新的草本香气;β-石竹烯和α-草烯相对含量在各个阶段都具有显著差异。挥发性化合物在不同加工阶段表现出不同的差异(表1)。
在整个加工阶段观察到挥发性化合物的动态变化,如图2c所示。在加工过程中,醛类、醇类和烯烃类是加工过程中的主要化合物。醛类从鲜叶阶段的28.24%持续上升,经蒸青、炒青工序后较鲜叶翻倍,揉捻阶段略有回落,增香及成品茶阶段继续攀升,最终成品占比达58.64%(鲜叶的2倍以上),杀青和增香是其积累关键节点,推测与醇类氧化、挥发性醛类保留相关。醇类和酯类的相对含量全程大幅下降,醇类在鲜叶阶段占比最高(52.80%),蒸青后骤降,成品茶仅为鲜叶的32%,酯类从鲜叶的10.57%持续下降,成品占比也是鲜叶的32%,分别推测与醇类氧化挥发、酯类水解挥发相关。烯烃类在鲜叶和蒸青阶段占比仅3.93%~5.13%,揉捻工序骤升至19.91%(鲜叶的5倍),炒青后快速回落,增香及成品茶维持在3%~4%,揉捻破坏细胞结构是其释放关键;烷烃类在前期占比低(1.63%~2.53%),炒青后升至5.22%,增香工序骤升至12.83%(鲜叶的8倍),成品茶则快速回落至2.01%,推测加热促进生成但成品中部分挥发。酮类鲜叶占比仅1.25%,蒸青后升至6.34%(全程峰值),后续各工序略有波动,成品茶维持在4.53%(鲜叶的3.6倍),杀青是其生成关键节点,推测为醇类、烯烃类氧化转化所致。在每个加工阶段都检测到一种硫化物(二甲硫醚),其在加工过程中持续上升,从鲜叶的1.55%增至成品茶的7.35%(鲜叶的4.7倍)。据报道,二甲基硫化物呈现出一种煮熟的玉米般的香气,主要是通过高温加热使S-甲基蛋氨酸降解生成[13]。在化合物类别水平上,醇类、醛类是各加工阶段共有的优势香气类别,也是茶叶各加工阶段中均最丰富的两个类别,两者总相对含量在鲜叶阶段达81.04%(醛类28.24%、醇类52.80%);其中醛类在成品茶阶段相对含量升至58.64%,成为占比最高的香气类别。分析图2d发现,鲜叶、蒸青、揉捻、炒青、增香及成品茶阶段分别检测出43、44、47、45、48、50种香气化合物,共有香气化合物为35种。其中鲜叶、揉捻、成品茶阶段分别特有香气化合物数量为4((Z)-3-癸烯-1-醇、3-(苄氧基甲基)己-5-烯-1,2-二醇、二十烷酸苯甲酯、3,5-壬二烯-2-酮)、5(反式-4-侧柏醇、(Z)-7-十六碳烯醛、反式氧化柠檬烯、(Z)-β-罗勒烯、(S,E)-2,5-二甲基-4-乙烯基己-2,5-二烯-1-基乙酸酯)、5(紫苏醇、β-环柠檬醛、2,6,10-三甲基十四烷、异戊酸香叶酯、脱氢芳紫罗兰)。
将鉴定出来的70种挥发性化合物结合文献分析,将其分为12种香气类型[14],如绿叶香、花香、果香、木质香、化学味等(图3a和图3b)[15]。花香、绿叶香和水果香是样品中挥发性化合物的三种主要气味,在12种不同类别的气味中,它们分别占总挥发性化合物的33.67%、24.52%和16%(图3a)。鲜叶阶段以绿叶香为绝对核心(占比51.88%),是鲜叶天然标志性香气,随着加工推进,绿叶香持续回落,成品茶阶段仅占15.81%,是鲜叶阶段的1/3,完成鲜叶特征的消退。花香逐步富集,从鲜叶的15.80%升至增香阶段峰值47.58%,成品茶阶段仍保持37.09%。果香整体呈现上升趋势,从鲜叶14.08%增至成品茶23.48%(图3b)。
如图3c所示,关键加工环节的香气特殊波动,在揉捻过程中,草本香从蒸青的1.65%骤升至12.82%,揉捻的机械作用破坏了鲜叶细胞结构,促使草本型挥发物大量释放;蜡质香首次显著上升,从0%增至2.28%,细胞破损后蜡质类成分参与香气构成,揉捻阶段是机械作用驱动香气释放的核心环节[16−17]。在增香环节,花香达峰值47.58%,增香的热作用促进了萜烯类、醛类等花香型挥发物的富集,是花香主导的关键环节[18];化学味从炒青的2.69%飙升至10.19%(短暂热分解副产物),成品茶回落至1.10%。在炒青环节,油脂味升至4.36%(热作用促发脂类物质挥发),后续环节回落至1%以下[19−20]。加工过程中,硫化物味持续积累,从鲜叶的1.62%逐步升至成品茶的7.68%,成为成品茶的次要辅助香气。最终成品茶的香气层次结构为花香(37.09%)+果香(23.48%)构成核心风味;绿叶香(15.81%)+醛香(4.21%)+硫化物味(7.82%)保留鲜叶清新感,补充特殊柔和气息;木质香、草本香等(占比≤2%)丰富香气层次感。
OPLS-DA是偏最小二乘回归和正交信号处理的融合,是一种用于对多变量数据进行分类、增强模型可解释性和预测性的统计方法。在本研究中,采用OPLS-DA分析了沙棘叶绿茶在不同加工阶段挥发性成分的差异。OPLS-DA模型参数(R2X=0.945,R2Y=0.982,Q2=0.960)具有较强的解释和预测能力。如图4a所示,6个加工阶段之间存在明显的差异,其中蒸青、炒青和增香阶段的影响最为显著。替换试验参数(R2=0.196,Q2=−0.847)进一步证实了该模型在没有过拟合的情况下的可行性(图4b)。沙棘叶绿茶不同加工阶段的层次聚类树展示了各加工阶段的特征相似性,如图4c所示,可以看出鲜叶阶段自身聚类距离极近,说明鲜叶的特征稳定且独立;增香与成品茶的分支紧密聚合,说明增香工序后,成品茶的特征变化很小,两者相似度最高;揉捻阶段的分支介于“鲜叶/增香-成品茶”与“炒青/蒸青”之间,其特征是加工过渡阶段的中间状态;蒸青阶段的分支位于聚类树最末端,也能说明蒸青阶段的特征与其他加工阶段的差异最显著。
在投影中的变量重要性(VIP值)可以用来衡量单个变量对OPLS-DA模型的贡献。根据投影VIP>1和P<0.05的变量重要性,共鉴定出22种区分六种加工过程的关键挥发性化合物(图4d)[21]。图4e可以直观地显示它们在不同加工阶段的变化,颜色的深浅代表含量的高低。这些挥发物大致可分为四类:第一类I从鲜叶到成品茶阶段整体呈现波动增加趋势(如辛醛、癸醛、壬醛、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮),这类化合物在鲜叶阶段相对含量相对较低,随加工进程推进含量上下波动,但最终在成品茶阶段含量高于或约等于鲜叶水平。第二类Ⅱ从鲜叶到成品茶阶段整体呈现下降趋势,可以在(Z)-3-己烯基-2-甲基丁酸酯、(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇、(E)-3-己烯-1-醇中观察到,鲜叶阶段含量最高,中间加工环节含量回落,后续保持低水平。第三类Ⅲ在整个加工过程中呈现先上升后下降趋势,在鲜叶和成品茶阶段含量都较低。不同的是化合物在不同的阶段达到峰值,如芳樟醇、(E)-2-十三烯-1-醇、异松油烯、α-蒎烯,在揉捻阶段含量最高;(E)-2-癸烯-1-醇在炒青阶段含量最高;(Z)-2-己烯-1-醇、(E)-2-己烯醛、2,4-己二烯-1-醇是在蒸青阶段含量最高,后续加工过程含量持续降低,保持较低水平。第四类Ⅳ在加工进程中呈现大幅上升趋势(3-甲基丁醛、苯乙醛、β-环柠檬醛、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、二甲基硫醚),其在鲜叶阶段含量极低,加工过程中含量稍有增多,但是在成品茶阶段含量大幅上升,达到峰值。结果表明,通过气相色谱-质谱结合多元统计分析,成功地鉴定和区分了沙棘叶绿茶不同加工阶段的挥发性化合物,清晰展现了各类化合物的含量动态变化规律。
壬醛是所有化合物中相对含量最高的,占比为26.86%,具有玫瑰香、柑橘香、脂香等[22],属于花香的香气类型,沙棘叶中富含的C18不饱和脂肪酸为全加工流程提供了壬醛的前体[23−25],并在加工中逐步富集,在增香阶段达到峰值,是整个加工过程中壬醛含量的26.46%。(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇、(E)-3-己烯-1-醇和辛醛在鲜叶中浓度最高[26]。(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇提供青草和绿叶的香气,(E)-3-己烯-1-醇提供绿叶香、花香、油脂香等,两者都属于绿色香型,通常是通过沙棘叶中脂肪酸酶促代谢天然合成、并在加工破损细胞后大量释放的绿叶香特征挥发物。辛醛具有柑橘香、橙皮香、绿叶香、草本香、清新香等,属于果香型化合物,它的产生分为沙棘鲜叶天然生物合成和绿茶加工过程中的酶促、热促生成两个阶段。(Z)-2-己烯-1-醇具有绿叶香、绿豆香、草本香和水仙香等香气特征,(E)-2-己烯醛表现出绿叶香、香蕉香、脂肪香和干酪香,二者均为典型的绿叶香型挥发物。它们均由α-亚麻酸经脂氧合酶、氢过氧化物裂解酶催化的酶促反应生成,其中(E)-2-己烯醛是该通路的直接裂解产物。二者在蒸青阶段含量最高,这是由于蒸青过程的高温可快速钝化脂氧合酶与氢过氧化物裂解酶,使前期形成的挥发性物质得以保留并富集[27]。芳樟醇和异松油烯不断富集,在揉捻阶段含量最高。芳樟醇[28−30]表现出柑橘香、花香、甜香、玫瑰木香和蓝莓香气味,属于花香型化合物,是在芳樟醇合成酶的催化作用下,由香叶基二磷酸经骨架重排与水解合成而来[31−32]。异松油烯表现出清新香、木质香、甜香和柑橘香,属于草本香型,是异松油烯合酶催化底物香叶基二磷酸生成[33]。二者在揉捻阶段达到峰值,这是因为揉捻通过机械力破坏叶细胞结构,促使前期已合成并储存于细胞内的芳樟醇和异松油烯充分释放,最终表现为含量显著升高[25]。(E)-2-癸烯-1-醇是具有清新空气香、柑橘香、玫瑰香和朗姆酒香等香气的脂肪香型的化合物,在炒青阶段含量最高,是由炒青时细胞剧烈破损、高温热降解、瞬时氧化等反应的协同作用效果产生的[34]。在成品茶中,3-甲基丁醛、苯乙醛、β-环柠檬醛的含量不断富集达到加工全程峰值,三者分别通过不同反应机制积累形成:3-甲基丁醛主要源于加工过程中的酶促反应,是具有温和香、洁净香、水润香型、柑橘皮香和脂肪香的蜡香型;苯乙醛由氧化反应生成,是具有绿叶香、甜香、花香、蜂蜜香和可可香的绿叶香型[33,35];β-环柠檬醛则经热降解反应富集,是具有热带香、藏红花香、草本香、洁净香、甜香和烟草香的热带香型[36]。三者的高含量共同赋予了沙棘叶绿茶层次丰富、协调统一且兼具清新感与温润感的高端复合香气,具体可概括为:以“洁净感”为基底,融合清甜花香、热带鲜活气息与珍贵香韵,叠加醇厚甜润与柔和脂感,兼具自然草本特质与温润质感,整体香气立体饱满、余韵悠长。
本研究通过SPME-GC-MS、GC-E-Nose结合多元统计分析,系统探究了沙棘叶绿茶加工过程中挥发性成分的动态变化特征,共鉴定出70种挥发性化合物,涵盖醇类、醛类等8类,其中醛类、醇类、烯烃类为核心类别。加工过程中,挥发性成分呈现显著阶段性变化:醛类从鲜叶的28.24%持续攀升至成品茶的58.64%,成为占比最高的类别;醇类、酯类则全程大幅下降,分别降至鲜叶含量的32%;烯烃类在揉捻阶段骤升至鲜叶的5倍,后快速回落。香气类型演变呈现“绿叶香消退、花香果香富集”的规律,鲜叶以绿叶香为主(51.88%),成品茶形成以花香(37.09%)、果香(23.48%)为核心,辅以硫香、醛香的复合香气特征。不同加工环节催生特征优势化合物,蒸青富集(Z)-2-己烯-1-醇,揉捻促进异松油烯释放,炒青推动(E)-2-癸烯-1-醇生成,成品茶中3-甲基丁醛等含量达峰值。OPLS-DA模型验证了各加工阶段挥发性成分的显著差异,研究揭示,蒸青前会发生酶促反应并在后续过程中富集香气成分,揉捻、增香则通过细胞破损、热降解等机制共同调控沙棘叶绿茶香气的形成与优化。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2026010391
  • 接收时间:2026-02-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-01
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    1天津商业大学生物技术与食品科学学院,天津市食品生物技术重点实验室,天津 300134
    2烟台绿萃食品科技有限公司,山东烟台 264000
    3华池县甘农生物科技有限公司,甘肃庆阳 745000

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张志伟(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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