Article(id=1320881874512229174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110273, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763913600000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852379681, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852379681, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852379681, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852379681, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=22, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881874730332983, articleId=1320881874512229174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Controlled Shaking and Withering Stage on the Flavor Profiles of Three Guangdong Dancong Tea Cultivars, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to address the inherent limitations of traditional manual Zuoqing (shaking and withering stage) in Guangdong Dancong tea, including its heavy reliance on empirical expertise, the lack of quantitative indicators, and the absence of controllable processing mechanisms. Three representative cultivars from majoy Dancong-producing areas were used as experimental materials. We utilized self-developed controlled equipment for the shaking and withering stage to compare the effects of automated versus manual processing on the flavor profile of the tea. The flavor characteristics were comprehensively analyzed through sensory evaluation, quantification of key components (polyphenols, caffeine, and amino acids), electronic nose (E-nose), and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. The results indicated that while Dancong tea varieties exhibited distinct cultivar-specific aroma and taste profiles, the two processing methods exerted minimal impact on primary physicochemical indices and overall aroma structures. Controlled shaking and withering consistently maintained the balance of gustatory components and effectively replicated the flavor profile achieved through manual processing. Regarding key volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Yinhua-scented Dancong was characterized by high odor activity values (OAV) of jasmone, methyl jasmonate, and indole, which formed its signature honeysuckle fragrance. Zhilan-scented Dancong was primarily defined by myrcene, ocimene, linalool, and methyl salicylate, presenting a characteristic orchid fragrance. Meanwhile, Milan-scented Dancong was dominated by geranylacetone, β-ionone, and dihydroactinidiolide, showing a complex honey-orchid fragrance. Notably, the controlled shaking and withering technology significantly enhanced the OAV of floral volatiles in Yinhua-scented Dancong and successfully reproduced the aromatic characteristics of manual methods in the other two varieties, demonstrating good applicability and stability across different Dancong tea types. These findings indicate that precise control over the shaking and withering stage can effectively optimize the formation of key flavor substances. This not only provides a scientific foundation for the standardization and intelligent automation of Dancong tea processing, but also offers technical support for the transition from traditional tea-making experience to precision control.

, authors=Chang HE1, Dongchun LIN1, Aiqing MIAO1, Hanlin CHEN2, Yan HUANG3, Qin CHEN2, Hongling XIA1, Xiaoyan QIAO1, Chengying MA1, *, authorsList=Chang HE, Dongchun LIN, Aiqing MIAO, Hanlin CHEN, Yan HUANG, Qin CHEN, Hongling XIA, Xiaoyan QIAO, Chengying MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chengying MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881876085093184, articleId=1320881874512229174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=控制做青对三种广东单丛茶风味品质的影响, columnId=1320881740915261775, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏—茶饮品全产业链生产关键技术研究与应用(客座主编:尹军峰、张建勇、许勇泉、崔宏春), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决广东单丛茶传统手工做青依赖制茶师经验、缺乏量化指标与可控机制的问题,本研究以广东单丛茶产区的三个主栽品种为材料,利用自主研发的控制做青设备,系统比较了控制做青与人工做青对茶叶风味的影响。通过感官评价、茶多酚、咖啡碱及氨基酸测定、电子鼻分析以及顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱(Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术,结合多元统计分析,对茶叶滋味和香气特征进行了全面解析。结果表明,不同单丛茶品种在香气和滋味上具有显著品种特异性,而不同做青方式茶的主要理化指标及整体香气差异较小,表明控制做青能够稳定滋味物质平衡并有效模拟人工做青的风味表现。在关键香气化合物分析中,银花香型单丛中茉莉酮、茉莉酸甲酯和吲哚的OAV值较高,形成“金银花香”特征;芝兰香型单丛以月桂烯、罗勒烯、芳樟醇和水杨酸甲酯为主要贡献,构成“兰花香”;蜜兰香型单丛以香叶基丙酮、β-紫罗酮及二氢猕猴桃内酯为主,表现“蜜兰香”复合香型。控制做青在银花香型单丛中显著提高花香物质OAV值,同时在芝兰香型和蜜兰香型单丛中能够较好地复现人工做青香气特征,显示该工艺在不同香型茶叶中具有良好的适用性与稳定性。综上,控制做青技术能够有效维持和优化关键风味物质生成,为单丛茶加工的标准化、智能化提供了科学依据,并为传统制茶经验向精准化控制转型提供了技术支持。

, authors=何畅1, 林冬纯1, 苗爱清1, 陈汉林2, 黄艳3, 陈勤2, 夏红玲1, 乔小燕1, 马成英1, *, authorsList=何畅, 林冬纯, 苗爱清, 陈汉林, 黄艳, 陈勤, 夏红玲, 乔小燕, 马成英, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马成英, authorNote=

何畅(1994−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:茶叶加工与品质控制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
马成英(1985),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:茶叶加工与品质控制,E-mail:。
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Journal of Tea Science, 2023, 43(1): 91−108., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320881876328362817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881876336751426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, companyId=1320881876328362817, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881876345140035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, companyId=1320881876328362817, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1广东省农业科学院茶叶研究所,广东省茶树资源创新利用重点实验室,广东广州 510640)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320881876403860292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881876412248901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, companyId=1320881876403860292, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chaozhou Agricultural Science and Technology Research Center, Chaozhou 521000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881876416443206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, companyId=1320881876403860292, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2潮州市农业科学技术研究中心,广东潮州 521000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320881876491940679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881876500329288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, companyId=1320881876491940679, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Anxi College of Tea Science (College of Digital Economy), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou 362400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881876512912201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, companyId=1320881876491940679, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3福建农林大学安溪茶学院(数字经济学院),福建泉州 362400)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320881884943463301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Software system interface and connection schematic diagram of green-making control equipment, figureFileSmall=0ZyJ1ZKdWUwygayAnADyIQ==, figureFileBig=Ye2mHVBHrjBpkqDrYVnucA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881885031543686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, language=CN, label=图1, caption=做青控制设备软件系统界面和做青控制设备连接示意图, figureFileSmall=0ZyJ1ZKdWUwygayAnADyIQ==, figureFileBig=Ye2mHVBHrjBpkqDrYVnucA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881885249647495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Content of polyphenols (A), caffeine (B), and amino acids (C) in Dancong tea with different green-making methods, figureFileSmall=Wo9Zn2fL5Cgv6oDaIoAwew==, figureFileBig=kj+ALSOe14LQv5Dn+UDLAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881888747697032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同做青方式的单丛茶茶多酚(A)、咖啡碱(B)和氨基酸(C)含量

注:不同的小写字母表示在不同组处理之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Wo9Zn2fL5Cgv6oDaIoAwew==, figureFileBig=kj+ALSOe14LQv5Dn+UDLAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881888835777417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Aroma detection of Dancong tea based on electronic nose technology, figureFileSmall=acOGqfUARgO2DAp19gfTUw==, figureFileBig=S9KrW54ojZAsfydFRjI0gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881888940635018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于电子鼻技术的单丛茶气味检测

注:A~D为不同做青方式的单丛茶电子鼻的PCA分析;E~G为雷达图。

, figureFileSmall=acOGqfUARgO2DAp19gfTUw==, figureFileBig=S9KrW54ojZAsfydFRjI0gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881889053881227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of controlled green-making processing on aroma compounds in Dancong tea, figureFileSmall=qnv+6Sx4Bb6zUt+c+2JXaA==, figureFileBig=FK6ZR5LhKWU6etFT0p3nmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881889125184396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, language=CN, label=图4, caption=控制做青对单丛茶香气化合物的影响

注:A. 控制做青单丛茶香气化合物的总离子流图;B. 单丛茶香气化合物PCA模型荷载图不同品种差异检验结果;C. 不同做青方式差异检验结果;D. 单丛茶香气化合物分组聚类图;D. 单丛茶香气化合物分类堆叠百分比示意图。

, figureFileSmall=qnv+6Sx4Bb6zUt+c+2JXaA==, figureFileBig=FK6ZR5LhKWU6etFT0p3nmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881889200681869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Green making parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品做青
次数
控制做青人工做青
滚筒转速
(r/min)
转动圈数
(r)
静置时间
(min)
滚筒转速
(r/min)
转动圈数
(r)
静置时间
(min)
银花
香型
样品
1219011120
22212021120
33313032120
44914046120
5518150515120
6940240930240
芝兰
香型
样品
1219011120
22212021120
33313032120
44914046120
5518150515120
6940240930240
蜜兰
香型
样品
122902190
23412023100
34813035120
4616140512120
5932150925120
612643001250300
), ArticleFig(id=1320881889284567950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

做青参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品做青
次数
控制做青人工做青
滚筒转速
(r/min)
转动圈数
(r)
静置时间
(min)
滚筒转速
(r/min)
转动圈数
(r)
静置时间
(min)
银花
香型
样品
1219011120
22212021120
33313032120
44914046120
5518150515120
6940240930240
芝兰
香型
样品
1219011120
22212021120
33313032120
44914046120
5518150515120
6940240930240
蜜兰
香型
样品
122902190
23412023100
34813035120
4616140512120
5932150925120
612643001250300
), ArticleFig(id=1320881889372648335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Electronic nose sensor array and performance description

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器名称传感器响应特性
W1C(S1)对芳香成分灵敏(苯类)
W5S(S2)对氨氧化合物灵敏(氨氧化合物)
W3C(S3)对氨水、芳香成分灵敏(胺类)
W6S(S4)对氢气有选择性(氢化物)
W5C(S5)对烷烃、芳香成分灵敏(短链烷烃)
W1S(S6)对甲烷灵敏(甲基类)
W1W(S7)对硫化物灵敏(无机硫化物类)
W2S(S8)对乙醇灵敏(醇类)
W2W(S9)对芳香成分和有机硫化物灵敏
W3S(S10)对烷烃灵敏(长链烷烃)
), ArticleFig(id=1320881889443951504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

电子鼻传感器阵列及性能描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器名称传感器响应特性
W1C(S1)对芳香成分灵敏(苯类)
W5S(S2)对氨氧化合物灵敏(氨氧化合物)
W3C(S3)对氨水、芳香成分灵敏(胺类)
W6S(S4)对氢气有选择性(氢化物)
W5C(S5)对烷烃、芳香成分灵敏(短链烷烃)
W1S(S6)对甲烷灵敏(甲基类)
W1W(S7)对硫化物灵敏(无机硫化物类)
W2S(S8)对乙醇灵敏(醇类)
W2W(S9)对芳香成分和有机硫化物灵敏
W3S(S10)对烷烃灵敏(长链烷烃)
), ArticleFig(id=1320881889515254673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sensory evaluation results of different samples of Dancong tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品外形汤色香气滋味叶底
R-YS紧结,乌褐橙黄花香(金银花香)清高浓醇,回甘肥厚,软亮
K-YS紧结,乌褐橙黄花香(金银花香)清高细锐较浓醇,回甘肥厚,软亮
R-BY紧结,褐浅清黄,较明亮蜜香欠浓郁醇和,淡薄肥厚,软亮
K-BY较紧结,褐清黄,明亮蜜香清高,带花果香醇和,淡薄肥厚,较软亮
R-BX紧结,乌褐金黄,较明亮花香(兰花香)清高持久甘醇爽口,有韵味黄腹红边,肥厚软亮
K-BX紧结,乌褐金黄,明亮花香(兰花香)明显甘醇爽口,带微甜带红镶边,软亮
), ArticleFig(id=1320881889586557842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同样品单丛茶感官审评结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品外形汤色香气滋味叶底
R-YS紧结,乌褐橙黄花香(金银花香)清高浓醇,回甘肥厚,软亮
K-YS紧结,乌褐橙黄花香(金银花香)清高细锐较浓醇,回甘肥厚,软亮
R-BY紧结,褐浅清黄,较明亮蜜香欠浓郁醇和,淡薄肥厚,软亮
K-BY较紧结,褐清黄,明亮蜜香清高,带花果香醇和,淡薄肥厚,较软亮
R-BX紧结,乌褐金黄,较明亮花香(兰花香)清高持久甘醇爽口,有韵味黄腹红边,肥厚软亮
K-BX紧结,乌褐金黄,明亮花香(兰花香)明显甘醇爽口,带微甜带红镶边,软亮
), ArticleFig(id=1320881889657861011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

OAV analysis of characteristic aroma compounds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号香气成分气味描述阈值
(ng/g)[20−25]
OAV
R-YSK-YSR-BXK-BXR-BYK-BY
1正己醛清香203.09±0.10−−−−−
2苯甲醛果香3500.23±0.00b0.19±0.01c0.27±0.04b0.21±0.03bc0.46±0.00a0.33±0.03b
3甲基庚烯酮青香,果香501.82±0.34c3.09±0.2b4.10±0.61a1.15±0.14d3.81±0.13a3.16±0.26b
42-正戊基呋喃青豆、蜡质0.014920.96±3.27d26.18±3.66c37.77±4.61b20.22±1.79d40.55±8.25a50.38±6.15a
5月桂烯木香68.24±0.27d11.20±0.44c31.71±0.13b42.13±2.70a45.19±1.57a35.73±2.44b
62-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪烘焙香8.6−−−−9.55±0.31a6.69±0.36b
7正辛醛果香0.5957.29±3.76b80.17±4.43a−−−−
8D-柠檬烯果香2100.97±0.44e1.55±0.13d6.33±0.47a3.90±0.34b4.24±0.03b3.25±0.05c
9苯甲醇花香200000.01±0.00b0.01±0.00b0.03±0.00a−−−
10罗勒烯香豆素气味0.41.71±0.07d2.42±0.25c9.97±0.72b11.51±1.19ab12.79±0.08a10.00±0.83b
11辛醇果香,花香223.40±0.63b4.57±0.48a−−−−
12芳樟醇氧化物I花香,草香,木质香0.2681.73±2.61d81.4±3.13d160.82±7.03c155.07±8.70c226.08±1.91a175.98±2.14b
13芳樟醇氧化物II花香5000.77±0.03f1.09±0.04e2.13±0.03b3.20±0.31a1.67±0.01c1.5±0.04d
14芳樟醇薄荷,果香11.58276.88±7.94c393.3±13.23b476.44±22.61a480.12±22.58a177.77±0.05d158.93±1.81e
15苯乙醇花香411000.01±0.00a0.01±0.00a0.01±0.00a0.01±0.00a−−
16顺-3-己烯基丁酯清香,果香200000.01±0.00b0.02±0.00a−0.01±0.00b−−
17水杨酸甲酯辛香,冬青香薄荷香4010.15±0.19d16.81±0.57c26.30±0.31b33.79±1.43a6.28±0.08e5.09±0.42f
18α-松油醇花香300−0.15±0.00d0.55±0.04a0.78±0.21a0.36±0.01b0.26±0.03c
19β-环柠檬醛花香405.51±0.21d7.47±0.17c11.04±0.75b11.24±1.34b16.79±0.49a16.59±1.55a
20香叶醇玫瑰香味751.08±0.05e1.54±0.17d4.25±0.29a4.49±0.46a3.91±0.07b3.07±0.27c
21吲哚果香,清香689.6±2.46b99.77±3.56a46.87±0.46d44.34±3.64d32.43±0.68e48.93±0.50c
22邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯果香36.84±0.06a6.74±0.99a−−−−
23丙位壬内酯甜香、奶香9.71.99±0.02e2.32±0.24d4.15±0.21a3.12±0.40b−2.85±0.03c
24己酸叶醇酯果香7810.68±0.01b0.97±0.05a0.44±0.03c0.47±0.06c0.15±0.01d0.43±0.04c
25己酸己酯果香64000.02±0.00b0.03±0.00a0.02±0.00b0.02±0.00b0.01±0.00c0.03±0.00a
26大马士酮果香34−−−−2939.6±38.36−
27α-蒎烯木香1013.80.22±0.02a0.21±0.01a0.16±0.02c0.19±0.05b−−
28茉莉酮烘焙香151847.44±45.61d2793.97±95.29a2132.44±52.68c2267.56±58.13b683.08±24.18e651.15±59.79e
29α-紫罗酮花香,木香3.784.73±0.10c5.77±0.21ab6.27±0.38a5.27±0.65b5.45±0.17b5.78±0.78ab
30香叶基丙酮花香,青香0.18690.50±2.17c113.98±4.65b126.70±10.55b115.05±16.02b304.84±7.02a304.3±24.59a
31β-紫罗酮花香0.2282.83±23.86c331.17±14.39b220.67±23.1d286.00±56.26c321.00±15.11bc397.17±43.10a
32α-法呢烯花香,青香877.35±0.15a6.69±0.49ab7.21±0.21a6.87±0.66a3.54±0.16c5.84±0.72b
33二氢猕猴桃内酯花香,青香610.67±2.00d14.25±0.41c−−33.88±2.55b41.17±4.39a
34橙花叔醇甜花香100000.13±0.00b0.17±0.01a0.05±0.00d0.07±0.00c0.03±0.00e0.06±0.01cd
35顺式-3-己烯醇苯
甲酸酯
清香,花香5000.06±0.00b0.08±0.00a0.06±0.01b−0.06±0.00b0.06±0.00b
36茉莉酸甲酯花香364.96±1.87b86.84±3.90a30.86±0.53c29.36±3.48c0.83±0.68e11.54±0.97d
), ArticleFig(id=1320881889741747092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881874512229174, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

特征香气化合物的OAV分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号香气成分气味描述阈值
(ng/g)[20−25]
OAV
R-YSK-YSR-BXK-BXR-BYK-BY
1正己醛清香203.09±0.10−−−−−
2苯甲醛果香3500.23±0.00b0.19±0.01c0.27±0.04b0.21±0.03bc0.46±0.00a0.33±0.03b
3甲基庚烯酮青香,果香501.82±0.34c3.09±0.2b4.10±0.61a1.15±0.14d3.81±0.13a3.16±0.26b
42-正戊基呋喃青豆、蜡质0.014920.96±3.27d26.18±3.66c37.77±4.61b20.22±1.79d40.55±8.25a50.38±6.15a
5月桂烯木香68.24±0.27d11.20±0.44c31.71±0.13b42.13±2.70a45.19±1.57a35.73±2.44b
62-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪烘焙香8.6−−−−9.55±0.31a6.69±0.36b
7正辛醛果香0.5957.29±3.76b80.17±4.43a−−−−
8D-柠檬烯果香2100.97±0.44e1.55±0.13d6.33±0.47a3.90±0.34b4.24±0.03b3.25±0.05c
9苯甲醇花香200000.01±0.00b0.01±0.00b0.03±0.00a−−−
10罗勒烯香豆素气味0.41.71±0.07d2.42±0.25c9.97±0.72b11.51±1.19ab12.79±0.08a10.00±0.83b
11辛醇果香,花香223.40±0.63b4.57±0.48a−−−−
12芳樟醇氧化物I花香,草香,木质香0.2681.73±2.61d81.4±3.13d160.82±7.03c155.07±8.70c226.08±1.91a175.98±2.14b
13芳樟醇氧化物II花香5000.77±0.03f1.09±0.04e2.13±0.03b3.20±0.31a1.67±0.01c1.5±0.04d
14芳樟醇薄荷,果香11.58276.88±7.94c393.3±13.23b476.44±22.61a480.12±22.58a177.77±0.05d158.93±1.81e
15苯乙醇花香411000.01±0.00a0.01±0.00a0.01±0.00a0.01±0.00a−−
16顺-3-己烯基丁酯清香,果香200000.01±0.00b0.02±0.00a−0.01±0.00b−−
17水杨酸甲酯辛香,冬青香薄荷香4010.15±0.19d16.81±0.57c26.30±0.31b33.79±1.43a6.28±0.08e5.09±0.42f
18α-松油醇花香300−0.15±0.00d0.55±0.04a0.78±0.21a0.36±0.01b0.26±0.03c
19β-环柠檬醛花香405.51±0.21d7.47±0.17c11.04±0.75b11.24±1.34b16.79±0.49a16.59±1.55a
20香叶醇玫瑰香味751.08±0.05e1.54±0.17d4.25±0.29a4.49±0.46a3.91±0.07b3.07±0.27c
21吲哚果香,清香689.6±2.46b99.77±3.56a46.87±0.46d44.34±3.64d32.43±0.68e48.93±0.50c
22邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯果香36.84±0.06a6.74±0.99a−−−−
23丙位壬内酯甜香、奶香9.71.99±0.02e2.32±0.24d4.15±0.21a3.12±0.40b−2.85±0.03c
24己酸叶醇酯果香7810.68±0.01b0.97±0.05a0.44±0.03c0.47±0.06c0.15±0.01d0.43±0.04c
25己酸己酯果香64000.02±0.00b0.03±0.00a0.02±0.00b0.02±0.00b0.01±0.00c0.03±0.00a
26大马士酮果香34−−−−2939.6±38.36−
27α-蒎烯木香1013.80.22±0.02a0.21±0.01a0.16±0.02c0.19±0.05b−−
28茉莉酮烘焙香151847.44±45.61d2793.97±95.29a2132.44±52.68c2267.56±58.13b683.08±24.18e651.15±59.79e
29α-紫罗酮花香,木香3.784.73±0.10c5.77±0.21ab6.27±0.38a5.27±0.65b5.45±0.17b5.78±0.78ab
30香叶基丙酮花香,青香0.18690.50±2.17c113.98±4.65b126.70±10.55b115.05±16.02b304.84±7.02a304.3±24.59a
31β-紫罗酮花香0.2282.83±23.86c331.17±14.39b220.67±23.1d286.00±56.26c321.00±15.11bc397.17±43.10a
32α-法呢烯花香,青香877.35±0.15a6.69±0.49ab7.21±0.21a6.87±0.66a3.54±0.16c5.84±0.72b
33二氢猕猴桃内酯花香,青香610.67±2.00d14.25±0.41c−−33.88±2.55b41.17±4.39a
34橙花叔醇甜花香100000.13±0.00b0.17±0.01a0.05±0.00d0.07±0.00c0.03±0.00e0.06±0.01cd
35顺式-3-己烯醇苯
甲酸酯
清香,花香5000.06±0.00b0.08±0.00a0.06±0.01b−0.06±0.00b0.06±0.00b
36茉莉酸甲酯花香364.96±1.87b86.84±3.90a30.86±0.53c29.36±3.48c0.83±0.68e11.54±0.97d
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控制做青对三种广东单丛茶风味品质的影响
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何畅 1 , 林冬纯 1 , 苗爱清 1 , 陈汉林 2 , 黄艳 3 , 陈勤 2 , 夏红玲 1 , 乔小燕 1 , 马成英 1, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏—茶饮品全产业链生产关键技术研究与应用(客座主编:尹军峰、张建勇、许勇泉、崔宏春) 2026,47(16): 22-32
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏—茶饮品全产业链生产关键技术研究与应用(客座主编:尹军峰、张建勇、许勇泉、崔宏春) 2026 , 47 (16) : 22 -32
控制做青对三种广东单丛茶风味品质的影响
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何畅1 , 林冬纯1, 苗爱清1, 陈汉林2, 黄艳3, 陈勤2, 夏红玲1, 乔小燕1, 马成英1, *
作者信息
  • 1广东省农业科学院茶叶研究所,广东省茶树资源创新利用重点实验室,广东广州 510640
  • 2潮州市农业科学技术研究中心,广东潮州 521000
  • 3福建农林大学安溪茶学院(数字经济学院),福建泉州 362400
通讯作者:
马成英(1985),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:茶叶加工与品质控制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

何畅(1994−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:茶叶加工与品质控制,E-mail:

Effects of Controlled Shaking and Withering Stage on the Flavor Profiles of Three Guangdong Dancong Tea Cultivars
Chang HE1 , Dongchun LIN1, Aiqing MIAO1, Hanlin CHEN2, Yan HUANG3, Qin CHEN2, Hongling XIA1, Xiaoyan QIAO1, Chengying MA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2Chaozhou Agricultural Science and Technology Research Center, Chaozhou 521000, China
  • 3Anxi College of Tea Science (College of Digital Economy), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou 362400, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110273
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为解决广东单丛茶传统手工做青依赖制茶师经验、缺乏量化指标与可控机制的问题,本研究以广东单丛茶产区的三个主栽品种为材料,利用自主研发的控制做青设备,系统比较了控制做青与人工做青对茶叶风味的影响。通过感官评价、茶多酚、咖啡碱及氨基酸测定、电子鼻分析以及顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱(Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术,结合多元统计分析,对茶叶滋味和香气特征进行了全面解析。结果表明,不同单丛茶品种在香气和滋味上具有显著品种特异性,而不同做青方式茶的主要理化指标及整体香气差异较小,表明控制做青能够稳定滋味物质平衡并有效模拟人工做青的风味表现。在关键香气化合物分析中,银花香型单丛中茉莉酮、茉莉酸甲酯和吲哚的OAV值较高,形成“金银花香”特征;芝兰香型单丛以月桂烯、罗勒烯、芳樟醇和水杨酸甲酯为主要贡献,构成“兰花香”;蜜兰香型单丛以香叶基丙酮、β-紫罗酮及二氢猕猴桃内酯为主,表现“蜜兰香”复合香型。控制做青在银花香型单丛中显著提高花香物质OAV值,同时在芝兰香型和蜜兰香型单丛中能够较好地复现人工做青香气特征,显示该工艺在不同香型茶叶中具有良好的适用性与稳定性。综上,控制做青技术能够有效维持和优化关键风味物质生成,为单丛茶加工的标准化、智能化提供了科学依据,并为传统制茶经验向精准化控制转型提供了技术支持。

单丛茶  /  做青工艺  /  控制做青设备  /  仪器分析  /  多元统计分析  /  风味品质  /  香型

This study aimed to address the inherent limitations of traditional manual Zuoqing (shaking and withering stage) in Guangdong Dancong tea, including its heavy reliance on empirical expertise, the lack of quantitative indicators, and the absence of controllable processing mechanisms. Three representative cultivars from majoy Dancong-producing areas were used as experimental materials. We utilized self-developed controlled equipment for the shaking and withering stage to compare the effects of automated versus manual processing on the flavor profile of the tea. The flavor characteristics were comprehensively analyzed through sensory evaluation, quantification of key components (polyphenols, caffeine, and amino acids), electronic nose (E-nose), and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. The results indicated that while Dancong tea varieties exhibited distinct cultivar-specific aroma and taste profiles, the two processing methods exerted minimal impact on primary physicochemical indices and overall aroma structures. Controlled shaking and withering consistently maintained the balance of gustatory components and effectively replicated the flavor profile achieved through manual processing. Regarding key volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Yinhua-scented Dancong was characterized by high odor activity values (OAV) of jasmone, methyl jasmonate, and indole, which formed its signature honeysuckle fragrance. Zhilan-scented Dancong was primarily defined by myrcene, ocimene, linalool, and methyl salicylate, presenting a characteristic orchid fragrance. Meanwhile, Milan-scented Dancong was dominated by geranylacetone, β-ionone, and dihydroactinidiolide, showing a complex honey-orchid fragrance. Notably, the controlled shaking and withering technology significantly enhanced the OAV of floral volatiles in Yinhua-scented Dancong and successfully reproduced the aromatic characteristics of manual methods in the other two varieties, demonstrating good applicability and stability across different Dancong tea types. These findings indicate that precise control over the shaking and withering stage can effectively optimize the formation of key flavor substances. This not only provides a scientific foundation for the standardization and intelligent automation of Dancong tea processing, but also offers technical support for the transition from traditional tea-making experience to precision control.

Dancong tea  /  shaking and withering stage  /  controlled equipment for the shaking and withering stage  /  instrumental analysis  /  multivariate statistical analysis  /  flavor quality  /  aroma types
何畅, 林冬纯, 苗爱清, 陈汉林, 黄艳, 陈勤, 夏红玲, 乔小燕, 马成英. 控制做青对三种广东单丛茶风味品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 22 -32 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110273
Chang HE, Dongchun LIN, Aiqing MIAO, Hanlin CHEN, Yan HUANG, Qin CHEN, Hongling XIA, Xiaoyan QIAO, Chengying MA. Effects of Controlled Shaking and Withering Stage on the Flavor Profiles of Three Guangdong Dancong Tea Cultivars[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 22 -32 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110273
广东茶产区的单丛茶是中国乌龙茶中极具特色的代表之一,其贴合于地域生态的独特品种与产品浓郁的花果香气特征。广东单丛茶具有显著的品种与香型多样性,如银花香、芝兰香、蜜兰香等,这不仅与遗传背景和生境条件密切相关,也高度依赖于加工过程中鲜叶内源物质的动态转化[1−3]。在众多制茶环节中,做青被认为是单丛茶香气形成的关键工序之一,该过程通过摇青、静置等操作调控鲜叶细胞结构破坏程度及酶促氧化进程,直接影响香气前体物质的释放、转化,从而塑造成品茶独特而复杂的花果香特征[4−7]。
近年来,随着仪器分析技术与多元统计方法的快速发展,电子鼻、气相色谱-质谱联用(Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)、液相色谱(Liquid chromatography,LC)等现代分析手段被广泛引入茶叶风味化学研究中,能够实现挥发性与非挥发性风味物质的定性与定量[8−10]。与此同时,多元统计分析方法(如主成分分析)能够将复杂的化学数据与感官评价结果进行关联解析,从而揭示制茶工艺、茶树品种与风味特征之间的内在联系[11−13]。例如:在不同品种乌龙茶香气特征分析的研究中,通过消费者感官、电子鼻技术结合GC-MS技术分析揭示了乌龙茶品种适制性与香气感官之间的关系[14]。茶叶区域性风味差异研究中也表明,在五种不同地理来源的黑茶中,通过HS-SPME-GC-MS结合气味活性值OAV与化学计量学方法,可识别出关键挥发性化合物并用于茶叶分类判别[15];在茶叶不同加工技术对挥发性风味化合物调控的研究中,通过HS-SPME-GC-MS结合OAV,以及16S rRNA技术,鉴定了在不同渥堆技术下安化黑茶中的关键香气化合物[16];在关于18种不同茶类的研究中,利用更深入的仪器分析研究(GC-IMS与GC-O-MS)结合PCA和OPLS-DA等统计分析手段,实现了不同茶类间的香气成分分类以及它们与不同感官属性之间的关联模式[17]。尽管已有研究从多角度推进了茶叶风味形成与加工工艺之间关系的认识,但在单丛茶生产实践中,做青工序仍高度依赖制茶师的经验判断,反映出该关键工序在实际生产中的复杂性与不确定性。尤其在不同品种、不同香型单丛茶对做青工艺参数的响应差异方面,缺乏系统性的多品种比较研究及可重复的标准化控制,导致单丛茶成品品质在不同批次和不同加工主体间存在显著波动,从而成为限制了广东单丛茶规模化、标准化发展的因素之一。
基于上述研究现状与不足,本研究选取广东单丛茶产区三种典型香型品种,分别为银花香型(鸭屎香)、芝兰香型(凤凰八仙单丛)和蜜兰香型(凤凰白叶单丛)单丛茶,利用自主研发的控制做青设备进行做青,并结合感官分析、理化分析、电子鼻与气相色谱-质谱联用等多种技术手段,对其风味物质组成、香气特征及工艺影响展开系统解析。本研究旨在阐明控制做青工艺参数对不同香型单丛茶风味形成的关键调控作用,为单丛茶的品质评价、香型识别及工艺标准化提供参考依据,推动传统制茶经验向数据驱动、精准化控制转型,从而助力单丛茶产业迈向稳定、高品质、可持续的发展道路。
茶叶鲜叶 于2022年4月20日采自潮州市饶平县东里村生产茶园。茶树品系名为鸭屎香、凤凰白叶单丛茶、凤凰八仙单丛茶。采摘标准为对夹二三叶;甲醇、福林酚试剂、蒽酮、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二钠、盐酸、硫酸、水合茚三酮 分析纯,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;正构烷烃(C7~C30)、氯化钠、癸酸乙酯 色谱纯,德国Meker公司。
做青控制设备 由广东省农业科学院茶叶研究所与华南农业大学联合研发,控制零件以及显示设备均采购自广州迦恩科技有限公司。其结构包括UW2103型通用智能控制器元件、单相变频器元件、TPC1061Ti触摸屏元件、STM32微芯片控制器元件、智能控制程序软件、附带摇青用摇笼以及其他附带电器零部件,如图1所示;6CWL-90型摇青机 福建佳友茶叶机械智能科技股份有限公司;PEN3型便携式电子鼻 德国Airsens公司;SC-3616型离心机 安徽中科中佳科学仪器有限公司;752N型紫外可见分光光度计 上海菁华科技仪器有限公司;HWS28型恒温水浴锅 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;Milli-Q型净水系统 德国Merck Millipore公司;8890-5977B型气相色谱-质谱联用仪 美国Agilent公司;RTC120型配套多功能自动进样系统 瑞士CTC Analytics AG公司;FW100型高速粉碎机 天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司。
茶叶做青采用做青控制设备进行,同时设置人工做青为对照组,其余工艺均一致。做青参数:温度18~22 ℃,湿度85%~95%,滚筒直径0.8 m、长度2.5 m,每个滚筒投茶量为30 kg,其他做青参数如表1所示。本研究中三个样品人工做青参数与潮州市饶平县实际茶叶生产工艺参数一致;三个样品控制做青参数,由研究团队通过整套做青控制设备的实际应用,在单丛茶生产流程中经试验调整与验证后确定。其余工艺流程统一按照潮州市饶平县单丛茶制作工艺进行,按顺序分别为鲜叶、晒青、晾青、做青、杀青、揉捻、干燥、焙火。得到成品单丛茶各取500 g进行密封,并于4 ℃储存,用于下一步研究。样品按人工做青(R)和控制做青(K)以及鸭屎香、凤凰白叶单丛茶、凤凰八仙单丛茶对应成茶的香型分类,依次编号:银花香型单丛茶样品(R-YS、K-YS),蜜兰香型单丛茶样品(R-BY、K-BY),芝兰香型单丛茶样品(R-BX、K-BX)。
按照GB/T 23776-2018《茶叶感官审评方法》中规定的乌龙茶盖碗审评法和茶叶风味描述词进行所有样品的感官评价。所有样品的感官评价描述,由具有丰富乌龙茶评审经验的三位专家分别独立完成。
茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸的测定参照GB/T 8313-2018《茶叶中茶多酚和儿茶素类含量的检测方法》、GB/T 8314-2013《茶游离氨基酸总量的测定》,所有实验重复3次,使用标准曲线法进行定量分析。
参照文献[18]的方法:称取15.000 g茶样,将称量好的茶叶置于250 mL玻璃烧杯中,用保鲜膜将其密封,静置30 min,使香气稳定。电子鼻系统载气流量为240 mL/min,洗气时间80 s,采样时间间隔为1 s,样品采集时间为100 s,预采样时间为5 s。该电子鼻检测系统包含10个金属氧化物传感器阵列(简写为S1~S10),其性能描述见表2。所有样品重复测定三次。
茶叶样品的香气化合物采用HS-SPME-GC-MS技术进行检测,样品检测条件参考文献的方法进行并做适当优化[5−6]。样品研磨至40目粉末,在−80 ℃下密封保存。取1.000 g粉末置于20 mL顶空瓶中,加入2 μL癸酸乙酯溶液(100 μg/mL,溶剂正己烷)作为内标。随后使用萃取纤维(Smart SPME Arrow型;吸附材料涂层为DVB/CarbonWR/PDMS;规格为1.1 mm,120/20 μm)配合多功能自动进样系统进行样品前处理:顶空瓶置于加热振荡器中,在60 ℃下平衡5 min,随后在60 ℃下萃取40 min,解吸附时间为120 s。气相色谱分析条件:色谱柱(DB-Wax型毛细柱,60 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm),载气为高纯氦气(99.9%),流量为1 mL/min;程序升温:初始柱温为35 ℃,保持2 min,然后以5 ℃/min升温至250 ℃,不保持。总分析时间为45 min。质谱条件:离子源为EI,电子能量70 eV,温度为230 ℃;传输线温度230 ℃,四极杆温度150 ℃;运行全扫描模式,质量扫描范围m/z 35~350;溶剂延迟时间7.5 min。
定性定量:原始数据利用Masshunter软件(Version 10.0,美国Agilent公司)进行转换处理。与NIST数据库(2017,美国Agilent公司)比对,化合物的定性以实际质谱数据与数据库的匹配度大于70.0%和保留指数(RI)的偏差在10个单位内为匹配依据。本研究通过内标法定量化合物,待测化合物的相对含量计算公式如下:
$ \text{相对含量(ng/g})=\frac{\text{化合物峰面积}}{\text{内标峰面积}}\times \frac{\text{内标质量(ng)}}{\text{样品质量(g)}} $
对定性和定量后的化合物数据依次实施以下前处理:按每种化合物最小值的1/5执行缺失值填充,以每种化合物为一组执行均值方差归一化[18]。
香气活性值(Odor activity value,OAV)是化合物的浓度与其气味阈值的比值。本研究中用相对含量计算OAV,用于衡量香气化合物对香气整体的贡献。
$ \text{OAV}=\frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{i}}}{{\text{OT}}_{\text{i}}} $
式中:Ci是每种挥发性代谢物的浓度(μg/kg);OTi是对应的挥发性代谢物在水中的香气阈值(μg/kg)。
本文中所有图形由TBtools软件[19]、R 4.1.3软件、Origin 2018c软件、Graphpad Prism 7.0软件、Excel 2019软件生成。显著性分析和多重比较分析采用SPSS 17.0软件进行,不同小写字母代表不同组处理之间存在显著性差异。
控制做青和人工做青的单丛茶感官审评结果如表3所示。银花香型样品香气呈“金银花香”,滋味呈浓醇回甘的特点;芝兰香型样品香气呈“兰花香”,滋味呈甘醇爽口的特点;蜜兰香型样品香气呈“蜜香”,滋味呈醇和的特点。尽管不同的茶树品种成茶展示了不同感官特征,本研究中所有样品均具有典型单丛茶的品质特点。
本研究对单丛茶样品进行了茶多酚、咖啡碱和氨基酸含量检测,其结果如图2所示。不同品种样品中,芝兰香型样品中茶多酚含量显著较高(P<0.05);银花香型样品中咖啡碱和氨基酸含量均显著较高(P<0.05);蜜兰香型样品中茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸的含量均处于显著较低水平(P<0.05)。对比人工做青,蜜兰香型样品的控制做青处理中茶多酚含量和咖啡碱含量显著较高(P<0.05),而芝兰香型样品中咖啡碱含量显著较低(P<0.05)。
本研究对单丛茶样品进行了电子鼻技术检测,其结果如图3所示。通过对电子鼻检测数据进行主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA),结果显示(图3A)第一主成分PC1和第二主成分PC2分别为86.10%和12.41%,同时基于PC1和PC2的散点图(图3B),较其他重要主成分的组分分离趋势更明显,并且不同品种(YS、BX、BY)样品分布分别处于荷载图(图3C)不同象限,在PC1和PC2方向上均表现出明显分离,展示了品种间香气特征差异显著。控制做青与人工做青在荷载图(图3D)的分离上,从PC1和PC2方向上均不呈现明显规律。同时,荷载图中箭头指向展示了S7、S8和S9传感器对样品区分贡献最大,可能对应关键的挥发性成分。电子鼻稳定响应值的雷达图(图3E~图3G)进一步表明,不同品种单丛茶的电子鼻响应模式存在差异,而控制做青与人工做青则不能有效区分电子鼻响应模式。
通过对单丛茶样品进行香气化合物含量测定,本研究中有80种挥发性成分被鉴定出来,不同样品GC-MS测定结果总离子流图如图4A所示。三种单丛茶(银花香型单丛茶、蜜兰香型单丛茶和芝兰香型单丛茶)在控制做青和人工做青下分别检测到64、60和59种共有挥发性化合物。通过归类与分析,包括酯类15种、脂肪烃20种、醇类16种、酮类8种、醛类10种和杂环化合物在内的其他化合物11种被识别出。其中醇类是单丛茶样品中含量最多的化合物,占比为44%~60%;其他类化合物、脂肪烃化合物以及酯类化合物含量占比相对较高,分别为11%~27%、12%~22%、3%~12%;酮类化合物和醛类化合物含量占比相对较少,均低于5%(图4E)。
同时,不同样品中香气化合物含量的主成分分析,如图4B和图4C所示。第一主成分(PCA1)和第二主成分(PCA2)对模型的贡献分别为44.11%和29.37%。基于Bray-Curtis距离的组间差异(Adonis检验)分析方法分别检验了品种间香气差异(图4B)与不同做青方式香气差异(图4C),结果显示:单丛茶品种间香气化合物具有明显差异,而控制做青与人工加工之间没有明显差异。随后,层次聚类分析(聚类方法为Complete法,组件距离计算方法为Euclidean法)显示(图4D),同一品种单丛茶香气化合物在聚类树中处于同一分支,控制做青与人工做青之间差异不明显。
进一步,本研究通过计算香气化合物的OAV值,共筛选出36种单丛茶中关键的挥发性化合物(表4)。在银花香型单丛茶样品中,OAV>1的香气化合物在控制做青和人工做青样品中分别为23种和22种,进一步筛选OAV>10的关键呈香化合物,分别鉴定出12种和11种。其中,2-正戊基呋喃、月桂烯、正辛醛、芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、吲哚、茉莉酮、香叶基丙酮、β-紫罗酮、二氢猕猴桃内酯、茉莉酸甲酯在控制做青中OAV均显著高于人工做青(P<0.05)。另外芳樟醇氧化物I含量在两个处理中没有显著差异(P>0.05)。在芝兰香型单丛茶样品中,OAV>1的香气化合物在控制器做青与人工做青样品中均为19种,其中OAV>10的关键呈香物质分别为12种和11种。其中,月桂烯、水杨酸甲酯、茉莉酮、β-紫罗酮四种香气化合物在控制做青中OAV显著高于人工做青(P<0.05);罗勒烯、芳樟醇氧化物I、芳樟醇、β-环柠檬醛、吲哚、香叶基丙酮、茉莉酸甲酯的OAV在两种做青方式的单丛茶中差异不显著(P>0.05);另外,2-正戊基呋喃则在人工做青样品中显著较高。在蜜兰香型单丛茶样品中,OAV>1的香气化合物在控制器做青与人工做青样品中分别有20种和21种。两种做青方式单丛茶OAV>10的关键呈香物质分别检测到13种和12种,其中共有成分有11种,包括香叶基丙酮、芳樟醇氧化物I、β-紫罗酮、茉莉酮等挥发性化合物。芳樟醇氧化物I、罗勒烯、月桂烯、芳樟醇的OAV在控制做青的单丛茶中显著小于人工做青(P<0.05),而吲哚、二氢猕猴桃内酯、2-正戊基呋喃在OAV在控制做青的单丛茶中显著大于人工做青(P<0.05)。
在控制做青处理下,对比不同品种之间香气差异,结果如下:在银花香型单丛茶中,茉莉酸甲酯、茉莉酮、吲哚三种关键香气化合物的OAV较高。其中,吲哚的OAV分别是芝兰香型单丛茶和蜜兰香型单丛茶的2.25倍和2.04倍;茉莉酸甲酯的OAV分别是芝兰香型单丛茶和蜜兰香型单丛茶的2.96倍和7.53倍;同理比较,茉莉酮则分别是1.23倍和4.29倍。在芝兰香型单丛茶中,月桂烯、罗勒烯、芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯四种关键香气化合物的OAV较高。其中,月桂烯的OAV分别是银花香型单丛茶和蜜兰香型单丛茶的3.76倍和1.18倍;罗勒烯的OAV是银花香型单丛茶的4.76倍,其与蜜兰香型单丛茶中罗勒烯的OAV无显著差异;芳樟醇的OAV分别是银花香型单丛茶和蜜兰香型单丛茶的1.22倍和3.02倍;水杨酸甲酯的OAV分别是银花香型单丛茶和蜜兰香型单丛茶的2.01倍和6.64倍。在蜜兰香型单丛茶中,2-正戊基呋喃、罗勒烯、芳樟醇氧化物I、β-环柠檬醛、香叶基丙酮、β-紫罗酮、二氢猕猴桃内酯这七种关键香气化合物的OAV较高。其中2-正戊基呋喃的OAV分别是银花香型单丛茶和芝兰香型单丛茶的1.92倍和2.49倍;芳樟醇氧化物I的OAV分别是银花香型单丛茶和芝兰香型单丛茶的2.16倍和1.13倍;β-环柠檬醛的OAV分别是银花香型单丛茶和芝兰香型单丛茶的2.22倍和1.48倍;香叶基丙酮的OAV分别是银花香型单丛茶和芝兰香型单丛茶的2.67倍和2.64倍;β-紫罗酮的OAV分别是银花香型单丛茶和芝兰香型单丛茶的1.20倍和1.39倍;二氢猕猴桃内酯的OAV是银花香型单丛茶2.89倍,在芝兰香型单丛茶中没有检出二氢猕猴桃内酯。
单丛茶因其独特的地域风味和香气特征而深受国内外消费者青睐。鸭屎香单丛以金银花或杏仁香的清雅花果香为代表,滋味甘醇[2,26];芝兰香型单丛茶具有典型的“芝兰香”,香气高锐而优雅,滋味醇厚、甘爽[2];蜜兰香型单丛茶则是“花香蜜韵”型单丛茶的典型代表,滋味浓醇[27]。本研究选取这三种在广东地区广泛种植与推广的单丛茶品种作为研究对象,能够较全面地反映单丛茶的代表性香型特征。感官审评结果表明,六个茶样均符合其相应品种的典型品质特征,说明样品具有较好的代表性与一致性。
茶叶中的茶多酚、咖啡碱和氨基酸等水溶性成分共同构成了茶汤滋味的主要物质基础,是决定茶叶滋味品质的重要内在因素。茶多酚赋予茶汤苦涩味与收敛感,并具有显著的抗氧化活性,对茶汤色泽与风味平衡起重要调控作用[28]。咖啡碱带来清爽的苦味和提神效果,可增强茶汤的鲜爽度[29]。氨基酸,尤其是茶氨酸,在提升茶汤的鲜醇与甘润感方面具有关键作用,在茶汤中可有效平衡茶多酚与咖啡碱的苦涩味[30]。本研究从这三类主要成分出发对单丛茶样品的滋味轮廓进行分析。结果显示,理化指标主要差异呈现出不同品种之间的差异,而同一品种中不同做青处理的茶样之间主要理化指标差异无明显规律。结合感官评价结果说明控制做青的工艺参数在模拟人工做青的运动强度与发酵规律方面具有较高一致性,使主要滋味成分趋于稳定。茶叶风味的形成通常是多种化学成分(如茶多酚、氨基酸、咖啡碱等)协同作用的结果,这些物质在加工过程中通过动态平衡共同塑造茶汤的整体滋味特征[5,31]。
电子鼻分析表明,不同香气类型的单丛茶可通过传感器响应值进行区分。茶样香气越浓郁,电子鼻传感器的响应值越高[32]。本研究基于电子鼻数据绘制了不同做青方式单丛茶的气味雷达图。结果显示,传感器S6(对甲基类敏感)的响应值最高,其次为S7(对无机硫化物类敏感)和S9(对芳香成分及有机硫化物敏感),三者响应值均大于2。推测这些气体成分与做青方式下单丛茶中主要挥发性物质的变化密切相关。PCA模型分析结果表明,S7、S8和S9传感器信号可用于区分不同单丛茶品种;然而,对于控制做青与人工做青样品,模型未表现出显著区分能力。这一结果表明,控制做青在香气生成方面能够较好地模拟人工做青,使得两种处理间的整体香气差异较小。
进一步地,本研究利用HS-SPME-GC-MS技术对样品中挥发性香气化合物进行测定。结果与已有研究一致,醇类化合物在单丛茶香气成分中占据较高比例[27]。其中芳樟醇、香叶醇等萜烯醇类含量比例较高,是香气主要贡献者。基于识别出的80种挥发性化合物数据建立PCA模型,对不同品种与不同做青处理进行分析。结果显示,不同品种间的香气差异显著(P<0.05),而不同做青方式间的差异不显著(P>0.05)。该结果与电子鼻数据所得PCA模型结论一致,进一步验证了本研究所采用控制做青设备在香气形成与保持方面的可行性与有效性。
茶叶香气特征不仅取决于挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的种类与含量,还与其气味阈值密切相关,通常通过计算气味活度值(OAV)来评估各化合物对整体香气的贡献[33]。由此,本研究对比了在控制做青处理下的不同品种之间香气差异。在本研究中,2-正戊基呋喃、月桂烯、罗勒烯、芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、吲哚、茉莉酮、香叶基丙酮、β-紫罗酮以及二氢猕猴桃内酯等关键化合物在三种单丛茶中的OAV差异显著。2-正戊基呋喃呈豆香、果香及青绿香,在绿茶“清香”型中被报道为豆、蔬果气的主要来源[34]。在本研究中,其在蜜兰香型单丛中OAV较高,可能增强了茶样的清新果香感。月桂烯属萜烯类,有“草本、木”香气,已在乌龙茶中被报道[35]。本研究发现,芝兰香型单丛中月桂烯OAV显著高于银花香型与蜜兰香型单丛,提示其是芝兰香型单从的“兰花香”形成的重要贡献化合物。罗勒烯同样为典型萜烯类物质,在乌龙茶加工中被频繁检出[35−38],既参与香气特征形成,也在茶树应激反应中发挥作用。芝兰香型单丛中罗勒烯OAV为银花香型的4.76倍,表明其可能强化了该品种特有的“香气清高”特征。
芳樟醇作为茶叶中最具代表性的花果香化合物之一[27,33,39],在花香型单丛茶中贡献显著。本研究中,芝兰香型单丛芳樟醇OAV分别为银花香型的1.22倍和蜜兰香型单丛的3.02倍,说明芳樟醇对芝兰香型单丛花果香特征的贡献更为突出。水杨酸甲酯具有冬青油样的清凉与花香特征,是茶叶中重要的芳香族酯类化合物,其生成可能源于芳香酸的酯化或酶促转化反应[40−41],在红茶及黄茶中亦被视为发酵程度的重要指标。在芝兰香型单丛中,该化合物OAV显著高于银花香型(2.01倍)和蜜兰香型单丛(6.64倍),可能赋予茶样“清爽、蜜韵”香气,使整体香气更具通透度性。
吲哚为乌龙茶做青阶段形成的关键花果香物质之一[3,6,42],其在银花香型单丛中的OAV分别为芝兰香型与蜜兰香型单丛的2.25倍与2.04倍,表明银花香型单丛的“浓花香”特征与吲哚的高贡献密切相关。茉莉酮是乌龙茶中典型的酮类化合物,来源于脂肪酸或萜类的氧化过程,具有茉莉花样香气[43−44]。在银花香型单丛中,茉莉酮的OAV为芝兰香型的1.23倍、蜜兰香型的4.29倍,进一步说明其对“花香”形成的作用。
香叶基丙酮和β-紫罗酮具有紫罗兰花香及果香特征,由胡萝卜素氧化裂解生成[43,45]。本研究发现,蜜兰香型单丛中香叶基丙酮OAV分别为银花香型的2.67倍、芝兰香型的2.64倍,而β-紫罗酮OAV为银花香型的1.20倍、芝兰香型的1.39倍,说明该类化合物在蜜兰香型单丛中贡献突出,使其香型具有“花果香”特征。二氢猕猴桃内酯是典型的成熟果香化合物,可能来源于脂肪酸的氧化与内酯化反应[43,46]。其在蜜兰香型单丛中的OAV为银花香型的2.89倍,而在芝兰香型单丛中未检出,提示该化合物是蜜兰香型单丛“蜜香”特征的重要成分之一。
关键香气化合物的OAV分析揭示了不同单丛茶香气形成的化学基础。银花香型单丛中茉莉酸甲酯、茉莉酮及吲哚等化合物OAV较高,表明其香气形成主要与色氨酸代谢途径及茉莉酸合成代谢途径相关;已有研究指出,吲哚与茉莉酸均参与茶叶香气逆境诱导的调控网络,位于代谢调控核心[47−49]。芝兰香型单丛中月桂烯、罗勒烯、芳樟醇及水杨酸甲酯的OAV显著偏高,说明其香气主要来源于萜烯类及芳香酯类物质,暗示该香型在加工过程中萜烯代谢及酯化反应更为活跃。蜜兰香型单丛则表现出更为复杂的香气结构,其2-正戊基呋喃、罗勒烯、芳樟醇氧化物I、β-环柠檬醛、β-紫罗酮及二氢猕猴桃内酯等OAV较高,表明其香气特征与类胡萝卜素降解、萜烯类代谢及脂质氧化过程密切相关,这可能是其“蜜兰香”特征形成的重要化学基础。
此外,本研究发现,在银花香型单丛中,控制做青样品的多种关键香气化合物(如2-正戊基呋喃、月桂烯、芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、吲哚、茉莉酮、香叶基丙酮、β-紫罗酮、二氢猕猴桃内酯等)OAV均显著高于人工做青样品,表明控制做青工艺能更有效促进花香型物质的生成,与感官审评中“花香清高细锐”的结果一致。芝兰香型单丛中,月桂烯、水杨酸甲酯、茉莉酮及β-紫罗酮在控制做青下的OAV显著较高,而罗勒烯、芳樟醇氧化物I及芳樟醇等差异不显著,说明该工艺对其香气提升主要体现在萜烯及芳香酯类方向。蜜兰香型单丛中,芳樟醇氧化物I、罗勒烯、月桂烯、芳樟醇在控制做青中OAV低于人工做青,而吲哚、二氢猕猴桃内酯、2-正戊基呋喃及香叶基丙酮的OAV显著高于人工做青。结合电子鼻与感官审评结果可知,芝兰香型单丛与蜜兰香型单丛在控制做青条件下能较好地复现人工做青的香气特征,说明该工艺在不同香型单丛茶中具有良好的适应性与稳定性。
本研究利用自主研发的控制做青设备,对广东省三种主要单丛茶品种加工制备成品茶,并通过感官分析、理化分析、气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)及电子鼻等多手段对其风味品质进行系统评价。结果显示,不同单丛茶品种在香气与滋味上表现出显著的品种特异性,而不同做青方式(人工与控制做青)对主要理化成分及整体香气影响不显著。
茶多酚、咖啡碱与氨基酸在不同品种及做青方式间含量差异不大,表明控制做青在调控氧化与酶促反应强度、维持滋味物质平衡方面具有良好可控性。茶多酚的苦涩、咖啡碱的爽感及氨基酸的鲜醇共同构成单丛茶的复合滋味特征。单丛茶香气差异主要源于品种间挥发性化合物组成的差异。银花香型单丛以茉莉酮、茉莉酸甲酯和吲哚为主,形成“金银花香”;芝兰香型单丛富含月桂烯、罗勒烯、芳樟醇和水杨酸甲酯,呈现“兰花香”;蜜兰香型单丛以香叶基丙酮、β-紫罗酮及二氢猕猴桃内酯为主,表现“蜜兰香”复合香型。这表明,不同单丛茶香型的形成与加工过程中萜烯代谢、类胡萝卜素降解及脂质氧化密切相关。尤其在银花香型单丛茶中,控制做青样品中关键呈香化合物的OAV普遍高于人工做青,显示控制做青在促进茶香物质生成方面具有一定优势;芝兰香型与蜜兰香型单丛在控制做青处理下亦能较好复现人工做青的香气特征,说明该工艺在不同香型单丛茶中的适用性与可重复性较高。
综合感官、理化与多元统计分析可知,控制做青技术不仅可稳定主要理化指标,还能有效维持甚至优化关键香气成分的生成与平衡,为单丛茶加工的标准化与智能化提供了科学依据与技术支撑。未来可进一步优化控制做青参数,以实现对不同香型单丛茶香气风格的精细化调控,为茶叶加工智能化和品质可控化提供更完善的技术路径。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110273
  • 接收时间:2025-11-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-24
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    1广东省农业科学院茶叶研究所,广东省茶树资源创新利用重点实验室,广东广州 510640
    2潮州市农业科学技术研究中心,广东潮州 521000
    3福建农林大学安溪茶学院(数字经济学院),福建泉州 362400

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马成英(1985),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:茶叶加工与品质控制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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