Article(id=1320165939790852834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110055, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762358400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681687542, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681687542, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681687542, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681687542, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=14, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320165940004762339, articleId=1320165939790852834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Na+ and Soybean Oil on the Stability of SPI Emulsion Gels and Their Application in Vegetarian Luncheon Meat, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The stability of protein emulsion gels is influenced by multiple factors, such as protein concentration, oil volume fraction, and ionic strength, limiting the widespread application of emulsion gels. In this study, emulsion gels were prepared using soy protein isolate (SPI) and soybean oil (SO) to investigate the effects of SO and NaCl addition on the stability of emulsion gels. Changes in textural properties, gel strength, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, moisture distribution, rheological properties, microstructure, protein secondary structure, and intermolecular forces were examined, and the emulsion gels were applied to soy protein-based vegetarian luncheon meat. The results showed that appropriate amounts of Na+ and soybean oil significantly enhanced the stability of SPI emulsion gels enriched with soybean oil. In particular, with the addition of 30% SO and 0.434 mol/L Na+, the gels exhibited optimal water holding capacity (92.92%), oil holding capacity (96.47%), springiness (0.90), and cohesiveness (0.91) (P<0.05). The protein secondary structure shifted from α-helix to β-sheet. SPI, SO, and Na+ were pretreated to prepare emulsion gels, which were subsequently incorporated into soy protein-based vegetarian luncheon meat. The pretreated vegetarian luncheon meat exhibited a smooth surface, and its water holding capacity, oil holding capacity and springiness were comparable to those of the control. This study provides theoretical insights for enhancing the stability and gel strength of high-concentration protein-oil emulsion gels and emulsion droplet aggregation-type gels, facilitating their application in soy protein-based vegetarian meat product development.

, authors=Min QU, Sitong LI, Ying ZHU, Linlin LIU, Jiacui SHANG, Yuanfang JIA, Xiuqing ZHU*, authorsList=Min QU, Sitong LI, Ying ZHU, Linlin LIU, Jiacui SHANG, Yuanfang JIA, Xiuqing ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiuqing ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320165945704821494, articleId=1320165939790852834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=Na+和大豆油对SPI乳液凝胶稳定性的影响及在素午餐肉中的应用, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蛋白质乳液凝胶的稳定性受蛋白质浓度、油体积分数、离子强度等多种因素的影响,限制了乳液凝胶的广泛应用。本文利用大豆分离蛋白(Soy protein isolate,SPI)和大豆油(Soybean oil,SO)制备乳液凝胶,研究SO和NaCl添加量对乳液凝胶稳定性的影响,考察质构特性、凝胶强度、持水持油性、水分分布、流变学特性、微观结构、蛋白质二级结构及分子间作用力等的变化,并将乳液凝胶应用于大豆蛋白基素午餐肉。结果表明:适量Na+和大豆油添加量显著增强了富含大豆油的SPI乳液凝胶的稳定性,特别是添加30% SO、0.434 mol/L Na+的凝胶,其表现出最佳的持水性(92.92%)、持油性(96.47%)、弹性(0.90)、内聚性(0.91)(P<0.05),蛋白质二级结构从α-螺旋向β-折叠转变。将SPI、SO、Na+进行预处理制备的乳液凝胶应用于大豆蛋白基素午餐肉发现,预处理后的素午餐肉表面光滑,持水、持油性和弹性均优于对照。该研究为提高较高浓度的蛋白质-油乳液凝胶及乳状液滴聚集型凝胶的稳定性和凝胶强度,并应用于大豆蛋白基素肉产品开发中提供了理论参考。

, authors=曲敏, 李思桐, 朱颖, 刘琳琳, 尚佳萃, 贾圆芳, 朱秀清*, authorsList=曲敏, 李思桐, 朱颖, 刘琳琳, 尚佳萃, 贾圆芳, 朱秀清, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱秀清, authorNote=

曲敏(1966−),女,博士,教授,主要从事粮食化学与农产品加工技术方面的研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
朱秀清(1968−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:蛋白质分子化学及大豆深加工,E-mail:。
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NaCl对添加丝氨酸蛋白酶的肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响[J]. 食品与发酵工业, 2021, 47(2): 78−86. [LU Yibei, LÜ Chunxia, LIAO Huiqi, et al. Effect of NaCl on the gel properties of myofibrillin gel with added serine protease[J]. Food and Fermentation Industry, 2021, 47(2): 78−86.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320165962515592069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=55, rfOrder=71, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LU Yibei, LÜ Chunxia, LIAO Huiqi, et al. Effect of NaCl on the gel properties of myofibrillin gel with added serine protease[J]. Food and Fermentation Industry, 2021, 47(2): 78−86., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320165962586895238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=56, rfOrder=72, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO R, LIU L, HUANG Y, et al. Effect of Na+ and Ca2+ on the texture, structure and microstructure of composite protein gel of mung bean protein and wheat gluten[J]. 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Journal of Dairy Science, 2003, 86(3): 746−754., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320165946124251895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165946132640504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, companyId=1320165946124251895, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Ordinary Universities in Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Grain Foods and Comprehensive Processing of Grain Resources in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150028, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165946145223417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, companyId=1320165946124251895, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江省普通高校食品科学与工程重点实验室,黑龙江省谷物食品与谷物资源综合加工重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320165949987205928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of Na+ and SO content on water- and oil-retention properties of SPI emulsion gels, figureFileSmall=TDZ+rhLBcDmZP+23DAV4/w==, figureFileBig=idfnNZBiOFA0yk2gxxh9pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165950054314793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Na+和SO含量对SPI乳液凝胶持水/持油性的影响

注:不同小写字母代表组内差异性显著(P<0.05);A为Na+浓度0 mol/L;B为Na+浓度0.217 mol/L;C为Na+浓度0.434 mol/L;D为Na+浓度0.651 mol/L。

, figureFileSmall=TDZ+rhLBcDmZP+23DAV4/w==, figureFileBig=idfnNZBiOFA0yk2gxxh9pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165950243058474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of Na+ and SO content on the storage modulus and loss modulus of SPI emulsion gels, figureFileSmall=6BBYo/3MNINOzgspwIat4A==, figureFileBig=ChhWQ4ELqpo7x2hIfSP++w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165950318555947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Na+和SO含量对SPI乳液凝胶储能模量和损耗模量的影响

注:A为Na+浓度0 mol/L;B为Na+浓度0.217 mol/L;C为Na+浓度0.434 mol/L;D为Na+浓度0.651 mol/L。

, figureFileSmall=6BBYo/3MNINOzgspwIat4A==, figureFileBig=ChhWQ4ELqpo7x2hIfSP++w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165950394053420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of Na+ and SO content on T2 relaxation time distribution of SPI emulsion gel, figureFileSmall=iApgxPTPgf1Nan2kCtZWUA==, figureFileBig=/DCpG6IPNzT9PgMYKHiIIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165950452773677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Na+和SO含量对SPI乳液凝胶T2弛豫时间分布的影响

注:A为Na+浓度0 mol/L;B为Na+浓度0.217 mol/L;C为Na+浓度0.434 mol/L;D为Na+浓度0.651 mol/L。

, figureFileSmall=iApgxPTPgf1Nan2kCtZWUA==, figureFileBig=/DCpG6IPNzT9PgMYKHiIIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165950524076846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of Na+ and SO content on the peak area of SPI emulsion gel, figureFileSmall=nnvX5tixS6EcYMUqKp4tSw==, figureFileBig=dvs9lyqb7eg0NCU0U12oFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165950586991407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Na+和SO含量对SPI乳液凝胶峰面积的影响

注:A为Na+浓度0 mol/L;B为Na+浓度0.217 mol/L;C为Na+浓度0.434 mol/L;D为Na+浓度0.651 mol/L。

, figureFileSmall=nnvX5tixS6EcYMUqKp4tSw==, figureFileBig=dvs9lyqb7eg0NCU0U12oFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165950654100272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of Na+ and SO content on the secondary structure of SPI emulsion gel, figureFileSmall=f906wmVkwljLqMZvlxHZ3w==, figureFileBig=u9EGqdmj1GpunqFAEr0QHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165950729597745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Na+和SO含量对SPI乳液凝胶二级结构的影响

注:1~6分别表示为SO添加量0%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%,7~12、13~18、19~24同1~6。

, figureFileSmall=f906wmVkwljLqMZvlxHZ3w==, figureFileBig=u9EGqdmj1GpunqFAEr0QHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165950788318002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of Na+ and SO content on intermolecular force of SPI emulsion gel, figureFileSmall=PYRelOke6GT9pXRz8ntfuQ==, figureFileBig=PoE+792NCROl12i0HLgOBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165950847038259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Na+和SO含量对SPI乳液凝胶分子间作用力的影响

注:不同小写字母代表组内差异性显著(P<0.05);A为Na+浓度0 mol/L;B为Na+浓度0.217 mol/L;C为Na+浓度0.434 mol/L;D为Na+浓度0.651 mol/L。

, figureFileSmall=PYRelOke6GT9pXRz8ntfuQ==, figureFileBig=PoE+792NCROl12i0HLgOBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165950909952820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of Na+ and SO content on particle size of SPI emulsion gel, figureFileSmall=Ahwwjh5M17IQnGalqaYSAg==, figureFileBig=vswf1ynDDSOyu7il58nrUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165950985450293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Na+和SO含量对SPI乳液凝胶粒径的影响

注:不同小写字母代表组内差异性显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=Ahwwjh5M17IQnGalqaYSAg==, figureFileBig=vswf1ynDDSOyu7il58nrUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165951073530678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of Na+ and SO content on microstructure of SPI emulsion gel (2000×), figureFileSmall=ggFCqmSvvToacWMstnxu7A==, figureFileBig=k6Y8GMhc/N+CrMqzVIDmlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165952730280759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Na+和SO含量对SPI乳液凝胶微观结构的影响(2000×), figureFileSmall=ggFCqmSvvToacWMstnxu7A==, figureFileBig=k6Y8GMhc/N+CrMqzVIDmlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165952822555448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Impacts of Na+ and SO on the appearance of soybean protein-based luncheon meat, figureFileSmall=+mRWLRdqsQYiN5xXCmJmLQ==, figureFileBig=WOCSCaC3HqN2gpeqyOkhTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165952923218745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=CN, label=图9, caption=Na+和SO对大豆蛋白基素午餐肉外观的影响, figureFileSmall=+mRWLRdqsQYiN5xXCmJmLQ==, figureFileBig=WOCSCaC3HqN2gpeqyOkhTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165952998716218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of Na+ and SO content on the textural properties of SPI emulsion gels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性质Na+浓度(mol/L)SO含量(%)
02025303540
硬度(gf)0131.59±0.39Cf298.29±8.10Ce385.85±7.21Cd437.11±1.41Dc451.88±8.35Db487.45±3.57Da
0.217137.36±8.66BCe419.86±4.15Bd428.74±0.62Bc505.52±4.85Cb520.29±7.74Ca522.79±3.33Ca
0.434143.12±10.75Be429.04±7.84ABd434.14±5.34ABd522.94±8.65Bc550.45±8.42Bb652.16±13.30Ba
0.651181.39±4.16Ad434.03±7.47Ac440.48±7.06Ac640.71±4.36Ab640.71±10.56Ab692.44±2.38Aa
弹性00.80±0.05Ac0.84±0.01Ab0.88±0.01Aa0.89±0.02Aa0.89±0.03Aa0.88±0.02Aa
0.2170.82±0.05Ac0.85±0.05Abc0.87±0.01Aab0.90±0.01Aa0.88±0.02Aab0.88±0.05Aab
0.4340.85±0.01Acd0.84±0.04Ad0.85±0.02Bcd0.90±0.02Aa0.88±0.01Aab0.87±0.02ABbc
0.6510.83±0.04Aa0.83±0.03Aa0.85±0.01Ba0.87±0.02Ba0.86±0.04Aa0.84±0.01Ba
咀嚼性(gf)094.52±1.09Ce207.97±6.82Cd309.10±6.89Cc324.48±1.08Ca314.52±2.64Db305.61±3.23Dc
0.21795.04±8.46Cd318.07±6.70Bc334.95±8.52Bb358.67±5.85Ba336.43±3.91Cb320.57±9.70Cc
0.434112.21±6.29Bd328.20±10.96Bc338.76±8.57Bbc362.78±8.68Ba347.73±10.43Bb342.49±8.48Bb
0.651149.24±7.38Ad372.79±9.38Abc376.15±8.78Ab398.35±8.35Aa371.00±9.45Abc361.32±10.86Ac
内聚性00.86±0.01Ad0.89±0.02Abc0.90±0.02Aab0.91±0.01Aa0.88±0.01Ac0.88±0.01Ac
0.2170.87±0.01Ab0.89±0.03Aab0.90±0.05Aab0.91±0.01Aa0.88±0.01Aab0.87±0.0Ab
0.4340.89±0.03Aab0.89±0.03Aab0.87±0.03Ab0.91±0.01Aa0.88±0.01Aab0.86±0.02ABb
0.6510.88±0.03Aa0.86±0.03Aab0.87±0.03Aab0.88±0.03Ba0.86±0.02Aab0.84±0.01Bb
凝胶强度(g/cm2)029.58±0.01Df81.5±6.70Ce106.02±0.01Dd109.29±0.04Dc112.45±0.04Db120.65±0.04Da
0.21742.03±0.03Cf108.58±0.05Be126.02±0.03Cd130.14±0.02Cc137.14±0.02Cb140.17±0.05Ca
0.43443.12±0.03Bf127.99±6.70Ae134.07±0.01Bd140.20±0.01Bc158.2±0.03Bb164.34±0.02Ba
0.65149.28±0.03Af130.29±9.38Ae137.11±0.01Ad146.91±0.05Ac164.31±0.03Ab174.22±0.01Aa
), ArticleFig(id=1320165953204237115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Na+和SO含量对SPI乳液凝胶质构特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性质Na+浓度(mol/L)SO含量(%)
02025303540
硬度(gf)0131.59±0.39Cf298.29±8.10Ce385.85±7.21Cd437.11±1.41Dc451.88±8.35Db487.45±3.57Da
0.217137.36±8.66BCe419.86±4.15Bd428.74±0.62Bc505.52±4.85Cb520.29±7.74Ca522.79±3.33Ca
0.434143.12±10.75Be429.04±7.84ABd434.14±5.34ABd522.94±8.65Bc550.45±8.42Bb652.16±13.30Ba
0.651181.39±4.16Ad434.03±7.47Ac440.48±7.06Ac640.71±4.36Ab640.71±10.56Ab692.44±2.38Aa
弹性00.80±0.05Ac0.84±0.01Ab0.88±0.01Aa0.89±0.02Aa0.89±0.03Aa0.88±0.02Aa
0.2170.82±0.05Ac0.85±0.05Abc0.87±0.01Aab0.90±0.01Aa0.88±0.02Aab0.88±0.05Aab
0.4340.85±0.01Acd0.84±0.04Ad0.85±0.02Bcd0.90±0.02Aa0.88±0.01Aab0.87±0.02ABbc
0.6510.83±0.04Aa0.83±0.03Aa0.85±0.01Ba0.87±0.02Ba0.86±0.04Aa0.84±0.01Ba
咀嚼性(gf)094.52±1.09Ce207.97±6.82Cd309.10±6.89Cc324.48±1.08Ca314.52±2.64Db305.61±3.23Dc
0.21795.04±8.46Cd318.07±6.70Bc334.95±8.52Bb358.67±5.85Ba336.43±3.91Cb320.57±9.70Cc
0.434112.21±6.29Bd328.20±10.96Bc338.76±8.57Bbc362.78±8.68Ba347.73±10.43Bb342.49±8.48Bb
0.651149.24±7.38Ad372.79±9.38Abc376.15±8.78Ab398.35±8.35Aa371.00±9.45Abc361.32±10.86Ac
内聚性00.86±0.01Ad0.89±0.02Abc0.90±0.02Aab0.91±0.01Aa0.88±0.01Ac0.88±0.01Ac
0.2170.87±0.01Ab0.89±0.03Aab0.90±0.05Aab0.91±0.01Aa0.88±0.01Aab0.87±0.0Ab
0.4340.89±0.03Aab0.89±0.03Aab0.87±0.03Ab0.91±0.01Aa0.88±0.01Aab0.86±0.02ABb
0.6510.88±0.03Aa0.86±0.03Aab0.87±0.03Aab0.88±0.03Ba0.86±0.02Aab0.84±0.01Bb
凝胶强度(g/cm2)029.58±0.01Df81.5±6.70Ce106.02±0.01Dd109.29±0.04Dc112.45±0.04Db120.65±0.04Da
0.21742.03±0.03Cf108.58±0.05Be126.02±0.03Cd130.14±0.02Cc137.14±0.02Cb140.17±0.05Ca
0.43443.12±0.03Bf127.99±6.70Ae134.07±0.01Bd140.20±0.01Bc158.2±0.03Bb164.34±0.02Ba
0.65149.28±0.03Af130.29±9.38Ae137.11±0.01Ad146.91±0.05Ac164.31±0.03Ab174.22±0.01Aa
), ArticleFig(id=1320165953267151676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of Na+ and SO on water/oil holding capacity, cooking loss, and textural properties of soy protein-based luncheon meat

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样品持水性(%)持油性(%)蒸煮损失率(%)硬度(gf)弹性内聚性咀嚼性(gf)
对照组75.34±0.57b73.27±1.67b2.16±0.02a1897.71±84.90a0.84±0.01b0.72±0.03a1078.53±33.75a
SPI乳液凝胶组85.06±1.78a90.00±0.80a1.76±0.03b1879.91±69.37a0.87±0.01a0.74±0.02a1003.81±73.80a
), ArticleFig(id=1320165953346843453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165939790852834, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Na+和SO对大豆蛋白基素午餐肉持水/持油性、蒸煮损失率和质构特性的影响

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样品持水性(%)持油性(%)蒸煮损失率(%)硬度(gf)弹性内聚性咀嚼性(gf)
对照组75.34±0.57b73.27±1.67b2.16±0.02a1897.71±84.90a0.84±0.01b0.72±0.03a1078.53±33.75a
SPI乳液凝胶组85.06±1.78a90.00±0.80a1.76±0.03b1879.91±69.37a0.87±0.01a0.74±0.02a1003.81±73.80a
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Na+和大豆油对SPI乳液凝胶稳定性的影响及在素午餐肉中的应用
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曲敏 , 李思桐 , 朱颖 , 刘琳琳 , 尚佳萃 , 贾圆芳 , 朱秀清 *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(14): 14-25
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (14) : 14 -25
Na+和大豆油对SPI乳液凝胶稳定性的影响及在素午餐肉中的应用
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曲敏 , 李思桐, 朱颖, 刘琳琳, 尚佳萃, 贾圆芳, 朱秀清*
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江省普通高校食品科学与工程重点实验室,黑龙江省谷物食品与谷物资源综合加工重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028
通讯作者:
朱秀清(1968−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:蛋白质分子化学及大豆深加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

曲敏(1966−),女,博士,教授,主要从事粮食化学与农产品加工技术方面的研究,E-mail:

Effects of Na+ and Soybean Oil on the Stability of SPI Emulsion Gels and Their Application in Vegetarian Luncheon Meat
Min QU , Sitong LI, Ying ZHU, Linlin LIU, Jiacui SHANG, Yuanfang JIA, Xiuqing ZHU*
Affiliations
  • School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Ordinary Universities in Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Grain Foods and Comprehensive Processing of Grain Resources in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150028, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110055
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蛋白质乳液凝胶的稳定性受蛋白质浓度、油体积分数、离子强度等多种因素的影响,限制了乳液凝胶的广泛应用。本文利用大豆分离蛋白(Soy protein isolate,SPI)和大豆油(Soybean oil,SO)制备乳液凝胶,研究SO和NaCl添加量对乳液凝胶稳定性的影响,考察质构特性、凝胶强度、持水持油性、水分分布、流变学特性、微观结构、蛋白质二级结构及分子间作用力等的变化,并将乳液凝胶应用于大豆蛋白基素午餐肉。结果表明:适量Na+和大豆油添加量显著增强了富含大豆油的SPI乳液凝胶的稳定性,特别是添加30% SO、0.434 mol/L Na+的凝胶,其表现出最佳的持水性(92.92%)、持油性(96.47%)、弹性(0.90)、内聚性(0.91)(P<0.05),蛋白质二级结构从α-螺旋向β-折叠转变。将SPI、SO、Na+进行预处理制备的乳液凝胶应用于大豆蛋白基素午餐肉发现,预处理后的素午餐肉表面光滑,持水、持油性和弹性均优于对照。该研究为提高较高浓度的蛋白质-油乳液凝胶及乳状液滴聚集型凝胶的稳定性和凝胶强度,并应用于大豆蛋白基素肉产品开发中提供了理论参考。

大豆分离蛋白(SPI)  /  大豆油(SO)  /  Na+  /  凝胶特性  /  乳液凝胶

The stability of protein emulsion gels is influenced by multiple factors, such as protein concentration, oil volume fraction, and ionic strength, limiting the widespread application of emulsion gels. In this study, emulsion gels were prepared using soy protein isolate (SPI) and soybean oil (SO) to investigate the effects of SO and NaCl addition on the stability of emulsion gels. Changes in textural properties, gel strength, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, moisture distribution, rheological properties, microstructure, protein secondary structure, and intermolecular forces were examined, and the emulsion gels were applied to soy protein-based vegetarian luncheon meat. The results showed that appropriate amounts of Na+ and soybean oil significantly enhanced the stability of SPI emulsion gels enriched with soybean oil. In particular, with the addition of 30% SO and 0.434 mol/L Na+, the gels exhibited optimal water holding capacity (92.92%), oil holding capacity (96.47%), springiness (0.90), and cohesiveness (0.91) (P<0.05). The protein secondary structure shifted from α-helix to β-sheet. SPI, SO, and Na+ were pretreated to prepare emulsion gels, which were subsequently incorporated into soy protein-based vegetarian luncheon meat. The pretreated vegetarian luncheon meat exhibited a smooth surface, and its water holding capacity, oil holding capacity and springiness were comparable to those of the control. This study provides theoretical insights for enhancing the stability and gel strength of high-concentration protein-oil emulsion gels and emulsion droplet aggregation-type gels, facilitating their application in soy protein-based vegetarian meat product development.

soy protein isolate  /  soybean oil  /  Na+  /  gel properties  /  emulsion gel
曲敏, 李思桐, 朱颖, 刘琳琳, 尚佳萃, 贾圆芳, 朱秀清. Na+和大豆油对SPI乳液凝胶稳定性的影响及在素午餐肉中的应用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 14 -25 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110055
Min QU, Sitong LI, Ying ZHU, Linlin LIU, Jiacui SHANG, Yuanfang JIA, Xiuqing ZHU. Effects of Na+ and Soybean Oil on the Stability of SPI Emulsion Gels and Their Application in Vegetarian Luncheon Meat[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 14 -25 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110055
蛋白质乳液凝胶是食品加工中最常用的胶体系统之一。蛋白分子经热处理发生不可逆的排列和聚集,形成三维凝胶网络结构[1]。以蛋白凝胶的特殊空间结构作为支架,油脂液滴充当活性填料,构成了乳液填充凝胶[2]。通过改变油滴大小、浓度、乳液凝胶体系的离子强度、pH以及机械强度等,可以控制油滴的聚集行为和蛋白质的分子间作用力,从而改变凝胶特性[3]。蛋白质乳液凝胶保持了水分和油脂,赋予食品更好的弹性、持水性、咀嚼性、稳定性等[4]。但它们在热力学上是不稳定的,受到多种因素的影响,包括蛋白质浓度、油体积分数、离子强度等[5],乳液可能分离为独立的水相和油相,这一现象限制了乳液凝胶的广泛应用[6]。
大豆分离蛋白(Soy protein isolate,SPI)因其良好的氨基酸结构和优异的功能特性而成为重要的蛋白质来源和植物蛋白肉的关键原料[7]。凝胶性是SPI重要的功能特性,在食品加工中被广泛使用[8]。作为SPI的同源性物质的大豆油(Soybean oil,SO)能以更微小油滴的形式填充在蛋白凝胶的网络孔隙中,形成更致密稳定的SP乳液凝胶网络结构[9]。郑爽等[10]发现,添加15% SO的乳液凝胶硬度提高了110.06 g,添加20% SO的乳液凝胶凝胶强度提高了50%,结构也更加紧密。在一些植物基蛋白肉的实际加工原料体系中,SO的含量通常超过30%。目前,植物蛋白基素肉产品大多存在渗油、弹性不足、质构松散、口感渣等问题,因此,如何将含有较高浓度的油和蛋白质原料形成稳定的体系,提高产品的加工品质成为了一个难题[11]。Choi等[12]认为,大豆油基乳液凝胶的油相浓度达到30%后,其凝胶网络密度显著增加,流变学特性接近动物脂肪。这是因为油滴充分占据蛋白质三维状网络中封闭的空间,形成乳状液滴聚集型颗粒凝胶,大大提升了乳液凝胶的稳定性和凝胶强度[6]。
在工业生产中油脂和盐离子常作为产品的两种主要成分同时存在。盐离子的存在,不仅会诱导蛋白质内部疏水性基团的暴露[13],还会通过静电屏蔽效应降低蛋白质分子之间的静电斥力,从而促进蛋白质分子的交联和聚集[14]。Yang等[15]发现适当浓度的盐离子改变了蛋白质之间的聚集行为,导致花生菌素和罗勒籽胶复合蛋白凝胶的网络结构增强。Tang等[16]通过添加适量浓度NaCl制备凝胶状大豆蛋白乳液,证明NaCl对吸附蛋白质的带电基团进行静电排斥筛选,对有吸引力的液滴间造成相互作用,导致液滴絮凝程度增加,影响凝胶形态。但盐离子的浓度过高时,蛋白分子表面静电荷被屏蔽,同时过多的盐离子表现出溶剂的性质,破坏蛋白质的水化层,使得蛋白分子更容易相互靠近,导致大豆蛋白凝胶结构粗糙、不均匀,且持水性差[17]。目前关于Na+对蛋白乳液凝胶的研究大多停留在宏观流变或质构特性的描述上,缺乏从分子间作用力、蛋白质构象变化到微观网络结构系统性机理的剖析。
本文研究了在不同Na+浓度和SO含量下的SPI凝胶性质。通过对持水/持油性、质构特性、凝胶强度、动态流变学、水分分布的测定,研究了凝胶性能;通过对蛋白质二级结构、分子间作用力和微观结构的分析,研究了蛋白凝胶的蛋白质构象变化,并探讨了SO、Na+构建的稳定乳液凝胶对大豆蛋白基素午餐肉质地的影响。这些为理解和优化植物蛋白凝胶的稳定性提供了重要依据,同时也为提高植物蛋白基素肉产品的品质提供了理论参考。
SPI(蛋白质含量91.9%) 哈高科大豆食品有限责任公司;SO 上海益海嘉里公司;NaCl  分析纯,廊坊乾耀科技有限公司;溴化钾、尿素 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;考马斯亮蓝R250 分析纯,上海咏科生物科技有限公司;β-巯基乙醇 分析纯,美国Sigma公司。
ESJ180-4分析天平 上海天美天平仪器有限公司;FS-2可调高速分散器 常州国华仪器制造有限公司;TG16-WS台式高速离心机 盐城市安信实验仪器有限公司;TA-XT Plus C质构分析仪 英国SMS公司;MCR-102级旋转流变仪 上海安东帕商贸有限公司;NMl20-015V-l低场核磁成像分析仪 苏州纽迈电子科技有限公司;LGJ-25C冷冻干燥仪 北京四环科学仪器有限公司;NanoZS-90粒度分析仪 英国莫尔文公司;PerkinElmer UATR Two傅里叶红外光谱分析仪 美国PerkinElmer公司;LGJ-12真空冷冻干燥机 郑州冰雪时代设备有限公司。
参考Xiao等[18]的方法并稍作修改。在室温下将SPI粉末加入去离子水中,采用高速分散器在1000 r/min条件下分散3 min,使SPI粉末充分分散、以制备15%(w/v)的SPI分散体。分别向SPI分散体中添加SO,充分混合,使其形成SO浓度为0%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%(v/v)的SPI乳液。向上述6种SO浓度的SPI乳液中分别加入不同体积的0.434 mol/L NaCl溶液,每个SO浓度的SPI乳液中Na+达到0、0.217、0.434、0.651 mol/L,共制备24个样品,使用高速分散器在1000 r/min条件下搅拌5 min,95℃恒温水浴锅中加热30 min,立即转至冰水浴冷却,于4℃下保存,制得SPI乳液凝胶,以不添加SO和Na+的样品作为对照组。冷冻干燥24 h后将其粉碎得到SPI乳液凝胶冻干粉。
取4.0 g SPI乳液凝胶,置于50 mL离心管中,在4 ℃下10000×g离心处理15 min,取出称量。计算持水性(Water holding capacity,WHC)公式如下:
$ \text{WHC}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{W}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{W}}_{1}}\times 100 $
式中,WHC表示持水性,%;W1表示离心前样品的质量,g;W2表示离心后样品的质量,g。
采用Zheng等[19]的方法并稍作修改。取4.0 g SPI乳液凝胶置于50 mL离心管中,在25 ℃下4457×g离心30 min,用吸油纸吸去样品表面的SO,称量。计算持油性(Oil holding capacity,OHC)公式如下:
$ \mathrm{OHC}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{M}}_{0}}{{\mathrm{M}}_{1}}\times 100 $
式中,OHC表示持油性,%;M0表示离心后样品中保留的油的重量,g;M1表示样品中油的总重量,g。
根据曲敏等[20]的方法,将SPI乳液凝胶切成直径2.5 cm、高1 cm的圆柱体,采用P/50型号的探头,操作参数为测试前速度2 mm/s,测试速度1 mm/s,测试后速度1 mm/s,下压程度50%,触发力0.05 N对样品进行物性测试,包括硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性等质构特性;SPI乳液凝胶样品切成直径10 mm,高5 mm的圆柱体,采用探针型号为P/0.5的物性测试仪测定。测定参数:前进率5 mm/s,冲压率2 mm/s,收缩率5 mm/s,冲压深度5 mm。对每个样品分别按下探针两次,凝胶强度(g)被定义为持续压缩期间的最大力。
SPI乳液凝胶样品切成1.0 mm切片,温度设置为25 ℃,频率扫描参数设置区间为0.1~100 rad/s,恒定应变为0.5%。测定SPI乳液凝胶样品的流变学特性。
根据王逢秋节等[21]的方法,室温25 ℃,取3.0 g样品于核磁管进行采样。室温25 ℃,取3 g样品于样品管,进行采样。单次采样参数:主频率为18 MHz,90°脉宽为14 Hz,采样点数为1020,重复采样间隔时间为1500 ms,接收机带宽为100 kHz,样起始点控制参数为0.002 ms,模拟增益为20,数字增益为3,数据半径为1,累加采样次数为1。累计采样参数:主频率为18 MHz,90°脉宽为14 Hz,重复采样的间隔时间为1500 ms,数据半径为1,累加采样次数为4,180°脉宽为29,回波个数为1000,采样起始点控制参数为0.150 ms,模拟增益为20,数字增益DRG1为3,采用低场核磁成像分析仪中的CPMG(carr-purcell-meiboom-gill)序列进行反演,用核磁共振成像软件进行绘图处理。
根据Qin等[22]的方法并稍作修改。分别取约1 mg SPI乳液凝胶冻干粉样品与溴化钾混合后,进行研磨压片处理,然后将其放入傅里叶红外检测器测样口进行检测。对超过25 ℃的衰减全反射晶体进行400~4000 cm−1的64次扫描,在1600~1700 cm−1波长范围内进行酰胺I带二级结构变化的分析。
参考Yang等[15]的方法并稍作修改。分别制备五种缓冲液如下:0.05 mol/L NaCl(A);0.6 mol/L NaCl(B);0.6 mol/L NaCl+1.5 mol/L尿素(C);0.6 mol/L NaCl+8 mol/L尿素(D);0.6 mol/L NaCl+8 mol/L尿素+0.05 mol/L β-巯基乙醇溶液(E)。称取0.5 g SPI乳液凝胶冻干粉,分别加入5 mL上述五种缓冲液,以5000 r/min均质1 min后静置2 h,再以10000 r/min离心15 min后,以考马斯亮蓝法测定上清液蛋白浓度。静电相互作用、氢键、疏水相互作用和二硫键的含量分别是溶液A和B、B和C、C和D、D和E的蛋白含量之差。
采用Li等[23]的方法并略有修改。SPI乳液凝胶冻干粉样品溶于去离子水中使其最终蛋白浓度为2 mg/mL,静置2 h并取上清液,然后置于粒度分析仪中测定粒径。
将SPI乳液凝胶样品在2.5%戊二醛溶液中固定4 h,使用0.1 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液洗涤3次,随后,分别采用50%、70%、90%、100%的乙醇对样品进行脱水处理。冷冻干燥后,在2000倍的放大倍数下观察。
素午餐肉的基础配方:参考徐进等[24]的方法并进行了改进。采用纯水复水的方式,将干基大豆拉丝蛋白(Textured fibril soy protein,TFSP)完全浸泡于含0.05%红曲的40 ℃水中,复水1 h至内部无硬芯后取出,挤出水分后为干基的2.5倍。将挤出水分的TFSP置于斩拌机拆丝。按照35% TFSP、9%淀粉、1.4%白砂糖、2%香辛料、34%水、0.5%味精的配方比例将各物料混合,慢慢搅拌至形成均匀、具有黏性的素午餐肉坯料。按照SPI 15%(w/v)、SO 30%(v/v)、Na+ 0.434 mol/L制成乳液凝胶,并添到素午餐肉坯料中充分混合均一。将混合好的含有SPI乳液凝胶的素午餐肉坯料装入65 mm×65 mm×25 mm的模具中按压成型,于95 ℃加热蒸煮30 min,取出冷却至室温,为素午餐肉样品。将制备SPI乳液凝胶的原料直接与素午餐肉坯料混合,其余操作同上,制得素午餐肉为对照,测定素午餐肉的持水性、持油性、蒸煮损失率及质构特性。将素午餐肉切成3.0 cm×3.0 cm×2.0 cm的方块,蒸煮前称重并记录;蒸煮后冷却至室温,再次称重。蒸煮损失率按下式计算:
$ \mathrm{蒸煮损失率}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{蒸煮前质量}-\text{蒸煮冷却后质量}}{\text{蒸煮前质量}}\times 100 $
每组试验重复3次,数据结果取平均值±标准差。使用SPSS 23.0软件对各指标数据进行统计分析和单因素方差分析,P<0.05为统计学差异显著。用Origin 2019进行作图。
蛋白质的持水性代表蛋白质对水的保持能力,持油性代表蛋白质与游离油脂的结合能力[25]。持水性、持油性高,则表明凝胶有较强的保持内部水分和油脂的能力,间接证明凝胶网络结构致密[26]。Na+和SO的协同添加影响了SPI乳液凝胶的持水性和持油性(图1)。在0.434 mol/L Na+和30% SO复合处理下,持水性和持油性分别达到92.92%和96.47%。未添加SO时,随Na+浓度增加至0.651 mol/L,凝胶持水性和持油性均出现下降;在同一Na+浓度下,SO添加量超过30%时,持水、持油性亦有所降低,但部分相邻处理点间差异未达统计显著水平。Ningtyas等[27]研究发现,适量的油滴可被蛋白质覆盖、包裹形成具有亲水表面的油和蛋白-油化合物进而填充于SPI凝胶基质形成的空腔,并将水分子锁定其中形成致密均匀的结构,提高了持水性、持油性[28]。Na+可改变蛋白质表面的净电荷,减弱分子间的静电斥力,使蛋白质之间的相互作用增强并聚集,蛋白质与水和油的结合程度被削弱,油滴不能被完全覆盖、包裹[29−30]。值得注意的是,未添加SO时,当Na+添加量超过一定值时,持水、持油性降低,对乳液凝胶水和油的束缚能力具有负面影响。这与乳液凝胶直观图体现的表面由粗糙、疏松、有小孔,逐渐变得致密后又呈现粗糙、不均匀的变化相符。这与赵建生等[31]研究的结果趋势一致,在高盐浓度(0.6 mol/L)下,大豆分离蛋白-肌原纤维蛋白复合凝胶持水性下降。
食品质量高度依赖于其质构特性,质构特性显著影响消费者的偏好和接受行为[32]。凝胶强度能够直接反映体系的凝胶形成能力,是评价凝胶品质的重要参数[33]。通过质构剖面分析(TPA),Na+和SO含量对SPI乳液凝胶质构特性的影响如表1所示。与SPI凝胶对照组相比,SPI乳液凝胶的硬度和咀嚼性显著升高(P<0.05)。凝胶强度和硬度随着Na+浓度和SO添加量的提高持续增强,分别于最高浓度组(40% SO与0.651 mol/L Na+)达到峰值174.22和692.44,较对照组分别提高了489%和426%。在Na+浓度为0 mol/L时,随SO添加量增加,咀嚼性呈先升后降趋势;弹性则小幅上升后趋于平稳。内聚性在整个实验范围内变化幅度较小;当SO添加量在超过35%、Na+浓度超过0.434 mol/L时,内聚性低于对照组。
Yu等[34]认为,油脂以小油滴的形式填充于蛋白凝胶中,减少了蛋白凝胶网络结构中的局部空隙,蛋白运动受限,形成了更致密的凝胶网络结构。作为活性填料,油滴被蛋白质覆盖,表面的亲水性蛋白质层与凝胶基质相互作用,以油和蛋白-油复合物形式填充了凝胶蛋白网络中的孔隙。由此,SO的加入逐渐影响蛋白质的凝胶化行为,有助于凝胶质地的形成,并促进了乳液凝胶质构特性的改善和凝胶强度的提高[35]。SPI乳液凝胶的凝胶强度和硬度随着含油量的增加而增加,这与Xi等[36]的研究结果一致。盐离子的加入,如Na+和Ca2+,其静电屏蔽作用降低了蛋白质之间的静电斥力,提高了蛋白凝胶性[37]。当盐离子浓度过高时,小油滴活性填充的不均匀分布导致了非均相凝胶网络的形成,弹性降低[28]。但当SO添加量过高时,未完全乳化的油滴无法均匀填充蛋白凝胶基质中的空隙,溢出的油滴在凝胶体系中运动,对凝胶形成产生不利影响[37]。同时过多的蛋白质-油脂复合物的存在增加了蛋白质链之间的分子距离,破坏了致密有序的凝胶网络[38]。内聚性的结果也证实了SO过量时乳液凝胶内部质地的不均一。因此,在30% SO与0.434 mol/L Na+复合添加条件下,乳液凝胶同时具备最佳的弹性和内聚性,硬度、咀嚼性与凝胶强度适中,质地均匀,说明该条件下可形成结构稳定的SPI乳液凝胶。
流变特性中的储存模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')与食品的粘度、弹性、流动性和稳定性的变化密切相关[38]。G'值越大,表明蛋白质分子间的交联程度越高,G''值越大,表明凝胶间越不易流动。不同SO添加量和Na+浓度对乳液凝胶粘弹性的影响如图2所示。所有凝胶样品的G'值始终高于G''值,且G'值和G''值随角频率的增加而增加,说明SPI凝胶形成了具有连续网络结构的典型弹性凝胶[39],且添加不同SO和Na+的含量对乳液凝胶的储能体系有一定的影响。在单独添加SO和Na+的情况下,随着SO和Na+浓度的增加SPI乳液凝胶的G'呈现先升高后下降的趋势。复合添加SO-Na+后,随着二者的增加,不同组的G'值呈下降趋势,但各组内部随着SO含量的增加呈先增大再减小的趋势,0.217 mol/L Na+和30% SO组的样品G'值最高,表明其网络结构最强,0.434 mol/L Na+和30% SO组G'值次之。
这可能是由于SO(0~30%)的加入可以嵌入蛋白质凝胶网络,填充凝胶孔隙、增强凝胶结构,提高凝胶体系的G''值。Liao等[6]发现,少量油滴的加入可以嵌入乳清分离蛋白凝胶网络的结构中,填充凝胶孔隙,增强凝胶体系的密度和G'值。Na+(0~0.217 mol/L)可以改变蛋白分子间的静电相互作用,使蛋白分子发生聚集,进而使蛋白凝胶网络高度交联,减少了加热过程中的物理断裂,有助于形成更加致密和强大的凝胶结构[40]。Zhao等[41]发现研究硫酸钙诱导的乳液乳清分离蛋白凝胶,其G'值也随着SO体积分数的增加出现了类似的变化。同时加入Na+和SO后SPI乳液凝胶的蛋白交联程度和凝胶的稳定性高于对照组,而质构分析中的弹性变化也佐证了该结论。值得注意的是,过量SO(>30%)的添加则会导致油滴絮凝,在更大程度上减少蛋白质-水和油的相互作用,从而形成不均匀的凝胶基质网络结构[6]。但过量Na+使蛋白质发生了过度聚集,导致凝胶内部和表面质地不均一,形成粗糙且不均匀的凝胶结构,破坏了乳液凝胶网络的连续性,进而影响凝胶体系的黏弹性行为[27]。添加SO和Na+促进了蛋白结构的展开并作为活性填充物,有利于形成更加致密有序的凝胶网络,从而提高SPI乳液凝胶的黏弹性[18],这与质构特性中弹性的变化相呼应(表1)。
用低场核磁共振技术测定了凝胶内水分子的流动性和分布情况,从而表征了内部结构。T2弛豫时间可以间接地反映蛋白凝胶的持水性[42],T2b反映了大分子之间具有最强相互作用的水(结合水);T21是截留在凝胶网络骨架中的水,T22代表凝胶网络中的自由水。T2弛豫时间越短,说明水分子与蛋白质的结合越紧密,凝胶网络结构结合水的能力越强[43]。
不同SO和Na+含量的SPI乳液凝胶中T2弛豫时间和相应的信号峰百分比变化如图3~图4所示。所有凝胶样品在3个特征区域内均出现了峰,且T21峰高和峰面积比例最大,表明不易流动水是SPI乳液凝胶中水的主要存在形式。随着SO含量的增加,SPI乳液凝胶T2b含量和T22的峰面积比例先减小再增加,T21含量呈相反的变化趋势,可能是因为油滴填充蛋白质凝胶结构的空腔,形成屏障限制了水在凝胶系统中的运动,导致不易流动水和自由水向结合水发生了转变;而单独添加Na+时,所有SPI凝胶的T2弛豫时间增长,T21的峰面积比例随着Na+浓度的升高,呈现持续下降趋势,这是因为Na+通过改变蛋白质表面的净电荷,使蛋白质之间的相互作用增强并聚集,蛋白质与水和油的结合程度被削弱,促进了SPI凝胶中水分子的迁移及不易流动水向自由水的转变,自由水变得更活跃[28]。
在30% SO条件下,随Na+浓度的增加,T21峰面积比例呈先升后降的变化趋势,于0.434 mol/L Na+处达到最大值,T21峰面积比例较总对照组提高了9.29%,说明更多的不易流动水被束缚。可能是因为Na+促进了蛋白质结构的展开和聚集形成的三维网络结构有利于包被更多的油、填充在凝胶结构的空腔,从而形成致密的结构,利于水、油的截留,同时导致结合水和自由水向不易流动水发生了转变[40]。乳液凝胶中蛋白质的分布情况,也影响了不易流动水在凝胶网络中的驻留与释放,以及结合水与自由水的转化[41]。在其他SO添加量下,不同Na+浓度的凝胶样品T21变化未呈现一致规律性。然而,过量的SO(>30%)和Na+(>0.434 mol/L),T2b、T21含量下降,显示结合水和不易流动水含量下降。这可能是由于过量的Na+产生了强烈的静电屏蔽效应,同时过量的SO超出了蛋白质的乳化能力,导致油滴呈不均匀分布、蛋白质过度聚集不利于蛋白质交联和紧密的凝胶网络的形成,诱导一些不易流动的水从凝胶网络中释放出来[44],最终表现为持水性显著下降。这与2.1持水性的测定结果契合。因此,添加0~30%的SO和0~0.434 mol/L Na+引起了自由水向不易流动水的转变,而过量添加则引起了不易流动水向自由水的转变,活跃的自由水影响了凝胶特性。
利用FTIR技术检测蛋白质的二级结构,其中1600~1640、1640~1650、1650~1660、1660~1700 cm−1波长分别对应于蛋白质二级结构的β-折叠、无规则卷曲、α-螺旋和β-转角[45]。峰值出现在酰胺I区域的1656 cm−1的波长来自蛋白质骨架的C-O伸缩振动[46],在酰胺I带进行去卷积和拟合,得到蛋白二级结构的变化趋势如图5所示。
Na+和SO的添加显著促进了SPI的二级结构转变。SO和Na+复合处理后所有组的β-折叠含量增加,α-螺旋降低,添加了30% SO和0.434 mol/L Na+时的凝胶,β-折叠含量达到最大值42.39%、α-螺旋含量达到最小值19.09%,较对照分别升高19.39%和降低11.37%。但单独添加Na+时,随着Na+浓度的增加,β-折叠含量较对照组均有所升高,α-螺旋和无规则卷曲含量均有所降低。
α-螺旋含量的减少表示蛋白质分子解折叠,而β-折叠的增加表明蛋白质相互作用的增强[47]。Cen等[48]研究发现凝胶中具有较高含量的β-折叠和较低含量的α-螺旋,有利于蛋白质聚集、形成均匀、有序、稳定的凝胶结构。因此,蛋白质从α-螺旋结构向β-折叠结构的转变是蛋白凝胶化的基础[49]。而在乳液凝胶中,Na+通过静电屏蔽作用促进了蛋白质分子的展开与分子间交联;同时,适量的油滴作为活性填料,能够更均匀地分散并嵌入凝胶网络。这种环境极大地有利于蛋白质分子通过分子间氢键进行有序排列,从而使β-折叠含量显著增加[33]。可见添加SO和Na+促进了SPI乳液凝胶中蛋白质二级结构由α-螺旋部分向β-折叠的转变,由此提高了SPI乳液凝胶的凝胶特性。而添加过量的SO和Na+后由于油与蛋白质过度结合以及蛋白质聚集体的形成,导致了分子排列有序性下降,对凝胶网络结构造成了一定的破坏,凝胶系统中蛋白的β-折叠含量降低。
Na+和SO含量对SPI乳液凝胶分子间作用力的影响如图6所示。疏水相互作用和二硫键以及单独添加SO时的静电相互作用,均表现出了先升高再降低的变化趋势。可以看出,单独添加SO影响了二硫键和静电相互作用,Na+和SO的联合作用显著增强了疏水相互作用和二硫键(P<0.05),并在30% SO和0.434 mol/L Na+时,疏水相互作用、二硫键和静电相互作用达到最大,较对照组分别提升了16.06%、15.86%和10.7%。在此过程中,疏水相互作用始终占比最大,其次是二硫键、静电相互作用,此三种分子力均高于SPI凝胶对照样品,其中疏水相互作用高于其他作用力和对照;氢键的变化幅度和占比始终最小。表明疏水相互作用、二硫键和静电相互作用是影响较高SO含量乳液凝胶形成的主要作用力。Wu等[50]在研究热诱导大豆蛋白凝胶中指出静电相互作用、疏水相互作用和二硫键是维持凝胶网络的关键作用力,这与本研究结果一致。
疏水相互作用和二硫键维持了蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用,是维持凝胶构象的主要作用力,也是大豆蛋白诱导聚集和凝胶网络形态的主要原因[51]。静电相互作用和氢键维持蛋白质-水相互作用,氢键在一定程度上反映了蛋白质与水的结合能力。SO的添加,形成的水油界面诱导蛋白质部分展开,内部巯基暴露,形成了更多的二硫键,分子间距离缩小,导致静电相互作用力的显著增大。添加适量的Na+后,静电屏蔽效应减弱了蛋白质间的排斥力,静电相互作用增强,吸引了蛋白质间的距离,增强了化学交联,进而增加了疏水相互作用和二硫键,促进凝胶聚集[52]。Zhang等[53]发现,通过改变蛋白质分子之间的静电相互作用,可以显著改善凝胶网络的结构。适量SO与Na+通过诱导蛋白质去折叠并驱动疏水相互作用,形成核心交联点,将水相和油滴牢牢地锁定,从而增强了乳液凝胶的稳定性[54]。过量SO和Na+的加入,蛋白凝胶体系中的电荷分布异常,影响蛋白凝胶分子间的作用力,蛋白质系统被油滴或蛋白质-油化合物压缩,导致局部蛋白质分子易自聚集形成大聚集物,部分疏水基团被覆盖,破坏了蛋白质与水的结合,疏水相互作用和氢键的比例下降,对乳液凝胶构象产生不利影响[55]。
蛋白质粒径是决定SPI功能特性的重要因素之一。图7显示了SO和Na+的加入对SPI凝胶粒径分布的影响。添加SO和Na+后所有组的凝胶粒径都增大且都大于SPI凝胶对照组,单独添加NaCl时,SPI凝胶的粒径随Na+浓度的增加呈先增大再减小的趋势,0.434 mol/L Na+组的粒径较大,Guo等[56]研究发现,随着盐离子的加入,其产生的静电屏蔽效应导致蛋白质聚集程度增加,从而增大了乳液蛋白凝胶的平均粒径。Yu等[54]研究发现,在NaCl存在下SPI乳液凝胶的平均粒径显著高于未添加NaCl组。
SO和Na+复合处理时,SPI凝胶的粒径随SO和Na+浓度的增加呈持续增大的趋势。油滴作为活性填料填充到凝胶蛋白质基质的空腔中,Na+的加入降低了吸附在油滴表面的蛋白质分子之间的静电斥力,使得界面蛋白的疏水区域相互接近并发生疏水相互作用,促进了SPI包被的油滴形成大的聚集体,蛋白质聚集程度的增加,粒径增大[57];然而,持续添加SO和Na+可能会导致油滴分子间和局部蛋白质分子间的自聚集增强,破坏凝胶网络结构,溢出的油滴由于疏水相互作用导致油滴絮凝,导致凝胶粒径持续增大。
不同SO和Na+浓度下凝胶的微观结构如图8所示。SPI凝胶网状结构粗糙、孔隙不均匀,添加30% SO时,凝胶表面被大量油滴覆盖,添加0.434 mol/L Na+时,凝胶孔隙大,质地粗糙、表面不光滑。在30% SO存在的情况下,随着少量Na+浓度的增加,凝胶网络中的孔隙逐渐减小,过量Na+浓度使SPI乳液凝胶表面变得粗糙;在0.434 mol/L Na+存在的情况下,随着SO浓度的增加,SPI乳液凝胶表面变得光滑,过量添加SO时,可以观察到凝胶表面出现大量渗油且分布不均匀。
结果表明,适量SO(0~30%)和Na+(0~0.434 mol/L)复合处理时油滴被分散嵌入蛋白质网络中,填充了凝胶的网络孔隙,增强了蛋白质-蛋白质的相互作用,形成了均匀且紧凑的凝胶结构;添加0.434 mol/L Na+和30% SO组的SPI乳液凝胶最致密且表面光滑。但过量的SO和Na+削弱了蛋白分子间的静电斥力,使油滴聚集、变大,形成大油滴破坏了凝胶的网络结构,而导致表面粗糙、不均匀。这也是导致持水性下降,质地变差的原因。Liang等[37]利用盐离子和油处理乳清蛋白凝胶时,发现适量的盐离子没有造成乳清蛋白乳液凝胶中的油滴聚结,乳化液凝胶性质更稳定。而过度的油和盐离子复合处理可能会导致油滴分子间和局部蛋白质分子间的自聚集增强,破坏凝胶网络结构,溢出的油滴由于疏水相互作用导致油滴絮凝[29]。
由表2和图9可知,与对照组相比,SPI乳液凝胶组的持水性和持油性分别提高了12.9%和22.83%(P<0.05),蒸煮损失率降低了18.51%(P<0.05),表明SPI乳液凝胶有效固定了大豆蛋白基素午餐肉中的水分和油脂,减少了加工过程中的物质损失。质构分析显示,SPI乳液凝胶组的硬度和内聚性没有显著变化,弹性显著提高了3.57%,硬度和内聚性的稳定结合弹性的提升,说明产品在加工和贮藏过程中未发生硬化现象。大豆蛋白基素午餐肉的外观进一步证实了这一点:SPI乳液凝胶组表面光滑、肉质细腻、孔洞消失、质地均一,而对照组表面粗糙、存在渣感。
本文研究了Na+与SO协同作用对SPI乳液凝胶稳定性的影响,适量Na+(0.434 mol/L)的静电屏蔽效应结合SO(30%)的活性填充作用,促进了蛋白质分子的去折叠,产生了更高程度的交联和均匀乳液凝胶网络结构的形成,显著提高了持水持油性、凝胶强度、质构性质、不易流动水、β-折叠含量、分子间作用力。维持乳液凝胶的主要分子间作用力为疏水相互作用、二硫键、静电相互作用。当SO添加量大于30%、Na+添加量大于0.434 mol/L时,SPI乳液凝胶持水持油性、弹性、β-折叠含量、二硫键和疏水相互作用均降低,说明过量的SO和Na+对乳液凝胶构象产生了不利影响。将SPI乳液凝胶应用于大豆蛋白基素午餐肉中,较对照组的持水持油性、弹性显著升高,蒸煮损失率降低,表面光滑,肉质细腻。证明了添加Na+和SO制成的SPI乳液凝胶有效固定了大豆蛋白基素午餐肉中的水分和油脂,减少了加工过程中的物质损失,提高了蒸煮品质。该研究为提高较高浓度的蛋白质-油乳液凝胶及乳状液滴聚集型凝胶的稳定性和凝胶强度,并应用于大豆蛋白基素肉产品开发中提供了理论参考。未来可在此基础上,进一步研究油脂类型、不同离子等因素对乳液凝胶稳定性机制的研究。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110055
  • 接收时间:2025-11-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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    哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江省普通高校食品科学与工程重点实验室,黑龙江省谷物食品与谷物资源综合加工重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028

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朱秀清(1968−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:蛋白质分子化学及大豆深加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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