Article(id=1320165975861871365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110036, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762358400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681696143, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681696143, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681696143, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681696143, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=26, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320165976063197958, articleId=1320165975861871365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment on Freezing Properties of Pea Protein Gels, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment on the physicochemical properties and microstructure of frozen pea protein gels and elucidated the underlying gelation mechanisms. Heat-induced pea protein gels were subjected to three HHP conditions (100, 300, and 600 MPa for 15 min each) and evaluated in terms of their color, textural attributes, solubility, and subunit composition before and after freezing. Compared with the native pea protein isolate (PPI), HHP-treated gels demonstrated significantly reduced gel hardness, which gradually declined as pressure increased. Dynamic rheological analysis revealed that HHP-treated gels exhibited enhanced elasticity and viscosity, accompanied with a dense and highly homogeneous network structure. The subunit composition involved in gel formation changed notably after HHP treatment, and the number of participating proteins and the content of free sulfhydryl groups decreased with increasing pressure (100 MPa<300 MPa<PPI<600 MPa). The water-holding capacity of HHP-treated gels improved, following the trend of 600 MPa>100 MPa>PPI>300 MPa. Dynamic rheological results further confirmed that in all samples, the storage modulus exceeded the loss modulus, indicating a predominantly elastic gel network. Freezing disrupted the gel structure under all treatments, reducing surface smoothness, and gel hardness before and after freezing decreased progressively with increasing pressure. Soluble protein content followed the order of 100 MPa<300 MPa<PPI<600 MPa. After freezing, the total thiol content at 100 MPa increased by 0.60%, suggesting increased protein participation in gel formation and extensive disulfide bond formation at this pressure. Water distribution and differential scanning calorimetry analyses demonstrated that ice crystal formation at 100 MPa caused minimal structural damage, with only slight alterations in water distribution. The enthalpy change in the HHP-treated gels had decreased significantly compared with that in the control, as follows: 3.54% at 100 MPa, 1.79% at 300 MPa, and 9.46% at 600 MPa. In summary, among gels, the pea protein gel treated at 100 MPa for 15 min had the best freeze resistance. HHP treatment effectively modulates the gelation mechanism of pea protein, promoting the formation of a fine and compact gel network. It also mitigated structural degradation after freezing and enhances the freeze-thaw stability of pea protein gels. These findings provide valuable insights into the application of HHP for the structural modification of plant proteins and the development of high-quality frozen food products.

, authors=Xudong JIANG1, Yawen ZHANG1, Xingyu MU1, Qiongling CHEN1, Zhenjia CHEN1, 2, *, authorsList=Xudong JIANG, Yawen ZHANG, Xingyu MU, Qiongling CHEN, Zhenjia CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhenjia CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320165977791251225, articleId=1320165975861871365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=高静水压处理对豌豆蛋白凝胶冻藏特性的影响, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究高静水压处理对冻藏条件下豌豆分离蛋白(Pea Protein Isolate,PPI)凝胶理化特性与微观结构的变化规律及机理。本文通过比较三种不同强度的高静水压(100 MPa、15 min;300 MPa、15 min;600 MPa、15 min)处理下的豌豆蛋白热致凝胶冻藏前后凝胶特性、理化性质和微观结构,分析其色差、质构特性、溶解度及亚基组成等。结果表明:与原蛋白相比,高静水压处理后豌豆蛋白凝胶硬度降低,且随压力升高凝胶硬度呈下降趋势;动态流变测试表明高静水压处理后豌豆蛋白凝胶呈现出更强的弹性和粘性特性且具有更为紧密的结构;高静水压处理后豌豆蛋白参与凝胶形成亚基种类有较大差异,且随压力升高,蛋白参与凝胶形成数量和游离巯基呈下降趋势(100 MPa<300 MPa<PPI<600 MPa);高静水压处理后豌豆蛋白凝胶体系对水分束缚的能力有所提升(600 MPa>100 MPa>PPI>300 MPa)。动态流变性能显示在所有样品中,G'在整体上明显高于G'',表明凝胶网络结构富有弹性,具有凝胶结构;经冻藏处理后,4种蛋白凝胶网络结构均被破坏,细腻程度下降;随着压强增加,冻藏前后凝胶硬度均下降趋势,凝胶可溶性蛋白含量结果为(100 MPa<300 MPa<PPI<600 MPa),总巯基含量100 MPa组在冻藏后提高了3.53%,这表明100 MPa条件下凝胶形成过程中参与蛋白数量上升,转化为更多的二硫键;水分分布及差示扫描量热法(Differential Scanning Calorimetry,DSC)显示,100 MPa下冰晶形成未对凝胶结构造成较大破坏,水分分布状态变化较小;焓值显著降低,100 MPa、300 MPa、600 MPa分别较对照组降低了3.54%、1.79%、9.46%。综上所述,在100 MPa、15 min的条件下豌豆蛋白凝胶抗冻性最好。高静水压处理通过改变凝胶形成模式从而形成了更为细腻的凝胶网络结构,同时降低了冻藏后凝胶品质劣变程度,提高了豌豆蛋白的凝胶抗冻性,这为豌豆蛋白高静水压改性以及冷冻食品加工提供新思路。

, authors=蒋旭东1, 张雅玟1, 穆星宇1, 陈琼玲1, 陈振家1, 2, *, authorsList=蒋旭东, 张雅玟, 穆星宇, 陈琼玲, 陈振家, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈振家, authorNote=

蒋旭东(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物蛋白提取分离及修饰改性,E-mail:

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陈振家(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物蛋白提取分离及修饰改性,E-mail:。
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注:PPI表示原蛋白凝胶;F0表示冻前;F1表示冻后;100、300、600分别表示高静水压100、300、600 MPa。

, figureFileSmall=FR1Y7xTz6sWFOhOYJQSQDg==, figureFileBig=xSjPyKAdJmE88aKRXfP7fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165981742285636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165975861871365, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Rheological characteristics of pea protein gel with different ultra-high pressure treatments before and after freezing storage, figureFileSmall=v6sCFFdKVnNtkrd+9ZKImA==, figureFileBig=9Vbomy0j1sYHA/g4k2gLHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165981805200197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165975861871365, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同高静水压处理的豌豆蛋白凝胶冻藏前后流变特性

注:a~d分别表示PPI与100、300、600 MPa组。

, figureFileSmall=v6sCFFdKVnNtkrd+9ZKImA==, figureFileBig=9Vbomy0j1sYHA/g4k2gLHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165981880697670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165975861871365, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Hardness and springiness of pea protein gels with different ultra-high pressure treatments before and after frozen storage, figureFileSmall=IbUDd1R/haIefkUNrnmnvQ==, figureFileBig=eZanJjDgSBJ5BI5ZS2AlPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165981943612231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165975861871365, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同高静水压处理的豌豆蛋白凝胶冻藏前后的硬度及弹性

注:F0:未冻藏;F1:−18 ℃冻藏24 h;图中不同字母表示数据有显著性差异,P<0.05;图4、图6、图8同。

, figureFileSmall=IbUDd1R/haIefkUNrnmnvQ==, figureFileBig=eZanJjDgSBJ5BI5ZS2AlPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165982027498312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165975861871365, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Soluble protein content of pea protein gel before and after different ultra-high pressure treatments, figureFileSmall=7xua5TWViKtDL4aFwlbj6w==, figureFileBig=HlhY7y0ZwvMRUzhuh6YqCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165982090412873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165975861871365, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同高静水压处理的豌豆蛋白凝胶冻藏前后的可溶性蛋白含量, figureFileSmall=7xua5TWViKtDL4aFwlbj6w==, figureFileBig=HlhY7y0ZwvMRUzhuh6YqCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165982170104650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165975861871365, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Electrophoresis patterns of proteins treated with different ultra-high pressure before and after frozen storage, figureFileSmall=0ztqq8yfVQHsggUscCMA3A==, figureFileBig=iDf1AC7z8mX5+ML2Th8Xdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165982253990731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165975861871365, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同高静水压处理蛋白凝胶冻藏前后电泳图谱

注:a为非还原电泳;b为还原电泳;2-ME 为β-巯基乙醇;M为低分子量蛋白质Marker;泳道1~24分别为冻前原蛋白凝胶;冻前原蛋白凝胶上清;冻前原蛋白凝胶沉淀;冻后原蛋白凝胶;冻后原蛋白凝胶上清;冻后原蛋白凝胶沉淀;冻前100 MPa蛋白凝胶;冻前100 MPa凝胶上清;冻前100 MPa凝胶沉淀;冻后100 MPa凝胶;冻后100 MPa凝胶上清;冻后100 MPa凝胶沉淀;冻前300 MPa蛋白凝胶;冻前300 MPa凝胶上清;冻前300 MPa凝胶沉淀;冻后300 MPa凝胶;冻后300 MPa凝胶上清;冻后300 MPa凝胶沉淀;冻前600 MPa蛋白凝胶;冻前600 MPa凝胶上清;冻前600 MPa凝胶沉淀;冻后600 MPa凝胶;冻后600 MPa凝胶上清;冻后600 MPa凝胶沉淀。

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Effects of different ultra-high pressure treatments on color difference of pea protein gel before and after frozen storage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品LabWI
PPI F030.21±0.08f−1.13±0.01d2.38±0.07f30.16±0.08fg
PPI F129.71±0.04g−1.27±0.02f2.53±0.11e29.95±0.14g
100 F030.68±0.05e−1.34±0.01g2.89±0.01d30.61±0.05e
100 F130.36±0.39e−1.38±0.03g2.24±0.08g30.31±0.39ef
300 F032.42±0.06c−0.52±0.03b3.03±0.09c32.40±0.22c
300 F131.48±0.13d−0.88±0.02c5.97±0.07a31.40±0.22d
600 F036.59±0.04a−0.43±0.01a3.36±0.04b36.49±0.04a
600 F133.12±0.02b−1.18±0.05e3.25±0.02b33.03±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1320165984971899733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165975861871365, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同高静水压处理对豌豆蛋白凝胶冻藏前后色差的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品LabWI
PPI F030.21±0.08f−1.13±0.01d2.38±0.07f30.16±0.08fg
PPI F129.71±0.04g−1.27±0.02f2.53±0.11e29.95±0.14g
100 F030.68±0.05e−1.34±0.01g2.89±0.01d30.61±0.05e
100 F130.36±0.39e−1.38±0.03g2.24±0.08g30.31±0.39ef
300 F032.42±0.06c−0.52±0.03b3.03±0.09c32.40±0.22c
300 F131.48±0.13d−0.88±0.02c5.97±0.07a31.40±0.22d
600 F036.59±0.04a−0.43±0.01a3.36±0.04b36.49±0.04a
600 F133.12±0.02b−1.18±0.05e3.25±0.02b33.03±0.02b
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高静水压处理对豌豆蛋白凝胶冻藏特性的影响
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蒋旭东 1 , 张雅玟 1 , 穆星宇 1 , 陈琼玲 1 , 陈振家 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(14): 26-35
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (14) : 26 -35
高静水压处理对豌豆蛋白凝胶冻藏特性的影响
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[Author(id=1320165979611579169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165975861871365, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=j1292041410@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320165979682882339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165975861871365, authorId=1320165979611579169, language=EN, stringName=Xudong JIANG, firstName=Xudong, middleName=null, lastName=JIANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320165979762574116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165975861871365, authorId=1320165979611579169, language=CN, stringName=蒋旭东, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山西晋中 030801, bio={"content":"

蒋旭东(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物蛋白提取分离及修饰改性,E-mail:

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蒋旭东(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物蛋白提取分离及修饰改性,E-mail:

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蒋旭东1 , 张雅玟1, 穆星宇1, 陈琼玲1, 陈振家1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山西晋中 030801
  • 2山西省后稷实验室,山西晋中 030801
通讯作者:
陈振家(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物蛋白提取分离及修饰改性,E-mail:。
作者简介:

蒋旭东(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物蛋白提取分离及修饰改性,E-mail:

Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment on Freezing Properties of Pea Protein Gels
Xudong JIANG1 , Yawen ZHANG1, Xingyu MU1, Qiongling CHEN1, Zhenjia CHEN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
  • 2Hou Ji Laboratory in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030801, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110036
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为研究高静水压处理对冻藏条件下豌豆分离蛋白(Pea Protein Isolate,PPI)凝胶理化特性与微观结构的变化规律及机理。本文通过比较三种不同强度的高静水压(100 MPa、15 min;300 MPa、15 min;600 MPa、15 min)处理下的豌豆蛋白热致凝胶冻藏前后凝胶特性、理化性质和微观结构,分析其色差、质构特性、溶解度及亚基组成等。结果表明:与原蛋白相比,高静水压处理后豌豆蛋白凝胶硬度降低,且随压力升高凝胶硬度呈下降趋势;动态流变测试表明高静水压处理后豌豆蛋白凝胶呈现出更强的弹性和粘性特性且具有更为紧密的结构;高静水压处理后豌豆蛋白参与凝胶形成亚基种类有较大差异,且随压力升高,蛋白参与凝胶形成数量和游离巯基呈下降趋势(100 MPa<300 MPa<PPI<600 MPa);高静水压处理后豌豆蛋白凝胶体系对水分束缚的能力有所提升(600 MPa>100 MPa>PPI>300 MPa)。动态流变性能显示在所有样品中,G'在整体上明显高于G'',表明凝胶网络结构富有弹性,具有凝胶结构;经冻藏处理后,4种蛋白凝胶网络结构均被破坏,细腻程度下降;随着压强增加,冻藏前后凝胶硬度均下降趋势,凝胶可溶性蛋白含量结果为(100 MPa<300 MPa<PPI<600 MPa),总巯基含量100 MPa组在冻藏后提高了3.53%,这表明100 MPa条件下凝胶形成过程中参与蛋白数量上升,转化为更多的二硫键;水分分布及差示扫描量热法(Differential Scanning Calorimetry,DSC)显示,100 MPa下冰晶形成未对凝胶结构造成较大破坏,水分分布状态变化较小;焓值显著降低,100 MPa、300 MPa、600 MPa分别较对照组降低了3.54%、1.79%、9.46%。综上所述,在100 MPa、15 min的条件下豌豆蛋白凝胶抗冻性最好。高静水压处理通过改变凝胶形成模式从而形成了更为细腻的凝胶网络结构,同时降低了冻藏后凝胶品质劣变程度,提高了豌豆蛋白的凝胶抗冻性,这为豌豆蛋白高静水压改性以及冷冻食品加工提供新思路。

高静水压  /  豌豆蛋白  /  凝胶  /  冻藏特性

This study investigated the effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment on the physicochemical properties and microstructure of frozen pea protein gels and elucidated the underlying gelation mechanisms. Heat-induced pea protein gels were subjected to three HHP conditions (100, 300, and 600 MPa for 15 min each) and evaluated in terms of their color, textural attributes, solubility, and subunit composition before and after freezing. Compared with the native pea protein isolate (PPI), HHP-treated gels demonstrated significantly reduced gel hardness, which gradually declined as pressure increased. Dynamic rheological analysis revealed that HHP-treated gels exhibited enhanced elasticity and viscosity, accompanied with a dense and highly homogeneous network structure. The subunit composition involved in gel formation changed notably after HHP treatment, and the number of participating proteins and the content of free sulfhydryl groups decreased with increasing pressure (100 MPa<300 MPa<PPI<600 MPa). The water-holding capacity of HHP-treated gels improved, following the trend of 600 MPa>100 MPa>PPI>300 MPa. Dynamic rheological results further confirmed that in all samples, the storage modulus exceeded the loss modulus, indicating a predominantly elastic gel network. Freezing disrupted the gel structure under all treatments, reducing surface smoothness, and gel hardness before and after freezing decreased progressively with increasing pressure. Soluble protein content followed the order of 100 MPa<300 MPa<PPI<600 MPa. After freezing, the total thiol content at 100 MPa increased by 0.60%, suggesting increased protein participation in gel formation and extensive disulfide bond formation at this pressure. Water distribution and differential scanning calorimetry analyses demonstrated that ice crystal formation at 100 MPa caused minimal structural damage, with only slight alterations in water distribution. The enthalpy change in the HHP-treated gels had decreased significantly compared with that in the control, as follows: 3.54% at 100 MPa, 1.79% at 300 MPa, and 9.46% at 600 MPa. In summary, among gels, the pea protein gel treated at 100 MPa for 15 min had the best freeze resistance. HHP treatment effectively modulates the gelation mechanism of pea protein, promoting the formation of a fine and compact gel network. It also mitigated structural degradation after freezing and enhances the freeze-thaw stability of pea protein gels. These findings provide valuable insights into the application of HHP for the structural modification of plant proteins and the development of high-quality frozen food products.

high hydrostatic pressure  /  pea protein  /  gel  /  frozen storage characteristics
蒋旭东, 张雅玟, 穆星宇, 陈琼玲, 陈振家. 高静水压处理对豌豆蛋白凝胶冻藏特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 26 -35 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110036
Xudong JIANG, Yawen ZHANG, Xingyu MU, Qiongling CHEN, Zhenjia CHEN. Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment on Freezing Properties of Pea Protein Gels[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 26 -35 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110036
随着消费者对高蛋白食品需求的增加,植物蛋白凝胶作为现有动物蛋白凝胶食品(如果冻和酸奶)的替代品需求量也在逐渐增加。豌豆蛋白(Pea Protein)的主要组成是球蛋白,占总蛋白质的70%~80%[1],许多球状蛋白质具有胶凝能力,因此除了提供营养价值外,还用于给予食物特殊的结构和质地。豌豆越来越多地被用作蛋白质来源,这主要是由于它能够在全球范围内生长。豌豆含有大约25%的蛋白质,这些蛋白质在食品工业中有多种应用,例如乳化、凝胶化和质地改善,这使得豌豆蛋白受欢迎程度提高[2]。豌豆蛋白凝胶(Pea Protein Gel)的形成通常以热处理作为辅助手段,当蛋白浓度达到临界凝胶浓度时,其埋藏的化学基团(包括疏水基团和巯基基团)暴露出来,这些功能基团通过增强蛋白分子之间的相互作用而引起豌豆分离蛋白(Pea Protein Isolate,PPI)分子的聚集[3]。冷却后,蛋白质聚集形成由疏水相互作用、二硫键、静电相互作用和氢键连接的三维凝胶网络。一般认为,凝胶网络结构是基于蛋白质与蛋白质,蛋白质与水及邻近肽链间的引力和斥力相互达到平衡的结果。
冷冻是一种延长食品货架期和保持食品品质的典型方法[4]。冷冻技术广泛应用于肉类及鱼制品的保鲜。水冻结会破坏鱼类蛋白质链疏水侧周围的有序水结构,水结构的断裂会破坏支持各种蛋白质天然构象的水介导的疏水/亲水键,这直接导致蛋白质构象的变化,随后发生蛋白质聚集反应。PPI作为凝胶剂被广泛应用于改善肉制品的质构和保水性,如鱼类产品[5−7]、鸡肉产品[8]、鸭肉产品[9]、牛肉产品[10]及猪肉产品[11]等。然而,在冻藏储存过程中,温度波动频繁发生,凝胶网络中的水在冻藏储存期间转化为冰晶[12]。贮藏过程中冰晶的生长和重结晶可能导致凝胶发生不可逆的品质劣化,如失水、褪色、质构退化和异味[13−14]。这种现象破坏了原有的结构,诱导细胞结构的形成,降低了冻藏食品的感官质量。在冷冻过程中,凝胶基质内形成的冰晶可能导致蛋白质凝胶结构发生变化,影响其微观结构和纹理,可能导致其持水能力下降和凝胶硬度增加,最终影响凝胶质量。豌豆蛋白凝胶在冻藏过程中会发生品质劣化,需要通过改性来提高其抗冻性,因此,提高豌豆蛋白凝胶的抗冻性是扩大其在食品冻藏中应用的关键。
高静水压(High Hydrostatic Pressure,HHP)处理是一种新型的食品加工方法,主要是通过水或油等压力媒介完成压力的传导,进而完成对原材料的处理,使原材料分子在高静水压力状态下发生变形,实现分子的杀菌、改性[15]。压力会改变蛋白质的结构、构象和理化特性,因此可以通过HHP来定制食品中蛋白质功能特性[16]。Queiros等[17]发现HHP处理增加了豌豆蛋白和大豆分离蛋白的溶解度和表面疏水性,且表面疏水性随着压力的增加而增加,其增加与压力和保压时间的增加相关。宋晓玥等[18]发现300 MPa下超高压处理可以改变肌原纤维蛋白的结构,显著提高了牦牛肉的嫩度,同时延长了产品的货架期。王娣等[19]通过单因素及响应面试验优化了超高压处理核桃蛋白的最佳条件,表明188 MPa处理14 min条件下溶解度最优,使得核桃蛋白构象变得更加松散和灵活。雷一铭等[20]通过系统研究同压力下高静水压处理对豌豆蛋白结构与功能特性,发现100 MPa处理后豌豆蛋白的亲水性增强,部分蛋白聚集体解离,粒径减小,胶体稳定性提升,而在300和600 MPa处理后豌豆蛋白疏水基团暴露增多,溶解度下降,蛋白聚集趋势增强,蛋白溶液黏度增加,使得蛋白结构更加有序,表现出明显的变性效应。
为解决在冻藏过程中豌豆蛋白凝胶失水严重、凝胶强度差等品质劣化的问题,制备具有更好抗冻性、质构特性和流变性能的豌豆蛋白凝胶。本研究采用HHP技术处理豌豆蛋白,探究HHP处理对豌豆蛋白凝胶冻藏特性的影响,分析其对凝胶质构、微观结构及其相关特性,明确HHP技术提升豌豆蛋白凝胶抗冻性的机制,为抗冻性植物蛋白凝胶的开发提供理论指导。这项研究有望填补关于抗冻型豌豆蛋白凝胶形成及其流变和质构性能受不同强度高静水压加工条件影响的知识空白。这为豌豆蛋白功能性提升以及在冷冻食品加工中的应用提供了新思路。
‘汾豌豆1号’ 由山西省农业科学院经济作物研究所提供;焦亚硫酸钠、氢氧化钠、尿素、溴化钾、乙二胺四乙酸二钠、硫酸铜、硫酸钾、十二水和磷酸氢二钠、氯化钠、二水合磷酸二氢钠 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;考马斯亮蓝G250、牛血清蛋白、β-巯基乙醇、低分子量蛋白标样(14.4~97.4 kDa)、二硫赤藓糖醇、过硫酸铵、四乙基乙二胺、甘氨酸、溴酚蓝、SDS 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;甲叉双丙烯酰胺 生工生物工程股份有限公司;无水乙醇、冰乙酸、石油醚 天津市北辰方正试剂厂;二硫代二硝基苯甲酸 上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司;其他化学试剂均为分析纯。
600/10 C L 150型超高压食品灭菌设备 山西三水河科技有限公司;IKA型高速剪切均质仪 德国IKA集团;JJ-1型大功率电动搅拌器 常州国华电器有限公司;DF-101S集热式恒温加热磁力搅拌器 巩义市科华仪器设备有限公司;HC-2064型高速离心机、KDC-1044L大容量低速离心机 安徽中科中佳科学仪器有限公司;DY89-II型电动玻璃匀浆机、SCIENTZ-18N型冷冻干燥机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;UV-1200型可见分光光度计 上海美谱达仪器有限公司;DYY-7C型电泳仪 北京市六一仪器厂;AgilentCarry60型紫外-可见分光光度计 安捷伦科技有限公司;CM-5型色差仪 柯尼卡美能达公司;MCR-302型流变仪 奥地利安东帕公司;DSC显微系统 梅特勒-托利多集团;NMI20-025V型低场核磁共振波谱 上海纽迈电子科技有限公司;TMS Pro型质构仪 美国FTC公司;JSM-7500F型冷场发射扫描电子显微镜 JEOL日本电子有限公司。
将豌豆高速粉碎过60目筛后,按照料液比1:5(W/V)加入石油醚,室温下搅拌4 h,过滤去除石油醚与油脂的混合上清液后,将沉淀放置通风橱内,待石油醚完全挥发后得脱脂豌豆粉。参考王忠合等[21]方法将水与脱脂豌豆粉以料液比1:15(W/V)的比例混合,调pH至9.0搅拌2 h后,经两层纱布过滤,滤液调酸至pH4.5,静置30 min后,1000×g离心5 min,得到豌豆蛋白沉淀;在豌豆蛋白沉淀中加水复溶至蛋白质量分数为4%,碱调pH至7.0、15000 r/min剪切均质5 min后,真空冷冻干燥得到豌豆蛋白。
配制3%(W/V)的豌豆蛋白溶液,室温下搅拌1 h后离心(4000×g、15 min)后,将上清液装入真空袋内,密封后进行高静水压处理(100 MPa、15 min;300 MPa、15 min;600 MPa、15 min),处理后经真空冷冻干燥得到高静水压处理豌豆蛋白。
参考陈振家[22]的方法,配制15%(W/V)的蛋白溶液,在室温下搅拌2 h,后进行离心(1000×g,5 min),以起到去除泡沫的作用。将搅拌好的蛋白溶液放入体积为10 mL,直径为1.6 cm的一次性使用无菌针管内,使用橡胶活塞对注射器下端进行密封,使用保鲜膜对注射器开口处进行密封。将装入蛋白溶液的注射器放在95 ℃水浴锅中煮沸1 h,之后迅速放入冰水浴中,冷却15 min。经冷却的蛋白凝胶放入4 ℃冰箱中冷藏过夜,之后,放入−18 ℃冰箱冻藏24 h。
取出制备好的凝胶静置至室温,用小刀切取高10 mm,直径16 mm的圆柱形凝胶块。参考Santana等[23]的方法,使用CM-5型色差仪测量凝胶样品的颜色属性,光源采用D65,照明光源为脉冲氚灯,并用以下公式计算白度。
$ \text{WI}=\sqrt{{(100-L)}^{2}+{{a}}^{2}+{b}^{2}} $
式中,L、a和b分别表示亮度、红绿和黄蓝颜色等级。
参考Liang等[24]的方法并稍加修改。制备8%(W/V)豌豆蛋白溶液,在室温下搅拌2 h,放置50 mL离心管中于1000 r/min 离心5 min以去除泡沫。取3 mL样品均匀地分布在Anton Paar流变仪平板(PP50)之间,将顶板降至1 mm的间隙,边缘加入低黏度硅油,以防止加热过程中水分蒸发。样品以0.5%的应变和1 Hz的频率进行振动。从30 ℃到95 ℃以5 ℃/min的速度进行热处理,然后在95 ℃下保温10 min,然后以5 ℃/min的速度冷却到30 ℃。记录储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')随温度和时间的变化。
取出制备好的凝胶进行解冻,待凝胶恢复室温后,切取高度为1 cm,直径为1.6 cm的圆柱型凝胶。参考Mi等[25]的方法,使用质构仪进行检测。采用探头型号为 TA41,设置探头回升到样品表面的高度为15 mm,起始力为0.03 N,向下压缩50%,每个试验样品重复5次。测定凝胶的硬度。
利用考马斯亮蓝法测定凝胶中可溶性蛋白的含量[26]。将取出的凝胶恢复至室温后,称取1.2 g凝胶溶于60 mL蒸馏水。然后放入电动玻璃匀浆机内破碎,后放入磁力搅拌器中在室温下搅拌1 h,进行离心(10000×g,10 min)。利用分光光度计在595 nm下进行可溶性蛋白含量的测定,以牛血清蛋白为标准曲线计算可溶性蛋白含量。
参考Li等[27]的方法进行十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)。将制备凝胶恢复至室温后,称取2 g凝胶溶于15 mL蒸馏水中,放入磁力搅拌器中在室温下搅拌1 h,进行离心(10000×g,10 min)。对离心后的上清液、沉淀以及未离心的溶液进行冷冻干燥。制得的浓缩胶浓度为5%,分离胶浓度为12%。上样量为6 μL,浓缩胶电压为100 V,分离胶的电压为150 V。电泳结束后,将胶片放入固定液中固定4 h,在染色液中染色3 h,放入水中进行脱色。直至底色基本脱去后扫描成像,分析图谱还原电泳需在样品中添加2%的β-巯基乙醇,且振荡均匀。
参考REN等[28]的方法。将取出的凝胶恢复至室温后,称取1.2 g凝胶溶于60 mL反应缓冲液B(0.1 mol/L pH为8.0磷酸钠缓冲液,含1 mmol/L EDTA,8 mol/L尿素)中,放入磁力搅拌器中在室温下搅拌1 h,进行离心10000×g,10 min)。取5.5 mL上清液中加入0.1 mL Ellman's试剂,振荡均匀后,避光保存15 min,412 nm处测得吸光值。
通过 NMI20-025V型低场核磁共振波谱仪进行凝胶水分分布的测定,参考Min等[29]的方法。取出制备好的凝胶进行解冻,待凝胶恢复室温后,利用小刀切取3 g左右的凝胶装入核磁管放入磁体箱内,进入CPMG序列,磁体温度为32 ℃,对该样品设置合理的序列参数。设置采样点数59990,采样频率为100 kHz,重复采样等待时间2000 ms,累加采样次数4,模拟增益20 dB,数字增益5,回波时间0.3 ms,回波个数2000进行检测。
参考Palazolo等[30]的方法。将制备好的凝胶恢复至室温后,取5 mg凝胶放入热分析铝盘中,密封后放入差示扫描量热仪中冷却至−40 ℃并恒温15 min,此后以5 ℃/min的速率升温至20 ℃,绘制加热过程中的热流变化曲线。
将凝胶样品切成片状(5 mm×5 mm×1 mm)后冷冻干燥48 h。样品形貌通过扫描电镜来观察,加速电压为15 kV。
实验重复三次,用平均值±标准差表示,数据统计分析使用SPSS软件进行方差分析,用Duncan法对数据进行单因素方差分析,利用 Origin 8.0软件作图,显著水平为P<0.05。
颜色作为一种重要的感官特性,会影响消费者的接受程度[31]。L表示亮度,a代表从绿色到红色的色彩轴,b代表从蓝色到黄色的色彩轴,WI是3个值一起定义了一个颜色的绝对位置,较高的WI值通常表明凝胶更加白皙、明亮,这通常与凝胶的表面细腻度密切相关[32]。
由图1和表1可知,高静水压处理前后的豌豆蛋白在15%浓度下均能形成牢固的凝胶,冻前的凝胶更细腻,表面较平整,随着压力增加,凝胶的L和WI升高,颜色逐渐变亮,表面的小颗粒聚集体增多;同时,未经冻藏处理的凝胶,随着压力的增加,a值逐渐降低,这也与Peyrano等[32]的研究结果相似。高静水压处理后豌豆蛋白凝胶色差的增大通常是蛋白质的变性、微结构变化等多重因素共同作用的结果。
由表1可知,冻藏后,300 MPa与600 MPa凝胶的白度显著(P<0.05)下降,表明冻前的凝胶包含线性聚集体的有序结构,冻后的凝胶可能含有更大和更无规则的颗粒聚集体[33]。蛋白质的变性或聚集使得凝胶的结构变得更加不均匀,导致光的散射效果减弱,表现为白度的降低。
图2显示了在凝胶形成的整个过程中,包括加热、恒温和冷却过程中G'和G''随时间的变化。结果表明:在所有样品中,G'在整体上高于G'',表明凝胶状网络结构具有弹性[34]。
如图2所示,四种蛋白在开始加热过程中G'先升高后降低,G''缓慢降低,先后相交两次。在升温过程中,G'和G''首次相交的温度为豌豆蛋白的胶凝点,即蛋白从流动状态转变为胶凝态的关键温度。PPI、100 MPa、300 MPa和600 MPa的胶凝点分别出现在41 ℃、56 ℃、50 ℃和42.5 ℃左右。
在继续加热过程中,G'和G''第二次相交的温度反映了豌豆蛋白的进一步转变,PPI、100 MPa、300 MPa和600 MPa第二次相交的温度分别出现在82 ℃、66.5 ℃、80 ℃和81.5 ℃附近,标志着豌豆蛋白的进一步转变,如分子间相互作用的变化或交联反应的发生[35]。
在温度保持阶段,G'和G''均急剧升高,表明豌豆蛋白的胶凝或交联反应在此阶段加速,分子网络进一步形成和强化,导致其弹性和粘性行为增强。这一现象的发生可能与高温下分子链的相互作用加强、二硫键或共价键的形成有关,进一步加强了豌豆蛋白凝胶的网络结构,提升了其流变特性[36]。
在冷却阶段,4种豌豆蛋白的G'和G''均表现出缓慢升高的趋势,表明蛋白凝胶在冷却过程中逐渐恢复其结构稳定性,分子链之间通过氢键的形成来逐步增强凝胶网络结构。冷却阶段G'和G''的差值表现为600 MPa>300 MPa>100 MPa>PPI,表明此时PPI的结构相对较松散,弹性和粘性较为平衡,高静水压处理后豌豆蛋白凝胶具有更为紧密的结构,弹性主导性更强,显示出较大的弹性和粘性差异。
质构是评价蛋白凝胶的重要方法之一,凝胶的质构特性直接关系食品的品质[29]。由图3可知,冻藏前经高静水压处理后,随着压强增加,豌豆蛋白凝胶硬度降低,弹性降低;冻藏后,4种豌豆蛋白凝胶的硬度均呈下降趋势,其中原蛋白的凝胶硬度下降幅度最大,100 MPa次之,再其次是300 MPa,600 MPa无显著性差异;凝胶硬度通常与凝胶的三维网络结构的稳定性和紧密性相关。凝胶内部的分子相互作用以及交联程度会直接影响凝胶的硬度。硬度较高的凝胶通常意味着其交联程度较高,分子间的相互作用力较强,凝胶网络中链的刚性较强[37]。疏水作用、氢键、静电相互作用等都能促进蛋白质分子形成紧密的网络结构,从而增强凝胶的硬度[38]。Zhang等[39]发现,高压处理(100~200 MPa)破坏了蛋白质结构的稳定性,从而促进了更强的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用,有助于形成均匀的凝胶微观结构。冻藏过程中,凝胶中的水分会结晶形成冰晶。冰晶形成造成的体积增大会破坏凝胶的网络结构。大的冰晶会物理性地破坏凝胶的网络结构,尤其是在凝胶内部形成裂纹或微裂缝,从而导致凝胶的硬度显著降低。
通过质构分析获得的弹性代表豌豆蛋白凝胶在压缩周期内恢复的能力和程度[40]。冻藏前,随着压力的增加,经100 MPa处理后豌豆蛋白凝胶与原蛋白的弹性相比未发生显著变化,而300 MPa和600 MPa显著降低(P<0.05)。这说明经100 MPa处理后的豌豆蛋白凝胶,在首次压缩后仍保持了形状,弹性较好。冻藏后,原蛋白、100 MPa、300 MPa的弹性相比于冻藏前显著降低(P<0.05),而600 MPa的弹性相比于冻藏前显著升高(P<0.05),100 MPa可能是由于经高静水压处理后形成更强韧且弹性更强的网络。
蛋白凝胶的可溶性蛋白含量是指在凝胶形成过程中,蛋白凝胶中保持可溶的蛋白质部分,由于这些蛋白未参与凝胶网络构成,因此可以通过其数量大小来表明参与凝胶网络结构的蛋白数量。由图4可知,冻藏处理前,高静水压处理前后凝胶可溶蛋白含量之间有显著差异(P<0.05),其中100 MPa<300 MPa<PPI<600 MPa,这表明100 MPa条件下凝胶形成过程中参与蛋白数量最多,600 MPa最少。
与冻藏前相比,冻后凝胶的可溶性蛋白含量均显著降低(P<0.05),表明冻后随冰晶形成,凝胶结构发生重排,部分可溶性蛋白重新缔结到网络结构中。此外,冻藏过程中,蛋白质可能由于温度的变化而发生部分变性,冻藏过程中的这些物理和化学变化会破坏蛋白质的溶解性,使其转化为不溶性的形式,进而降低凝胶中可溶蛋白的含量[41]。
为进一步了解凝胶形成过程中亚基参与数量和种类上的差异性,本研究对凝胶、凝胶可溶蛋白和凝胶沉淀进行了SDS-PAGE分析。其中凝胶代表全蛋白亚基、可溶蛋白代表未参与凝胶形成蛋白亚基,而凝胶沉淀则代表参与凝胶形成的蛋白亚基。由图5a、图5b可知,PPI凝胶冻藏前后的电泳图谱相似。
非还原电泳图谱中,凝胶可溶蛋白条带中α-豌豆球蛋白条带颜色很浅,说明α-豌豆球蛋白大部分参与了凝胶形成[42]。高静水压处理凝胶亚基组成相似,凝胶冻后处理的亚基条带也相似。
还原电泳图谱中,原蛋白凝胶沉淀电泳条带与凝胶电泳条带相似,几乎所有亚基都参与了凝胶形成。其中可溶蛋白图谱中主要有豌豆伴球蛋白和α-豌豆球蛋白组成[43]。这说明脂肪氧化酶、豌豆球蛋白和β-豌豆球蛋白大部分参与了凝胶形成,而豌豆伴球蛋白和α-豌豆球蛋白只有少部分参与了凝胶形成。高静水压处理较大程度上改变了亚基的凝胶参与度。其中高静水压处理(100 MPa和300 MPa)后可溶蛋白亚基组成与凝胶和凝胶沉淀几乎相似,结合凝胶可溶性蛋白含量的数据说明高静水压处理(100 MPa和300MPa)增加了豌豆伴球蛋白和α-豌豆球蛋白参与凝胶形成的数量。而高静水压处理(600 MPa)凝胶形成参与亚基又与原蛋白凝胶相似,这说明600 MPa高压又增加了脂肪氧化酶、豌豆球蛋白和β-豌豆球蛋白参与了凝胶形成的数量。原蛋白和600 MPa高压处理豌豆蛋白冻藏前后凝胶亚基组成相似,而高静水压处理(100 MPa和300 MPa)中,凝胶冻藏后可溶蛋白亚基中脂肪氧化酶、豌豆球蛋白和β-豌豆球蛋白含量减少,这说明冻藏处理使得原本可溶的脂肪氧化酶、豌豆球蛋白和β-豌豆球蛋白通过结构重排参与凝胶链中或形成不溶性聚集体。
如图6所示,冻藏处理前,与PPI凝胶总巯基含量相比,高静水压处理后,豌豆蛋白凝胶总巯基含量显著降低(P<0.05),其中PPI>100 MPa>300 MPa>600 MPa。高静水压处理会引起蛋白质分子的变性,导致部分巯基的暴露或交联反应。高压处理可能使蛋白质中的部分巯基形成二硫键,从而减少巯基的数量,尤其是那些参与形成交联结构的巯基。总体来看,高静水压处理可能通过改变蛋白质的三维结构,促进巯基交联,从而减少游离巯基的数量。
冻藏处理后,PPI蛋白凝胶总巯基含量下降,100 MPa与600 MPa含量较各自冻藏前分别上升了3.53%和4.38%,300 MPa含量无显著性差异。冻藏过程中,水分的结冰可能对PPI的凝胶网络结构产生了一定的影响,水分结冰可能导致蛋白质分子间的相互作用发生变化。PPI总巯基含量显著降低可能是由于冷冻过程中PPI蛋白分子的某些部分发生了轻微的解折叠,这些部分的巯基暴露后可能发生了交联或聚集,从而减少了可用的自由巯基数量,导致总巯基值显著降低。对于100 MPa和600 MPa的总巯基含量的升高是因为凝胶体系中部分二硫键断裂,导致新的巯基暴露。
由图7可知,所有的凝胶中,在大约0.1~1 ms(T2b)、1~10 ms(T21)、30~200 ms(T22)和200~1000 ms(T23),出现了3~4个不同的水存在状态。这4个群体分别被分配到凝胶系统中的3种水状态,即结合水、固定水和自由水[44]。
弛豫时间(T2b和T21)较短的原因是大分子结构中的结合水与大分子紧密结合。虽然T2b和T21都是由结合水引起的,但水分子与非水组分之间的结合程度不同导致弛豫时间峰值的差异。由图7可知,4种蛋白凝胶体系对水分束缚的能力大小排序为:600 MPa>100 MPa>PPI>300 MPa。
豌豆蛋白凝胶经冻藏后,峰宽增大,水分自由度增加,但大部分水分仍被凝胶网络所束缚,弛豫时间的分布变化较小,说明100 MPa和600 MPa豌豆蛋白凝胶冻藏前后,冰晶形成未对凝胶结构造成较大破坏,水分分布状态变化较小。但冻藏后300 MPa豌豆蛋白凝胶的水分分布峰分化为2个峰,这一结果说明由于冻藏造成了冰晶的形成与生长,导致凝胶网络结构受到损伤;解冻后,水和蛋白分子的结合变得更加松散,部分水分自由度变大并脱离凝胶网络束缚,水的迁移能力增大[45]。由此可知,300 MPa豌豆蛋白凝胶在冻藏过程中,凝胶网络结构的破坏程度最大,冻藏后凝胶体系对水分束缚的能力大幅下降。
图8中吸热峰值代表了豌豆蛋白凝胶中水分由固相转变为液相的相变热,凝胶体系中水分形成冰晶数量越多,焓值越高。由此可见,高静水压处理后豌豆蛋白凝胶的冰晶数量减少,抗冻性能更好,结果为600 MPa>100 MPa>300 MPa>PPI。经高静水压处理后的蛋白焓值显著降低,100、300、600 MPa分别较原蛋白降低了3.54%、1.79%、9.46%。高静水压处理能够改变蛋白质的结构折叠,导致蛋白质分子间的相互作用增强,形成更紧密的网络结构,从而使得水分分布更加均匀,抑制了冰晶的形成。
由图9可知,4种蛋白凝胶呈现出不同的网络结构。冻前PPI凝胶结构均匀致密。随压强增加,孔径逐渐增大[46],具有粗糙和松散的微结构,具有大量空隙,但排列依旧有序。这与2.3中凝胶硬度结果一致。经冻藏处理后,4种豌豆蛋白凝胶网络结构均被破坏,且孔隙逐渐增大,豌豆蛋白凝胶的网络结构细腻程度下降[47]。未经高静水压处理的PPI形成了以较大的孔连接而成的片状结构,孔径显著增大,且孔洞分布很不均匀,形成了更为粗糙和中空的网络结构。高静水压处理后的凝胶结构孔径也有增大的趋势,其中600 MPa处理的凝胶孔径最大,这是由于压力过大会导致分子内键断裂使得过度变性,从而产生不连续的结构[48]。100 MPa下凝胶整体上的结构更为均匀,这说明冻藏过程中冰晶的形成未对凝胶结构造成较大破坏。
冻藏过程中豌豆蛋白凝胶体系中部分可溶蛋白变性,并通过巯基与二硫键的相互转换发生聚集进而转变为不可溶性蛋白,蛋白质凝胶结构发生了重排;同时,冰晶的形成促使豌豆蛋白凝胶的空间网络结构遭到破坏、水分受束缚的程度降低,豌豆蛋白凝胶的空间网络结构遭到破坏,孔径增大,从而导致豌豆蛋白凝胶品质劣变。高静水压处理改变了豌豆蛋白凝胶形成过程中的亚基参与种类和数量、二硫键的参与数量、凝胶形成温度以及热聚集过程中的聚合反应速率,最终改变了豌豆蛋白凝胶形成模式,从而形成了更为细腻的凝胶结构。且随着静水压强的增加,豌豆蛋白凝胶的白度增大,硬度减小,总巯基含量降低。这说明高静水压处理通过改变豌豆蛋白的分子结构和相互作用,导致豌豆蛋白凝胶的光学性质、力学性能及化学特性发生较大变化。高静水压处理后减缓了凝胶冻藏后的结构重排趋势、减少了凝胶体系中冻结水分的数量、降低了冻藏后凝胶结构的粗糙度,这些变化使得高静水压处理在一定程度上改善了豌豆蛋白凝胶的冻藏特性。
目前有关改善蛋白凝胶抗冻性的研究已充分证实了冻藏对蛋白凝胶品质的影响是显著的,部分通过减少冻结过程中凝胶网络中冰晶形成,从而改善凝胶的抗冻性。Chen等[49]通过调节马铃薯蛋白凝胶的pH,来改善马铃薯蛋白凝胶的冷冻过程中品质,阐明了马铃薯蛋白凝胶的抗冻性及其潜在的机制; Hu等[50]探讨了冻融循环对不同11S/7S比值大豆蛋白凝胶结构和品质的影响;也有研究[51]比较了冷冻对大豆分离蛋白、大豆球蛋白和伴大豆球蛋白凝胶的影响。本研究以豌豆蛋白为研究对象,通过引入高静水压处理,进一步丰富了提高蛋白凝胶抗冻性的方式,也为高静水压处理以提升豌豆蛋白凝胶冻藏特性奠定了理论基础,但是由于高静水压处理后,豌豆蛋白过度聚集导致蛋白溶液粘度过高,这对工业化生产是一个较大的制约,下一步是将通过特异酶水解尝试解决这一难题,实现抗冻性和高品质的豌豆蛋白产品的工业化生产,进一步推动豌豆蛋白加工利用的创新与发展。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110036
  • 接收时间:2025-11-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-06
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    1山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山西晋中 030801
    2山西省后稷实验室,山西晋中 030801

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陈振家(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物蛋白提取分离及修饰改性,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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