Article(id=1320881237196132715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762358400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852227733, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852227733, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852227733, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852227733, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=40, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881237410042220, articleId=1320881237196132715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Stabilization Mechanism of a High-protein Fresh Walnut Emulsion: The Role of Mono- and Diglycerides, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To overcome the insufficient nutritional density of plant-based protein emulsions owing to their low protein content, this study utilized fresh walnuts as raw material to develop a high-protein fresh walnut emulsion (FWE). The effects of monoglycerides and diglycerides (MG/DG) on emulsion stability and structural properties were systematically investigated. Multidimensional analyses, including rheological properties, interfacial tension, and microstructural characterization revealed that MG/DG formed a dense interfacial film at the oil-water interface through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, thereby significantly enhancing FWE stability. After adding 0.5% MG/DG, the emulsion exhibited the smallest particle size and lowest interfacial tension, while rheological data indicated optimal network structure strength and stability. However, excessive MG/DG addition (0.6%) induced over-aggregation of MG/DG molecules, which competed for interfacial adsorption and consequently compromised the integrity of the interfacial film. This study elucidates the stabilization mechanism of MG/DG in high-protein plant-based milk bases from interfacial and rheological perspectives, providing a theoretical basis for developing FWE bases.

, authors=Leyi CHEN1, 2, 3, Zixuan HAN1, 2, 3, Zhaotian YANG1, 2, Suxia SHEN1, 2, Ning XU1, 2, Lin ZENG1, 2, Lu ZHANG1, 2, 3, Qin YANG1, 2, Meiran JIN1, 2, Jiali REN4, Yuting LI4, Yan ZHANG1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Leyi CHEN, Zixuan HAN, Zhaotian YANG, Suxia SHEN, Ning XU, Lin ZENG, Lu ZHANG, Qin YANG, Meiran JIN, Jiali REN, Yuting LI, Yan ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881240937451905, articleId=1320881237196132715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于单双脂肪酸甘油酯的高蛋白鲜核桃乳液稳定机制, columnId=1320881080014582693, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏—果蔬基料制造:基础理论、新型加工、质量控制与智能制造(客座主编:徐贞贞、王永涛、李涛;产业顾问:李仁杰), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为改善植物蛋白乳液因蛋白质含量低而导致的营养密度不足问题,本研究以鲜核桃为原料,构建了高蛋白鲜核桃乳液(FWE),系统研究了单双脂肪酸甘油酯(MG/DG)对乳液稳定性与结构特性的影响。从流变学特性、界面张力以及微观结构等多维度分析,发现MG/DG能够在油-水界面通过氢键与疏水作用形成致密界面膜,显著提升FWE稳定性。当添加量为0.5%时,乳液粒径最小、界面张力最低,流变特性显示其网络结构强度与稳定性最佳;过量添加(0.6%)则会因过量MG/DG分子聚集,与界面竞争吸附,导致界面膜完整性下降。本研究从界面与流变学角度阐明了MG/DG对高蛋白植物乳基料的稳定机制,为鲜核桃乳液基料的开发提供了理论依据。

, authors=陈乐奕1, 2, 3, 韩子轩1, 2, 3, 杨兆甜1, 2, 申素霞1, 2, 许柠1, 2, 曾淋1, 2, 张露1, 2, 3, 杨琴1, 2, 金美然1, 2, 任佳丽4, 李雨婷4, 张燕1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=陈乐奕, 韩子轩, 杨兆甜, 申素霞, 许柠, 曾淋, 张露, 杨琴, 金美然, 任佳丽, 李雨婷, 张燕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张燕, authorNote=

陈乐奕(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:

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张燕(1977−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬加工与营养,E-mail:。
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caption=FWE和DWE的SDS-PAGE电泳图谱, figureFileSmall=SXokj+IwkADuOTIAAdxW9w==, figureFileBig=iINHC/ezgrWT7QV7n1tE8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881472400110542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881237196132715, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=TGA thermograms (A) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves (B) of FWE and DWE, figureFileSmall=U8oEyhGGOCTmJMFHu797Ag==, figureFileBig=khUEoO9IllcC8TyXXb7z9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881472580465615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881237196132715, language=CN, label=图2, caption=FWE和DWE的TGA热图(A)和导数热重曲线图(B), figureFileSmall=U8oEyhGGOCTmJMFHu797Ag==, figureFileBig=khUEoO9IllcC8TyXXb7z9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881472651768784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881237196132715, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of MG/DG concentration on the Zeta potential (A), particle size (B), and transmittance (C) of FWE, figureFileSmall=xlSlQf+Cbg+T0D6sFlGc3Q==, figureFileBig=7D2A+IWkJlSo2TSL5YYCaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881472748237777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881237196132715, language=CN, label=图3, caption=MG/DG添加量对FWE的Zeta电位(A)、粒径(B)及透光率(C)的影响

注:实验数据采用均值±标准偏差表示;不同字母表示有显著性差异(Tukey检验,P<0.05)。

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Basic composition analysis of FWE and DWE

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样品蛋白质(g/100 mL)脂肪(g/100 mL)
FWE5.132±0.204*6.477±1.068*
DWE4.930±0.6547.476±1.640
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FWE和DWE的基本组成成分

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样品蛋白质(g/100 mL)脂肪(g/100 mL)
FWE5.132±0.204*6.477±1.068*
DWE4.930±0.6547.476±1.640
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Classification and composition of long-chain fatty acids in FWE and DWE

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类别成分分子式含量(mg/mL)
FWEDWE
饱和脂肪酸月桂酸C12H24O21.055×10−31.005×10−3
肉豆蔻酸C14H28O27.345×10−39.264×10−3
十五烷酸C15H30O24.4325×10−35.075×10−3
棕榈酸C16H32O22.3382.913
十七烷酸C17H34O21.440×10−21.773×10−2
硬脂酸C18H36O28.039×10−19.875×10−1
花生酸C20H40O21.928×10−22.141×10−2
二十二烷酸C22H44O24.915×10−35.414×10−3
芥酸C22H42O23.224×10−23.348×10−2
单不饱和
脂肪酸
棕榈油酸C16H30O21.983×10−22.208×10−2
顺式-10-十七碳烯酸C17H32O28.908×10−31.051×10−2
油酸C18H34O24.6135.545
11C,14C-二十碳二烯酸C20H36O26.736×10−39.125×10−3
多不饱和
脂肪酸
亚油酸C18H32O218.48323.383
γ-亚麻酸C18H30O21.518×10−22.034×10−2
11-二十碳烯酸C20H38O23.806×10−24.398×10−2
亚麻酸C18H30O24.4616.053
总含量30.87239.082
), ArticleFig(id=1320881474115580899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881237196132715, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

FWE与DWE中长链脂肪酸的分类与组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别成分分子式含量(mg/mL)
FWEDWE
饱和脂肪酸月桂酸C12H24O21.055×10−31.005×10−3
肉豆蔻酸C14H28O27.345×10−39.264×10−3
十五烷酸C15H30O24.4325×10−35.075×10−3
棕榈酸C16H32O22.3382.913
十七烷酸C17H34O21.440×10−21.773×10−2
硬脂酸C18H36O28.039×10−19.875×10−1
花生酸C20H40O21.928×10−22.141×10−2
二十二烷酸C22H44O24.915×10−35.414×10−3
芥酸C22H42O23.224×10−23.348×10−2
单不饱和
脂肪酸
棕榈油酸C16H30O21.983×10−22.208×10−2
顺式-10-十七碳烯酸C17H32O28.908×10−31.051×10−2
油酸C18H34O24.6135.545
11C,14C-二十碳二烯酸C20H36O26.736×10−39.125×10−3
多不饱和
脂肪酸
亚油酸C18H32O218.48323.383
γ-亚麻酸C18H30O21.518×10−22.034×10−2
11-二十碳烯酸C20H38O23.806×10−24.398×10−2
亚麻酸C18H30O24.4616.053
总含量30.87239.082
), ArticleFig(id=1320881474191078372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881237196132715, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Cross model fitting of FWE under different MG/DG concentrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MG/DG(%)η0(Pa·s)λ(s)mη∞(Pa·s)R2
00.235310.76721.22530.01260.9953
0.10.03495.62050.92100.01520.9961
0.20.07980.15250.48220.01870.9973
0.30.07300.11581.20620.01590.9958
0.40.21450.57570.99830.01890.9979
0.50.35171.66670.77010.01340.9997
0.61.345411.16341.98210.01910.9925
), ArticleFig(id=1320881474253992933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881237196132715, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同MG/DG添加量下FWE的Corss模型拟合

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MG/DG(%)η0(Pa·s)λ(s)mη∞(Pa·s)R2
00.235310.76721.22530.01260.9953
0.10.03495.62050.92100.01520.9961
0.20.07980.15250.48220.01870.9973
0.30.07300.11581.20620.01590.9958
0.40.21450.57570.99830.01890.9979
0.50.35171.66670.77010.01340.9997
0.61.345411.16341.98210.01910.9925
), ArticleFig(id=1320881474321101798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881237196132715, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Relative sedimentation rate of FWE calculated based on Stokes law

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MG/DG(%) $ \dfrac{{\text{D[4,3]}}^{2}}{{\eta}_{0}} $
0897.83±25.43cd
0.15458.07±171.64a
0.22011.11±65.11b
0.31965.07±162.27bc
0.4155.01±25.91cd
0.554.22±0.42d
0.628.21±0.76d
), ArticleFig(id=1320881474396599271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881237196132715, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

基于斯托克斯定律计算的FWE相对沉降速率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MG/DG(%) $ \dfrac{{\text{D[4,3]}}^{2}}{{\eta}_{0}} $
0897.83±25.43cd
0.15458.07±171.64a
0.22011.11±65.11b
0.31965.07±162.27bc
0.4155.01±25.91cd
0.554.22±0.42d
0.628.21±0.76d
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基于单双脂肪酸甘油酯的高蛋白鲜核桃乳液稳定机制
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陈乐奕 1, 2, 3 , 韩子轩 1, 2, 3 , 杨兆甜 1, 2 , 申素霞 1, 2 , 许柠 1, 2 , 曾淋 1, 2 , 张露 1, 2, 3 , 杨琴 1, 2 , 金美然 1, 2 , 任佳丽 4 , 李雨婷 4 , 张燕 1, 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏—果蔬基料制造:基础理论、新型加工、质量控制与智能制造(客座主编:徐贞贞、王永涛、李涛;产业顾问:李仁杰) 2026,47(17): 40-50
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏—果蔬基料制造:基础理论、新型加工、质量控制与智能制造(客座主编:徐贞贞、王永涛、李涛;产业顾问:李仁杰) 2026 , 47 (17) : 40 -50
基于单双脂肪酸甘油酯的高蛋白鲜核桃乳液稳定机制
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2Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China
3Joint Research Institute of China Agricultural University in Aksu, Aksu 843100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320881464976192380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881237196132715, authorId=1320881464821003127, language=CN, stringName=陈乐奕, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
2中国农业大学三亚研究院,海南三亚 572025
3阿克苏地区中农大联合研究院,新疆阿克苏 843100, bio={"content":"

陈乐奕(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:

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陈乐奕1, 2, 3 , 韩子轩1, 2, 3, 杨兆甜1, 2, 申素霞1, 2, 许柠1, 2, 曾淋1, 2, 张露1, 2, 3, 杨琴1, 2, 金美然1, 2, 任佳丽4, 李雨婷4, 张燕1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2中国农业大学三亚研究院,海南三亚 572025
  • 3阿克苏地区中农大联合研究院,新疆阿克苏 843100
  • 4中南林业科技大学木本油料资源利用全国重点实验室,湖南长沙 410004
通讯作者:
张燕(1977−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬加工与营养,E-mail:。
作者简介:

陈乐奕(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:

Stabilization Mechanism of a High-protein Fresh Walnut Emulsion: The Role of Mono- and Diglycerides
Leyi CHEN1, 2, 3 , Zixuan HAN1, 2, 3, Zhaotian YANG1, 2, Suxia SHEN1, 2, Ning XU1, 2, Lin ZENG1, 2, Lu ZHANG1, 2, 3, Qin YANG1, 2, Meiran JIN1, 2, Jiali REN4, Yuting LI4, Yan ZHANG1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China
  • 3Joint Research Institute of China Agricultural University in Aksu, Aksu 843100, China
  • 4State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110035
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为改善植物蛋白乳液因蛋白质含量低而导致的营养密度不足问题,本研究以鲜核桃为原料,构建了高蛋白鲜核桃乳液(FWE),系统研究了单双脂肪酸甘油酯(MG/DG)对乳液稳定性与结构特性的影响。从流变学特性、界面张力以及微观结构等多维度分析,发现MG/DG能够在油-水界面通过氢键与疏水作用形成致密界面膜,显著提升FWE稳定性。当添加量为0.5%时,乳液粒径最小、界面张力最低,流变特性显示其网络结构强度与稳定性最佳;过量添加(0.6%)则会因过量MG/DG分子聚集,与界面竞争吸附,导致界面膜完整性下降。本研究从界面与流变学角度阐明了MG/DG对高蛋白植物乳基料的稳定机制,为鲜核桃乳液基料的开发提供了理论依据。

鲜核桃  /  植物蛋白乳液  /  稳定性  /  界面特性  /  流变学特性  /  微观结构

To overcome the insufficient nutritional density of plant-based protein emulsions owing to their low protein content, this study utilized fresh walnuts as raw material to develop a high-protein fresh walnut emulsion (FWE). The effects of monoglycerides and diglycerides (MG/DG) on emulsion stability and structural properties were systematically investigated. Multidimensional analyses, including rheological properties, interfacial tension, and microstructural characterization revealed that MG/DG formed a dense interfacial film at the oil-water interface through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, thereby significantly enhancing FWE stability. After adding 0.5% MG/DG, the emulsion exhibited the smallest particle size and lowest interfacial tension, while rheological data indicated optimal network structure strength and stability. However, excessive MG/DG addition (0.6%) induced over-aggregation of MG/DG molecules, which competed for interfacial adsorption and consequently compromised the integrity of the interfacial film. This study elucidates the stabilization mechanism of MG/DG in high-protein plant-based milk bases from interfacial and rheological perspectives, providing a theoretical basis for developing FWE bases.

fresh walnut  /  plant protein emulsion  /  stability  /  interfacial properties  /  rheological properties  /  microstructure
陈乐奕, 韩子轩, 杨兆甜, 申素霞, 许柠, 曾淋, 张露, 杨琴, 金美然, 任佳丽, 李雨婷, 张燕. 基于单双脂肪酸甘油酯的高蛋白鲜核桃乳液稳定机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 40 -50 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110035
Leyi CHEN, Zixuan HAN, Zhaotian YANG, Suxia SHEN, Ning XU, Lin ZENG, Lu ZHANG, Qin YANG, Meiran JIN, Jiali REN, Yuting LI, Yan ZHANG. Stabilization Mechanism of a High-protein Fresh Walnut Emulsion: The Role of Mono- and Diglycerides[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 40 -50 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110035
近年来,全球消费者出于健康、可持续性及伦理考虑,日益倾向于选择植物基饮食(如植物基肉制品与乳制品类似物)[1]。然而,市售植物蛋白饮料的品质提升面临多重制约:其一,营养密度不均,例如豆奶蛋白含量可达约3.9 g/100 mL[2],而多数木本植物基蛋白饮料(如杏仁、椰子等)小于1.1 g/100 mL[3],营养价值受限;其二,加工易损风味,热加工与干燥处理易引发脂质氧化,损害产品风味并降解化学物质[4];其三,配方依赖复配,为获得物理稳定性,工业化生产普遍需要依赖由乳化剂(如单甘酯、大豆卵磷脂)和增稠剂(如黄原胶、CMC)组成的复配体系[5−6]。
在此背景下,核桃(Juglans regia L.)因其含有包括多种亚油酸和α-亚麻酸在内的必需脂肪酸,成为开发植物基乳液的理想原料[7]。当前,针对核桃乳液基料的开发研究,国内外呈现出不同的侧重点。国内研究主要集中于两大方向:一是以干核桃仁为原料,开发核桃乳饮料[8−9]、核桃发酵乳[10]等终端产品;二是在胶体层面,利用核桃分离蛋白与花青素[11]、壳聚糖[12]或黄原胶[13]等物质相互作用,构建稳定的乳液体系。后者虽为乳液稳定性提供了创新解决方案,但其研究目标多为验证蛋白的功能性质,并未直接指向提升终端产品的蛋白质含量。相比之下,国外研究则更侧重于对核桃乳液体系的理化特性及稳定性探究:深入分析乳液的氧化稳定性[14]、改性对结构的影响[15]及加工工艺(如pH、冻融、灭菌)对稳定性的影响[16];探索如适用于3D打印的新型乳液体系[17];并系统优化乳化剂(如蔗糖酯、大豆卵磷脂)与增稠剂(如黄原胶)的复配效果[18−19]。
综上,绝大多数研究仍集中于以干核桃仁或提纯核桃蛋白为基础的乳液体系构建与优化[16,20],这直接导致了当前主流技术路径下的一个产业现实:市售核桃乳的蛋白质含量普遍偏低(通常<1%)[21]。因此,在开发高营养品质核桃乳基料时,核心挑战是如何平衡原料利用效率、蛋白质含量与稳定性。
为应对这一挑战,本研究提出直接采用鲜核桃为原料构建乳液,以期在提升蛋白质含量与原料利用效率方面提供新途径。由此制备的高蛋白鲜核桃乳液(Fresh Walnut Emulsion,FWE)属于热力学不稳定的水包油体系,在储存期间极易发生乳析、絮凝、聚结等失稳现象[22]。调控油-水界面上的非共价相互作用是提高乳液稳定性的有效策略之一[23]。因此,本研究选择单双脂肪酸甘油酯(MG/DG)作为关键界面调控剂,MG/DG具有两亲性和生物相容性[24],能有效分散于油-水界面并形成稳定的界面包覆层,抑制液滴在热处理过程中的聚集[25]。这一特性使其对脂肪含量高的植物原料(如椰子、杏仁)中的天然油脂表现出良好的乳化能力,可有效防止脂肪上浮[26],为其在鲜核桃乳液中的应用提供了依据。
本研究旨在针对鲜核桃这一特定原料体系,通过调控MG/DG添加量进行精准的界面设计,系统探究其对FWE的流变学特性及界面性质的影响,揭示其稳定机制。
鲜核桃、干核桃 中国新疆维吾尔自治区阿克苏地区;单双甘油脂肪酸酯(MG/DG) 中国万邦公司;鲜核桃乳液(FWE)制备用水为去离子水,指标测定采用超纯水;Lowry法蛋白浓度测定试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;其余化学试剂均为分析纯。
PB-10 pH计 德国赛多利斯公司;7820a气相色谱仪、5977四极杆质谱仪、5500原子力显微镜 美国安捷伦公司;TG 209热重分析仪 德国耐驰公司;Mastersizer 3000粒径、ζ电位分析仪 英国马尔文公司;LUMiFuge稳定性分析仪 罗姆(江苏)仪器有限公司; MCR 92旋转流变仪 奥地利安东帕公司;OCA-25视频光学接触角测量仪 德国德飞公司;LSM900共聚焦激光扫描显微镜 德国卡尔蔡司公司;SU3500扫描电镜 日本日立公司;iS10衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 美国赛默飞尼高力公司。
FWE的制备包括研磨、乳化和灌装三个步骤。首先,将鲜核桃与水按1:8的质量比例研磨破碎,过滤后得到基础乳液(记为FWE-0%);随后,向其中分别添加质量分数为0.1%~0.6%的MG/DG(根据GB 2760-2014《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》、专利0.05%~1%的范围[27]及预实验确定),经均质乳化后灌装,并依次标记为FWE-0.1%至FWE-0.6%,以干核桃仁为原料的对照组。干核桃乳液的制备中,干核桃经浸泡过夜预处理,其余工艺、配方及用水量均与FWE基础乳液(即未添加MG/DG的FWE-0%)保持完全一致,所得样品记为DWE。
FWE与DWE原乳样品的蛋白质采用Lowry法蛋白浓度测定试剂盒进行测定,脂肪含量参照国家标准GB 5009.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》中第二法酸水解法进行测定,结果以g/100 mL表示;pH使用pH计于室温下测定。
蛋白质组成参考Tao等[28]方法略有修改,通过十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)进行分析:FWE与DWE样品分别与缓冲液混合,沸水浴变性5 min,取10 μL于4%~20%梯度凝胶,在120 V恒压条件下电泳约90 min,随后经考马斯亮蓝染色并脱色,最后使用凝胶成像系统采集并分析图谱。
向适量FWE与DWE中加入4 mL氯仿,涡旋混匀后加入生理盐水,离心分离并收集有机相;经二氯甲烷萃取、氮吹浓缩后,所得残渣与2 mL 5%硫酸-甲醇溶液在80 ℃条件下衍生化2 h。反应液经正己烷-水溶液萃取净化,氮吹干燥后以异辛烷复溶。最终采用配备CP-Sil 88色谱柱的气相色谱进行分析,分流比为10:1,载气流速1.0 mL/min。质谱进样口温度260 ℃,四级杆温度150 ℃,扫描方式为单离子监测(SIM),质量扫描范围为m/z 30~550[29]。
参照Hao等[30]方法略有修改,采用热重分析仪,取10.0 mg FWE和DWE冻干粉末置于敞口铂金坩埚中,在20 mL/s氮气流速下,以10 ℃/min速率从30 ℃程序升温至600 ℃,记录质量随炉温的变化曲线。
ζ电位、粒径及稳定性分别参照Cheng等[31]与Klein等[32]方法测定。粒径使用Mastersizer 3000测定,FWE经水稀释后于25 ℃下检测,设定蛋白质与水的折射率分别为1.46和1.33;ζ电位使用电位仪测定,FWE经水稀释100倍后重复测定3次。稳定性使用稳定性分析仪于25 ℃下通过乳液透光率(%/h)进行评估,转速4000 r/min,时间15 min。
参照Hao等[30]方法,采用流变仪对FWE进行测试。使用40 mm平行板夹具(PU40),设置板间距1 mm,实验全程恒温25 ℃。稳态流动分析中,剪切速率从0.1 s−1对数递增至100 s−1获取流动曲线(剪切应力vs剪切速率),并通过Cross模型(公式1)拟合:
$\eta ={\eta}_{\infty}+\frac{{\eta}_{0}-{\eta}_{\infty}}{1+{{(\lambda \cdot}\dot{\gamma})}^{\text{m}}} $
式中:η为某一剪切速率下的表观粘度(Pa·s),η0为零剪切粘度(Pa·s),η∞为无穷剪切粘度(Pa·s),λ为特征松弛时间(s),$\dot{\gamma} $为剪切速率(s−1), m为无量纲指数,表征粘度从η0下降到η∞的斜率。
斯托克斯定律描述了刚性球体在粘性流体中因重力作用而产生的匀速沉降速度,其表达式为:
$\rm v=\frac{\text{2g}({\rho }_{\text{p}}-{\rho }_{\text{f}}){\text{r}}^{2}}{\text{9}\eta} $
式中:$ \mathrm{v} $为液滴的沉降速度(m/s);$ \text{g} $为重力加速度(9.8 m/s2);$ {\rho }_{\text{p}} $为分散相(油滴)的密度(kg/m3);$ {\rho }_{\text{f}} $为连续相(水相)的密度(kg/m3);$ \text{r} $为液滴的半径(m);$ \eta $为连续相的粘度(Pa·s)。
基于斯托克斯定律,乳液的相对沉降稳定性通过计算理论沉降速率进行评估。液滴半径由体积平均粒径D[4,3]换算($ \text{r=}\dfrac{{{\mathrm{D}}[4,3]}}{2} $),体系粘度η采用零剪切粘度η0,g、$ {\rho }_{\text{p}} $与$ {\rho }_{\text{f}} $均可视为定值。沉降速率v的计算公式如下:
$ \text{v=}\frac{\text{2g(}{\rho }_{\text{p}}-{\rho }_{\text{f}})}{9}\times {\left(\frac{\text{D[4,3]}}{2}\right)}^{2}\times \frac{1}{{\eta}_{0}}=\text{K}\cdot \frac{\text{D[4,3}{]}^{2}}{{\eta}_{0}} $
式中:$ \text{K=}\dfrac{\text{g(}{\rho}_{\text{p}}-{\rho}_{\text{f}})}{18} $为一常数,D[4,3]为乳液粒径(μm),η0为零剪切下的粘度(Pa·s)。
公式(3)表明,乳液的相对沉降速率正比于$ \dfrac{\mathrm{D[4{,}3}{]}^{2}}{{\eta}_{0}} $,该比值可作为评估其动力学稳定性的理论指标。
基于悬滴法[33],采用视频光学接触角测量仪测定FWE与花生油间的界面张力(IFT,γ)。在环境温度下,将20 μL乳液滴置于花生油中,通过视频分析系统每30 s自动记录界面张力,持续监测10 min。
参考Liu等[34]方法略有修改,采用配备40倍物镜的共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察FWE微观结构。染色剂为尼罗红(1 mg/mL乙醇溶液)与尼罗蓝(1 mg/mL乙醇溶液)按1:1混合而成。取200 μL鲜核桃乳液与200 μL染色剂混合稀释5倍,分别对油相和蛋白相染色5 min。尼罗红和尼罗蓝的激发波长分别为488 nm和650 nm。
使用扫描电镜观察FWE冻干粉末表面形态。样品经液氮冷冻10 min后转移至冷冻制备室,随后采用离子溅射仪进行镀金处理[30],最后在10.0 kV加速电压下采集显微图像。
取少量FWE用超纯水稀释,超声振荡分散5 min后直接滴加于新鲜云母片表面,室温自然风干。使用原子力显微镜的轻敲模式(AAC模式)搭配Si3N4探针观察乳液微观结构,通过样品表面形貌的二维平面图与三维立体图表征结果[35]。
采用衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱仪获取FWE红外光谱。扫描范围4000~600 cm−1,分辨率4 cm−1,扫描次数32次,室温条件下检测[36]。
所有实验重复三次,数据以均值±标准差表示,采用Origin 2021软件进行数据统计分析与图表绘制。所有数据均通过单因素方差分析(SPSS 17.0,美国加州使命丘陵康耐特智能公司)处理,并采用Tukey多重范围检验进行显著性比较。设定P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
FWE与DWE的基础成分分析表明(表1),FWE制备的原乳具有更高的蛋白质含量和更低的脂肪含量,与DWE相比具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。
蛋白质电泳分析(图1)进一步揭示了二者在蛋白质状态上的差异。虽然两种乳液的蛋白条带在11~39 kDa等关键区域基本一致[37],但DWE的泳道呈现出广泛的弥散性背景,提示其蛋白质可能存在降解或交联聚合。FWE的泳道条带信号相对较弱,但无明显弥散现象,这可能暗示其蛋白质降解程度较低,分布状态与DWE存在差异。
FWE与DWE中长链脂肪酸的分类与组成如表2所示。FWE中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)占总脂质的76%,富含必需脂肪酸亚油酸(LA)与α-亚麻酸(ALA)。二者对改善血脂、维护心血管健康具有积极作用[38]。FWE中n-6/n-3比值为4.14:1,DWE中n-6/n-3比值为3.87:1,均处于理想膳食区间(1:1~5:1)[39],有助于调节脂质代谢与炎症反应,降低高n-6膳食相关的慢性病风险[40]。
在开发即食型营养产品等终端产品时,需综合考虑蛋白质质量、脂肪酸组成(n-6/n-3比值)[41]。如前文所述,FWE蛋白含量更高且n-6/n-3也处于理想膳食区间,这为其更适合开发终端产品提供了营养层面的佐证。
热重分析显示(图2A),FWE与DWE的热分解过程均经历三个阶段。第一阶段(30~200 ℃)主要为水分蒸发[42];第二阶段(200~470 ℃)中,FWE的质量损失更为明显,提示其可能保留更多完整生物大分子(如多糖、蛋白质)[43];第三阶段(470~600 ℃)为残留物的炭化分解[30]。
此外,微分热重曲线(图2B)表明,FWE的最大降解温度(380 ℃)高于DWE(356 ℃),表明其中蛋白质等有机组分的热分解温度更高,分子结构更稳定[44],在后续高温加工中可能具有更好的潜力。
基于2.1的结论,FWE在蛋白质含量、完整性以及热稳定性方面均展现出优于DWE的原料特性,适合作为后续乳液研究基础。因此,本节将聚焦FWE体系,系统探究MG/DG添加量(0%~0.6%)对其稳定性、流变学以及界面特性的影响,确定最优添加量并揭示稳定机制。
Zeta电位与粒径是评价乳液稳定性的关键指标,如图3A所示,随着MG/DG添加量的增加,乳液Zeta电位的绝对值显著提升,表明液滴间的静电排斥作用持续增强,这主要归因于更多生物聚合物在油水界面上的吸附与结构重排,增强了空间稳定效应[45]。
在FWE-0.5%中,乳液体系展现出理想的物理稳定性特征,即电位绝对值越大,液滴彼此之间的静电斥力越大,粒径越小,乳液的稳定性越好[20]。在FWE-0.6%中,粒径出现反弹(图3B),从4.37 μm升至6.16 μm。这可能是由于MG/DG作为乳化剂吸附于油水界面,通过减弱油滴间相互作用,从而使粒径减小;然而过量MG/DG会在水相中广泛聚集[46],随后与油-水界面竞争吸附乳化剂分子[47],导致界面乳化剂分子数下降,界面膜覆盖度不足,从而引起液滴聚集和粒径增大。
离心加速实验进一步模拟了乳液在自然储存中的分层行为(图3C)。随着MG/DG添加量提高,乳液透光率逐渐下降,分层现象得到有效抑制。综合来看,FWE-0.5%在静电排斥、液滴粒径及宏观抗分层能力上均达到了最佳平衡。
Cross模型能有效表征剪切变稀流体的流变行为,揭示了MG/DG浓度依赖的双重作用。以未添加MG/DG的FWE-0%为基准,观察到MG/DG浓度依赖的流变行为变化,与乳化剂影响浓乳液体系结构的普遍机理相符。例如,Li等[48]研究发现,使用皂树皂苷或鼠李糖脂稳定的浓乳液,其表观粘度亦随乳化剂浓度增加(0.5%~3%)而上升(0.035~0.4 Pa·s,0.1 s−1)。具体而言,零剪切粘度(η0)反映流体微观结构强度,如图4和表3所示,η0在0.4%~0.6% MG/DG添加量区间先略有波动后急剧上升,表明低浓度(<0.4%)时MG/DG主要起乳化分散作用;而当浓度≥0.4%(尤其在0.6%时),体系结构增强,η0随之显著提高[49]。特征松弛时间(λ)体现结构破坏后应力消散的快慢,λ的变化进一步印证该过程:0.2%~0.4%浓度下λ较低,说明体系为弱结构流体,应力松弛快;MG/DG添加量升至0.5%~0.6%时,λ大幅增加,表明MG/DG与溶液分子间作用(如氢键和疏水作用)增强,大分子纠缠限制运动,从而提升λ和η0[50]。流动指数(m)则描述粘度随剪切变化的剧烈程度,反映结构破坏模式,FWE-0.6%中m高达1.982,说明其结构坚固但易发生脆性断裂,粘度在临界剪切下急剧下降;而FWE-0.5%中m较为适中,显示更好的剪切适应性。
流变参数的变化调控着乳液的沉降行为,低沉降速率值是宏观稳定性良好的直接证据。为此,基于斯托克斯定律进行了定量分析。结果表明(表4),在FWE-0.5%中,沉降速率表征值$ \dfrac{\mathrm{D[4{,}3}{]}^{2}}{{\eta}_{0}} $降至最低,说明粒径的极小化与粘度的适度增高在此条件下形成最优协同,从而最大程度抑制乳液分层,稳定性最佳。FWE-0.6%与FWE-0.5%差异不显著,表明过量MG/DG所引起的粒径回升对稳定性的负面效应,可能已抵消部分高粘度的正向贡献。
FWE-0.5%的高稳定性可能与其界面张力行为有关。如图5所示,所有FWE样品在600 s内界面张力迅速下降,表明其能快速吸附至油水界面[51]。在600 s时,各浓度(0%~0.6%)对应的界面张力依次为4.40、4.32、3.79、3.41、3.17、3.15和3.54 mN/m。
整体上,界面张力随浓度增加先降后升,在FWE-0.5%处达到最低,在FWE-0.6%时略有回升。值得注意的是,相近的界面张力未必对应相同界面结构[52]。表面张力会随着乳化剂浓度的增加而降低;当乳化剂浓度过高时,则会与界面竞争吸附分子,导致界面张力反而升高[53−55]。图5表明,在FWE-0.6%中,界面张力-时间曲线下降速率较FWE-0.5%有所减缓,表明其吸附速率降低,并可能导致界面最终吸附密度略有下降,因此其界面张力高于FWE-0.5%。这一现象表明,当MG/DG浓度从0.5%增至0.6%时,已超过其在本体系中的浓度范围。这一现象与Li等[48]在大豆蛋白的油水相互作用中关于甜菊糖苷的研究结果相似,当其浓度超过4.2~4.9 mg/mL时,反而会削弱界面膜,导致乳化性能下降。
以上结果证实了前文的推测:在FWE-0.6%中,过量MG/DG与界面的竞争吸附削弱了界面膜效率,从而出现粒径反弹(图3B)。
CLSM图像(图6)直观地呈现了不同MG/DG添加量的乳液微观结构的调控作用。其中,绿色荧光信号标记蛋白质,红色荧光信号标记油相。根据Thivilliers等[56]研究,乳滴形态的变化可直接反映界面吸附组分的状态。例如,Hao等[30]在通过纤维素酶处理亚麻籽植物乳液中,发现未处理的样品油滴明显聚集且存在蛋白质聚集,而处理后的样品油滴分散更均匀。具体而言,随着MG/DG添加量的增加,乳液液滴的尺寸分布趋于均匀。在FWE-0.5%中,乳液可观察到蛋白质清晰地包裹在油滴外围,证明了蛋白质从水相向油水界面迁移,形成蛋白包裹油脂的结构特征。
然而在FWE-0.6%中,液滴尺寸分布变宽,与前述激光粒度仪测量的粒径趋势相同,且蛋白质和油滴的结合开始变松散,展现出部分油脂包裹蛋白的结构特征。这一转变从微观层面直接证实了2.2.1与2.2.4节中提出的推论:过量MG/DG(>0.5%)添加会导致乳液稳定性的破坏。
采用扫描电子显微镜对不同MG/DG添加量的乳液经冷冻干燥后的微观结构进行观察(图7)。未添加MG/DG的样品呈现破碎且不连续的岛状形貌,这可能是由于界面膜强度不足,在干燥过程中发生坍塌和破裂所致[57]。随着MG/DG浓度的增加,样品表面凹凸不平的颗粒形貌在逐渐减少,颗粒之间逐渐开始融合;在FWE-0.5%时发生显著转变:颗粒团聚,形成连续的、表面光滑的平面结构,暗示乳化性能得到了提升[58]。这种转变从新的宏观层面说明,在FWE-0.5%条件下,乳化剂可在油水界面处形成稳定、连续的界面膜。
采用原子力显微镜对不同MG/DG添加量的乳液的微观结构进行了观察(图8)。结果显示,与未添加MG/DG的对照组相比,添加组的界面粗糙度(Rq与Ra值)显著降低。随着MG/DG添加量从0.1%增至0.3%,粗糙度由9.32×10−3 V降至4.70×10−3 V,表明其在油-水界面逐渐吸附并形成更为均匀的界面膜。当添加量进一步提高至0.5%时,界面处的脂质晶体形态由针状结构转变为块状结构,界面整体更趋于平整,粗糙度降为4.06×10−3 V。该转变与前述理化性质的突变临界点相一致,为乳液稳定性提升的微观基础[59]。这种结构重排标志界面膜的结构达到了优良状态,能够更有效地抵抗液滴的聚集与形变。
采用ATR-FTIR技术分析不同MG/DG添加量的乳液(图9)。光谱结果显示:O-H伸缩振动峰(3200~3600 cm−1)[60]变宽且红移,表明MG/DG中的羟基与乳液蛋白质等组分的极性基团形成氢键。C-H伸缩振动峰(~2928,2855 cm−1)强度增强并出现红移,证实脂肪链的引入及其所处的疏水环境。酯羰基C=O伸缩振动峰(~1745 cm−1)发生红移,且无羧酸特征吸收,排除了水解,表明羰基氧作为氢键受体参与了相互作用;酯键C-O振动峰(~1182 cm−1)的增强进一步支持了这一结论。
这些分子间作用力的协同增强,与Tavasoli等[61]揭示的蛋白质-多糖共价复合物中氢键与疏水相互作用增强乳液稳定性的结论一致,共同指向一个结论:MG/DG通过其亲水部分(羟基、酯基)的氢键作用[62]和疏水部分(脂肪链)的疏水相互作用,在油水界面有效稳定了乳液结构。
基于上述粒径、流变、界面张力及多尺度微观结构的分析结果,本研究提出了MG/DG调控FWE稳定性的作用机制示意图。如图10所示:当MG/DG添加量较低时(0.1%~0.4%),分子在油-水界面吸附不足,排列稀疏;当添加量适中时(0.5%),MG/DG分子充分吸附并紧密排列于界面,体系表现出最佳的物理稳定性;当添加过量时(0.6%),过量MG/DG分子在水相中聚集,与界面竞争吸附分子,导致界面膜完整性下降,乳化性能与稳定性均降低。
本研究通过构建高蛋白鲜核桃乳液体系,探明了MG/DG对该体系的稳定作用机制。结果表明,适量添加MG/DG(0.5%)可在油-水界面通过氢键和疏水作用形成致密界面膜,显著改善乳液的流变性能与微观结构,具体表现为粒径最小、界面张力最低及流变参数最优;而添加量过高(0.6%)则会引发MG/DG在水相中竞争吸附,降低界面效率,导致乳液稳定性下降。上述结果从界面与流变学角度系统揭示了MG/DG在鲜核桃乳液中的稳定机理,为高蛋白植物乳的开发提供了理论依据。
但当前研究尚未涉及口腔加工适应性以及MG/DG在复杂加工条件下与多糖等其他组分的协同机制。后续可围绕上述方向开展深入研究,推动该体系向实际产品转化,进一步优化其综合性能。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025110035
  • 接收时间:2025-11-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-06
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    1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
    2中国农业大学三亚研究院,海南三亚 572025
    3阿克苏地区中农大联合研究院,新疆阿克苏 843100
    4中南林业科技大学木本油料资源利用全国重点实验室,湖南长沙 410004

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张燕(1977−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬加工与营养,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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