Article(id=1320880500076565100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100335, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762099200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852051991, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852051991, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852051991, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852051991, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=24, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880500437275245, articleId=1320880500076565100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Different Reheating Methods on the Quality of Chicken Soup: A Comprehensive Analysis of Nutrition, Flavor, and Sensory Characteristics, columnId=1320880408649118389, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Guest Editor Column—Frontiers and Applications of Food Flavor Perception‌ (Guest Editors: LIU Yuan, SUN Jinyuan, KOU Xingran, CHENG Huan; Industry Advisor: CHEN Li), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study systematically investigated the impact of four common reheating methods, microwave, water bath, steam, and boiling reheating, on the integrated quality of chicken soup, with emphasis on nutritional integrity, oxidative stability, volatile flavor architecture, and dynamic sensory perception. Multi-dimensional quality analysis was conducted by determining indicators including mass loss, protein and fat contents, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), temporal dominance of sensations (TDS), responses of electronic nose and electronic tongue, as well as identification of volatile flavor compounds via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The findings provided an evidence-based framework to guide both industrial-scale reheating protocol design and informed domestic preparation practices. Results demonstrated that microwave reheating consistently outperformed other methods across all assessed dimensions. It yielded the lowest cooking loss (10.60%), significantly lower than boiling reheating (14.66%). Protein (0.90 g/100 g) and fat (0.44 g/100 g) retention were highest under microwave treatment, while TBARS increase remained minimal (0.31 mg MDA/kg), indicating superior suppression of lipid oxidation. GC-MS identified 48 volatile compounds, with aldehydes (22 types) constituting the dominant flavor-active class. Microwave-reheated samples exhibited total aldehyde content (13407.45 ng/g) and concentrations of critical odorants including hexanal and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal most closely aligned with the fresh control (11975.52 and 2162.88 ng/g, respectively). TDS analysis revealed that umami and meaty notes emerged at 4 s and persisted uninterrupted throughout the 60 s evaluation window precisely mirroring the temporal profile of the fresh control and were devoid of off-notes such as fishiness or greasiness. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) of electronic nose and electronic tongue data confirmed that the flavor signature of microwave-reheated samples showed the highest congruence with the fresh control, with cumulative contribution rates of 85.7% (electronic nose) and 92.1% (electronic tongue). Cooking and reheating induced the most severe nutritional loss, with reductions of 0.64 g/100 g in protein and 0.23 g/100 g in fat, the highest degree of lipid peroxidation evidenced by a TBARS value of 0.44 mg MDA/kg, significant shifts in the composition of volatile flavor compounds (total aldehydes: 25480.76 ng/g), and pronounced deterioration in sensory quality. Steam and water bath reheating delivered intermediate outcomes across all parameters. Collectively, these convergent, multi-modal results robustly identify microwave reheating as the optimal method for preserving the holistic quality encompassing nutritional value, chemical stability, and authentic sensory experience of reheated chicken soup.

, authors=Zaifei ZHENG1, Mingcheng ZHANG1, *, Ming LI1, Xiao MA2, Changming MA3, Luyi JIN1, Dengyong LIU1, authorsList=Zaifei ZHENG, Mingcheng ZHANG, Ming LI, Xiao MA, Changming MA, Luyi JIN, Dengyong LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mingcheng ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880502177911422, articleId=1320880500076565100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同复热方式对鸡汤营养、感官特性及挥发性风味物质的影响, columnId=1320880408842056375, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏—食品风味感知前沿与应用(客座主编:刘源、孙金沅、寇兴然、程焕;产业顾问:陈丽), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在系统探究微波复热、水浴复热、蒸汽复热和煮制复热四种常见方式对鸡汤营养保留、脂质氧化、感官属性及挥发性风味物质组成的影响,为鸡汤工业化复热工艺优化及家庭烹饪提供理论依据与实践指导。通过测定质量损失、蛋白质与脂肪含量、硫代巴比妥酸值(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)、暂时性感官支配法(tem-poral dominance of sensations,TDS)、电子鼻和电子舌响应、气相色谱-质谱联用( gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)挥发性风味物质鉴定等指标,进行多维度品质分析。结果表明:微波复热的鸡汤质量损失较低(10.60%),显著低于煮制复热(14.66%);蛋白质(0.90 g/100 g)和脂肪(0.44 g/100 g)含量显著高于其他复热方式,且TBARS值上升幅度最小(0.31 mg MDA/kg),脂质氧化抑制效果最佳。GC-MS分析共鉴定出48种挥发性风味物质,其中醛类(22种)为核心风味成分,微波复热样品的醛类总量(13407.45 ng/g),且关键风味物质(如己醛、反,反-2,4-癸二烯醛)含量与新鲜对照(11975.52、2162.88 ng/g)最为接近。TDS曲线显示,微波复热样品的鲜味与肉香味持续时间(鲜味起始于第4 s,持续至60 s末期)与对照完全一致,未出现明显腥味和油腻感;电子鼻与电子舌主成分分析表明,微波复热样品与对照的风味轮廓相似度最高(PCA累计贡献率分别达85.7%、92.1%)。煮制复热导致营养损失最大(蛋白质0.64 g/100 g、脂肪0.23 g/100 g)、脂质氧化最剧烈(TBARS值0.44 mg MDA/kg),且挥发性风味物质组成发生显著改变(醛类总量25480.76 ng/g),感官品质劣变明显。蒸汽与水浴复热在各项指标中表现居中。综上,微波复热是保持鸡汤综合品质的最优方式。

, authors=郑再飞1, 张明成1, *, 李铭1, 马骁2, 马长明3, 金路易1, 刘登勇1, authorsList=郑再飞, 张明成, 李铭, 马骁, 马长明, 金路易, 刘登勇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张明成, authorNote=

郑再飞(1987−)(ORCID:0009−0006−4098−6371),男,硕士,助理实验师,研究方向:肉品加工与质量安全控制,E-mail:

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张明成(1982−)(ORCID:0000−0002−9995−2612),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉品加工、食品风味与感知科学,E-mail:。
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注:图中不同小写字母表示不同复热方式组间质量损失存在显著差异,(P<0.05);图2~图3同。

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Relative content of volatile flavor compounds of chicken soup during different reheating methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质名称RI值鉴定方式挥发性风味物质的含量(ng/g)
对照水浴蒸汽煮制微波
醛类
Valeraldehyde正戊醛647MS+LRI57.65±4.02d73.04±2.84c133.38±8.70a87.40±3.57b42.41±1.51e
Hexanal正己醛762MS+LRI2079.15±118.05b1557.70±95.30c1973.99±126.28b3024.49±157.24a2011.16±95.10b
Trans-2-Hexenal反-2-己烯醛841MS+LRI11.49±0.33d51.29±4.16b−109.36±9.34a28.39±1.15c
2-Hexen-1-al2-己烯醛841MS+LRI17.87±0.47d29.07±0.30c53.56±4.23b132.85±5.40a49.33±0.49b
Heptanal庚醛909MS+LRI137.27±5.70b75.13±3.03c174.92±6.28a178.62±1.44a126.05±10.88b
Heptenal(E)-2-庚烯醛958MS+LRI1175.98±98.48d1736.55±141.03b1412.35±110.76c2458.12±153.17a1256.80±70.39c
Benzaldehyde苯甲醛961MS+LRI172.07±10.11c170.98±5.20c259.56±17.37a216.98±3.80b236.68±13.55b
Octanal正辛醛1002MS+LRI225.57±6.43b154.75±8.89c214.16±13.44b302.10±24.27a204.79±12.30b
(E,E)-2,4-Heptadienal(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛1011MS+LRI151.06±8.33a−−−−
(2E)-2-Octenal反-2-辛烯醛1058MS+LRI1226.98±53.10c1417.78±102.54b1401.57±64.03b1924.92±132.15a1429.15±25.25b
Nonanal壬醛1103MS+LRI921.42±26.62b727.36±58.73d1112.62±7.96a1163.14±49.96a805.30±25.84c
(2E)-2-Nonenal反式-2-壬烯醛1160MS+LRI481.25±32.00c635.39±32.93b849.29±59.78a885.17±79.89a635.39±22.35b
Decanal癸醛1205MS+LRI65.97±2.94c62.48±1.38c92.74±6.52a94.58±4.27a82.10±2.01b
(2E,4E)-2,4-Nonadienal(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛1214MS+LRI478.59±12.91e851.00±81.10c1134.49±46.39b1334.45±15.94a632.86±52.64d
(2E)-2-Decenal反式-2-癸烯醛1261MS+LRI1166.86±44.87e2554.06±100.54c3166.50±83.53b3360.57±66.69a1941.06±104.32d
(2E,4E)-Deca-2,4-dienal反,反-2,4-癸二烯醛1317MS+LRI2162.88±99.53d6358.61±449.35a5737.15±345.01b5081.80±187.12c1915.40±16.03d
(E)-2-Tridecen-1-al2-十三(碳)烯醛1349MS+LRI32.22±0.88c−79.68±5.17a47.95±0.34b−
Undecenal2-十一烯醛1364MS+LRI1038.84±85.78e2756.52±229.23c3773.32±36.28b4667.47±98.03a1610.83±105.31d
Lauryl aldehyde十二醛1408MS+LRI34.42±0.46c39.63±1.31b51.40±4.50a51.41±1.00a16.21±0.51d
4-sec-Butyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol6-溴吲哚-3-甲醛1721MS+LRI112.92±4.49b137.87±9.56a122.70±4.91b136.76±5.63a134.47±2.07a
Octadecanal硬脂烷醛1949MS+LRI176.42±4.41a−79.29±3.00d127.25±6.18c142.14±6.92b
Tetradecanal十四烷醛1950MS+LRI48.65±2.91d109.65±6.71a99.97±4.79bc95.37±3.15c106.90±1.21ab
小计11975.52±317.03e19498.85±771.39c21922.64±339.84b25480.76±847.00a13407.45±441.43d
醇类
Pentanol正戊醇724MS+LRI14.75±1.21c18.77±0.53c50.97±3.84b79.54±6.11a−
2,4,4-Trimethylpentan-1-ol三甲基戊醇952MS+LRI8.63±0.39d15.63±0.62c26.43±0.67a19.77±0.36b20.43±0.82b
Heptan-1-ol正庚醇974MS+LRI30.32±0.59b−45.08±0.60a44.61±2.18a−
Oct-1-en-3-ol1-辛烯-3-醇982MS+LRI316.21±9.00b152.00±6.65d264.42±11.93c353.28±5.32a159.60±4.39d
1-Octanol正辛醇1074MS+LRI112.75±5.45c86.78±6.87d195.23±5.33b234.58±16.34a90.33±5.14d
2-Hexyl-1-decanol2-己基癸醇1492MS+LRI−17.08±0.83b19.04±0.23a−−
小计482.67±14.76c290.25±4.88d601.17±19.50b731.79±22.30a270.36±4.12d
烃类
benzene苯621MS+LRI120.97±3.26b128.30±4.68b47.51±2.77c151.26±2.96a148.21±7.80a
Toluene甲苯719MS+LRI42.61±3.23c43.74±0.78c56.27±3.76b107.46±9.37a57.28±3.69b
o-Xylene邻二甲苯863MS+LRI113.74±9.70a−99.13±5.16b98.10±6.68b76.17±4.19c
m-Xylene间二甲苯864MS+LRI57.22±1.64d111.50±5.02b58.82±3.18d123.02±6.58a73.19±2.44c
Decane癸烷1000MS+LRI55.51±2.08c80.97±2.10b80.92±4.46b108.15±6.44a85.24±5.98b
Undecane十一烷1100MS+LRI70.95±3.84c77.14±4.61bc74.72±1.36bc84.50±4.30a79.90±3.27ab
3-Methylundecane3-甲基十一烷1172MS+LRI39.75±2.45d49.02±1.14c53.35±2.46b51.08±0.80bc69.98±3.01a
Dodecane正十二烷1200MS+LRI185.12±12.94d247.05±7.53c289.78±6.39b290.73±13.77b344.57±6.37a
Tridecane正十三烷1300MS+LRI76.94±4.24b51.80±0.75c121.16±4.15a116.95±6.24a115.38±4.52a
Tetradecane正十四烷1400MS+LRI80.84±7.85d281.48±18.31c435.31±25.33a381.40±5.49b266.01±12.10c
Pentadecane十五烷1500MS+LRI123.26±3.66d209.72±11.88b278.58±10.03a286.43±3.77a170.30±3.80c
2-Methyltetradecane2-甲基四癸烷1535MS+LRI−23.84±0.6c−35.14±0.83b250.47±11.84a
3-Methylpentadecane3-甲基十五烷1571MS+LRI14.58±0.15d54.61±3.12c85.68±3.54a61.29±3.40b86.48±4.46a
Hexadecane正十六烷1600MS+LRI72.70±3.21b96.00±3.22a66.54±5.50bc64.65±3.04c96.39±3.99a
n-Heptadecane十七烷1700MS+LRI28.86±0.28e35.6±0.44d45.40±0.43a37.82±0.46c41.73±1.37b
Octadecane十八烷1800MS+LRI20.49±0.28c−24.07±0.91b25.30±0.40a−
Nonadecane十九烷1900MS+LRI−146.97±10.41b174.91±7.04a181.81±11.41a53.64±0.49c
Icosane正二十烷2000MS+LRI16.70±0.33b−24.92±0.90a−−
小计1120.22±25.74d1637.72±26.76c2014.94±27.57b2205.05±9.59a2017.07±37.38b
呋喃类
2-Methyltetrahydrofuran2-甲基四氢呋喃628MS+LRI11.18±0.55c7.79±0.71e22.24±0.38a13.02±0.65b8.89±0.34d
其他
Naphthalene萘1182MS+LRI404.93±15.91c551.92±26.50b854.28±32.51a821.04±17.34a853.61±34.07a
总13994.51±362.65e21986.54±827.27c16555.24±454.45d29251.66±849.98a25417.39±304.92b
), ArticleFig(id=1320880512646894291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880500076565100, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同复热方式鸡汤中挥发性风味物质的相对含量变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质名称RI值鉴定方式挥发性风味物质的含量(ng/g)
对照水浴蒸汽煮制微波
醛类
Valeraldehyde正戊醛647MS+LRI57.65±4.02d73.04±2.84c133.38±8.70a87.40±3.57b42.41±1.51e
Hexanal正己醛762MS+LRI2079.15±118.05b1557.70±95.30c1973.99±126.28b3024.49±157.24a2011.16±95.10b
Trans-2-Hexenal反-2-己烯醛841MS+LRI11.49±0.33d51.29±4.16b−109.36±9.34a28.39±1.15c
2-Hexen-1-al2-己烯醛841MS+LRI17.87±0.47d29.07±0.30c53.56±4.23b132.85±5.40a49.33±0.49b
Heptanal庚醛909MS+LRI137.27±5.70b75.13±3.03c174.92±6.28a178.62±1.44a126.05±10.88b
Heptenal(E)-2-庚烯醛958MS+LRI1175.98±98.48d1736.55±141.03b1412.35±110.76c2458.12±153.17a1256.80±70.39c
Benzaldehyde苯甲醛961MS+LRI172.07±10.11c170.98±5.20c259.56±17.37a216.98±3.80b236.68±13.55b
Octanal正辛醛1002MS+LRI225.57±6.43b154.75±8.89c214.16±13.44b302.10±24.27a204.79±12.30b
(E,E)-2,4-Heptadienal(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛1011MS+LRI151.06±8.33a−−−−
(2E)-2-Octenal反-2-辛烯醛1058MS+LRI1226.98±53.10c1417.78±102.54b1401.57±64.03b1924.92±132.15a1429.15±25.25b
Nonanal壬醛1103MS+LRI921.42±26.62b727.36±58.73d1112.62±7.96a1163.14±49.96a805.30±25.84c
(2E)-2-Nonenal反式-2-壬烯醛1160MS+LRI481.25±32.00c635.39±32.93b849.29±59.78a885.17±79.89a635.39±22.35b
Decanal癸醛1205MS+LRI65.97±2.94c62.48±1.38c92.74±6.52a94.58±4.27a82.10±2.01b
(2E,4E)-2,4-Nonadienal(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛1214MS+LRI478.59±12.91e851.00±81.10c1134.49±46.39b1334.45±15.94a632.86±52.64d
(2E)-2-Decenal反式-2-癸烯醛1261MS+LRI1166.86±44.87e2554.06±100.54c3166.50±83.53b3360.57±66.69a1941.06±104.32d
(2E,4E)-Deca-2,4-dienal反,反-2,4-癸二烯醛1317MS+LRI2162.88±99.53d6358.61±449.35a5737.15±345.01b5081.80±187.12c1915.40±16.03d
(E)-2-Tridecen-1-al2-十三(碳)烯醛1349MS+LRI32.22±0.88c−79.68±5.17a47.95±0.34b−
Undecenal2-十一烯醛1364MS+LRI1038.84±85.78e2756.52±229.23c3773.32±36.28b4667.47±98.03a1610.83±105.31d
Lauryl aldehyde十二醛1408MS+LRI34.42±0.46c39.63±1.31b51.40±4.50a51.41±1.00a16.21±0.51d
4-sec-Butyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol6-溴吲哚-3-甲醛1721MS+LRI112.92±4.49b137.87±9.56a122.70±4.91b136.76±5.63a134.47±2.07a
Octadecanal硬脂烷醛1949MS+LRI176.42±4.41a−79.29±3.00d127.25±6.18c142.14±6.92b
Tetradecanal十四烷醛1950MS+LRI48.65±2.91d109.65±6.71a99.97±4.79bc95.37±3.15c106.90±1.21ab
小计11975.52±317.03e19498.85±771.39c21922.64±339.84b25480.76±847.00a13407.45±441.43d
醇类
Pentanol正戊醇724MS+LRI14.75±1.21c18.77±0.53c50.97±3.84b79.54±6.11a−
2,4,4-Trimethylpentan-1-ol三甲基戊醇952MS+LRI8.63±0.39d15.63±0.62c26.43±0.67a19.77±0.36b20.43±0.82b
Heptan-1-ol正庚醇974MS+LRI30.32±0.59b−45.08±0.60a44.61±2.18a−
Oct-1-en-3-ol1-辛烯-3-醇982MS+LRI316.21±9.00b152.00±6.65d264.42±11.93c353.28±5.32a159.60±4.39d
1-Octanol正辛醇1074MS+LRI112.75±5.45c86.78±6.87d195.23±5.33b234.58±16.34a90.33±5.14d
2-Hexyl-1-decanol2-己基癸醇1492MS+LRI−17.08±0.83b19.04±0.23a−−
小计482.67±14.76c290.25±4.88d601.17±19.50b731.79±22.30a270.36±4.12d
烃类
benzene苯621MS+LRI120.97±3.26b128.30±4.68b47.51±2.77c151.26±2.96a148.21±7.80a
Toluene甲苯719MS+LRI42.61±3.23c43.74±0.78c56.27±3.76b107.46±9.37a57.28±3.69b
o-Xylene邻二甲苯863MS+LRI113.74±9.70a−99.13±5.16b98.10±6.68b76.17±4.19c
m-Xylene间二甲苯864MS+LRI57.22±1.64d111.50±5.02b58.82±3.18d123.02±6.58a73.19±2.44c
Decane癸烷1000MS+LRI55.51±2.08c80.97±2.10b80.92±4.46b108.15±6.44a85.24±5.98b
Undecane十一烷1100MS+LRI70.95±3.84c77.14±4.61bc74.72±1.36bc84.50±4.30a79.90±3.27ab
3-Methylundecane3-甲基十一烷1172MS+LRI39.75±2.45d49.02±1.14c53.35±2.46b51.08±0.80bc69.98±3.01a
Dodecane正十二烷1200MS+LRI185.12±12.94d247.05±7.53c289.78±6.39b290.73±13.77b344.57±6.37a
Tridecane正十三烷1300MS+LRI76.94±4.24b51.80±0.75c121.16±4.15a116.95±6.24a115.38±4.52a
Tetradecane正十四烷1400MS+LRI80.84±7.85d281.48±18.31c435.31±25.33a381.40±5.49b266.01±12.10c
Pentadecane十五烷1500MS+LRI123.26±3.66d209.72±11.88b278.58±10.03a286.43±3.77a170.30±3.80c
2-Methyltetradecane2-甲基四癸烷1535MS+LRI−23.84±0.6c−35.14±0.83b250.47±11.84a
3-Methylpentadecane3-甲基十五烷1571MS+LRI14.58±0.15d54.61±3.12c85.68±3.54a61.29±3.40b86.48±4.46a
Hexadecane正十六烷1600MS+LRI72.70±3.21b96.00±3.22a66.54±5.50bc64.65±3.04c96.39±3.99a
n-Heptadecane十七烷1700MS+LRI28.86±0.28e35.6±0.44d45.40±0.43a37.82±0.46c41.73±1.37b
Octadecane十八烷1800MS+LRI20.49±0.28c−24.07±0.91b25.30±0.40a−
Nonadecane十九烷1900MS+LRI−146.97±10.41b174.91±7.04a181.81±11.41a53.64±0.49c
Icosane正二十烷2000MS+LRI16.70±0.33b−24.92±0.90a−−
小计1120.22±25.74d1637.72±26.76c2014.94±27.57b2205.05±9.59a2017.07±37.38b
呋喃类
2-Methyltetrahydrofuran2-甲基四氢呋喃628MS+LRI11.18±0.55c7.79±0.71e22.24±0.38a13.02±0.65b8.89±0.34d
其他
Naphthalene萘1182MS+LRI404.93±15.91c551.92±26.50b854.28±32.51a821.04±17.34a853.61±34.07a
总13994.51±362.65e21986.54±827.27c16555.24±454.45d29251.66±849.98a25417.39±304.92b
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不同复热方式对鸡汤营养、感官特性及挥发性风味物质的影响
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郑再飞 1 , 张明成 1, * , 李铭 1 , 马骁 2 , 马长明 3 , 金路易 1 , 刘登勇 1
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏—食品风味感知前沿与应用(客座主编:刘源、孙金沅、寇兴然、程焕;产业顾问:陈丽) 2026,47(18): 24-34
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏—食品风味感知前沿与应用(客座主编:刘源、孙金沅、寇兴然、程焕;产业顾问:陈丽) 2026 , 47 (18) : 24 -34
不同复热方式对鸡汤营养、感官特性及挥发性风味物质的影响
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郑再飞(1987−)(ORCID:0009−0006−4098−6371),男,硕士,助理实验师,研究方向:肉品加工与质量安全控制,E-mail:

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郑再飞1 , 张明成1, * , 李铭1, 马骁2, 马长明3, 金路易1, 刘登勇1
作者信息
  • 1渤海大学食品科学与工程学院,辽宁省肉类食品专业技术创新中心,辽宁锦州 121013
  • 2鞍山市九股河食品有限责任公司,辽宁鞍山 114199
  • 3河南麦瑞克食品科技有限公司,河南郑州 450003
通讯作者:
张明成(1982−)(ORCID:0000−0002−9995−2612),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉品加工、食品风味与感知科学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

郑再飞(1987−)(ORCID:0009−0006−4098−6371),男,硕士,助理实验师,研究方向:肉品加工与质量安全控制,E-mail:

Effects of Different Reheating Methods on the Quality of Chicken Soup: A Comprehensive Analysis of Nutrition, Flavor, and Sensory Characteristics
Zaifei ZHENG1 , Mingcheng ZHANG1, * , Ming LI1, Xiao MA2, Changming MA3, Luyi JIN1, Dengyong LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1Liaoning Provincial Center of Technological Innovation for Meat Products, College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
  • 2Anshan Jiuguhe Food Co., Ltd., Anshan 114199, China
  • 3Henan Merick Food Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450003, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100335
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本研究旨在系统探究微波复热、水浴复热、蒸汽复热和煮制复热四种常见方式对鸡汤营养保留、脂质氧化、感官属性及挥发性风味物质组成的影响,为鸡汤工业化复热工艺优化及家庭烹饪提供理论依据与实践指导。通过测定质量损失、蛋白质与脂肪含量、硫代巴比妥酸值(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)、暂时性感官支配法(tem-poral dominance of sensations,TDS)、电子鼻和电子舌响应、气相色谱-质谱联用( gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)挥发性风味物质鉴定等指标,进行多维度品质分析。结果表明:微波复热的鸡汤质量损失较低(10.60%),显著低于煮制复热(14.66%);蛋白质(0.90 g/100 g)和脂肪(0.44 g/100 g)含量显著高于其他复热方式,且TBARS值上升幅度最小(0.31 mg MDA/kg),脂质氧化抑制效果最佳。GC-MS分析共鉴定出48种挥发性风味物质,其中醛类(22种)为核心风味成分,微波复热样品的醛类总量(13407.45 ng/g),且关键风味物质(如己醛、反,反-2,4-癸二烯醛)含量与新鲜对照(11975.52、2162.88 ng/g)最为接近。TDS曲线显示,微波复热样品的鲜味与肉香味持续时间(鲜味起始于第4 s,持续至60 s末期)与对照完全一致,未出现明显腥味和油腻感;电子鼻与电子舌主成分分析表明,微波复热样品与对照的风味轮廓相似度最高(PCA累计贡献率分别达85.7%、92.1%)。煮制复热导致营养损失最大(蛋白质0.64 g/100 g、脂肪0.23 g/100 g)、脂质氧化最剧烈(TBARS值0.44 mg MDA/kg),且挥发性风味物质组成发生显著改变(醛类总量25480.76 ng/g),感官品质劣变明显。蒸汽与水浴复热在各项指标中表现居中。综上,微波复热是保持鸡汤综合品质的最优方式。

鸡汤  /  复热  /  挥发性风味物质  /  电子鼻  /  电子舌

This study systematically investigated the impact of four common reheating methods, microwave, water bath, steam, and boiling reheating, on the integrated quality of chicken soup, with emphasis on nutritional integrity, oxidative stability, volatile flavor architecture, and dynamic sensory perception. Multi-dimensional quality analysis was conducted by determining indicators including mass loss, protein and fat contents, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), temporal dominance of sensations (TDS), responses of electronic nose and electronic tongue, as well as identification of volatile flavor compounds via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The findings provided an evidence-based framework to guide both industrial-scale reheating protocol design and informed domestic preparation practices. Results demonstrated that microwave reheating consistently outperformed other methods across all assessed dimensions. It yielded the lowest cooking loss (10.60%), significantly lower than boiling reheating (14.66%). Protein (0.90 g/100 g) and fat (0.44 g/100 g) retention were highest under microwave treatment, while TBARS increase remained minimal (0.31 mg MDA/kg), indicating superior suppression of lipid oxidation. GC-MS identified 48 volatile compounds, with aldehydes (22 types) constituting the dominant flavor-active class. Microwave-reheated samples exhibited total aldehyde content (13407.45 ng/g) and concentrations of critical odorants including hexanal and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal most closely aligned with the fresh control (11975.52 and 2162.88 ng/g, respectively). TDS analysis revealed that umami and meaty notes emerged at 4 s and persisted uninterrupted throughout the 60 s evaluation window precisely mirroring the temporal profile of the fresh control and were devoid of off-notes such as fishiness or greasiness. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) of electronic nose and electronic tongue data confirmed that the flavor signature of microwave-reheated samples showed the highest congruence with the fresh control, with cumulative contribution rates of 85.7% (electronic nose) and 92.1% (electronic tongue). Cooking and reheating induced the most severe nutritional loss, with reductions of 0.64 g/100 g in protein and 0.23 g/100 g in fat, the highest degree of lipid peroxidation evidenced by a TBARS value of 0.44 mg MDA/kg, significant shifts in the composition of volatile flavor compounds (total aldehydes: 25480.76 ng/g), and pronounced deterioration in sensory quality. Steam and water bath reheating delivered intermediate outcomes across all parameters. Collectively, these convergent, multi-modal results robustly identify microwave reheating as the optimal method for preserving the holistic quality encompassing nutritional value, chemical stability, and authentic sensory experience of reheated chicken soup.

chicken soup  /  reheating  /  volatile flavor substances  /  electronic nose  /  electronic tongue
郑再飞, 张明成, 李铭, 马骁, 马长明, 金路易, 刘登勇. 不同复热方式对鸡汤营养、感官特性及挥发性风味物质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 24 -34 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100335
Zaifei ZHENG, Mingcheng ZHANG, Ming LI, Xiao MA, Changming MA, Luyi JIN, Dengyong LIU. Effects of Different Reheating Methods on the Quality of Chicken Soup: A Comprehensive Analysis of Nutrition, Flavor, and Sensory Characteristics[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 24 -34 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100335
鸡汤作为中国传统饮食文化中的重要组成部分,不仅滋味鲜美,还具有丰富的营养价值,常被视为滋补佳品[1]。随着现代生活节奏的加快和预制食品工业的发展,速冻鸡汤产品逐渐走入家庭与餐饮市场。这类产品在食用前通常需经过复热处理,以恢复其风味与口感。然而,复热过程作为食品加工中的关键环节,其加热方式与条件直接影响产品的最终品质,包括营养成分的保留、风味物质的释放以及感官特性的变化[2]。
目前常见的复热方式包括微波、水浴、蒸汽和煮制,不同复热方式因其传热机制、温度分布和处理时间存在差异,对食品品质的影响亦不相同[3]。已有研究表明,微波加热因其内外同时加热的特性,能在较短时间内达到目标温度,有助于减少部分营养物质的损失和风味成分的挥发[4]。水浴加热为温和的湿热传递方式,受热均匀且温度波动小,是食品工业批量复热中稳定性较高的选择;传统煮制以直接热传导为核心,优势源于自身的普适性与功能性,传热稳定且穿透性强,适配大容量、多组分食品,无需复杂设备即可均匀加热,持续高温能促进蛋白质、多糖等大分子降解以提升滋味与消化吸收率,操作门槛低、场景适配广,可通过调整时长调控口感风味,且高温杀菌彻底,能保障食品安全与保质期。蒸汽复热依托湿热环境实现无接触加热,核心优势是精准保留风味与质地,温度恒定约100 ℃可避免焦糊干结,冷凝水膜能减少水分流失,批量复热效率高且容器清洁便捷[5]。因此,选择合适的复热方式对保持鸡汤原有风味与营养至关重要。
尽管已有研究关注复热对肉类制品风味与质构的影响[4−5],但针对鸡汤这一复杂液体体系,系统比较不同复热方式对其营养组成、风味释放规律及动态感官特性影响的研究仍较为缺乏。因此,本研究以传统炖煮鸡汤为对象,系统比较微波、水浴、蒸汽和煮制四种复热方式对其营养品质、脂质氧化、感官特性及挥发性风味成分的影响,旨在为鸡汤预制品的复热工艺优化与家庭烹饪提供理论依据与实践指导。
冻藏三黄鸡(日龄300 d,均重1.7 kg) 购于万达超市(锦州,辽宁);环己酮 色谱纯,Sigma-Aldrich公司;C7~C30正构烷烃标样 美国Supelco公司;盐 中国盐业有限公司;其他试剂均为分析纯 国药集团试剂有限公司。
K9840凯氏定氮仪 山东海能科学仪器有限公司;PEN3电子鼻 德国Air Sense公司;Taste Sensing SA402B电子舌 日本INSENT公司;Agilent7890N-5975气相色谱-质谱联用仪 美国Agilent公司;固相微萃取装置及75 μm CAR/PDMS萃取针 美国Supelco公司;DKS-24电热恒温水浴锅 上海森信实验仪器有限公司;Allegra 64R高速冷冻离心机 广州深华公司。
鸡汤的制备遵循Guan等[6]方法,并做适当的修改。将在4 ℃解冻12 h的鸡胴体(去头、爪、内脏和可见脂肪)切成约2 cm×2 cm×2 cm的小块,在沸水(95~100 ℃)中焯水2 min,捞出鸡肉用冷水冲洗干净,去除鸡肉中的血水、浮沫,沥干水分后称重。鸡肉与纯净水按1:2.5(w/w)放入锅中,当水温达到95~99 ℃后,1300 W熬制10 min后换至300 W熬煮3 h,起锅前加入原料和水总重量0.35%的盐,获得鸡汤,用四层150目纱布过滤鸡汤。将炖好的鸡汤样品分为五组,置于PP材质塑料保鲜盒中,密封保存于−20 ℃冷冻。在测试前,将冷冻的鸡汤在4℃冰箱解冻至4 ℃,之后分别用不同复热方式处理鸡汤样品,并测定分析各项指标。鸡汤复热终点温度为60 ℃,复热方式如下:(a)对照:新鲜制备未曾经历复热的鸡汤;(b)微波(MH):样品在微波炉中以500 W的功率加热90 s;(c)水浴:样品在100 ℃沸水中水浴10 min;(d)蒸汽:样品放入不锈钢家用蒸笼沸水浴加热10 min;(e)煮制:样品在电磁炉中以500 W的功率加热5 min。不同处理方式样品均为同一批次制备的样品。
参考Wang等[7]的方法,将鸡汤在复热前后进行称重,按式(1)计算复热前后质量损失。
$ \rm{\mathrm{X}}(\%)=\frac{\text{m}_1-\text{m}_2}{\text{m}_1}\times100 $
式中,m1和m2分别为加热前后样品的重量(g)。
依据GB 5009.6-2016《食品中脂肪的测定》规定的方法进行相关检测。
依据GB 5009.5-2016《食品中蛋白质的测定》规定的方法进行相关检测。
依据GB 5009.181-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中丙二醛的测定》规定的方法进行相关检测。
参考国家标准GB/T 16291.1-2012[8]以及Zhang等[9]的方法,从渤海大学招募并筛选出了15名受试者,其中5名为男性,10名为女性,年龄均在21~50岁。这些受试者未曾接受过TDS培训。评价员不吸烟,无口腔和嗅觉、味觉疾病。
15名受试者参与了TDS培训。培训和感官评估均在室温(20±1 ℃)进行,共进行4次培训。第一次培训,需要评价员品尝鸡汤样品,经过讨论生成感官描述词。第二次培训,需要评价员熟悉感官描述词列表,确定每个属性的定义。在第三次培训中,向评价员介绍TDS的评价方法,并向评价员解释“主导感官属性”这一核心概念[10]。第四次培训,向评价员介绍爱谱森思(APPsense,V9.8)软件的使用方法,使评价员熟悉TDS评价过程。
在固定时间(上午9:30~11:30)进行TDS评估。数据采集使用APPsense软件。为了避免最后一个属性可能因为疲劳而不被注意,TDS属性的出现顺序是随机且均匀呈现在屏幕上的,鸡汤(10 mL)根据Williams Latin Square随机呈现,以平衡呈现顺序[11]。自评价员摄入10 mL的鸡汤开始计时,摄入60 s后计时结束,每1 s记录一次。鸡汤在评价员口中停留5 s后被自然吞咽[12]。此过程中,评价员需要评估他们认为在品尝过程中占主导地位的感官属性(这些属性被定义为在特定阶段最吸引评价员注意的属性,而非在整个评估过程中最为突出的属性[13])。评价员在进行感官评价时,无需选择列表中的所有属性,一个属性可以多次选择作为主导属性,也可以从不选择。在每次样品评估完成后,安排5 min的休息时间并用纯净水漱口,15名评价员对每个样品均进行了3次重复(即45次试验)。
鸡汤样品的优势率为某种属性在30 s内作为主导属性的百分比[13],计算公式如式(2)所示。TDS曲线的横轴代表时间,纵轴则反映不同属性的优势率(0~1)。P0为机会水平线,位于其上方的曲线表示属性可被偶然感知,而位于其下方的曲线则表明该属性无法被感知,即缺乏显著的感官优势,具体计算公式见式(3);Ps为显著水平线,曲线在其上方的属性优势率高于下方的曲线,计算公式见式(4)。
$\begin{split} &{\mathrm{优势率}(\text{%})=}\\&{\dfrac{\text{某一时刻选择某一属性为优势感官属性的感官评价员人数}}{\text{感官评价员总人数}}\times 100} \end{split}$
$\rm {P}_{0}(\text{%})=\frac{1}{\text{P}}\times 100 $
$ {\text{P}}_{\text{s}}=\left({\text{P}}_{0}+1.645\sqrt{\frac{{\text{P}}_{0}\left(1-{\text{P}}_{0}\right)}{\text{n}}}\right)\times 100$
式中,P代表感官属性词的总数;Ps代表30 s内的任意时刻;n代表感官评价的总次数,即评价人员数量与重复次数的乘积。
根据Zhu等[14]的方法作少许修改,使用Insent SA402B电子舌进行味觉分析。该电子舌的味觉传感器由五个测试传感器以及两个参比电极共同构成。五个敏感电极涂上特定的材料,以响应六种味道:CA0为酸味,C00为苦味和回味-苦味(回味-B),AE1为涩味和回味-涩味(回味-A),AAE为鲜味和丰富(回味-鲜味),CT0为咸味。
将100 mL的鸡汤在4 ℃条件下以3000×g离心10 min,然后收集上清液,先后使用0.45和0.22 μm的水相过滤膜过滤。每个样品取70 mL鸡汤,均匀分为两个样品杯进行检测。传感器分别在清洗液(30 mmol/mL KCl+0.3 mmol/L酒石酸,90 s)和参比液(30 mmol/L KCl+0.3 mmol/L酒石酸,120 s+120 s)中洗涤。传感器在样品溶液中浸泡30 s。对每个样品进行了四次重复测量。设置采集时间为120 s,搅拌速率1 r/s,1 s采集一次,延迟0 s。
使用便携式PEN3电子鼻分析鸡汤的香气特征。电子鼻系统中共含有10个传感器头:W1C(敏感于芳香族和苯化合物)、W5S(高度敏感于氮氧化物)、W3C(敏感于氨类和芳香性化合物)、W6S(敏感于氢气)、W5C(敏感于烯烃和短链芳香族化合物)、W1S(敏感于烃类物质)、W1W(敏感于硫化氢)、W2S(敏感于醛类、醇类和酮类)、W2W(敏感于有机硫化物)、W3S(敏感于烷烃)。
将5.0 g鸡汤样品精确称量并置于20 mL的顶空瓶中,然后使用3层保鲜膜迅速对瓶口进行密封。将顶空瓶置50 ℃的环境中加热平衡,持续时间为30 min。采用电子鼻进行测定,每组样品均重复测定3次。在测定过程中,将电子鼻的检测时间设定为120 s,载气流速为200 mL/min。传感器响应定义为电导率G/G0之比(G0和G分别为传感器暴露于气体样品前后的电导率)。对于每个样本,选取104 s时的数据作为原始数据进行分析。
鸡汤挥发性风味物质分析通过GC-MS进行,参照Wen等[15]的方法,并稍作修改,具体步骤如下。
将4.5 g的鸡汤样品和7 μL的环己酮内标溶液混合置于20 mL顶空萃取瓶中,然后盖上瓶盖。在进行萃取之前,将样品进行热平衡处理10 min。在60 ℃温度下利用SPME萃取头进行40 min挥发性风味物质的采集和富集。
在完成萃取后,将萃取头插入气相色谱仪的进样口,以不分流模式在250 ℃下进行解析,时长为5 min。
色谱条件:选用TR-5 MS毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm)。选择氦气(He)作为载气,并保持流速控制在1.0 mL/min。升温程序:起始时柱箱温度保持在40 ℃维持3 min;接着以3 ℃/min的速率升温至70 ℃,接着以5 ℃/min的速率升至180 ℃,最后再以10 ℃/min的速度升温至280 ℃,并在此温度下保持5 min。
质谱条件:采用70 eV的电子电离(EI+)模式和全扫描模式(m/z 30~550),离子源温度设为230 ℃。
挥发性风味化合物在通过气相色谱技术分离后,结合NIST 14谱库和标准化合物的线性保留指数(LRI)进行分析鉴定。采用以环己酮为内标的半定量法,通过比较挥发性风味物质与内标品的峰面积,计算出各风味物质的绝对浓度(待测挥发性风味物质的绝对浓度(ng/g)=(待测风味物质的色谱峰面积/内标物(环己酮)的色谱峰面积)×内标物(环己酮)的加入浓度(ng/g)。同时,按照与GC-MS相同的分析条件进行操作,计算C7~C30正构烷烃混标的保留时间,通过这些正构烷烃的保留时间来计算挥发性化合物的保留指数(RI),计算公式见式(5)。
$ \mathrm{RI}=\mathrm{100n}+100[({\text{t}}_{\text{x}}-{\text{t}}_{\text{n}})/({\text{t}}_{\text{n+1}}-{\text{t}}_{\text{n}})] $
式中,tx为待测挥发性风味物质的保留时间(min);tn和tn+1分别为碳原子数为n和n+1的正构烷烃的保留时间(min),且满足tn<tx<tn+1;n为正构烷烃的碳原子数。
所有指标均进行3次独立重复试验,试验结果以“平均值±标准差(mean±SD)”表示。采用IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0软件进行数据处理.对所有指标进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),以判断不同复热方式组间是否存在整体显著差异。随后采用Duncan多重比较法进行事后检验,明确具体两组间的差异显著性,显著性水平设定为P<0.05。采用Origin 2024软件进行图表绘制,文中表格与图表中同一指标的不同小写字母表示组间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。
质量损失是食品制品的一个负面属性,主要与水分蒸发及挥发性物质逸散相关。本研究所有复热过程均未采用密封方式,完全贴合家庭日常烹饪中“开放式复热”的实际场景,也便于直观呈现不同传热特性对质量损失的固有影响。不同复热方式鸡汤样品的质量损失如图1所示,煮制复热样品的失重最高(14.66%),其次是微波复热样品(10.60%),而蒸汽和水浴复热样品的质量损失无显著差异(P>0.05)。煮制复热样品质量损失最高的原因可能与其整体受热剧烈、热传导效率高有关。在煮制过程中,样品直接与热容器接触,热量通过对流和传导迅速传递至样品内部,促使水分迅速汽化并直接向空气中逸散,无任何阻隔导致失重加剧。相比之下,微波复热是通过电磁波使水分子高频振动产生热量,实现由内及外的加热。尽管加热时间短,但内部水分瞬间升温汽化,形成较高蒸汽压,迫使水分快速逸出,因而质量损失较大[7]。而与微波复热样品相比,水浴和蒸汽复热样品的质量损失较少(P<0.05)。水浴与蒸汽复热均属于温和加热方式。水浴复热时,样品被沸水环绕,蒸汽复热时样品直接处于蒸汽氛围中。两种场景下环境内水蒸气浓度极高,导致水蒸气分压显著高于微波、煮制的开放环境。当环境水蒸气分压高时,样品表面的水分蒸发速率会大幅减慢,环境中的水蒸气削弱了内部水分向表面迁移并蒸发的动力,最终抑制整体水分流失,因此两者的质量损失均较低。此外,蒸汽复热时的水蒸气在样品表面冷凝形成液态水膜,进一步阻隔了水分向外迁移[16]。这与刘常园等[17]的结论一致,不同加热方式的肉制品在质量损失方面存在显著差异。
对复热前后鸡汤的脂肪和蛋白含量变化情况进行分析,结果如图2所示。从图2中可以看出,复热方式对鸡汤中脂肪和蛋白质含量的影响显著(P<0.05)。复热后,鸡汤中的脂肪和蛋白质含量均有所降低。与对照组相比,微波复热后脂肪和蛋白质的损失减少,Zhao等[18]也观察到微波加热能够导致脂肪含量下降。水浴复热、蒸汽复热和煮制复热相比微波复热在脂肪含量以及蛋白质含量方面逐渐减少。
鸡汤中的脂肪以脂肪球的形式存在于水包油(O/W)型乳浊液中。在加热过程中,尤其是剧烈的、长时间的加热(如煮制),会破坏包裹脂肪球的界面蛋白膜,导致脂肪球聚结、上浮或吸附于容器壁面,从而在取样测定时造成损失[19]。此外,脂肪(特别是多不饱和脂肪酸)在加热条件下会发生氧化反应,生成氢过氧化物,并进一步分解为醛、酮、酸等小分子挥发性物质[20]。这些物质部分会挥发损失,导致测得的脂肪含量下降。微波复热虽然剧烈,但时间短,在一定程度上限制了氧化反应的进行;而蒸汽和煮制复热由于时间长,为脂肪氧化提供了更长的反应时间,因此损失更为显著。从蛋白质变化的机理来看,蛋白质的热变性与聚集是主要原因。加热使蛋白质分子展开,暴露出疏水基团和巯基,随后通过疏水相互作用、二硫键等形成大的聚集体。这些不溶性的蛋白质聚集体会从汤汁中沉淀出来,导致可测定的蛋白质含量减少[21]。煮制复热由于热负荷最大,最易引发剧烈的蛋白变性和沉淀。从化学角度出发,美拉德反应和蛋白质的共价交联也可能贡献了部分蛋白质的“损失”。汤汁中的游离氨基酸、肽类与还原糖在加热时发生美拉德反应,生成棕褐色的类黑精及其他复杂聚合物,这些产物可能未被完全计入蛋白质的测定范围[21]。微波复热虽然内部加热剧烈,但其“瞬时性”是关键。它能在极短时间内使体系达到目标温度,从而显著缩短了脂肪氧化和蛋白质变性聚集所需的热作用时间,因此相对于长时间加热方式,其脂肪和蛋白质的保留率反而更高。水浴复热的核心优势在于其温和与均匀的低温长时间加热特性,它避免了局部过热,最大限度地减轻了对乳浊液和蛋白质结构的机械性破坏与强烈的热化学降解。而蒸汽复热,尽管温度与煮制相近,但其热传递效率低于直接煮制,因此需要更长时间以达到中心温度,长时间的热暴露促进了脂肪氧化和水分的蒸发浓缩,间接导致成分损失。煮制复热则是物理破坏(剧烈的对流冲击破坏乳浊液)与化学破坏(高温下的氧化与变性)最为严重的模式,因此造成了最大程度的脂肪和蛋白质损失。
不同复热样品的脂质氧化水平如图3所示。TBARS值可以反映脂肪二次氧化产物MDA的含量,从而对脂肪的氧化程度进行评价。不同复热样品的TBARS值存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。与对照相比,所有复热方式的TBARS值均有所增加。这与Luo等[22]的结果一致,食用前的高温烹饪会加速脂质氧化过程,导致样品的TBARS值增加。其中,微波复热(0.31 mg MDA/kg)后的TBARS值是复热方式中最低的,其次是水浴(0.36 mg MDA/kg)和蒸汽(0.38 mg MDA/kg),而煮制复热(0.44 mg MDA/kg)样品的TBARS值最高。水浴复热因加热速度平缓,反应动力学减缓。而微波复热虽瞬时热效应强,但其极短的加热时间限制了氧化链式反应的持续发展,且内部水分快速汽化形成的局部低压环境在一定程度上阻碍了氧气扩散,共同抑制了次级氧化产物的积累[23]。蒸汽复热虽温度与煮制相近,但其湿热环境更易激活内源脂肪酶,促使甘油三酯水解生成更易氧化的游离脂肪酸,从而间接加剧氧化,刺激食品释放更多的挥发性化合物[24]。煮制复热样品TBARS值最高(0.44 mg MDA/kg),主要源于其快速的升温显著加速了脂质自由基链式反应速率,同时剧烈的沸腾运动促进了氧气向脂质界面的传质,并为血红蛋白释放的游离铁等促氧化因子提供了高效催化条件[25]。这与Li等[25]的结果一致,较高强度的热处理与脂质氧化呈正相关[23]。
不同复热方式下鸡汤的TDS结果如图4所示。在TDS曲线中,偶然性水平线以下被认为是贡献较小的属性,而显著性水平线以上的曲线表示主要的味觉感知[26]。可以看出,复热前后样本的所有属性都表现出明显的相似性,但在动态变化过程中存在细微的差异。在对照样品中,鸡汤的鲜味和肉香味在所有主导属性中最为突出且持续时间最长。其中鲜味为最先被感知的感官主导属性,在对照样品中,受试者在第4 s时确认了其感官属性的优势。
与对照相比,微波复热后鸡汤的鲜味和肉香味属性没有变化,但水浴、蒸汽以及煮制复热后,鲜味和肉香味的持续时间均有所减少,这可能是由于加热与肉香味相关的挥发性化合物蒸发所导致的[27]。同时,咸味的持续时间分别为9 s(对照)、10 s(微波)、13 s(水浴)、13 s(蒸汽)和16 s(煮制)。鸡汤的咸味和浓厚感属性在复热后的持续时间增加且出现时间提前,特别是在煮制复热中,咸味和浓厚感的主导率最大且出现时间提前。值得注意的是,长时间复热后鸡汤出现了腥味和油腻感。腥味和油腻感主导属性的持续时间也从微波的1 s增加到了煮制复热的3和4 s。腥味的产生主要与脂质氧化程度的加深有关[28],这与煮制复热后鸡汤中的TBARS值最高结果一致,这可能会降低鸡汤的整体风味。这一结果表明,微波复热后鸡汤的各属性变化规律均与对照相似,但煮制复热后鸡汤的咸味、浓厚感、腥味和油腻感等属性的持续时间显著增加,浓厚感增加使得饮用后鸡汤的丰富度增加,但同时也会增加一些不利于鸡汤风味的因素如腥味和油腻感等。
不同复热方式对鸡汤味觉特征的影响可通过电子舌技术进行精确解析,电子舌技术通过多传感器响应和多元统计分析,有助于区分五组鸡汤样品的味觉轮廓,揭示复热方式对风味构成的作用[29]。雷达图(图5)显示,相较于未处理的对照组,经不同方式(煮制、微波、蒸汽及水浴)复热后,鸡汤的鲜味和丰富度得到明显提升,同时咸味响应值增强而苦味响应值降低,表明复热过程不仅增强了滋味活性物质的释放或转化,还可能通过美拉德反应、脂质降解等途径促进风味化合物的生成,从而优化整体味觉轮廓[30]。这一电子舌分析结果与前文TDS动态感官评价结果具有良好的一致性:电子舌检测到的鲜味、丰富度提升,与TDS中复热后鸡汤鲜味主导属性的感知持续时间增加的特征相吻合;咸味响应值增强也对应了TDS中复热组(尤其煮制复热)咸味持续时间显著延长的感官表现。其中,煮制复热样品在咸味、丰富度和鲜味上响应值最高,这可能与其持续的热传导促进蛋白质水解及游离氨基酸积累有关,这些成分是鲜味和丰富度的关键贡献者[31]。进一步通过主成分分析(PCA)验证(图6),PC1(78.0%)和PC2(14.1%)累计贡献率达92.1%,能够充分代表样品味觉特征的核心变异;图6中对照样品点与其他复热组无重叠,明确证实复热处理显著改变了鸡汤的味觉属性,而微波复热样品与对照组距离较近,说明其热效应较为温和,可能减少了挥发性风味物质的损失,从而更好地保留了原有滋味[32]。此外,蒸汽与水浴复热样品在PCA图中呈现相似分布,表明二者通过湿热传递对滋味成分的影响趋同,而它们与煮制样品的差异主要体现在PC2轴上,反映了不同加热方式对滋味的差异化影响[33]。
电子鼻通过10个特异性传感器(覆盖芳香族、含硫化合物、醛酮醇等气味物质)构建鸡汤气味指纹,可快速捕捉复热过程中挥发性风味的整体变化,其雷达图(图7)与主成分分析(PCA)结果(图8)共同揭示了复热方式对鸡汤香气轮廓的调控机制。从雷达图响应特征来看,W1S(烃类敏感)、W1W(含硫化合物敏感)、W2S(醛酮醇敏感)、W3S(烷烃敏感)、W5S(氮氧化物敏感)、W6S(氢气敏感)这6个传感器响应值明显高于其他传感器,说明烃类、含硫化合物、醛酮醇是构成鸡汤核心气味的关键物质。不同复热方式对这些气味物质的影响存在明显差异:水浴复热后,W1W与W5S传感器响应值明显升高,这是因为水浴属于温和且长时间的湿热加热,会促进鸡汤中含硫氨基酸(如半胱氨酸)的降解,生成硫化氢、甲硫醇等含硫化合物,同时蛋白质分解产生的含氮小分子物质(如胺类)易被氧化为氮氧化物,两类物质共同促使水浴复热鸡汤的“蒸煮味”更明显[34]。
蒸汽与煮制复热则使W1S与W2S传感器响应值上升,核心原因是这两种方式需持续高温加热——蒸汽的湿热环境会加速脂质氧化生成长链烷烃,煮制的直接加热则进一步促进蛋白质水解产物与还原糖的反应,生成乙醛、己醛等醛酮类物质,最终让鸡汤呈现“焦香”或“氧化味”倾向[35]。而微波复热的气味图谱与对照高度吻合,这得益于微波“内外同时加热”的特性,短时间内即可达到目标温度,不仅减少了原有挥发性风味物质的逸散,还避免了长时间加热导致的异味物质(如过量含硫化合物、氧化烷烃)生成,从而保留了鸡汤的新鲜香气轮廓。
PCA结果进一步验证了上述规律:PC1(贡献率52.6%)与PC2(贡献率33.1%)累计贡献率达85.7%,远高于70%的有效区分阈值,说明电子鼻能精准区分不同复热方式的鸡汤气味差异。其中,对照与微波复热样品在PCA图8中部分重叠,表明二者气味物质组成相似度高——这是因为微波加热对鸡汤原有风味体系的破坏最小,未显著改变气味物质的种类与比例;而对照与煮制、蒸汽、水浴复热样品距离较远,且三类样品各自分散在不同区域,说明这三种复热方式已显著重构鸡汤的气味轮廓,其核心机制仍是加热时间与传热方式的差异:煮制的“直接高温”、蒸汽的“持续湿热”、水浴的“温和慢热”,分别通过不同路径(如剧烈脂质氧化、持续蛋白降解、缓慢小分子氧化)改变了气味物质的构成,最终形成差异化的香气特征。
通过不同的复热方式,鸡汤中共鉴定出48种挥发性风味物质,其中醇类6种,醛类22种,烃类18种,呋喃1种,其他1种。各挥发性化合物的含量见表1。可以看出,采用不同方式复热后,鸡汤产品的挥发性风味物质含量发生变化,与对照样品相比,复热样品的总挥发性化合物含量显著增加(P<0.05)。这可能是由于复热导致了脂质氧化进一步发展,促进脂肪酸降解,生成醛类、酮类等具有特征香气的挥发性化合物。这些化合物构成了鸡汤气味的核心物质基础[25]。
醛类是汤中主要的挥发性化合物,由于醛类物质的嗅觉阈值普遍较低,因此它们对鸡汤的风味起着重要作用[32]。本研究中对照样品醛类总量为11975.52 ng/g,复热后各处理组醛类含量均大幅增加,且呈现明显梯度差异:煮制复热醛类总量达25480.76 ng/g,为所有组中最高,是对照的2.13倍;蒸汽复热为21922.64 ng/g,水浴复热为19498.85 ng/g,微波复热醛类总量为13407.45 ng/g,与对照样品最为接近,仅比对照高11.96%,体现出微波复热对醛类物质组成的保留效果最优。在关键醛类物质中,己醛(青草香)、反,反-2,4-癸二烯醛(脂肪香)是鸡汤特征风味的重要贡献者,对照样品中二者含量分别为2079.15、2162.88 ng/g,微波复热样品中含量为2011.16、1915.40 ng/g,与对照无显著差异,而煮制复热中二者含量大幅升至3024.49、5081.80 ng/g,分别为对照的1.45倍、2.35倍;同时煮制复热中反式-2-壬烯醛(885.17 ng/g)、反-2-辛烯醛(1924.92 ng/g)等易产生不愉快气味的醛类含量也为各组最高,这与煮制复热TBARS值最高(0.44 mg MDA/kg)、脂质氧化最剧烈的结果相印证[7]。具体来说,正己醛散发出青草般的香气,主要源于亚油酸的降解过程,而辛醛则带有类似柑橘般的气味,这是油酸氧化的产物[6]。因此,这些醛类物质在煮制过程中含量的增加,有助于形成鸡汤中独特的香气特性。同时,煮制样品中反式-2-壬烯醛和反式-2-辛烯醛含量较高,可能会导致不愉快的气味产生[25]。此外,微波复热样品在大多数醛类物质中的含量都低于其他复热样品,这可能与较短的微波加热时间有关[14]。苯甲醛被认为是亚油酸的分解产物,具有水果味和木本香气,在蒸汽样品中含量最高,会形成独特的气味[25]。
醇类物质在鸡汤中种类较少且整体气味阈值较高,对整体香气的直接贡献有限,对照样品醇类总量为482.67 ng/g,复热后煮制复热醇类总量最高(731.79 ng/g),微波和水浴复热则显著降低,分别为270.36、290.25 ng/g。其中1-辛烯-3-醇是醇类中唯一嗅觉阈值处于人体可感知范围的物质(1~100 μg/kg),具有蘑菇味和泥土味,能提升鸡汤油脂风味,对照样品中其含量为316.21 ng/g,水浴、蒸汽、微波复热后均显著(P<0.05)降低(152.00、264.42、159.60 ng/g),仅煮制复热后含量升至353.28 ng/g,推测是煮制的持续高温促进了脂肪氧化酶催化亚油酸生成该物质[36];此外,2-己基癸醇为复热样品特有风味物质,在水浴和蒸汽复热中检出,对照和微波、煮制复热中未检出,成为该两种复热方式的特征醇类物质。
烷烃的挥发性物质种类最多,鸡汤中鉴定出的烷烃主要以长链脂肪烃为主,这可能是由于长期高温烹饪过程中,脂肪酸发生了氧化降解而形成的。然而,由于大多数烷烃的碳链很长,它们对鸡汤的味道影响几乎没有,但它们在汤的整体风味中起着协调作用[37]。此外,在鸡汤中还检测到了低浓度的苯和烯烃化合物,但由于气味阈值较高,它们对香气感知几乎没有影响。因此,这些挥发性成分被忽略了。在复热前后均检测到了2-甲基四氢呋喃,呋喃是蛋白质基产品中不可或缺的关键风味成分,它赋予了产品令人愉悦的甜味、肉质和焦糖香气。这些风味(甜味、肉质和焦糖香气)的形成主要源于脂质的氧化反应、碳水化合物的热解过程以及氨基酸与还原糖之间的美拉德反应[38]。总体而言,微波和对照之间香气特征相似,而煮制复热表现出独特的香气特征。
不同复热方式对鸡汤品质的影响存在显著差异:营养保留方面,微波复热的鸡汤质量损失(10.60%)低于煮制(14.66%),且蛋白质(0.90 g/100 g)、脂肪(0.44 g/100 g)保留率显著高于其他方式,减少了营养流失;脂质氧化层面,微波复热的TBARS值(0.31 mg MDA/kg)最低,煮制复热(0.44 mg MDA/kg)最高,说明微波能有效抑制脂肪氧化。动态感官评价(TDS)与电子舌结果表明,微波复热的鸡汤鲜味、肉香味持续时间与对照一致,未出现明显腥味和油腻感,而煮制复热会加剧不悦风味生成。风味与感官特性上,GC-MS和电子鼻分析显示,微波复热的挥发性风味物质组成与新鲜鸡汤最接近,醛类等关键风味成分含量更贴合对照;综上,微波复热在保持鸡汤综合品质上表现最优,水浴与蒸汽复热效果居中,煮制复热最差,该结果可为预制鸡汤工业化复热工艺及家庭烹饪提供实践指导。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100335
  • 接收时间:2025-11-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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    1渤海大学食品科学与工程学院,辽宁省肉类食品专业技术创新中心,辽宁锦州 121013
    2鞍山市九股河食品有限责任公司,辽宁鞍山 114199
    3河南麦瑞克食品科技有限公司,河南郑州 450003

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张明成(1982−)(ORCID:0000−0002−9995−2612),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉品加工、食品风味与感知科学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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