Article(id=1320166450153771501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100302, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762099200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681809222, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681809222, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681809222, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681809222, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=249, endPage=259, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166450380263918, articleId=1320166450153771501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Function and Structure Analysis of Fucosidase PSf1 from the Marine Sulfate-reducing Bacterium Pontiella sulfatireligans, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fucosidases play a key role in the biodegradation and functional exploration of fucoidan, yet their catalytic diversity and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to explore novel fucosidases from the marine microorganism Pontiella sulfatireligans, and to analyze their enzymatic characteristics and structural basis. The discovery of glycosidases was conducted through genomic comparison and annotation to identify enzymes involved in fucoidan degradation. The candidate α-L-fucosidase gene, PSf1, was cloned and expressed, and its hydrolytic activity and substrate affinity were measured using p-nitrophenyl fucoside as a substrate. Substrate specificity was assessed through a substrate spectrum analysis. The three-dimensional structure of PSf1 was resolved using X-ray crystallography, and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to analyze its binding mode and stability differences with different substrates. The results showed that when using pNP-Gal as a substrate, PSf1 exhibited a hydrolytic activity of 3 U/mg, with a Km value of 337 μmol/L. Substrate specificity analysis revealed for the first time that PSf1 had dual activity, hydrolyzing both α-fucosidic bonds and β-galactosidic bonds. Structural analysis (2.8 Å, PDB ID: 8Z63) showed that the enzyme existed as a non-mirrored dimer in its active form, where the fucose moiety of the substrate and its structural analog, galactose, bound within the conserved active site via hydrogen bonds and other interactions. Molecular dynamics simulations further demonstrated that PSf1 exhibited higher binding stability and lower binding free energy for the fucose substrate, while its hydrolytic activity towards galactosidic bonds originated from recognition of structural similarity. PSf1 was a multifunctional glycoside hydrolase with both α-fucosidase and β-galactosidase activity. The discovery of this enzyme not only elucidates the metabolic mechanism by which P. sulfatireligans efficiently utilizes fucoidan, but also provides a novel enzymatic resource and theoretical foundation for the functional development of fucoidan and enzyme-based synthesis and modification of human milk oligosaccharides, with significant potential applications.

, authors=Xuguang QIN1, Chunping WANG1, Xiangfeng PAN2, Tiantian QIN1, Jiazhong WANG1, *, authorsList=Xuguang QIN, Chunping WANG, Xiangfeng PAN, Tiantian QIN, Jiazhong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiazhong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166452020236799, articleId=1320166450153771501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=海洋硫酸盐还原菌Pontiella sulfatireligans岩藻糖苷酶PSf1的功能与结构研究, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

岩藻糖苷酶在岩藻多糖的生物降解与功能发掘中具有关键作用,但其催化多样性特征与分子机制尚不明确。本研究旨在从海洋微生物Pontiella sulfatireligans中发掘新型岩藻糖苷酶,解析其酶学特性与结构基础。糖苷酶的挖掘通过基因组比较与注释鉴定岩藻糖降解相关酶系;从中克隆表达候选α-L-岩藻糖苷酶基因PSf1,以对硝基苯基糖苷为底物测定其水解活性与底物亲和力,并通过底物谱评估其底物特异性;利用X射线晶体衍射解析PSf1的三维结构,结合分子动力学模拟分析其与不同底物的结合模式与稳定性差异。结果表明,以pNP-Gal为底物时,PSf1水解活力达3 U/mg,Km值为337 μmol/L。底物特异性分析首次发现PSf1兼具水解α-岩藻糖苷键与β-乳糖糖苷键的双重活性。PSf1的结构(2.8 Å,PDB ID: 8Z63)分析显示该酶在活性状态下以非镜像二聚体形式存在,底物分子岩藻糖基单元与其结构类似物半乳糖糖基通过氢键等方式结合在保守活性结构域中。分子动力学模拟进一步表明,PSf1对岩藻糖底物具有更高的结合稳定性与更低的结合自由能,其对半乳糖苷键的水解活性源自于底物结构相似性的识别。PSf1是一种兼具α-岩藻糖苷酶与β-半乳糖苷酶活性的多功能糖苷水解酶,该酶的发现不仅阐释了P. sulfatireligans高效利用岩藻多糖的代谢机制,也为岩藻多糖的功能化开发及母乳低聚糖的酶法合成与改造提供了具有应用潜力的新型酶资源与理论依据。

, authors=秦绪光1, 王春平1, 潘向峰2, 秦甜甜1, 王加众1, *, authorsList=秦绪光, 王春平, 潘向峰, 秦甜甜, 王加众, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王加众, authorNote=

秦绪光(1979−)男,硕士,高级畜牧师,研究方向:兽医微生物、畜禽疫病防控、畜禽健康养殖,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王加众(1988−),男,博士,高级兽医师,研究方向:畜禽健康养殖方面的研究及疫病防控技术推广,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=mGES7QSVIhRZczWBOGdU7g==, magXml=gYj567BpLWmGIdz4QTXx+Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=5pRMAuyRsUYyVLAjbmipIw==, pdfFileSize=5504844, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=GrAb7hr7Q55F/gaJr6YKIQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=5eftMqgRbdTbRZpH6dM5og==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320167020725915816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=qin99xu99@sina.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320167020818190506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, authorId=1320167020725915816, language=EN, stringName=Xuguang QIN, firstName=Xuguang, middleName=null, lastName=QIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Rizhao Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Rizhao 276826, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320167020910465195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, authorId=1320167020725915816, language=CN, stringName=秦绪光, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1日照市动物疫病预防控制中心,山东日照 276826, bio={"content":"

秦绪光(1979−)男,硕士,高级畜牧师,研究方向:兽医微生物、畜禽疫病防控、畜禽健康养殖,E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

秦绪光(1979−)男,硕士,高级畜牧师,研究方向:兽医微生物、畜禽疫病防控、畜禽健康养殖,E-mail:

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Biochemistry, 2014, 53(9): 1447−1455., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320167020507812001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167020516200610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, companyId=1320167020507812001, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Rizhao Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Rizhao 276826, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167020528783523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, companyId=1320167020507812001, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1日照市动物疫病预防控制中心,山东日照 276826)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320167020625252516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167020637835429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, companyId=1320167020625252516, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Rizhao Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Management Service Center, Rizhao 276800, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167020650418342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, companyId=1320167020625252516, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2日照市畜牧兽医管理服务中心,山东日照 276800)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320167024542732490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Results of purity and domain structure of PSf1, figureFileSmall=jpu3/hKpVNeZauA3+3ehSg==, figureFileBig=ct40r8zVsHOpAlFAFdvvMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167024605647051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PSf1蛋白纯度与结构域结果

注:a:PSf1蛋白质纯化SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳图;泳道1:PSf1-cut,泳道2:PSf1,泳道M:marker;b:PSf1 具有一个α-L-fucosidase domains以及Tat信号肽结构域;Tat信号肽有3个功能域,包括N-region(MPIQNINRRS)、H-region(LLCSGAATTAALAVS)、E-region(PSVFG);c:PSf1与信号肽缺失型PSf1的生物活性分析;****表示两组蛋白的活性分析均为三次重复的情况下,PSf1与截短蛋白活性的显著性差异P<0.01,表明后者没有生物学催化功能。

, figureFileSmall=jpu3/hKpVNeZauA3+3ehSg==, figureFileBig=ct40r8zVsHOpAlFAFdvvMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167024697921740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Chemical structure of pNP-linked sugar, figureFileSmall=g7+dHjJ54mPqw1LZACPo/A==, figureFileBig=pMtVV0HYGnq5+vKsmeGHKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167024786002125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=CN, label=图2, caption=对硝基苯酚连接的寡糖化合物结构, figureFileSmall=g7+dHjJ54mPqw1LZACPo/A==, figureFileBig=pMtVV0HYGnq5+vKsmeGHKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167024869888206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=TLC of PSf1 with various sugar substrate, figureFileSmall=FMeiBvex/2cNdHTnU+89SA==, figureFileBig=F21fEYbr6L+NDyIMKILosg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167024932802767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PSf1水解不同底物糖分子的TLC

注:1:岩藻糖;2:半乳糖;3:葡萄糖;4:乳糖;5:2'-岩藻基乳糖;6:3'-岩藻基乳糖;7:血型Ⅱ糖;8:乳-N-二岩藻己糖;9:PSf1与乳糖共孵育;10:PSf1与2'-岩藻基乳糖共孵育;11:PSf1与3'-岩藻基乳糖共孵育;12:PSf1与血型Ⅱ糖共孵育;13:PSf1与乳-N-二岩藻己糖共孵育。

, figureFileSmall=FMeiBvex/2cNdHTnU+89SA==, figureFileBig=F21fEYbr6L+NDyIMKILosg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167025008300240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Optimal temperature, pH and kinetic assay of PSf1 with pNP-Gal, figureFileSmall=0uWaZMXt9hbyfKVsww0pzg==, figureFileBig=59tra/B3/eAt/pQCEoO2TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167025100574929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PSf1最适温度与pH以及PSf1水解pNP-Gal的动力学分析

注:a:PSf1不同温度下的酶活性;b:PSf1不同pH下的酶活性;c:PSf1不同底物浓度下最大反应速率。

, figureFileSmall=0uWaZMXt9hbyfKVsww0pzg==, figureFileBig=59tra/B3/eAt/pQCEoO2TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167025180266706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Crystal structure assay of PSf1, figureFileSmall=AVIqyTWaTCpuqlmOF7Tgvw==, figureFileBig=dcTFfjBDfQAvn8okAgwb0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167025247375571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=CN, label=图5, caption=PSf1三维结构分析

注:a:PSf1在活性状态下以不对称二聚体形式存在,活性区域为由7个β-折叠片组成的TIM结构域;b:GH29家族岩藻糖苷酶5K9H(紫色)和PSf1(蓝色)结构比对;图中虚线区域内的不规则loop在PSf1中代替了第六条β-折叠片。

, figureFileSmall=AVIqyTWaTCpuqlmOF7Tgvw==, figureFileBig=dcTFfjBDfQAvn8okAgwb0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167025331261652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Sequence and domain active site of PSf1 and other fucodiase from GH29 family, figureFileSmall=r10MWGZLmcd2R/O+Bydezg==, figureFileBig=ZYeyI4kxOUoxkp6NBBa2BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167025410953429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=CN, label=图6, caption=PSf1与GH29家族其他糖苷酶的序列与结构域活性位点

注:a:PSf1与GH29家族糖苷酶氨基酸序列比对分析,星号标记的氨基酸残基是非常保守的关键氨基酸,motif xWxDx在糖苷酶中是高保守的区域;b:绿色标记的氨基酸残基表明GH29家族糖苷酶的保守酸碱催化体;c:GH29家族糖苷酶PSf1(PDB:8Z63,蓝色)、Tmα-Fuc(PDB:1HL8,绿色)、FgFco1(PDB:4NI3,橘色)、E1_10125(PDB:6TR3,黄色)的结构与保守氨基酸比对;d:PSf1与突变体PSf1(D237A)、PSf1(E286A)的酶活分析;****表示两组蛋白的活性分析均为三次重复的情况下,两种突变体蛋白活性的显著性差异,P<0.01,表明突变体D237A没有生物学催化功能。

, figureFileSmall=r10MWGZLmcd2R/O+Bydezg==, figureFileBig=ZYeyI4kxOUoxkp6NBBa2BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167025473867990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Substrate binding site assay of PSf1, figureFileSmall=u5x0MSAPo+qDA/se/C0K+g==, figureFileBig=wJa5Fs7282+2aVaWC9l7Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167025549365463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=CN, label=图7, caption=PSf1 与底物分子结合结构域

注:a:PSf1与pNP-Gal的结合状态;b:PSf1与CNP-Fuc的结合状态。

, figureFileSmall=u5x0MSAPo+qDA/se/C0K+g==, figureFileBig=wJa5Fs7282+2aVaWC9l7Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167025616474328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Molecular dynamics simulation analysis of PSf1 complex with substrate within 100 ns, figureFileSmall=onNoBD3KZlTzmbKJ1f7SGQ==, figureFileBig=zwpQucZsJ10ZIYFjbQiMHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167025679388889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=CN, label=图8, caption=复合物100 ns分子动力学模拟分析

注:a:复合物的RMSD曲线;b:小分子的RMSD曲线;c:复合物的Rg曲线;d:复合物的SASA曲线;e:蛋白的RMSF曲线;f:复合物的氢键变化曲线;g:PSf1_CNP-Fuc复合物快照分析:h:PSf1_pNP-Gal复合物快照分析。

, figureFileSmall=onNoBD3KZlTzmbKJ1f7SGQ==, figureFileBig=zwpQucZsJ10ZIYFjbQiMHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167025750692058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Data collection and indicator of PSf1 crystal structure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白数据编号8Z63总反射数113483(11118)
空间群P2独立反射数17505(1483)
分辨率范围47.8 - 2.822(2.922 - 2.822)多重性6.5(6.5)
晶胞参数52.0607 79.8223 89.724 90 98.8458 90完整度(%)94.78(84.65)
合并R因子0.1097(0.8923)平均信噪比(I)12.27(2.41)
冗余合并R因子0.1193(0.9682)总体温度因子60.44
精度指示合并R因子0.04621(0.3728)精修反射数16715(1483)
半数据集相关系数0.997(0.757)R-free反射数817(75)
氢键原子数5407工作R因子0.2233(0.3401)
非氢原子5407自由R因子0.2500(0.3744)
氨基酸残基670主链二面角不允许区域(%)0.15
键长均方根差0.006残基侧链构像(%)6.15
键角均方根差0.96空间冲突分数11.83
主链二面角区域(%)94.44平均温度因子64.63
主链二面角允许区域(%)5.41蛋白质平均B因子64.63
), ArticleFig(id=1320167025817800923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166450153771501, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PSf1 晶体结构的数据参数与指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白数据编号8Z63总反射数113483(11118)
空间群P2独立反射数17505(1483)
分辨率范围47.8 - 2.822(2.922 - 2.822)多重性6.5(6.5)
晶胞参数52.0607 79.8223 89.724 90 98.8458 90完整度(%)94.78(84.65)
合并R因子0.1097(0.8923)平均信噪比(I)12.27(2.41)
冗余合并R因子0.1193(0.9682)总体温度因子60.44
精度指示合并R因子0.04621(0.3728)精修反射数16715(1483)
半数据集相关系数0.997(0.757)R-free反射数817(75)
氢键原子数5407工作R因子0.2233(0.3401)
非氢原子5407自由R因子0.2500(0.3744)
氨基酸残基670主链二面角不允许区域(%)0.15
键长均方根差0.006残基侧链构像(%)6.15
键角均方根差0.96空间冲突分数11.83
主链二面角区域(%)94.44平均温度因子64.63
主链二面角允许区域(%)5.41蛋白质平均B因子64.63
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海洋硫酸盐还原菌Pontiella sulfatireligans岩藻糖苷酶PSf1的功能与结构研究
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秦绪光 1 , 王春平 1 , 潘向峰 2 , 秦甜甜 1 , 王加众 1, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(11): 249-259
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (11) : 249 -259
海洋硫酸盐还原菌Pontiella sulfatireligans岩藻糖苷酶PSf1的功能与结构研究
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秦绪光(1979−)男,硕士,高级畜牧师,研究方向:兽医微生物、畜禽疫病防控、畜禽健康养殖,E-mail:

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秦绪光1 , 王春平1, 潘向峰2, 秦甜甜1, 王加众1, *
作者信息
  • 1日照市动物疫病预防控制中心,山东日照 276826
  • 2日照市畜牧兽医管理服务中心,山东日照 276800
通讯作者:
王加众(1988−),男,博士,高级兽医师,研究方向:畜禽健康养殖方面的研究及疫病防控技术推广,E-mail:。
作者简介:

秦绪光(1979−)男,硕士,高级畜牧师,研究方向:兽医微生物、畜禽疫病防控、畜禽健康养殖,E-mail:

Function and Structure Analysis of Fucosidase PSf1 from the Marine Sulfate-reducing Bacterium Pontiella sulfatireligans
Xuguang QIN1 , Chunping WANG1, Xiangfeng PAN2, Tiantian QIN1, Jiazhong WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Rizhao Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Rizhao 276826, China
  • 2Rizhao Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Management Service Center, Rizhao 276800, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100302
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岩藻糖苷酶在岩藻多糖的生物降解与功能发掘中具有关键作用,但其催化多样性特征与分子机制尚不明确。本研究旨在从海洋微生物Pontiella sulfatireligans中发掘新型岩藻糖苷酶,解析其酶学特性与结构基础。糖苷酶的挖掘通过基因组比较与注释鉴定岩藻糖降解相关酶系;从中克隆表达候选α-L-岩藻糖苷酶基因PSf1,以对硝基苯基糖苷为底物测定其水解活性与底物亲和力,并通过底物谱评估其底物特异性;利用X射线晶体衍射解析PSf1的三维结构,结合分子动力学模拟分析其与不同底物的结合模式与稳定性差异。结果表明,以pNP-Gal为底物时,PSf1水解活力达3 U/mg,Km值为337 μmol/L。底物特异性分析首次发现PSf1兼具水解α-岩藻糖苷键与β-乳糖糖苷键的双重活性。PSf1的结构(2.8 Å,PDB ID: 8Z63)分析显示该酶在活性状态下以非镜像二聚体形式存在,底物分子岩藻糖基单元与其结构类似物半乳糖糖基通过氢键等方式结合在保守活性结构域中。分子动力学模拟进一步表明,PSf1对岩藻糖底物具有更高的结合稳定性与更低的结合自由能,其对半乳糖苷键的水解活性源自于底物结构相似性的识别。PSf1是一种兼具α-岩藻糖苷酶与β-半乳糖苷酶活性的多功能糖苷水解酶,该酶的发现不仅阐释了P. sulfatireligans高效利用岩藻多糖的代谢机制,也为岩藻多糖的功能化开发及母乳低聚糖的酶法合成与改造提供了具有应用潜力的新型酶资源与理论依据。

海洋细菌  /  岩藻糖苷酶  /  酶动力  /  蛋白结构分析  /  分子动力学模拟

Fucosidases play a key role in the biodegradation and functional exploration of fucoidan, yet their catalytic diversity and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to explore novel fucosidases from the marine microorganism Pontiella sulfatireligans, and to analyze their enzymatic characteristics and structural basis. The discovery of glycosidases was conducted through genomic comparison and annotation to identify enzymes involved in fucoidan degradation. The candidate α-L-fucosidase gene, PSf1, was cloned and expressed, and its hydrolytic activity and substrate affinity were measured using p-nitrophenyl fucoside as a substrate. Substrate specificity was assessed through a substrate spectrum analysis. The three-dimensional structure of PSf1 was resolved using X-ray crystallography, and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to analyze its binding mode and stability differences with different substrates. The results showed that when using pNP-Gal as a substrate, PSf1 exhibited a hydrolytic activity of 3 U/mg, with a Km value of 337 μmol/L. Substrate specificity analysis revealed for the first time that PSf1 had dual activity, hydrolyzing both α-fucosidic bonds and β-galactosidic bonds. Structural analysis (2.8 Å, PDB ID: 8Z63) showed that the enzyme existed as a non-mirrored dimer in its active form, where the fucose moiety of the substrate and its structural analog, galactose, bound within the conserved active site via hydrogen bonds and other interactions. Molecular dynamics simulations further demonstrated that PSf1 exhibited higher binding stability and lower binding free energy for the fucose substrate, while its hydrolytic activity towards galactosidic bonds originated from recognition of structural similarity. PSf1 was a multifunctional glycoside hydrolase with both α-fucosidase and β-galactosidase activity. The discovery of this enzyme not only elucidates the metabolic mechanism by which P. sulfatireligans efficiently utilizes fucoidan, but also provides a novel enzymatic resource and theoretical foundation for the functional development of fucoidan and enzyme-based synthesis and modification of human milk oligosaccharides, with significant potential applications.

marine bacterium  /  fucosidase  /  enzyme kinetics  /  protein structure analysis  /  molecular dynamics simulation
秦绪光, 王春平, 潘向峰, 秦甜甜, 王加众. 海洋硫酸盐还原菌Pontiella sulfatireligans岩藻糖苷酶PSf1的功能与结构研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 249 -259 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100302
Xuguang QIN, Chunping WANG, Xiangfeng PAN, Tiantian QIN, Jiazhong WANG. Function and Structure Analysis of Fucosidase PSf1 from the Marine Sulfate-reducing Bacterium Pontiella sulfatireligans[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 249 -259 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100302
岩藻多糖(fucoidan,Fuc)是一种天然硫酸化多糖,主要由L-吡喃岩藻糖(6-脱氧-L-半乳糖)连接而成,岩藻多糖除含有岩藻糖外,还可能含有D-甘露糖、D-半乳糖、D-木糖以及糖醛酸[1−3]。根据岩藻多糖中岩藻糖的连接方式可将其分为两大类:即由(1→3)-α-L-吡喃岩藻糖基组成的Fuc,以及由(1→3)-和(1→4)-α-L-吡喃岩藻糖基交替连接构成的Fuc。岩藻多糖广泛存在于褐藻等海洋藻类中[4−5],因其多样的生物活性(如免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗氧化等)而在医药与食品领域展现出重要应用潜力[6−8]。研究显示,岩藻多糖的生物活性与其分子量密切相关,其中低分子量岩藻多糖通常具有更优的水溶性及生物活性[9],因而通过生物酶法降解高分子量岩藻多糖以获得低分子量组分,已成为当前该领域的研究热点之一[10]。
目前,岩藻多糖的酶法降解主要依赖岩藻聚糖酶、α-L-岩藻糖苷酶及硫酸酯酶等[11−13]。其中,α-L-岩藻糖苷酶可特异性水解岩藻多糖中的岩藻糖苷键,其功能主要归属于糖苷水解酶(GH)29、95、139、141和151家族,其中大多数来源于微生物[14−16]。尽管这些酶在微生物降解岩藻多糖过程中起关键作用,但多数家族成员的催化机制、底物特异性及结构功能关系仍不甚明确。GH29和GH95家族酶可识别并水解糖分子非还原末端的α-(1→2/3/4/6)连接的岩藻糖苷键,且这两类酶对不同复杂天然底物表现出催化多样性。研究发现,GH95家族酶对末端α-(1→2)键显示出严格的底物特异性,并通过反转机制水解糖苷键[17−20]。GH29酶显示出相对广泛的底物特异性,通过保留机制进行水解,且能水解4-硝基苯基-α-L-吡喃岩藻糖苷(pNP-Fuc)的酶被细分为GH29-A(EC 3.2.1.51);而其他对pNP-Fuc无活性且对末端α-(1→3/4)岩藻糖苷键具有严格特异性的GH29岩藻糖苷酶则被细分为GH29-B(EC 3.2.1.111)[21−24]。目前,虽已知GH29和GH95家族糖苷酶的不同底物特异性,但其详细催化机制尚未被完全阐释。近年来研究发现,GH29家族生物来源广泛,其中部分酶催化剂展现出转糖基活性,如来自海栖热袍球菌的岩藻糖苷酶能合成2-岩藻糖基乳糖、3-岩藻糖基乳糖[25−28]。此外,目前关于该家族酶能否水解非岩藻糖苷键(如β-糖苷键)仍未见报道,这也限制了对其催化潜力的全面认识。
近期,从分离自海洋沉积物的厌氧细菌Pontiella sulfatireligans F21(PVC超门中的疣微菌门Verrucomicrobia)中鉴定出多个可能参与岩藻多糖降解的酶,其中富含GH29、GH95、GH141等家族的糖苷水解酶[29−30]。该菌展现出高效的岩藻多糖降解能力,提示其酶系统催化特性值得深入挖掘。然而,这些酶的具体功能、底物范围及结构基础仍属未知。本研究以海洋菌株P. sulfatireligans F21来源的新型α-L-岩藻糖苷酶PSf1为对象,系统开展其功能与结构的表征工作。通过酶学性质分析、底物特异性鉴定及X射线晶体结构解析,全面阐明PSf1的催化特性、底物识别机制及其结构基础。研究成果不仅从分子层面深化了对GH29家族糖苷水解酶功能多样性的认识,也为岩藻多糖的高效生物转化及母乳低聚糖(HMOs)类似物等功能性寡糖的酶法合成提供了重要的理论依据与新型工具酶资源。
Escherichia coli Tuner(DE3)、感受态细胞 上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;C115一步克隆试剂盒、蛋白Maker、蛋白上样缓冲液、SDS-PAGE凝胶一步法超快速配制试剂盒、克隆试剂盒 南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;胰蛋白胨、酵母粉 英国Oxoid公司;对硝基苯酚、氯化钠、咪唑、乳糖(Lactose,Gal-β-1,4-Glc)、乳-N-二岩藻己糖(Lacto-N-difucohexaose,Gal-β-1,3-Fuc-α-1,4-GlcNAc-β-1,3-Gal-β-1,4-Fuc-α-1,3-Glc)、血型Ⅱ糖、对硝基苯-α-D-葡萄糖吡喃苷、对硝基苯-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷、对硝基苯基-α-D-吡喃半乳糖苷、对硝基苯基-2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷、邻硝基苯-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;Tris、MOPS、对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 西格玛奥德奇公司;岩藻糖-1,2-半乳糖(Fuc-α-1,2-Gal) 西安瑞禧生物公司;3'-岩藻糖基乳糖(3'-FL,Gal-β-1,4-Fuc-α-1,3-Glc)(>98%纯度)、2'-岩藻糖基乳糖(2'-FL,Fuc-α-1,2-Gal-β-1,4-Glc)(90%纯度) 上海惠诚生物科技有限公司;2-氯-4-硝基苯基-α-L-吡喃岩藻糖苷(CNP-Fuc,99%) 怀化市冰峰化工有限公司;对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃甘露糖苷、对硝基苯基-α-L-吡喃岩藻糖苷 上海吉至生化公司;卡那霉素、异丙基-β-D-1-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG) 阿拉丁生化科技有限公司。
MQD-B1R摇床 上海旻泉仪器有限公司;AKTA pure 蛋白纯化系统 Cytiva瑞士制造有限公司;Ultrospec 2100 pro-UV-Vis Spectrophotometer紫外分光光度计 德国柏楉有限公司;DHG-9920A电热鼓风干燥箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;Avanti J-26XP高速冷冻离心机 贝克曼库尔特有限公司;FastPrep-24细胞破碎仪 MP生物医疗公司。
使用NCBI BLAST(https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi)进行岩藻糖苷酶氨基酸序列的多序列比对(MSA)和一致性百分比计算。多序列比对使用MEGA 11 软件,通过Clustalw方法构建。使用Genedoc软件分析氨基酸保守位点。使用SignalP 6.0(SignalP 6.0 - DTU Health Tech- Bioinformatic Services)预测信号肽[31]。另外,蛋白质功能域分析使用在线网站InterProScan(https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/about/interproscan/)进行功能域搜索[32]。
本研究所使用的岩藻糖苷酶编码基因片段PSf1来自P. sulfatireligans F21,登录号为VGO19391.1,由苏州金唯智生物科技有限公司进行密码子优化和序列合成。重组质粒pET-28b/PSf1及pET-28b/PSf1-cut的构建使用C115一步克隆试剂盒(Vazyme C115 CloneExpress®Ultra One Step Cloning Kit)进行同源重组获得并保留C端的His标签。其中载体片段pET28b经NcoI和XhoI双酶切消化获得。将重组质粒转化E. coli Tuner(DE3)感受态细胞,并参照碧云天配套的说明书(D1091S)完成。其中大肠杆菌的培养基体系如下,液体培养基(Luria-Bertani (LB) medium)为:酵母粉 5 g/L,氯化钠 10 g/L,胰蛋白胨10 g/L,pH7.0,固体培养基中需额外添加1.5%的琼脂糖,生长条件为37 ℃,培养基中添加50 µg/mL卡那霉素。
点突变重组蛋白的构建方法同上所述,位点突变经人工确定后,其基因序列由第三方公司直接合成。
挑取转化成功的单克隆E. coli Tuner(DE3)于30 mL的LB液体培养基中,并添加终浓度为50 µg/mL的卡那霉素。于37 ℃、180 r/min条件下培养12 h后,再次转入新鲜的3 L LB液体培养基中(含50 µg/mL卡那霉素)进行发酵。37 ℃、220 r/min条件下培养至OD600 nm值为0.6~0.8后,加入终浓度为0.6 mmol/L的IPTG,并调至温度为20 ℃后120 r/min条件下诱导15 h,之后离心(8000 r/min,15min)收集菌体。
蛋白纯化前先将菌体重悬并破碎。使用平衡缓冲液(150 mmol/L NaCl,50 mmol/L Tris,25 mmol/L咪唑,pH7.0)重悬菌块。细胞重悬液置于冰上进行超声破碎,功率为200 W,工作3 s,停5 s,共计20 min。破碎液于4 ℃预冷的离心机中18000×g离心30 min,之后将上清用0.45 μm的滤膜过滤获得蛋白纯化预样品。
纯化前先用平衡缓冲液(150 mmol/L NaCl,50 mmol/L Tris,25 mmol/L咪唑,pH7.0)平衡蛋白纯化系统,之后将过滤后的蛋白上清样品通过镍螯合层析柱(HisTrapTM HP 5 mL,Cytiva),流速为1.5 mL/min。用平衡缓冲液再次平衡系统直至无杂蛋白流出后,换至洗脱缓冲液(150 mmol/L NaCl,50 mmol/L Tris,100 mmol/L 咪唑,pH7.0)冲洗,流速3 mL/min,在出现UV吸收峰后开始收集流出液。用脱盐缓冲液(1 mmol/L DTT,20 mmol/L Mops,150 mmol/L NaCl和10% glycerol(v/v),pH7.0)经脱盐柱(SuperdexTM 75 increase 10/300 GL)去除蛋白纯化过程中的高浓度咪唑,流速4 mL/min。脱盐后的蛋白经蛋白浓缩管进行浓缩。浓缩后的蛋白快速冷冻于液氮中并在−80 ℃保存直至使用。
对于含对硝基苯酚(pNP)修饰的多糖酶活反应如下。酶活反应体系在50 mmol/L磷酸钠缓冲液(pH7.85)中发生,其含有终浓度为20 μmol/L的PSf1。将反应混合体系在所需温度下孵育10 min后转入总体积为1.5 mL(12.5 mm×12.5 mm×45 mm)的石英比色皿中,添加pNP修饰底物(终浓度为1 mmol/L)起始反应,反应总体积1 mL。以不含酶的反应体系(同等体积的酶活缓冲液替代)作为阴性对照组,排除非酶催化及反应体系背景带来的干扰。通过紫外分光光度计检测400 nm处吸光值的变化来评估酶活强弱(pNP的浓度和吸光值成正比)。1个酶活力单位定义为在指定温度下每分钟产生1 μmol/L pNP。在测定条件下,pNP的含量从已知pNP浓度的标准品中计算所得。标准品采用10 mg/mL对硝基苯酚母液,通过上述特征吸收峰的检测绘制标准曲线,底物浓度范围0.01~1.5 mg/mL,并获得线性回归方程。
对于不含对硝基苯酚修饰寡糖,包括岩藻糖-1,2-半乳糖、3-岩藻糖基乳糖、2'-岩藻糖基乳糖、乳-N-二岩藻己糖Ⅱ和乳糖的酶活性通过硅胶薄层色谱法(TLC)评估其活性。酶活体系为50 mmol/L磷酸钠缓冲液,其中含有终浓度为20 μmol/Lol/L的PSf1,底物终浓度为1 mmol/L,反应体系共1 mL。特定温度下水浴3 h后于95 ℃金属浴加热15 min终止反应。TLC显色剂为苯胺-二苯胺,展开剂为正丁醇/乙醇/水混合物,体积比5.5:3.5:1。将展层剂加入层析缸中平衡30 min后,放入点样薄层板,当展层剂前沿移动至距离薄层板边缘约0.5 cm时停止展层。均匀喷洒显色剂后置于85 ℃烘箱中加热20 min进行显色。详细实验流程参照吴琼等[30]所述。
使用对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(pNP-Gal)作为底物小分子来测定酶的最适温度、最适pH并进行动力学分析。在50 mmol/L磷酸钠缓冲液中,于15~35 ℃的温度范围内测定酶活性,测定方法参照1.2.4中所述。将反应混合物置于试管中,再将试管放入恒温水浴锅以精确控制温度,反应持续20 min。在50 mmol/L磷酸钠缓冲液中,分析pH在5.0~12.0范围内对PSf1酶活性的影响,以确定其最适pH。在酶蛋白终浓度为20 μmol/L的缓冲液中,测定PSf1的酶活性。活性计算相对于不含酶蛋白的对照样品进行。
动力学分析:使用不同浓度(0~1.2 mmol/L)的4-对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(pNP-Gal)作为底物进行酶动力学分析,反应条件为上述探究得到的酶活最优条件。并用Michaelis-Menten方程(如下列方程式所示,其中Vmax是最大初速度(μmol/L/min),Km是底物亲和常数(mmol/L),S为底物浓度(mmol/L),V表示计算得出的速率(μmol/L/min)拟合动力学参数。
$ \rm V=\frac{V_{max}\cdot [S]}{K_m+[S]} $
蛋白质晶体培养:为获得蛋白的晶体结构,将脱盐后的PSf1浓缩至10 mg/mL。在18 ℃下采用坐滴法尝试结晶,蛋白与结晶池液的体积比为1:1,采用常规晶体生长试剂盒如JBC Screen筛选晶体生长条件。定期在体视显微镜(5~10倍放大)下观察晶体生长状态。形状规则的单晶置于冷冻保护剂Glycerol中转移至液氮中保存,并在上海同步辐射中心装置的BL18U线站上采集X射线衍射数据。由于晶体筛选的不确定性,蛋白晶体培养通常不做重复尝试,以获得分辨率高的晶体为准则。
数据处理:衍射数据处理与初始模型构建:原始衍射图像使用上海光源线站集成的HKL-3000软件进行处理。处理流程包括:通过自动索引功能确定晶胞参数和布拉维点阵,结合默认的自动缩放程序进行强度积分与数据归一化。数据质量通过高分辨率壳层的合并R因子(Rmerge)和信噪比(I/σ)进行评估,处理后的结构因子文件以MTZ格式输出。以AlphaFold 3(https://alphafoldserver.com/)预测的全长结构为搜索模型,利用Phenix软件包中的Phaser-MR模块进行分子置换。置换过程中,通过计算对数似然增益(Log-Likelihood Gain,LLG)和翻译函数Z分数(Translation Function Z-score,TFZ)评估正确性,通常LLG>60且TFZ>8表示可靠。获得初始相位后,使用Phenix软件包进行多轮结构精修,包括刚体精修(rigid body refinement)、位置精修(positional refinement)以及各向异性温度因子(B-factor)精修[33−36]。
模型重建与手动修正:精修过程中,通过Coot软件进行交互式手动模型重建与电子密度图匹配。每轮精修后计算2Fo-Fc和Fo-Fc图谱,依据密度图特征对肽链走向、侧链构象及插入缺失区域进行调整。精修策略采用最大似然算法,并使用Rwork/Rfree交叉验证监测过度拟合,Rfree基于随机选取的5%衍射点进行计算。迭代进行"Phenix精修-Coot手动修正"循环,直至模型收敛且R因子、键长键角的均方根偏差(RMSD)等立体化学参数达到理想范围。
酶蛋白结构分析使用软件PyMOL进行,包括蛋白结构Cartoon展示、活性结构域关键氨基酸残基分析、多蛋白结构比对等。
通过Gromacs v2022.03软件对分子对接所得的蛋白-小分子复合物进行100 ns分子动力学模拟。具体步骤及参数设置如下:a.使用Gromacs中的pdb2gmx工具将.pdb转换为.gro格式坐标文件,并生成相应的拓扑文件(.top)和力场参数文件。使用AmberTools22软件对小分子添加GAFF力场,同时使用Gaussian 16W对小分子进行加氢和计算RESP电势操作,电势数据会添加到分子动力学体系拓扑文件中。b.选用三点可转移分子间电位(TIP3P)溶剂溶解蛋白-小分子复合物,且蛋白质原子距离水盒子边缘最近距离至少为1.2 nm,并通过添加适当数量的Na+中和模拟系统电荷。c.为了获得稳定的系统,采用最陡峭下降算法进行能量最小化。d.对于短程静电和范德华相互作用,截止距离设置为1.0 nm,对于长距离静电相互作用,则使用粒子网格Ewald(Particle Mesh Ewald,PME)方法运算静电相互作用。使用LINCS算法约束所有涉及的氢键。e.蛋白结构首先经过100 ps的预平衡,以优化蛋白在溶剂中的初始构象;在等温等容(NVT)系综中平衡100 ps,使蛋白与溶剂体系进行升温至目标温度;然后在等温等压(NPT)系综中平衡100 ps,对溶剂与蛋白体系进行压力平衡。f.在完成能量最小化和体系平衡后,对各个蛋白-小分子复合物进行为期100 ns的分子动力学模拟。
PSf1重组蛋白在大肠杆菌E. coli Tuner(DE3)中表达出可溶性蛋白(42 kDa),如图1a所示。SignalP 6.0预测结果显示,PSf1具有高度保守的双精氨酸异位(Tat)信号肽(从起始甲硫氨酸至32位氨基酸),如图1b所示,该信号肽包括完整的N-region(N端正电荷区)、H-region(疏水核心区)、E-region(E端裂解区)。为评估Tat信号肽对蛋白PSf1 功能的影响,同时表达了完整的PSf1以及N端Tat信号肽缺失的PSf1-cut截短蛋白。结果显示,含有完整Tat信号肽的PSf1和截短PSf1-cut有相同的分子量42 kDa(图1a)。
为了探究信号肽对PSf1活性的影响,以pNP-修饰底物pNP-Gal 检测切除信号肽的截短蛋白与完整蛋白的活力。检测方法采用实验方法中描述的通过400 nm特征峰吸收变化来表征的光谱分析。结果表明,含有Tat信号肽的PSf1活力约为6 U/mg,即每分钟水解释放出6 μmol的游离对硝基苯,而截短蛋白基本失去水解活性(图1c)。表明Tat信号肽有助于蛋白PSf1在细胞内正确折叠。如提前去除信号肽,蛋白可能无法正确折叠,从而失去活性[35]。
根据已有文献报道,PSf1被归类为GH29-B家族成员[36],然而,当以对硝基苯-α-L-岩藻吡喃糖苷(pNP-Fuc)为底物时,PSf1并未检测到水解活性。相反,该酶对含有α-(1→2/3)糖苷键的底物表现出较弱的水解活性。为进一步探究其底物特异性,本文选取了8种pNP标记的单糖(单糖结构如图2所示)进行活性测试。实验结果表明,除了pNP修饰的半乳糖苷,PSf1对其他pNP修饰单糖均无作用,此特性与β-半乳糖苷酶的催化性质相似。
为排除内源性酶干扰,本研究选用LacZ基因缺陷型大肠杆菌E. coli Tuner(DE3)作为异源表达宿主,以确保重组PSf1的酶学性质不受宿主背景影响。在此基础上,以乳糖(含β-(1→4)糖苷键)为底物进行验证,发现PSf1对其表现出较弱活性(图3,第9泳道),表明该活性来源于PSf1本身。以上结果表明,PSf1应定性为岩藻糖苷酶,而非半乳糖苷酶。
此外,PSf1可水解2'-岩藻糖基乳糖(2'-FL)与3'-岩藻糖基乳糖(3'-FL)(图3,第10、11泳道),说明该酶能够同时作用于岩藻糖基形成的β-(1→4)与α-(1→2/3)糖苷键。PSf1对CNP-Fuc(2-氯-4-硝基苯-α-L-吡喃岩藻糖苷)亦具有水解活性,进一步支持其对岩藻糖结构的特异性。其对pNP-Fuc无活性,可能与硝基苯基连接方式导致的立体构象差异有关,该推测有待进一步结构分析验证。
由于PSf1对pNP-Gal的水解活性高于其他寡糖底物,本研究选用pNP-Gal进行其最适pH、温度及动力学参数的分析。首先测定其最适反应温度与pH,结果显示PSf1在25 ℃(图4a)和pH9.0(图4b)条件下活性最高。因此,后续的底物特异性及动力学实验均在25 ℃、pH9.0的体系中进行。
采用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件,根据Michaelis-Menten方程对初始反应速率与底物浓度的关系进行非线性拟合,得到Km与Vmax值(图4c)。进一步计算得出PSf1的催化效率Kcat值为22.092±0.18 s−1,Km值为337±60 μmol/L。
为了阐明PSf1的生物学功能与酶学特性,本文通过座滴法培养PSf1的单晶,18 ℃孵育2个月后,在含有200 mmol/L 硫酸锂、100 mmol/L Tris pH8.5和40.00%v/v 聚乙二醇 400的混合池液中获得了C71-PeiW-CD和EγA的单晶。晶体结构通过X-Ray衍射和分子置换解析方法后成功获得了其蛋白质三维结构(PDB:8Z63),晶体解析参数如表1所示。
该蛋白结构显示,天然状态下的PSf1以不对称二聚体的形式存在(图5a),两个单体的活性中心朝向相同,但不具对称性。由于A链和B链结构高度相似,后续分析均以A链为代表。其N端催化结构域呈现GH29家族酶典型的TIM-barrel结构,但为(β/α)7,而非经典的(β/α)8;其中缺失的一条β链被一个柔性环所取代(图5b)[37−38]。
在GH29家族中,催化残基通常高度保守:例如Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron来源的BT2970(PDB:2WVV),其Asp229和Glu288分别作为亲核试剂和酸/碱催化剂[39]。BT2192(PDB:4OZO)则因具有微弱β-D-半乳糖苷酶活性而被报道,其双催化口袋揭示了该家族酶对不同糖底物的识别机制。此外,Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus的α-L-f1wt为六聚体,其单体也采用类似(β/α)8桶状折叠,催化残基为Asp186和Glu239[40]。总体而言,GH29家族岩藻糖苷酶普遍以天冬氨酸为亲核试剂、谷氨酸为酸/碱催化剂。
通过对比分析PSf1与上述已知结构的序列及三维构象,发现PSf1同样含有保守的基序xWxDx(图6a),其中天冬氨酸在其他家族成员中已被证实为催化亲核试剂[41]。尽管序列比对显示作为酸/碱催化剂的谷氨酸并不保守(图5b),三维结构叠合表明PSf1的Glu286在空间上对应于该功能位点(图6c)。Glu286位于代缺失β链的柔性环上,此类环区在底物结合与催化过程中常发生构象变化,可能发挥重要的调节作用[42]。
综合以上分析,推断Asp237与Glu286分别为PSf1的亲核试剂与酸/碱催化剂。为验证这一推测,本研究构建了单点突变体D237A与E286A。酶活检测结果显示,两者活性均显著下降(P<0.01)。突变体D237A几乎失去全部活力,而突变体E286A仅保留20%的活力(图6d),证实这两个残基在PSf1催化过程中不可或缺。
为阐明PSf1同时具备半乳糖苷酶与岩藻糖苷酶活性的结构基础,本文采用分子对接与分子动力学(MD)模拟方法[43−44],分别构建并分析了PSf1与CNP-Fuc及pNP-Gal的复合物模型。分子对接结果显示,pNP-Gal的半乳糖(Gal)基团在活性口袋中通过多个氢键被精确识别:其C2、C3、C4和C5羟基分别与Glu286、Asp237/Gly238/Lys273、His127/Arg174以及Gly238/Trp79形成氢键网络(图7a)。此外,活性口袋其他疏水性残基与pNP基团间的分子力作用进一步稳定了底物结合(图7a)。
与之相比,PSf1对CNP-Fuc的岩藻糖(Fuc)基团呈现出不同的识别模式:Fuc的C2、C3和C4羟基分别与Glu286/Arg287、Arg287/Trp306/Trp308以及Trp306/Lys307相互作用(图7b)。其中,Trp79在识别并稳定CNP离去基团中起关键作用,并与糖苷键的C1原子形成氢键。
这种差异化的氢键网络表明,PSf1的活性口袋可通过灵活的相互作用模式分别适配Gal与Fuc基团,这为其双底物特异性提供了结构解释。进一步的突变实验结果显示,Asp237突变导致pNP-Gal水解活性急剧下降,凸显其作为关键催化残基的重要性(图6d)。然而,Glu286突变体的活性损失相对有限,提示PSf1在催化pNP-Gal时可能不完全依赖经典的酸/碱催化机制,或存在其他辅助残基参与催化过程。
为探究PSf1与不同底物结合时的构象稳定性差异,本文对PSf1_CNP-Fuc和PSf1_pNP-Gal复合物进行了分子动力学模拟,并对比分析了多个结构稳定性指标(图8)。整体而言,PSf1_CNP-Fuc复合物表现出更高的构象稳定性。其主链RMSD始终维持在约0.20 nm,波动较小;而PSf1_pNP-Gal复合物在模拟约60 ns后RMSD上升至0.30~0.35 nm,提示结构发生较大偏移(图8a)。配体RMSD分析进一步证实,CNP-Fuc在整个模拟中位置稳定(RMSD<0.15 nm),而pNP-Gal在约60 ns后明显偏离初始结合位点(RMSD骤升至0.20 nm)(图8b)。
回转半径(Rg)分析显示,两个复合物的整体紧凑性相近(Rg介于1.92~1.98 nm),但PSf1_CNP-Fuc的Rg略低且波动更小,表明其构象更为紧致(图8c)。溶剂可及表面积(SASA)结果表明,PSf1_CNP-Fuc的SASA整体略低,提示其疏水核心更少暴露于溶剂,有利于维持结构稳定(图8d)。
从残基柔性(RMSF)来看,两个体系的波动均主要集中于N端(1~50 aa)和C端(>330 aa),核心区域柔性均较低(RMSF<0.2 nm)。然而PSf1_CNP-Fuc的整体RMSF略低于PSf1_pNP-Gal,说明其蛋白骨架在结合CNP-Fuc时更为稳定(图8e)。
氢键数目分析进一步支持上述结论:PSf1_CNP-Fuc体系维持约4~7个稳定的氢键,波动较小;而PSf1_pNP-Gal体系虽可形成多达11个氢键,但数量波动剧烈,反映其结合模式不稳定(图8f)。最终的结构快照直观展示了两种复合物在模拟末期的结合构象差异(图8g、h)。
综上,分子动力学模拟结果表明,PSf1与CNP-Fuc形成的复合物在整体结构紧致性、配体结合稳定性及相互作用持续性方面均优于与pNP-Gal的复合物,这从构象动态角度解释了二者在催化活性上的差异。
为了从构象动态角度进一步评估复合物的结合稳定性,本文对PSf1与CNP-Fuc或pNP-Gal在0~100 ns模拟过程中的结构演化进行了可视化分析(图8g、h)。
如图8g所示,在PSf1_CNP-Fuc复合物中(蛋白为粉色表面,配体CNP-Fuc为黄色球棒模型),CNP-Fuc在整个模拟过程中始终稳定位于活性口袋内,空间位置与取向均未发生显著变化,表明其与PSf1形成了牢固的构象锁定。
与之形成对比的是PSf1_pNP-Gal复合物(图8h,蛋白为淡蓝色表面,配体pNP-Gal为橙红色球棍模型)。pNP-Gal模拟中后期(约75~100 ns)出现了明显位移和旋转,逐渐偏离初始对接构象,说明其在结合口袋内的定位不稳定,存在构象漂移。
结合前述动力学参数(如复合物RMSD、配体RMSD及氢键数量)综合分析可知:CNP-Fuc能稳定结合于PSf1的活性口袋核心区域,而pNP-Gal的结合则较为松散且易发生偏移。这从结构动态层面解释了二者在结合稳定性上的差异。
综上所述,PSf1与岩藻糖基底物(CNP-Fuc)在构象适配性和动态结合稳定性上均优于半乳糖基底物(pNP-Gal)。这一结果与该酶对岩藻糖苷键的水解特异性相吻合。两种糖基的结构差异(如C6位羟基的有无)及其与活性口袋形成的相互作用网络不同,可能是影响其结合与催化的关键因素。例如,PSf1能水解CNP-Fuc而非pNP-Fuc,可能与硝基苯环上2位的氯元素所带来的空间及电子效应有关(图7)。此外,PSf1对岩藻糖基的高亲和性与稳定结合特性,也为其潜在的岩藻糖基转移酶功能提供了结构动态层面的线索。
本研究从海洋微生物P. sulfatireligans中鉴定出一种L-岩藻糖苷酶PSf1。该酶不仅能够水解岩藻糖糖苷键,还表现出对半乳糖糖苷键的水解活性,以pNP-Gal为底物时,PSf1水解活力达3 U/mg(Km值为337 μmol/L)。蛋白质结构解析显示,PSf1以不对称二聚体形式存在,其活性中心通过氢键等相互作用实现对底物的锚定与识别。催化机制分析表明,PSf1遵循GH29家族糖苷酶的通用酸碱催化模式,依赖于保守的天冬氨酸(Asp)和谷氨酸(Glu)残基完成糖苷键的水解。目前,由于可用于系统性测试的天然岩藻糖苷类底物有限,PSf1对岩藻糖苷键的水解效率、动力学特性及其结构与功能之间的精确关联,仍有待进一步深入研究。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100302
  • 接收时间:2025-11-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-03
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    1日照市动物疫病预防控制中心,山东日照 276826
    2日照市畜牧兽医管理服务中心,山东日照 276800

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王加众(1988−),男,博士,高级兽医师,研究方向:畜禽健康养殖方面的研究及疫病防控技术推广,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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属
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种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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