Article(id=1320881185799132110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100276, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761494400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852215480, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852215480, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852215480, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852215480, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=26, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881186008847311, articleId=1320881185799132110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Bioactive Components and Extraction Methods of Pear (Pyrus spp.), columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

By-products generated throughout the entire pear (Pyrus spp.) industrial chain, including peels, branches, leaves, and unripe fruits, are abundant sources of high-value bioactive components. Current research indicates that bioactive compounds such as phenolics, triterpenoids, and arbutin exhibit significant "spatiotemporal heterogeneity", characterized by considerably higher concentrations in peels, branches, leaves, and unripe fruits compared to mature pulp. This distribution pattern underscores the superiority of these by-products as raw materials for extraction. Regarding extraction techniques, while traditional organic solvent extraction is well-established, its application is constrained by issues of solvent residues and environmental toxicity. A comparative analysis reveals that green, efficient extraction technologies offer a promising solution to overcome the limitations of traditional methods regarding mass transfer efficiency and solvent residues. These technologies represent a critical pathway for the valorization of pear processing by-products, provided that extraction strategies are flexibly selected based on the physical characteristics of the raw materials and the stability of the target components. Bioactive components from pears possess immense development potential in the fields of skin-whitening cosmetics and gut health-promoting foods. However, future research should prioritize multi-scale industrial validation, artificial intelligence-driven multi-objective process optimization, and the in-depth elucidation of synergistic interactions among components, aiming to advance the comprehensive, high-value utilization of pear resources.

, authors=Yue ZHAO1, 2, 3, 4, Wei ZHOU1, Shaohua ZHU3, 5, Xing GAO6, Haibo PAN1, 2, 4, Wenjun WANG1, 2, 4, Guanchen LIU1, 2, 3, 4, *, Donghong LIU1, 2, 4, authorsList=Yue ZHAO, Wei ZHOU, Shaohua ZHU, Xing GAO, Haibo PAN, Wenjun WANG, Guanchen LIU, Donghong LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guanchen LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881186872873940, articleId=1320881185799132110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=梨生物活性成分及其提取方法研究进展, columnId=1320881080014582693, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏—果蔬基料制造:基础理论、新型加工、质量控制与智能制造(客座主编:徐贞贞、王永涛、李涛;产业顾问:李仁杰), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

梨(Pyrus spp.)全产业链中产生的大量果皮、枝叶及未成熟落果等副产物富含高价值生物活性成分。现有研究表明,梨中的酚类、三萜类及熊果苷等活性物质呈现显著的“时空异质性”,即在果皮、枝叶及未成熟果实中的富集度远高于成熟果肉,这明确了副产物作为提取原料的优势地位。在提取技术方面,虽然传统有机溶剂提取法技术成熟,但受限于溶剂残留与环境毒性。通过对溶剂法与新型辅助提取技术的对比发现,绿色高效提取技术有望突破传统溶剂法在传质效率与溶剂残留上的局限,是实现梨加工副产物高值化利用的关键途径,应根据原料物理特性和目标成分稳定性灵活选择提取策略。梨活性成分在美白化妆品及肠道健康食品领域极具开发潜力,但未来研究需重点突破多尺度工业化验证、基于人工智能的工艺多目标优化以及成分间协同效应的深入解析,以推动梨资源的高值化综合利用。

, authors=赵越1, 2, 3, 4, 周魏1, 朱少华3, 5, 高幸6, 潘海波1, 2, 4, 王文骏1, 2, 4, 刘冠辰1, 2, 3, 4, *, 刘东红1, 2, 4, authorsList=赵越, 周魏, 朱少华, 高幸, 潘海波, 王文骏, 刘冠辰, 刘东红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘冠辰, authorNote=

赵越(1992−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:农产品精深加工,E-mail:

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刘冠辰(1988−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品精深加工,E-mail:。
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language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=6云和县白龙山街道办事处综合服务中心,浙江丽水 323600)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320881442670886980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881185799132110, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Main active components in pears and their health benefits, figureFileSmall=rZVY66E8EnYOwyclsv1XYQ==, figureFileBig=AXhKE9BGBNh8R0eluhpOuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881442733801541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881185799132110, language=CN, label=图1, caption=梨中主要生物活性成分及功效, figureFileSmall=rZVY66E8EnYOwyclsv1XYQ==, figureFileBig=AXhKE9BGBNh8R0eluhpOuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881442817687622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881185799132110, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Distribution of major active components in pears, figureFileSmall=+Ck212uypgzv5rbVHfprlA==, figureFileBig=Vu1F4mzJPHiO6HMhzG/qqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881442901573703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881185799132110, language=CN, label=图2, caption=梨中主要生物活性成分的分布, figureFileSmall=+Ck212uypgzv5rbVHfprlA==, figureFileBig=Vu1F4mzJPHiO6HMhzG/qqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881442968682568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881185799132110, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Total phenolic, flavonoid, and triterpenoid contents in 54 major pear varieties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
大类梨的种名种植名部位/生长阶段总多酚含量总黄酮含量总三萜含量参考文献
东方梨Pyrus ussuriensis
秋子梨
Maxim1年生茎81.1±6.77 mg TAE/g DW0.52±0.09 mg QE/g DW−[15]
2年生茎94.7±20.9 mg TAE/g DW1.05±0.04 mg QE/g DW−[15]
叶片76.5±13.3 TAE/g DW6.72±0.73 mg QE/g DW−[15]
var. ovoidea Rehder1年生茎60.7±3.29 TAE/g DW0.45±0.22 mg QE/g DW−[15]
2年生茎82.9±11.3 TAE/g DW0.78±0.06 mg QE/g DW−[15]
叶片79.6±9.08 TAE/g DW13.5±0.82 mg QE/g DW−[15]
未成熟果实41.5±2.14 TAE/g DW0.30±0.12 mg QE/g DW−[15]
Ingye成熟果实120.6±4.0 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
Cheong成熟果实161.2±2.5 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
Jianba成熟果皮1112.4 mg/kg FW795.9 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉182.3 mg/kg FW39.5 mg/kg FW−[56]
Nanguo/南果梨成熟果皮1248.0 mg/kg FW912.4 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉129.0 mg/kg FW6.9 mg/kg FW、76.6 μg/100 g FW178.1 μg/100 g FW[49,56]
未成熟果肉−259.0 μg/g FW274.6 μg/g FW[49]
Jingbai成熟果皮1734.0 mg/kg FW1122.7 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉28.5 mg/kg FW2.3 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果实10.34±0.23 mg/100 g FW−−[57]
Huagai成熟果皮636.2 mg/kg FW483.0 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉73.4 mg/kg FW7.7 mg/kg FW−[56]
Daxiangshui成熟果皮363.0 mg/kg FW206.8 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉51.0 mg/kg FW4.6 mg/kg FW−[56]
Anli成熟果皮1209.9 mg/kg FW960.7 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉102.6 mg/kg FW13.3 mg/kg FW−[56]
Hongxiao成熟果皮736.0 mg/kg FW572.6 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉72.7 mg/kg FW7.4 mg/kg FW−[56]
Xiaoxiangshui成熟果皮971.1 mg/kg FW672.8 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉114.5 mg/kg FW14.9 mg/kg FW−[56]
Balixiang成熟果皮548.2 mg/kg FW333.4 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉122.4 mg/kg FW12.1 mg/kg FW−[56]
40份样本叶片4.53~53.65 mg/g−−[54]
Pyrus bretschneideri
白梨
Laiyangchili成熟果实113.3±3.2 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
Yali成熟果实122.1±2.6 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
成熟果实10.03±0.01 mg/100 g FW−−[57]
库尔勒香梨未成熟果皮21.32 mg/g DW18.52 mg/g DW−[58]
成熟果皮9.96 mg/g DW8.86 mg/g DW−[58]
未成熟果肉2.39 mg/g DW7.43 mg/g DW、266.9 μg/g FW227.5 μg/g FW[49,58]
成熟果肉0.12 mg/g DW1.05 mg/g DW、23.8 μg/100 g FW15.7 μg/100 g FW[49,58]
未成熟石细胞区果肉3.01 mg/g DW7.93 mg/g DW−[58]
成熟石细胞区果肉0.37 mg/g DW1.67 mg/g DW−[58]
未成熟果核27.41 mg/g DW45.99 mg/g DW−[58]
成熟果核4.08 mg/g DW3.48 mg/g DW−[58]
砀山酥成熟果肉−0.5 μg/g FW22.8 μg/100 g FW[49]
未成熟果肉−63.5 μg/g FW305.7 μg/g FW[49]
26份样本叶片8.08~41.21 mg/g−−[54]
Pyrus pyrifolia
砂梨
Chuhwang未成熟果实971.4±4.8 mg/100 g FW279.0±8.7 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实110.0±2.4 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
成熟果实38.7±2.3 mg/100 g FW11.3±0.3 mg/100 g FW−[59]
Hanareum成熟果实135.2±5.6 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
Hwangkeum未成熟果实976.4±1.9 mg/100 g FW368.9±47.6 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实41.9±4.3 mg/100 g FW7.8±0.5 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实6.38±0.19 mg/100 g FW−−[57]
Hwasan未成熟果实626.7±1.2 mg/100 g FW227.7±5.0 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实12.5±1.4 mg/100 g FW4.1±1.4 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实211.08±8.36 mg GAE/100 g DW96.37±6.24 mg RE/100 g DW−[27]
Imamuraaki未成熟果实614.9±16.7 mg/100 g FW241.1±22.3 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实51.1±5.0 mg/100 g FW10.2±0.4 mg/100 g FW−[59]
Manpung未成熟果实570.1±31.6 mg/100 g FW239.5±21.0 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实36.4±2.1 mg/100 g FW9.7±0.7 mg/100 g FW−[59]
Niitaka成熟果实145.2±7.3 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
成熟果实189.60±3.92 mg GAE/100 g DW78.81±5.31 mg RE/100 g DW−[27]
未成熟果实723.6±0.7 mg/100 g FW217.9±12.1 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实22.0±1.3 mg/100 g FW6.4±1.0 mg/100 g FW−[59]
Wonhwang未成熟果实939.5±34.8 mg/100 g FW182.5±4.7 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实100.5±4.2 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
成熟果实20.1±1.4 mg/100 g FW6.1±1.1 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实6.89±0.17 mg/100 g FW−−[57]
云和雪梨成熟果实1.35 mg/g FW0.46 mg/g FW−[50]
丰水梨成熟果肉−39.5 μg/100 g6.5 μg/100 g FW[49]
未成熟果肉−147.3 μg/g297.4 μg/g FW[49]
KS带皮成熟果肉51.2~55.3 mg TAE/100 g FW−−[60]
24份样本叶片5.07~51.50 mg/g−−[54]
西方梨Pyrus communis
西洋梨
Abate Fetal成熟果实81.0±2.2 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
Ahmetova成熟果肉7.79±1.50 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮253.87±62.27 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Budaljača成熟果肉81.50±14.88 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮1066.28±62.27 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Carmen成熟果实330.33±7.35 mg/100 g FW−−[62]
Cascade成熟果实8.90±0.56 mg/100 g FW−−[57]
Conference成熟果实14.27±0.23 mg/100 g FW−−[57]
Deveci成熟果实1690.57±225.89 mg GAE/kg DW−−[63]
Dolokrahan成熟果肉52.48±15.89 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮787.8±74.02 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Etrusca成熟果实338.23±8.29 mg/100 g FW−−[62]
Hambarka成熟果肉32.87±22.71 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮489.2±368.2 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Jules d’Airolles成熟果实60.6±2.1 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
Kačmorka成熟果肉26.07±1.15 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮409±47.9 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Krakača成熟果肉50.57±21.1 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮1029±460.6 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Ljeskovača成熟果肉37.18±11.71 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮551.8±310.73 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Margarite成熟果实2337.31±392.59 mg GAE/kg DW−−[63]
Mellaçi成熟果实2428.22±885.09 mg GAE/kg DW−−[63]
Mellaki成熟果实2366.95±248.70 mg GAE/kg DW−−[63]
Président Drouard成熟果肉19.69±11.23 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮381.8±166.54 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Radana成熟果肉234.2±65.5 mg/100 g DW4.1±1.5 mg/100 g DW201.4±77.1 μg/g DW[5]
成熟果皮917.6±181.7 mg/100 g DW306.3±09.2 mg/100 g DW3460.5±1255.9 μg/g DW[5]
叶片5326.7±844.0 mg/100 g DW2178.6±503.7 mg/100 g DW3104.4±312.3 μg/g DW[5]
种子978.5±329.9 mg/100 g DW16.0±4.8 mg/100 g DW736.2±139.4 μg/g DW[5]
Sarajka成熟果肉33.65±16.38 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮477.55±310.73 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Santa Maria成熟果实408.23±9.21 mg/100 g FW−−[62]
Takiša成熟果肉26.77±3.48 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮302.77±103.5 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Tosca成熟果肉37.2 μg/100 g FW−5.6 μg/100 g FW[49]
Williams成熟果实41.1~56.1 mg TAE/100 g FW−−[64]
成熟果实58.4~64.5 mg TAE/100 g FW−−[65]
成熟果实353.72±9.65 mg/100 g FW−−[62]
红茄梨成熟果肉−26.3 μg/g FW8.7 μg/100 g FW[49]
未成熟果肉−711.7 μg/g FW193.0 μg/g FW[49]
野生梨Pyrus eleagnifoliaPall成熟果实42.79~119.14 mg GAE/100 g FW−−[66]
叶片20.497±0.055 mg GAE/g DW36.520±1.833 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
枝条20.903±0.025 mg GAE/g DW47.020±1.652 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
未成熟果实5.240±0.035 mg GAE/g DW2.120±0.173 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
Pyrus amygdaliformisVill叶片19.683±0.015 mg GAE/g DW39.320±0.173 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
枝条14.497±0.025 mg GAE/g DW21.120±0.520 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
未成熟果实4.717±0.012 mg GAE/g DW4.920±0.300 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
Pyrus anatolicaBrowicz叶片20.497±0.055 mg GAE/g DW36.520±1.833 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
枝条20.903±0.025 mg GAE/g DW47.020±1.652 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
未成熟果实5.240±0.035 mg GAE/g DW2.120±0.173 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
), ArticleFig(id=1320881443069345865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881185799132110, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

54种主要梨品种中总酚含量、总黄酮含量和总三萜含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
大类梨的种名种植名部位/生长阶段总多酚含量总黄酮含量总三萜含量参考文献
东方梨Pyrus ussuriensis
秋子梨
Maxim1年生茎81.1±6.77 mg TAE/g DW0.52±0.09 mg QE/g DW−[15]
2年生茎94.7±20.9 mg TAE/g DW1.05±0.04 mg QE/g DW−[15]
叶片76.5±13.3 TAE/g DW6.72±0.73 mg QE/g DW−[15]
var. ovoidea Rehder1年生茎60.7±3.29 TAE/g DW0.45±0.22 mg QE/g DW−[15]
2年生茎82.9±11.3 TAE/g DW0.78±0.06 mg QE/g DW−[15]
叶片79.6±9.08 TAE/g DW13.5±0.82 mg QE/g DW−[15]
未成熟果实41.5±2.14 TAE/g DW0.30±0.12 mg QE/g DW−[15]
Ingye成熟果实120.6±4.0 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
Cheong成熟果实161.2±2.5 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
Jianba成熟果皮1112.4 mg/kg FW795.9 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉182.3 mg/kg FW39.5 mg/kg FW−[56]
Nanguo/南果梨成熟果皮1248.0 mg/kg FW912.4 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉129.0 mg/kg FW6.9 mg/kg FW、76.6 μg/100 g FW178.1 μg/100 g FW[49,56]
未成熟果肉−259.0 μg/g FW274.6 μg/g FW[49]
Jingbai成熟果皮1734.0 mg/kg FW1122.7 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉28.5 mg/kg FW2.3 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果实10.34±0.23 mg/100 g FW−−[57]
Huagai成熟果皮636.2 mg/kg FW483.0 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉73.4 mg/kg FW7.7 mg/kg FW−[56]
Daxiangshui成熟果皮363.0 mg/kg FW206.8 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉51.0 mg/kg FW4.6 mg/kg FW−[56]
Anli成熟果皮1209.9 mg/kg FW960.7 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉102.6 mg/kg FW13.3 mg/kg FW−[56]
Hongxiao成熟果皮736.0 mg/kg FW572.6 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉72.7 mg/kg FW7.4 mg/kg FW−[56]
Xiaoxiangshui成熟果皮971.1 mg/kg FW672.8 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉114.5 mg/kg FW14.9 mg/kg FW−[56]
Balixiang成熟果皮548.2 mg/kg FW333.4 mg/kg FW−[56]
成熟果肉122.4 mg/kg FW12.1 mg/kg FW−[56]
40份样本叶片4.53~53.65 mg/g−−[54]
Pyrus bretschneideri
白梨
Laiyangchili成熟果实113.3±3.2 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
Yali成熟果实122.1±2.6 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
成熟果实10.03±0.01 mg/100 g FW−−[57]
库尔勒香梨未成熟果皮21.32 mg/g DW18.52 mg/g DW−[58]
成熟果皮9.96 mg/g DW8.86 mg/g DW−[58]
未成熟果肉2.39 mg/g DW7.43 mg/g DW、266.9 μg/g FW227.5 μg/g FW[49,58]
成熟果肉0.12 mg/g DW1.05 mg/g DW、23.8 μg/100 g FW15.7 μg/100 g FW[49,58]
未成熟石细胞区果肉3.01 mg/g DW7.93 mg/g DW−[58]
成熟石细胞区果肉0.37 mg/g DW1.67 mg/g DW−[58]
未成熟果核27.41 mg/g DW45.99 mg/g DW−[58]
成熟果核4.08 mg/g DW3.48 mg/g DW−[58]
砀山酥成熟果肉−0.5 μg/g FW22.8 μg/100 g FW[49]
未成熟果肉−63.5 μg/g FW305.7 μg/g FW[49]
26份样本叶片8.08~41.21 mg/g−−[54]
Pyrus pyrifolia
砂梨
Chuhwang未成熟果实971.4±4.8 mg/100 g FW279.0±8.7 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实110.0±2.4 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
成熟果实38.7±2.3 mg/100 g FW11.3±0.3 mg/100 g FW−[59]
Hanareum成熟果实135.2±5.6 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
Hwangkeum未成熟果实976.4±1.9 mg/100 g FW368.9±47.6 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实41.9±4.3 mg/100 g FW7.8±0.5 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实6.38±0.19 mg/100 g FW−−[57]
Hwasan未成熟果实626.7±1.2 mg/100 g FW227.7±5.0 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实12.5±1.4 mg/100 g FW4.1±1.4 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实211.08±8.36 mg GAE/100 g DW96.37±6.24 mg RE/100 g DW−[27]
Imamuraaki未成熟果实614.9±16.7 mg/100 g FW241.1±22.3 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实51.1±5.0 mg/100 g FW10.2±0.4 mg/100 g FW−[59]
Manpung未成熟果实570.1±31.6 mg/100 g FW239.5±21.0 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实36.4±2.1 mg/100 g FW9.7±0.7 mg/100 g FW−[59]
Niitaka成熟果实145.2±7.3 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
成熟果实189.60±3.92 mg GAE/100 g DW78.81±5.31 mg RE/100 g DW−[27]
未成熟果实723.6±0.7 mg/100 g FW217.9±12.1 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实22.0±1.3 mg/100 g FW6.4±1.0 mg/100 g FW−[59]
Wonhwang未成熟果实939.5±34.8 mg/100 g FW182.5±4.7 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实100.5±4.2 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
成熟果实20.1±1.4 mg/100 g FW6.1±1.1 mg/100 g FW−[59]
成熟果实6.89±0.17 mg/100 g FW−−[57]
云和雪梨成熟果实1.35 mg/g FW0.46 mg/g FW−[50]
丰水梨成熟果肉−39.5 μg/100 g6.5 μg/100 g FW[49]
未成熟果肉−147.3 μg/g297.4 μg/g FW[49]
KS带皮成熟果肉51.2~55.3 mg TAE/100 g FW−−[60]
24份样本叶片5.07~51.50 mg/g−−[54]
西方梨Pyrus communis
西洋梨
Abate Fetal成熟果实81.0±2.2 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
Ahmetova成熟果肉7.79±1.50 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮253.87±62.27 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Budaljača成熟果肉81.50±14.88 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮1066.28±62.27 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Carmen成熟果实330.33±7.35 mg/100 g FW−−[62]
Cascade成熟果实8.90±0.56 mg/100 g FW−−[57]
Conference成熟果实14.27±0.23 mg/100 g FW−−[57]
Deveci成熟果实1690.57±225.89 mg GAE/kg DW−−[63]
Dolokrahan成熟果肉52.48±15.89 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮787.8±74.02 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Etrusca成熟果实338.23±8.29 mg/100 g FW−−[62]
Hambarka成熟果肉32.87±22.71 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮489.2±368.2 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Jules d’Airolles成熟果实60.6±2.1 mg/100 g DW−−[56]
Kačmorka成熟果肉26.07±1.15 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮409±47.9 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Krakača成熟果肉50.57±21.1 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮1029±460.6 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Ljeskovača成熟果肉37.18±11.71 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮551.8±310.73 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Margarite成熟果实2337.31±392.59 mg GAE/kg DW−−[63]
Mellaçi成熟果实2428.22±885.09 mg GAE/kg DW−−[63]
Mellaki成熟果实2366.95±248.70 mg GAE/kg DW−−[63]
Président Drouard成熟果肉19.69±11.23 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮381.8±166.54 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Radana成熟果肉234.2±65.5 mg/100 g DW4.1±1.5 mg/100 g DW201.4±77.1 μg/g DW[5]
成熟果皮917.6±181.7 mg/100 g DW306.3±09.2 mg/100 g DW3460.5±1255.9 μg/g DW[5]
叶片5326.7±844.0 mg/100 g DW2178.6±503.7 mg/100 g DW3104.4±312.3 μg/g DW[5]
种子978.5±329.9 mg/100 g DW16.0±4.8 mg/100 g DW736.2±139.4 μg/g DW[5]
Sarajka成熟果肉33.65±16.38 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮477.55±310.73 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Santa Maria成熟果实408.23±9.21 mg/100 g FW−−[62]
Takiša成熟果肉26.77±3.48 mg/kg FW−−[61]
成熟果皮302.77±103.5 mg/kg FW−−[61]
Tosca成熟果肉37.2 μg/100 g FW−5.6 μg/100 g FW[49]
Williams成熟果实41.1~56.1 mg TAE/100 g FW−−[64]
成熟果实58.4~64.5 mg TAE/100 g FW−−[65]
成熟果实353.72±9.65 mg/100 g FW−−[62]
红茄梨成熟果肉−26.3 μg/g FW8.7 μg/100 g FW[49]
未成熟果肉−711.7 μg/g FW193.0 μg/g FW[49]
野生梨Pyrus eleagnifoliaPall成熟果实42.79~119.14 mg GAE/100 g FW−−[66]
叶片20.497±0.055 mg GAE/g DW36.520±1.833 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
枝条20.903±0.025 mg GAE/g DW47.020±1.652 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
未成熟果实5.240±0.035 mg GAE/g DW2.120±0.173 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
Pyrus amygdaliformisVill叶片19.683±0.015 mg GAE/g DW39.320±0.173 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
枝条14.497±0.025 mg GAE/g DW21.120±0.520 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
未成熟果实4.717±0.012 mg GAE/g DW4.920±0.300 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
Pyrus anatolicaBrowicz叶片20.497±0.055 mg GAE/g DW36.520±1.833 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
枝条20.903±0.025 mg GAE/g DW47.020±1.652 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
未成熟果实5.240±0.035 mg GAE/g DW2.120±0.173 mg CAE/g DW−[67]
), ArticleFig(id=1320881443174203466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881185799132110, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparative analysis of extraction methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方法核心优势主要局限性适用场景适宜提取的活性物质推荐原料来源工业应用潜力
溶剂提取法操作简单、成本低耗时、溶剂消耗大、效率低实验室初步探索、对热不敏感成分酚类、黄酮类、三萜类、梨多糖果皮、梨渣、叶片、果肉高,但存在环保问题
NADES绿色环保,可设计性强粘度较高,后续纯化步骤可能较复杂,成本
较高
对特定极性的成分,追求“天然”“环保”标签的
产品
黄酮类、多酚叶片、果渣、果肉中,是当前研究热点,但标准化不足
UAE效率高,时间短,温度可控规模放大时能量分布
不均
对细胞壁结构完整的原料(如皮、渣)花青素、熊果苷、多酚、黄酮、梨
多糖
果皮、梨幼果、果肉、果核、梨渣中高,已有中试设备
PLE速度快、溶剂用量少、自动化程度高、重复性好设备初期投资大;高温高压条件可能降解热敏性成分;对操作人员要求高需要快速、高效获取目标成分的场景,尤其适合中试及小型工业化生产三萜类、熊果苷叶片、梨果高,易于进行标准化流程控制,符合现代化生产对效率和环保的要求,是潜力巨大的升级技术
MAE加热迅速、热效率高、选择性好,可大幅缩短提取时间存在局部过热风险,可能导致成分变性;对极性溶剂依赖性强;放大时均匀加热是挑战对热稳定性好的成分进行快速提取,实验室及中小规模应用酚类、黄酮类果肉中,在特定成分的提取上优势明显,但大规模应用中的控温和均匀性问题限制了其潜力
EAE条件温和、特异性强、绿色安全,能有效破坏植物细胞壁酶成本高昂、反应时间较长、酶活易受环境(pH、温度)影响、后分离可能较复杂用于处理细胞壁结构致密的原料,或与其他方法(如UAE,MAE)联用以提高效率酚类、黄酮类、三萜类、梨多糖果皮、梨渣、叶片、果肉低,高昂的成本是主要限制因素;目前更适用于高附加值产品(如医药中间体)的生产,或作为其他提取法的预处理辅助手段
), ArticleFig(id=1320881443266478155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881185799132110, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

提取方法综合对比分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方法核心优势主要局限性适用场景适宜提取的活性物质推荐原料来源工业应用潜力
溶剂提取法操作简单、成本低耗时、溶剂消耗大、效率低实验室初步探索、对热不敏感成分酚类、黄酮类、三萜类、梨多糖果皮、梨渣、叶片、果肉高,但存在环保问题
NADES绿色环保,可设计性强粘度较高,后续纯化步骤可能较复杂,成本
较高
对特定极性的成分,追求“天然”“环保”标签的
产品
黄酮类、多酚叶片、果渣、果肉中,是当前研究热点,但标准化不足
UAE效率高,时间短,温度可控规模放大时能量分布
不均
对细胞壁结构完整的原料(如皮、渣)花青素、熊果苷、多酚、黄酮、梨
多糖
果皮、梨幼果、果肉、果核、梨渣中高,已有中试设备
PLE速度快、溶剂用量少、自动化程度高、重复性好设备初期投资大;高温高压条件可能降解热敏性成分;对操作人员要求高需要快速、高效获取目标成分的场景,尤其适合中试及小型工业化生产三萜类、熊果苷叶片、梨果高,易于进行标准化流程控制,符合现代化生产对效率和环保的要求,是潜力巨大的升级技术
MAE加热迅速、热效率高、选择性好,可大幅缩短提取时间存在局部过热风险,可能导致成分变性;对极性溶剂依赖性强;放大时均匀加热是挑战对热稳定性好的成分进行快速提取,实验室及中小规模应用酚类、黄酮类果肉中,在特定成分的提取上优势明显,但大规模应用中的控温和均匀性问题限制了其潜力
EAE条件温和、特异性强、绿色安全,能有效破坏植物细胞壁酶成本高昂、反应时间较长、酶活易受环境(pH、温度)影响、后分离可能较复杂用于处理细胞壁结构致密的原料,或与其他方法(如UAE,MAE)联用以提高效率酚类、黄酮类、三萜类、梨多糖果皮、梨渣、叶片、果肉低,高昂的成本是主要限制因素;目前更适用于高附加值产品(如医药中间体)的生产,或作为其他提取法的预处理辅助手段
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梨生物活性成分及其提取方法研究进展
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赵越 1, 2, 3, 4 , 周魏 1 , 朱少华 3, 5 , 高幸 6 , 潘海波 1, 2, 4 , 王文骏 1, 2, 4 , 刘冠辰 1, 2, 3, 4, * , 刘东红 1, 2, 4
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏—果蔬基料制造:基础理论、新型加工、质量控制与智能制造(客座主编:徐贞贞、王永涛、李涛;产业顾问:李仁杰) 2026,47(17): 26-39
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏—果蔬基料制造:基础理论、新型加工、质量控制与智能制造(客座主编:徐贞贞、王永涛、李涛;产业顾问:李仁杰) 2026 , 47 (17) : 26 -39
梨生物活性成分及其提取方法研究进展
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赵越1, 2, 3, 4 , 周魏1, 朱少华3, 5, 高幸6, 潘海波1, 2, 4, 王文骏1, 2, 4, 刘冠辰1, 2, 3, 4, * , 刘东红1, 2, 4
作者信息
  • 1浙江大学生物系统工程与食品科学学院,浙江杭州 310058
  • 2浙江大学长三角智慧绿洲创新中心,浙江嘉兴 314102
  • 3浙江省云和雪梨浙农英才工作站,浙江丽水 323600
  • 4浙江大学-云和雪梨产业联合研究中心,浙江丽水 323600
  • 5云和县一清农产品专业合作社,浙江丽水 323600
  • 6云和县白龙山街道办事处综合服务中心,浙江丽水 323600
通讯作者:
刘冠辰(1988−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品精深加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

赵越(1992−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:农产品精深加工,E-mail:

Research Progress on Bioactive Components and Extraction Methods of Pear (Pyrus spp.)
Yue ZHAO1, 2, 3, 4 , Wei ZHOU1, Shaohua ZHU3, 5, Xing GAO6, Haibo PAN1, 2, 4, Wenjun WANG1, 2, 4, Guanchen LIU1, 2, 3, 4, * , Donghong LIU1, 2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 2Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314102, China
  • 3Zhejiang Yunhe Xueli Pear Zhejiang Agricultural Talents Workstation, Lishui 323600, China
  • 4Zhejiang University-Yunhe Xueli Pear Industry Joint Research Center, Lishui 323600, China
  • 5Yunhe County Yi Qing Agricultural Products Professional Cooperative, Lishui 323600, China
  • 6Yunhe County Bailongshan Subdistrict Office Comprehensive Service Center, Lishui 323600, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100276
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梨(Pyrus spp.)全产业链中产生的大量果皮、枝叶及未成熟落果等副产物富含高价值生物活性成分。现有研究表明,梨中的酚类、三萜类及熊果苷等活性物质呈现显著的“时空异质性”,即在果皮、枝叶及未成熟果实中的富集度远高于成熟果肉,这明确了副产物作为提取原料的优势地位。在提取技术方面,虽然传统有机溶剂提取法技术成熟,但受限于溶剂残留与环境毒性。通过对溶剂法与新型辅助提取技术的对比发现,绿色高效提取技术有望突破传统溶剂法在传质效率与溶剂残留上的局限,是实现梨加工副产物高值化利用的关键途径,应根据原料物理特性和目标成分稳定性灵活选择提取策略。梨活性成分在美白化妆品及肠道健康食品领域极具开发潜力,但未来研究需重点突破多尺度工业化验证、基于人工智能的工艺多目标优化以及成分间协同效应的深入解析,以推动梨资源的高值化综合利用。

梨  /  生物活性成分  /  时空差异  /  提取技术  /  绿色提取  /  高值化利用

By-products generated throughout the entire pear (Pyrus spp.) industrial chain, including peels, branches, leaves, and unripe fruits, are abundant sources of high-value bioactive components. Current research indicates that bioactive compounds such as phenolics, triterpenoids, and arbutin exhibit significant "spatiotemporal heterogeneity", characterized by considerably higher concentrations in peels, branches, leaves, and unripe fruits compared to mature pulp. This distribution pattern underscores the superiority of these by-products as raw materials for extraction. Regarding extraction techniques, while traditional organic solvent extraction is well-established, its application is constrained by issues of solvent residues and environmental toxicity. A comparative analysis reveals that green, efficient extraction technologies offer a promising solution to overcome the limitations of traditional methods regarding mass transfer efficiency and solvent residues. These technologies represent a critical pathway for the valorization of pear processing by-products, provided that extraction strategies are flexibly selected based on the physical characteristics of the raw materials and the stability of the target components. Bioactive components from pears possess immense development potential in the fields of skin-whitening cosmetics and gut health-promoting foods. However, future research should prioritize multi-scale industrial validation, artificial intelligence-driven multi-objective process optimization, and the in-depth elucidation of synergistic interactions among components, aiming to advance the comprehensive, high-value utilization of pear resources.

pear  /  bioactive compounds  /  temporal and spatial variations  /  extraction techniques  /  green extraction  /  high-value utilization
赵越, 周魏, 朱少华, 高幸, 潘海波, 王文骏, 刘冠辰, 刘东红. 梨生物活性成分及其提取方法研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 26 -39 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100276
Yue ZHAO, Wei ZHOU, Shaohua ZHU, Xing GAO, Haibo PAN, Wenjun WANG, Guanchen LIU, Donghong LIU. Research Progress on Bioactive Components and Extraction Methods of Pear (Pyrus spp.)[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 26 -39 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100276
梨(Pyrus spp.)是蔷薇科植物中重要的水果,在全球范围内广泛种植,具有重要的经济价值,在欧洲和亚洲已有超过五千年的种植历史[1]。梨具有镇咳、抗炎和利尿等作用,在中国作为传统民间药方已有2000多年的历史[2]。根据地理起源,梨属植物可被分为东方梨和西方梨两大类,其中东方梨主要包括秋子梨(Pyrus ussuriensis)、白梨(Pyrus bretschneideri)、砂梨(Pyrus pyrifolia)等,西方梨主要为西洋梨(Pyrus communis)[3]。梨果实口感清甜,不仅富含维生素、矿物质和膳食纤维等基本营养素[4],还含有多种糖类(如葡萄糖、果糖、山梨糖醇和蔗糖等)[5],尤为重要的是,其生物活性成分,如抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌物质等[6−9],赋予了梨在预防和治疗多种慢性疾病方面的巨大应用潜力。
随着人们对天然来源生物活性成分的兴趣日益浓厚,从植物中提取和利用这些化合物成为研究的热点[10]。梨作为一种重要的水果,其果实及加工废弃物中的生物活性成分的提取受到了广泛关注[11−14],对其进行研究具有重要的科学和经济意义。梨在加工过程中会产生大量的副产物,如果皮、果渣等,这些副产物若能有效利用,不仅可以减少资源浪费,还能带来显著的经济效益。正是因为梨及其副产物中蕴含着具有强大功能活性的生物活性成分,并且市场对天然、健康的提取物需求日益增长,成本相对较低,才使得从梨及其副产物中提取生物活性成分成为一项具有吸引力的研究方向。现有研究已揭示梨具有多种功能活性,这主要归因于其含有多种酚类化合物、黄酮类、有机酸等关键活性成分。本文系统梳理梨中主要生物活性成分及其功效,进而重点分析其时空差异性规律,为原料的精准遴选提供依据。在此基础上,详细评述不同提取技术的优劣及其与原料特性的适配性,并基于提取物的功能,展望其在不同领域的应用前景。
梨中含有多种生物活性成分,主要包括酚类化合物、三萜类化合物、类胡萝卜素、梨多糖等,具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌等作用[1,7−8,15−17]。图1展示了梨中主要生物活性成分及功效。
梨活性物质的种类和浓度受多种因素影响,包括梨的种类、品种、成熟阶段、生长条件、储存方式以及果实的具体部位[18]。
酚类化合物是梨中含量最多且功能最重要的生物活性成分类别之一,它们以黄酮类、酚酸类、单宁以及酚苷类等多种形式存在[9],并对梨的抗氧化、抗炎等多种健康功效发挥着关键作用。
黄酮类化合物是梨中最重要的酚类活性成分之一,在梨果实中含量丰富,例如槲皮素、山奈酚、芦丁、儿茶素、表儿茶素和花青素等。这些黄酮类化合物赋予了梨显著的抗氧化和抗炎活性,并对心血管系统、消化系统和神经系统具有积极的健康作用。槲皮素在梨果肉和果皮中均有分布,研究表明其可通过抑制NF-κB通路,降低TNF-α、IL-6等促炎因子表达,从而阻断炎症级联反应,为梨的抗炎功效提供机制支持[19];芦丁同样存在于梨中,研究表明其可通过激活SIRT1通路增强内皮依赖性血管舒张从而改善血管功能[20],也可在乙醇损伤的大鼠模型中通过提高PGE2水平来保护胃黏膜[21];山奈酚在梨中也有发现,研究表明其可降低大鼠脑组织中MDA和3-NT水平,并抑制Cleaved Caspase-3、TNF-α和IL-1β表达,对神经系统具有保护作用[22]。
酚酸类化合物是梨中另一重要的酚类活性成分,包括绿原酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸等。作为梨中含量最丰富的酚酸之一[6,23],绿原酸凭借其卓越的抗氧化与抗炎活性,为抗肿瘤、调节糖脂代谢及心血管保护等功效提供了物质基础[24]。其作用机制包括:绿原酸可通过抑制NF-κB、JAK和MAPK通路,减缓TNF-α、NO、COX-2、PGE2和ILs等促炎因子的产生,减少炎症损伤;绿原酸可通过Nrf2通路同时提高多种关键的抗氧化因子,如HO-1和NOQ-1,从而清除过量的细胞自由基;此外,绿原酸还可通过激活AMPK通路来调节和帮助维持脂质和葡萄糖的代谢稳态,调节葡萄糖释放和吸收以及脂质合成;通过靶向多种神经受体和通道(如γ-氨基丁酸受体、钾通道和酸敏感离子通道)发挥神经调节作用,从而产生镇痛效果[24]。通过分子对接模拟,绿原酸和阿魏酸对Nrf2、NF-κB和iNOS等蛋白质具有强亲和力,表明具有潜在的保健作用[25]。
梨中还含有单宁和酚苷类化合物,如熊果苷和原花青素。熊果苷是梨中含量最多的酚类化合物,这表明其在梨的抗氧化和抗炎能力中可能发挥着重要作用[23,26]。从梨中提取的熊果苷,其作用得到了广泛研究和证实。Jiang等[27]研究发现,幼龄香梨提取物能抑制B16细胞中TYR、TYR1和MITF等黑色素相关蛋白的表达,且梨美白活性与梨果实中熊果苷含量显著正相关。熊果苷能够通过竞争性结合酪氨酸酶活性位点,阻断黑色素合成关键步骤,具有美白皮肤和预防皮肤色素异常的作用[28]。此外,熊果苷还可以抑制TNF-α、IL-6等促炎因子释放,减轻炎症反应[29];通过激活胰岛素/IGF-1通路,促进真皮成纤维细胞增殖,加速伤口愈合[30];通过激活法尼醇X受体(FXR),调节胆汁酸稳态相关蛋白BSEP、NTCP,减轻α-萘异硫氰酸酯(ANIT)诱导的小鼠肝损伤[31]。原花青素赋予梨涩味,并具有抗氧化特性[2]。
三萜类化合物是梨中另一类重要的生物活性成分,具有抗炎和抗癌特性。梨果实中三萜总量高于苹果、榅桲等蔷薇科水果[32]。梨中的三萜类化合物主要包括熊果酸、齐墩果酸、白桦脂酸等,其中熊果酸是最主要的一种。梨提取的三萜类化合物(特别是熊果酸、齐墩果酸、白桦脂酸)的作用得到了研究和证实。熊果酸可增加小鼠下丘脑中的分子抗衰老生物标志物SIRT1、SIRT6、PGC-1β和α-Klotho,从而减缓衰老;熊果酸与亮氨酸结合,可通过mTOR通路诱导刺激肌细胞分化和肌肉质量增加[33]。齐墩果酸可调节FOXO/DAF-16转录因子的核定位序列,并刺激了其下游靶基因sod-3、hsp-16.2和ctl-1的活性,从而可用于癌症、神经退行性、心血管和代谢性疾病的预防和治疗[33]。白桦脂酸可增强肿瘤细胞对放疗敏感性,降低NF-κB介导的耐药性[34]。这些研究表明,从梨中提取的三萜类化合物,尤其是熊果酸、齐墩果酸和白桦脂酸,具有广泛的生物活性。它们赋予了梨提取物的潜在健康价值,如抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤等[35],进一步扩展了梨作为一种功能性食品和健康来源的潜力。
梨多糖具有良好的生物活性,如抗氧化、免疫调节、止咳和抗哮喘活性等[36−38]。库尔勒香梨多糖可显著提高巨噬细胞吞噬指数[39];抑制细胞焦亡有关基因IL-1β、IL-18及蛋白NLRP3、GSDMD的表达,从而抑制细胞焦亡发挥抗炎作用[40]。黄梨渣多糖可提升小鼠的碳廓清能力;使小鼠受抑制的DTH反应恢复,对细胞免疫功能具有促进作用;提升小鼠血清中TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-4三种细胞因子的分泌量,有助于杀伤和抑制肿瘤细胞、抑制病毒复制、调节多种造血细胞;显著增加小鼠肝脏、心脏和肾脏中SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力,降低脂质过氧化物MDA水平,提高免疫抑制小鼠的抗氧化能力[41]。
此外,梨渣中富含的膳食纤维也是重要的功能成分。研究表明,梨渣中的可溶性膳食纤维可调节肠道菌群及其相关代谢产物,从而减轻高脂饮食带来的负面影响[42]。这些发现为梨渣在功能性代餐粉及肠道健康产品中的应用提供了理论依据。
梨中含有多种类胡萝卜素,如叶黄素、玉米黄质和β-胡萝卜素等。类胡萝卜素可与黄酮化合物复配发挥抗氧化协同作用。细胞层面,番茄红素与槲皮素复配物可通过Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1通路预防氧化应激,通过调控SIRT1/NF-κB/Nox4通路协同预防细胞内ROS累积,预防氧化应激与炎症反应;动物层面,通过SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1信号通路显著改善D-半乳糖诱导的氧化应激ICR小鼠心脏和神经氧化损伤[43]。
类胡萝卜素是一类脂溶性色素,它们的存在有助于梨皮形成其特有的、通常是黄色或橙色的颜色特征。除了赋予颜色,类胡萝卜素还是一类重要的抗氧化剂,能够帮助梨果实抵抗氧化应激,对维持果实健康和品质具有积极意义[6,44]。光照可介导类胡萝卜素在梨皮中积累,从而导致其在果皮中的浓度高于果肉,且果实发育过程中的环境因素(如是否套袋)可以显著影响其含量[45]。
梨还含有有机酸、氨基酸和维生素等其他生物活性成分[1]。梨果实的有机酸主要包括苹果酸、柠檬酸、奎尼酸、草酸和莽草酸等五类。其中苹果酸的含量最高,赋予了梨特有的酸甜风味,并在一定程度上影响着果实的保鲜性。其次为柠檬酸,它也是重要的酸味来源。研究表明,梨的总酸含量与果实的发育期呈弱正相关[3]。有机酸不仅是风味物质,还可能参与果实的代谢过程,并对人体健康产生影响。梨中至少含有17种氨基酸,包括7种必需氨基酸和10种非必需氨基酸,其中天冬氨酸Asp和谷氨酸Glu含量最高,Asp具有增强肝脏功能、消除疲劳和保护心脏的作用,Glu具有健脑益智、保肝护肝的作用[46]。这些氨基酸作为蛋白质的组成单元,对于维持人体正常的生理功能至关重要,而梨中高含量和特定氨基酸的益处,也为梨的营养价值增添了亮点。此外,梨中还含有至少20种维生素,其中β-烟酰胺单核苷酸(维生素B3)、乙酰萘酮(维生素K4)和泛酰巯基乙胺(维生素B5)的浓度在不同梨品种之间存在显著差异[47]。维生素作为重要的营养素,在人体代谢、免疫调节、抗氧化等方面扮演着不可或缺的角色。值得注意的是,这些不同类别的生物活性成分并非孤立存在,它们之间可能通过复杂的协同效应共同作用,从而赋予梨整体的健康益处[7]。
梨中生物活性成分的积累与分布受品种(基因型)、空间(组织部位)及时间(生长发育阶段)的复杂调控[2,26,48−49]。表1整理了目前已被报道的54种主要梨品种中总酚、总黄酮和总三萜含量。分析表明,活性成分不仅在品种间差异显著,更表现出明显的时空异质性。总体规律呈现为:营养器官(叶、枝)高于生殖器官(果实),未成熟果实高于成熟果实,果实外部组织(果皮)高于内部组织(果肉)。这种分布模式与植物次生代谢产物在防御紫外线、抵御病虫害等方面的生态学功能密切相关。
基因型是决定梨活性成分谱系的基础因素。不同品种的梨的主要生物活性成分的组成与含量存在较大差异。Li等[26]对比了8种梨的酚类、黄酮和三萜类化合物,发现南果梨的齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量最高,雪花梨的儿茶素和绿原酸含量最高,而砀山酥梨的熊果苷和总三萜含量最高。霍宏亮等[50]对比了24种梨的总酚、总黄酮、有机酸和矿物质,发现云和雪梨的K、Na和P元素含量最高,Zn元素、奎尼酸和总酚含量排名靠前。维生素B3在秋子梨中的显著含量高于白梨和砂梨[47]。活性物质含量的差异也导致了活性功能的差异。有研究对三种梨科植物P. communis L.、P. elaeagrifolia Pall.、P. pyrifolia (Bum.) Nak.的叶片提取物进行了抗氧化性测试,P. communis L.显著高于另两种梨科植物[13]。而P. pyrifolia (Bum.) Nak.的抗菌活性高于P. communis L.[51]。
生物活性成分的“时空差异性”是指其在不同植物器官(空间维度)及不同生长发育阶段(时间维度)的动态变化规律。深入解析这一规律,对于梨加工副产物及农业废弃物的高值化利用具有重要的指导意义。
从时间维度看,梨树在自然状态下常出现“过量开花结果”现象,导致果实营养竞争、品质下降。传统农业通过人工疏除(疏花、疏幼果)调控产量,但摘除的未成熟果实通常被废弃,造成资源浪费[52]。未成熟梨果虽无法食用,但其熊果苷、齐墩果酸、熊果酸、绿原酸、芦丁、奎尼酸、表儿茶素以及总黄酮、总黄烷-3-醇和总三萜酸含量却远超成熟果实[25,49]。而随着果实成熟度的增加,这些生物活性成分也显著下降[1]。
从空间维度看,不同部位的生物活性成分也有很大差异,图2展示了梨不同部位主要生物活性成分的分布。多项研究表明,果皮中酚类化合物、黄酮类化合物和三萜类化合物的浓度高于果肉[2]。绿原酸在果皮中的含量高于果肉[6,23],熊果苷通常在果皮中含量最高,其次是果核,最后是果肉[4]。梨皮中的抗氧化物含量是果肉的6~20倍[2],因而梨皮提取物的抗氧化活性也显著高于果肉提取物[53]。此外,从梨树上修剪下来的枝条也是生物质的重要来源。在果园管理中,梨树的落叶或修剪的枝叶也被归为废弃物进行堆肥、填埋或焚烧。然而,这些废弃物中往往含有大量的生物活性成分,如熊果苷、异槲皮素A等[54]。
从定量关系来看,梨树副产物中的活性成分含量具有显著优势。例如,Sasaki等[55]研究发现梨枝中的熊果苷含量最高12.8 mg/g(干重),叶中最高约12.1 mg/g(干重),果皮中最高约5.70 mg/g(干重),果肉中平均约0.26 mg/g(干重),茎中平均约0.13 mg/g(干重),枝、叶和果皮中熊果苷的含量远高于茎和果肉。同时,梨皮与果柄、果核等作为梨汁加工过程中的副产物,其蕴含的生物量占加工水果的40%~50%[11]。这些研究表明从榨汁后的皮渣或枝、叶等种植废弃物中提取梨生物活性成分具有显著的得率和成本优势,应优先用于提取[16]。探索从梨叶和其他非果实部位提取生物活性成分,可能为梨的全面利用开辟新的途径。
梨生物活性成分分布的时空差异性规律,为提取原料的选择提供了依据,而要进一步实现高效提取、保障提取物活性并推动其产业化,选择合适的提取技术更是关键。关于梨的生物活性成分提取方法已有不少研究。常用的方法包括溶剂提取法、天然低共熔溶剂提取法、超声辅助提取法、微波辅助提取法和酶辅助提取法等。其中,溶剂提取法是最基础且应用最广泛的方法。与此同时,一系列新型绿色提取技术,如天然低共熔溶剂提取法、超声辅助提取法、加压液体提取法、微波辅助提取法和酶辅助提取法等,也已成为研究热点。此外,对不同提取方法的比较研究与协同工艺的探索,为梨生物活性成分的提取和产业化应用提供了重要依据。下文将对这些方法分别进行详述。
溶剂提取法是最常使用的提取方法,其原理是基于生物活性成分在不同溶剂中的溶解度差异而进行提取[15]。常用的溶剂包括乙醇、甲醇、水、乙酸乙酯和己烷等[7]。溶剂提取可以通过浸渍、索氏提取或回流提取等方式进行[15]。
溶剂的选择主要依据“相似相溶”原理,并需兼顾提取效率与安全性。在实验室分析和成分鉴定中,甲醇因其较小的分子量和高极性,通常表现出比乙醇更高的提取效率,尤其是酸性甲醇体系更有利于酚类和黄酮类物质的回收[68]。使用甲醇从梨渣粉提取的总酚和总黄酮含量分别为375.9~512.9 g GAE/100 g干物质和24.7~34.6 mg QE/100 g干物质[69],含有1%抗坏血酸的甲醇在20 min内从叶片中可提取高达53.27 g GAE/kg的总酚,含有0.1%盐酸的甲醇在1 h内可从果皮中提取116.3~173.1 g GAE/kg的总酚,从果肉中可提取85.3~146.4 g GAE/kg的总酚[5,68];相比之下,使用70%乙醇提取12 h仅能获得1.89~3.14 g GAE/kg的总酚[9],通过响应面法优化后的最佳提取条件(75%乙醇,80 ℃,30 min)也仅能从果皮中获得4.98 g GAE/kg的总酚[70]。Patricia等[71]的研究表明,在正己烷、乙酸乙酯和甲醇中,使用甲醇提取的“Packham”和“Yali”果皮提取物均显示出最高的总酚和总黄酮含量。对砂梨(Pyrus pyrifolia)和西洋梨(Pyrus communis)果皮中总酚和总黄酮的提取中也发现了类似的结果[72]。然而,考虑到食品工业的安全性与法规限制,低毒性的乙醇是目前食品级原料生产的首选溶剂[12,73–74]。
提取工艺参数,包括固液比、原料预处理方式(如干燥、研磨、粒径)、提取时间、提取温度以及溶剂浓度等,对于梨提取物的性能指标至关重要,并显著影响提取产量和活性成分的得率。固液比(植物材料与溶剂的比例)是影响提取产量的关键因素。最佳比例能够确保有足够的溶剂溶解目标化合物,而不过度稀释。优化固液比对于最大化提取效率和最小化溶剂使用量至关重要。一旦达到最佳比例,进一步增加固液比并不能显著提高提取物的得率[75]。合适的固液比可在保证活性成分传质效率的同时不过度消耗溶剂。原料的预处理方式,如干燥、研磨、粒径控制等也会影响提取效率[69]。通常,较小的粒径会由于表面积增加而导致更高的提取产量,但同时也会增加固液分离的难度。对提取时间、温度和溶剂浓度等提取参数的优化能够显著提升提取物的性能。例如:Kotsou等[12]优化了提取时间、温度和乙醇浓度等提取参数,野梨(Pyrus spinosa)提取物的抗氧化能力提升了1622%~2356%,总多酚含量增加345%,总黄酮含量增加273%,抗坏血酸含量增加653%。李启彭等[73]通过正交试验优化提取三种昭通梨皮和梨肉中的黄酮,最佳提取工艺为乙醇体积分数为70%,提取时间为120 min,提取温度为70 ℃,料液比为1:10,在最佳提取工艺条件下梨皮的黄酮得率为0.6352%~0.6799%,梨肉的黄酮得率为0.3528%~0.3597%。乔钰婕等[74]通过响应面法优化了喀什冬梨果皮中三萜类物质的提取工艺,最佳提取条件为提取时间51 min、液固比42:1(mL/g)、乙醇体积分数73%。周凯等[76]通过响应面法优化了库尔勒香梨带皮果肉中多糖的提取工艺,最佳提取条件为提取温度70 ℃、提取时间95 min、料液比1:60,此时提取率为12.46%。
综上所述,溶剂提取法的效率并非单一因素决定,而是溶剂种类、固液比、温度、时间及原料预处理方式等多因素耦合的结果。尽管溶剂提取法设备简单、工艺成熟,但其在处理果皮等细胞壁致密的梨加工副产物时,往往面临渗透力不足、耗时过长以及大量使用有机溶剂带来的环保压力等挑战。因此,研究和发展更高效、更绿色的新型提取技术显得尤为重要和迫切。
天然低共熔溶剂(Natural deep eutectic solvents,NADES)是一类由天然组分(如糖、有机酸、氨基酸)组成的绿色溶剂。这些天然组分分别作为氢键供体和氢键受体,形成致密的氢键网络,显著降低了混合体系整体的晶格能,使得这些原本在室温下呈现固态的天然成分,能够以熔点远低于单一组分的稳定液态形式存在,形成独特的低共熔混合物,赋予了NADES作为绿色溶剂的物理化学基础[77]。NADES的氢键网络结构能够与植物细胞壁中的纤维素和木质素发生竞争性氢键结合,导致细胞壁微观结构的溶胀与解构,从而打开传质通道;同时,NADES分子能与含有羟基、羧基的生物活性成分形成稳定的超分子复合物,防止其氧化降解,从而在温和条件下高效提取目标成分[78]。由于NADES通常由天然存在于食品中的无毒物质组成,提取液无需去除溶剂即可直接用于食品,无需进行额外的纯化步骤[79]。当需要获得高纯度的提取成分时,也可通过特定吸附剂(如amberlite XAD-16)进行吸附,用超纯水冲洗去除杂质,再用乙醇洗脱吸附在柱上的酚类化合物,以获得纯化的提取物[80]。
在多项实验中,NADES的提取率高于传统有机溶剂,且能提升天然化合物的性能,如稳定性、抗氧化性等[81−84]。Lee等[85]使用氯化胆碱和戊二酸合成的NADES,从秋子梨叶中提取的黄酮含量最高可达171.326 µg/mL,这比使用水的对照组(105.926 µg/mL)提高了约61.7%,显示出显著的增溶与提取优势。de Los Ángeles等[86]利用乳酸、葡萄糖和水组成的NADES配合超声辅助对梨罐头副产物中极性和低极性多酚的提取效果优于水或甲醇。任柯昱[11]通过响应面法对超高压耦合低共熔溶剂提取法从雪花梨果渣中提取多酚的工艺进行了优化,最优提取条件为超高压压力406 MPa、保压时间8.4 min、氯化胆碱-乙二醇摩尔比1:3、DES含水量40%,雪花梨果渣多酚提取率为4.75%±0.06%。
在应用NADES进行生物活性成分提取时,NADES中氢键供体和氢键受体的化学性质、摩尔比、粘度、密度、pH以及NADES中的氢键网络是影响多酚提取率的关键因素[87]。除了实验方法外,也有一些计算机模拟方法来确定最佳溶剂,如COSMOtherm,它是一种基于真实溶剂似导体屏蔽模型(Conductor-like screening model for real solvents,COSMO-RS)的计算机模拟方法,可预测目标化合物在多种溶剂中的溶解度[88]。
超声波辅助提取法(Ultrasound-assisted extraction,UAE)利用超声波产生的机械效应,破坏梨较坚硬的细胞壁,促进溶剂渗透,从而提高提取效率并缩短提取时间[89]。与传统的溶剂提取法相比,UAE通常更高效、更环保,因为它能减少溶剂的使用量和提取时间[90]。Belwal等[91]从红星梨(Pyrus communis 'Starkrimson')果皮中提取花青素-3-半乳糖苷(Cy3-gal),使用UAE的Cy3-gal得率显著高于传统方法。Wang等[89]通过田口设计(Taguchi design)和完全随机两因素设计优化了常规溶剂提取和UAE对红安久梨(Red D'Anjou)皮的最佳提取条件,发现UAE可用乙醇替代常规溶剂提取使用的甲醇,且最佳提取温度比常规溶剂提取降低了20 ℃。Cui等[92]研究发现使用UAE的梨(‘Huangli No.1’)幼果中熊果苷得率是传统方法的2.7倍。
超声时间、超声功率、溶剂浓度和超声温度是影响UAE率的关键因素。仵菲等[93]通过响应面法优化了UAE对库尔勒香梨各部位中总多酚的提取,优化后的提取工艺为乙醇体积分数70%,料液比1:15,提取时间40 min,提取温度40 ℃,在最优条件下库尔勒香梨果皮、果肉、核外果肉和果核总多酚的提取量分别为17.060±0.400、0.532±0.053、0.530±0.032、6.100±0.200 mg/g·FW。
对于同一种生物活性成分,需要针对不同的提取原料开发针对性的提取工艺条件。Bulduk等[94]通过响应面法优化了UAE对西洋梨(Pyrus Communis L.)叶片中熊果苷的提取,优化后的提取温度为43.37 ℃,甲醇浓度为56.81%,提取时间为29.66 min,优化后的熊果苷提取率为3.10%。Cui等[92]通过响应面法优化了UAE对梨(‘Huangli No.1’)幼果中熊果苷的提取,优化后的乙醇浓度为70%,固液比1:12,提取时间为20 min,超声功率为576 W,优化后的熊果苷提取率5309.27±15.87 µg/g。马进等[95]、薛婧等[96]、李育博等[97]分别通过响应面法优化了UAE对莱阳茌梨渣、黄果梨和野生南果梨去皮果肉的总黄酮提取,优化后的超声温度为40~48 ℃、料液比为1:20~1:47(g/mL),超声时间为40~70 min,乙醇浓度为56%~70%,超声功率为400~640 W,优化后的总黄酮提取率为0.266%~14.38%。王洁等[98]和李文宇等[99]分别通过响应面法优化了黄果梨带皮果肉和新疆香梨带皮果肉的多糖UAEC参数,优化后的超声温度为48~55 ℃、料液比为1:4~1:20(g/mL),超声时间为23~53 min,乙醇浓度为95%,超声功率为450 W,优化后的梨多糖提取率为3.45%~12.87%。
加压液体提取(Pressurized liquid extraction,PLE)是一种高效的提取技术,利用高温高压条件下的溶剂快速提取固体或半固体样品中的目标化合物。相比传统提取方法,PLE具有速度快、溶剂用量少、重复性好等优势[100]。加压液体提取已被用于从安梨(Pyrus ussuriensis ‘Maxim’)中提取三萜类化合物,最佳提取条件为提取压力10 MPa,提取温度85 ℃,提取时间4 min,循环3次,乙醇浓度55%,在此条件下,三萜类化合物的提取率为0.862%。与热回流提取和微波辅助提取相比,PLE显示出更高的三萜类化合物产量,并大大减少了溶剂使用量[101]。这表明,PLE是一种很有前景的从梨中高效提取三萜类化合物的技术,与传统方法相比,它在产量方面可能具有优势,并可能减少时间和溶剂消耗。PLE中较高的温度和压力可以提高三萜类化合物的溶解度和传质效率,从而提高提取效率。祝上宾[102]通过响应面法优化了亚临界水对梨叶中β-熊果苷的提取条件,优化后的最佳提取时间、温度、料液比分别为52.23 min、201.18 ℃、1:42.8,该条件下的熊果苷提取量为15.12 mg/g,高于有机溶剂法的12.3 mg/g,且具有更高的抗氧化活性。
PLE的提取温度影响生物活性成分的溶解度和扩散速率。较高的温度可以提高提取速率,但也可能导致热不稳定化合物的降解[103]。因此,需要根据目标化合物确定最佳温度。Qu等[101]的研究表明,PLE提取安梨三萜类化合物的过程中,温度是继循环次数之后的第二大影响因素。温度对提取效率与生物活性成分稳定性具有重要作用,最佳温度的确定需在溶解度提升与热降解风险之间建立动态平衡。
PLE提取时长显著影响生物活性成分的回收率。为在保证处理效率的前提下实现得率最大化,需对提取时间进行系统优化。确定最佳提取时长对提升工艺效能与防止目标化合物降解具有关键意义。该过程随时间的推移将达到热力学平衡,超出临界时间点后,延长时间不仅无法显著提升得率,还可能引发活性物质的降解。
微波辅助提取法(Microwave-assisted extraction,MAE)是利用微波能量直接加热溶剂和植物基质,加速生物活性成分的释放。MAE由于其快速加热和细胞破坏作用,通常具有更快的提取速率和更高的提取产量[104]。Peng等[105]使用MAE进行安梨(Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim)带皮果肉中酚类化合物的提取,并通过响应面法进行优化,优化后最佳的MAE工艺参数为:提取时间124 s,微波功率408 W,乙醇浓度56%(v/v),溶剂/固体比45:1,提取率为9.801 mg GAE/g干物质,提取得到的酚类化合物主要是儿茶素、绿原酸、槲皮素糖苷和异鼠李素糖苷。彭飞等[106]使用响应面法优化了MAE对安梨中总黄酮的提取,优化后的最佳工艺条件为提取时间127 s、微波功率424 W、乙醇浓度58%、液料比30:1(mL/g),在此条件下总黄酮的得率为6.51%。上述两项研究均证明MAE可高效提取安梨中的酚类和黄酮,但因目标成分不同,最佳参数存在微小差异。
酶辅助提取法(Enzyme-assisted extraction,EAE)是利用酶(如纤维素酶和果胶酶)分解植物细胞壁,从而改善细胞内生物活性成分的释放。EAE可能是一种更具选择性和更环保的方法,有可能提高特定化合物的提取产量[107]。然而,EAE的一些缺陷,如较为昂贵的成本、无法完全破坏细胞基质、回收性较差、酶活损失等,限制了其大规模的工艺应用,因此该方法一般与其他提取技术联合使用[108]。段腊梅等[109]通过响应面法优化了微波辅助酶法提取苹果梨渣多糖工艺,优化后的最佳提取条件为料液比1:14(g/mL)、纤维素酶添加量2.5%、微波功率560 W、微波时间2 min,此条件下多糖提取率为34.99 mg/mL。
目前已有一些研究同时比较了多种提取方法对于梨生物活性成分的提取效果。曲建辉[110]横向比较了热回流法提取、MAE和PLE对安梨去皮果肉中总三萜的提取效果,确定了PLE为最佳提取方法,工艺条件为萃取温度85 ℃、萃取时间4 min、循环次数3次、乙醇浓度55%,总三萜提取率可达8.62%。马佩佩[111]横向比较了UAE、MAE以及PLE三种方法对库尔勒香梨带皮果肉中多糖的提取效果,并分别通过响应面法进行了优化。在最优条件下,UAE的多糖得率为5.03%,MAE的多糖得率为5.01%,PLE的多糖得率为5.37%。综合评价表明,单一提取技术难以兼顾所有指标,应根据原料物理特性与目标成分稳定性灵活选择超声、加压液体或天然低共熔溶剂等绿色提取策略。
新型绿色提取技术在实验室规模表现优异,但要实现从实验室到工业化的跨越,仍需在能耗、成本与提取效率之间寻找平衡,并建立基于原料特性的多技术协同提取体系。表2总结了上述6种提取方法的优缺点、适用场景和工业应用潜力。如表2所示,不同的提取技术其技术成熟度与工业化应用潜力存在显著差异。传统溶剂提取法技术成熟度最高,设备通用性强,但其对有机溶剂的大量消耗制约了其可持续发展。UAE和PLE目前处于中试向产业化过渡阶段,在效率与规模化之间取得了较好平衡,是当前最具应用前景的技术。而NADES和EAE等新型绿色技术则代表了绿色、精准的未来方向,但主要处于实验室研发阶段,其工业化应用仍受制于成本与标准化等瓶颈。
综上所述,梨含有丰富的生物活性成分,包括酚类化合物、三萜类化合物和类胡萝卜素等,这些化合物赋予了梨多种健康益处。不同品种和不同部位的梨,其生物活性成分的种类和含量存在显著差异。作为加工废弃物的皮渣和农业废弃物的枝叶中往往含有丰富的梨生物活性成分,是提取的优质原料。常用的梨生物活性成分提取方法,如溶剂提取法、超声辅助提取法、微波辅助提取法和酶辅助提取法,均可用于梨的生物活性成分提取。其中,溶剂提取法和超声辅助萃取法是较为常用的技术。提取效率受多种因素的影响,包括溶剂类型、固液比、提取温度和提取时间等。优化这些参数对于高效回收目标生物活性成分至关重要。
梨及其副产物中丰富的生物活性成分具有显著的生理功效,因而在大健康产业中展现出巨大的转化潜力。基于抗氧化与抗炎活性,梨叶及幼果提取物(富含熊果苷、绿原酸)是开发天然美白化妆品及抗衰老护肤品的理想原料;而梨渣中富含的膳食纤维与多糖,则可作为益生元应用于调节肠道健康的代餐食品中。
虽然梨生物活性成分已展现出了巨大的应用潜力和价值,但要实现从实验室研究到产业化应用的跨越,仍面临以下关键挑战:
首先,工业化放大的传递规律尚不明确。梨生物活性成分的绿色提取虽已形成包括天然低共熔溶剂、超声辅助提取、微波辅助提取等多条技术路线,但总体仍以实验室规模为主,对在中试或更大尺度上研究不足。已有研究表明葡萄藤中试提取物中的酚类成分谱与实验室提取结果存在差异[112],然而在梨中还未有类似的报道。
其次,缺乏基于应用导向的系统性提取决策机制。提取方法的选择本质上是一个复杂的多目标决策过程,需在得率、成本、环保性及产品活性之间寻找平衡。例如,若以针对果皮等坚韧组织的提取效率最大化为首要目标,UAE通常是优选方案;然而,若目标是开发高附加值的“清洁标签”功能食品或化妆品,环境效益和“天然”属性更为关键,此时NADES尽管成本较高且后处理复杂,但其“绿色天然”特质能带来更大的市场优势。此外,对于热敏性成分,PLE需精确控制温度窗口,而MAE则需规避局部过热风险。面对如此复杂的变量权衡,传统的优化手段显示出局限性:已有研究仍以响应面法为主,仅考虑了3~4个关键因素对提取结果的影响,难以处理高维数据,而与人工智能等新兴技术相结合的研究明显不足。
最后,梨生物活性成分之间的相互作用关系与协同模式尚不完全明晰。目前多关注单一成分的活性评价,对梨生物活性成分之间(如绿原酸与熊果苷)的相互作用关系、协同模式及其在生理环境下的代谢机制(如肠道菌群-免疫轴调节作用)尚不完全明晰。
基于上述挑战,未来的研究可探究实验室规模、中试规模和生产规模等多尺度下的梨生物活性成分提取物的传递效率、过程控制、成分变化、成本效益等规律,为新型提取技术的工业化应用奠定基础;利用机器学习在处理高维数据方面的优势,同时优化得率、能耗、时间、环保性等多个目标函数,建立基于原料的品种、部位、水分、纤维含量等初始属性的提取策略选择模型,自动推荐提取技术路径及参数,实现精准提取;深入研究梨生物活性成分间的协同效应,而非单一成分的活性评价,如探究梨多酚与多糖复配后的增效机理,为开发功能更强、更精准的健康产品提供理论支撑。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100276
  • 接收时间:2025-10-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-27
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    1浙江大学生物系统工程与食品科学学院,浙江杭州 310058
    2浙江大学长三角智慧绿洲创新中心,浙江嘉兴 314102
    3浙江省云和雪梨浙农英才工作站,浙江丽水 323600
    4浙江大学-云和雪梨产业联合研究中心,浙江丽水 323600
    5云和县一清农产品专业合作社,浙江丽水 323600
    6云和县白龙山街道办事处综合服务中心,浙江丽水 323600

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刘冠辰(1988−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品精深加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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