Article(id=1320165935785300820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100214, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761062400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681686588, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681686588, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681686588, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681686588, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320165935999210325, articleId=1320165935785300820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Challenges in Quality Regulation and Targeted Optimization Technologies of Nut-based Plant Milk, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a significant category of plant-based dairy alternatives, nut-based plant milk has attracted extensive attention owing to its abundant high-quality proteins, unsaturated fatty acids, and bioactive components. However, its industrial production is still confronted with a series of challenges in quality regulation. This paper systematically reviews the classification, nutritional value and typical processing technologies of nut-based plant milk. It focuses on prominent problems encountered during processing and their root causes, including poor stability, difficult regulation of flavor and texture, nutritional imbalance, and the challenges in removing allergens and antinutritional factors. Furthermore, it summarizes the latest research advances in novel processing technologies applied to nut-based plant milk in recent years, covering emulsification and stability enhancement technologies, flavor and texture modification technologies, nutrient retention and fortification technologies, as well as allergen control and anti-nutritional substance removal technologies. The aforementioned novel technologies include high-pressure homogenization, ultrasonic treatment, microbial fermentation, enzymatic modification, non-thermal sterilization, and other processes. The purpose of this review is to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for technological innovation and industrial upgrading in this field.

, authors=Yan LÜ1, 2, Meidi HUANG1, Long JIN3, Wei CHEN4, Xuegang WANG5, Benxian SU5, Huaishu LUO1, Yashu CHEN1, *, Qianchun DENG1, *, authorsList=Yan LÜ, Meidi HUANG, Long JIN, Wei CHEN, Xuegang WANG, Benxian SU, Huaishu LUO, Yashu CHEN, Qianchun DENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yashu CHEN, Qianchun DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320165936938734426, articleId=1320165935785300820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=坚果基植物乳品质调控难题及其靶向优化技术研究进展, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

坚果基植物乳作为一种重要的植物基乳制品,因富含优质蛋白、不饱和脂肪酸及生物活性成分而备受关注,但其工业化生产仍面临一系列品质调控难题。本文系统综述了坚果基植物乳的分类、营养价值及典型加工工艺,重点分析了其在加工过程中存在的稳定性不佳、风味与口感难调控、营养不均衡、过敏原与抗营养物质难去除等问题及其成因,并进一步总结了近年来应用于坚果基植物乳的乳化及稳定性提升、风味与口感改良、营养保留与强化、过敏原控制与抗营养物质去除等新型加工技术,包括超高压均质、超声波处理、微生物发酵、酶解改性、非热杀菌等技术的最新研究进展,以期为该领域的技术创新与产业升级提供理论依据和技术支持。

, authors=吕岩1, 2, 黄梅迪1, 金龙3, 陈委4, 王雪刚5, 苏本宪5, 罗怀述1, 陈亚淑1, *, 邓乾春1, *, authorsList=吕岩, 黄梅迪, 金龙, 陈委, 王雪刚, 苏本宪, 罗怀述, 陈亚淑, 邓乾春, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈亚淑, 邓乾春, authorNote=

吕岩(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物乳酶解加工技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈亚淑(1993−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:油料加工与植物基食品,E-mail:。
邓乾春(1979−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:脂质化学与营养,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=4jKRH94M8/ITuOe4EY9tbw==, magXml=sLLIF+wQJr8XzMx22aQ4mg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=2YhsGWGX6iDiLPOOqQb05Q==, pdfFileSize=1510306, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=o7Rvy/Ag5QqY/9qZsuFnHw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=mu/i9X11JOzkODK7og8Vfg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320165937618211691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165935785300820, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=3181452078@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320165937702097774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165935785300820, authorId=1320165937618211691, language=EN, stringName=Yan LÜ, firstName=Yan, middleName=null, lastName=LÜ, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, China
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Classification and nutritional value of nut-based plant milk

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坚果基乳蛋白质
(g/100 g)
脂肪
(g/100 g)
碳水化合物
(g/100 g)
膳食纤维
(g/100 g)
矿物质维生素多酚植物甾醇功能作用参考文献
核桃乳0.802.90
不饱和脂肪酸(89.6%)
5.400.40镁、磷、钾、锌、铁、铜、锰维生素E槲皮素、山奈酚、鞣花酸、木脂素β-谷甾醇保护脑神经,有益肠道健康,预防动脉硬化、高血压及冠心病,延缓衰老[26−27]
杏仁乳1.703.40
不饱和脂肪酸(87.08%)
4.501.25锌、铁、钠、钾、镁、磷、钙维生素E槲皮素、山
奈酚
β-谷甾醇抗氧化,美容养颜,降血糖,降血脂,抗肿瘤,保护心血管健康[20,28−29]
腰果乳0.802.401.601.15钙、铁−槲皮素、山
奈酚
β-谷甾醇提高免疫力,保持神经系统的正常功能[30]
澳洲坚果乳−不饱和脂肪酸(67.77%)−−钙、磷、铁B族维生素−β-谷甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇、Δ5-燕麦甾烯醇减低血液中的胆固醇,防止动脉粥样硬化,保护血管健康,保持良好胆固醇水平[31−32]
花生乳2.303.40
不饱和脂肪酸(82%)
5.50−钾、钙、镁、铁、锌维生素B6对香豆酸、白藜芦醇β-谷甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇维持肌肉和器官的健康,降低心血管疾病的风险,维持身体的正常代谢和功能,改善便秘[33−34]
巴旦木乳0.61.23.1−钙、镁维生素A、D、E儿茶素、槲皮素、山奈酚β-谷甾醇保护心脑血管健康,维持血糖稳定,抗氧化,美容,健胃[35]
榛子乳0.421.607.920.40−B族维生素原花青素、儿茶素、鞣花酸β-谷甾醇降低胆固醇,减少心血管疾病的风险,滋血养气,补益脾肾[36]
), ArticleFig(id=1320165944194880424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165935785300820, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

坚果基植物乳分类及营养价值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坚果基乳蛋白质
(g/100 g)
脂肪
(g/100 g)
碳水化合物
(g/100 g)
膳食纤维
(g/100 g)
矿物质维生素多酚植物甾醇功能作用参考文献
核桃乳0.802.90
不饱和脂肪酸(89.6%)
5.400.40镁、磷、钾、锌、铁、铜、锰维生素E槲皮素、山奈酚、鞣花酸、木脂素β-谷甾醇保护脑神经,有益肠道健康,预防动脉硬化、高血压及冠心病,延缓衰老[26−27]
杏仁乳1.703.40
不饱和脂肪酸(87.08%)
4.501.25锌、铁、钠、钾、镁、磷、钙维生素E槲皮素、山
奈酚
β-谷甾醇抗氧化,美容养颜,降血糖,降血脂,抗肿瘤,保护心血管健康[20,28−29]
腰果乳0.802.401.601.15钙、铁−槲皮素、山
奈酚
β-谷甾醇提高免疫力,保持神经系统的正常功能[30]
澳洲坚果乳−不饱和脂肪酸(67.77%)−−钙、磷、铁B族维生素−β-谷甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇、Δ5-燕麦甾烯醇减低血液中的胆固醇,防止动脉粥样硬化,保护血管健康,保持良好胆固醇水平[31−32]
花生乳2.303.40
不饱和脂肪酸(82%)
5.50−钾、钙、镁、铁、锌维生素B6对香豆酸、白藜芦醇β-谷甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇维持肌肉和器官的健康,降低心血管疾病的风险,维持身体的正常代谢和功能,改善便秘[33−34]
巴旦木乳0.61.23.1−钙、镁维生素A、D、E儿茶素、槲皮素、山奈酚β-谷甾醇保护心脑血管健康,维持血糖稳定,抗氧化,美容,健胃[35]
榛子乳0.421.607.920.40−B族维生素原花青素、儿茶素、鞣花酸β-谷甾醇降低胆固醇,减少心血管疾病的风险,滋血养气,补益脾肾[36]
), ArticleFig(id=1320165944266183593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165935785300820, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Challenges in quality regulation of nut-based plant milks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坚果基植物乳难题参考文献
核桃乳稳定性不佳:核桃乳发生氧化及脂肪上浮率高导致乳析[50]
风味缺陷及营养不均衡:核桃原料传统脱苦皮不充分引起核桃乳口感苦涩,且易造成营养成分如多酚、黄酮损失[51]
杏仁乳稳定性不佳:易分层,浓缩过程中浓度上升过快易产生凝胶化[21]
风味缺陷:传统脱苦去涩方法耗时长且脱苦不充分[52]
营养不均衡:热加工导致美拉德反应,产物与氨基酸发生交联导致赖氨酸损失[53]
营养素溶出效果不佳[54]
腰果乳过敏原难去除:高温加工条件下蛋白结构变化,致敏性蛋白含量增加[55]
花生乳稳定性不佳:油滴不稳定、分层或分离[56]
过敏原难去除:Ara h 1过敏原的免疫反应性较高,且影响风味[57]
巴旦木乳稳定性不佳:贮藏过程中易出现蛋白沉淀、脂肪上浮,产生分层、絮凝、聚结等[58]
营养素溶出效果不佳[23]
虎皮坚果乳稳定性不佳:易发生氧化,脂肪上浮率高[22]
榛子乳过敏原难去除[59]
), ArticleFig(id=1320165944429761450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165935785300820, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

坚果基植物乳的品质调控难题

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坚果基植物乳难题参考文献
核桃乳稳定性不佳:核桃乳发生氧化及脂肪上浮率高导致乳析[50]
风味缺陷及营养不均衡:核桃原料传统脱苦皮不充分引起核桃乳口感苦涩,且易造成营养成分如多酚、黄酮损失[51]
杏仁乳稳定性不佳:易分层,浓缩过程中浓度上升过快易产生凝胶化[21]
风味缺陷:传统脱苦去涩方法耗时长且脱苦不充分[52]
营养不均衡:热加工导致美拉德反应,产物与氨基酸发生交联导致赖氨酸损失[53]
营养素溶出效果不佳[54]
腰果乳过敏原难去除:高温加工条件下蛋白结构变化,致敏性蛋白含量增加[55]
花生乳稳定性不佳:油滴不稳定、分层或分离[56]
过敏原难去除:Ara h 1过敏原的免疫反应性较高,且影响风味[57]
巴旦木乳稳定性不佳:贮藏过程中易出现蛋白沉淀、脂肪上浮,产生分层、絮凝、聚结等[58]
营养素溶出效果不佳[23]
虎皮坚果乳稳定性不佳:易发生氧化,脂肪上浮率高[22]
榛子乳过敏原难去除[59]
), ArticleFig(id=1320165944509453227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165935785300820, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Novel processing technologies of nut-based plant milk

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坚果基乳加工工艺条件效果参考文献
杏仁乳热超声600 W,60 ℃,30 min降低颗粒的粒径分布,提高了物理稳定性;降低脂氧合酶和过氧化物酶的活性,提高了氧化稳定性;提高了总酚、黄酮醇、黄酮类、单宁含量及生物利用率[85]
脉冲电场流量:50 mL/min,电场强度:7/14/21/28 kV/cm,脉冲频率:1 kHz显著减小颗粒尺寸,无沉淀层,提高了物理稳定性;保留了杏仁乳的生物活性物质、抗氧化活性和色泽[86]
超高压均质200/300 MPa,55/65/75 ℃显著减小颗粒尺寸,提高了物理稳定性;微生物种群减少,提高了储藏稳定性[87]
核桃乳狭缝双频超声乳化
技术
超声时间50 min、超声功率密度
260 W/L、28/68 kHz双频超声组合
核桃乳的颗粒尺寸显著减小,Zeta电位增加,提高了物理稳定性[89]
超声200/400/600 W,15/30 min降低悬浮液中颗粒的尺寸,解离蛋白质聚集体,提高了物理稳定性;水溶性、乳化性和乳化稳定性均提高[90]
高压微射流180 MPa均质两次颗粒尺寸减小,蛋白质溶解度提高,显著提高了物理稳定性[91]
生物酶解碱性蛋白酶与中性蛋白酶复合酶解,60 ℃、0.5%加酶量酶解3 h减少核桃乳分层及沉淀,提高了物理稳定性[92]
榛子乳热超声20 kHz, 100 W,5 min/10 min抑制加热絮凝现象,颗粒尺寸减小,Zeta电位增加,提高了物理稳定性;改善榛子乳的色泽[93]
虎皮坚果乳超高压均质200/300 MPa,40 ℃比均质-巴氏杀菌处理具有更高的物理稳定性;降低了过氧化物酶的活性[22]
微胶囊化−40 ℃ 4 h,冷冻干燥8 h颗粒尺寸减小,小颗粒位于大颗粒表面,提高了物理稳定性[94]
超声200/300/400/500/600 W,30 min颗粒尺寸减小且更均匀,提高了物理稳定性[95]
介质阻挡放电等离
子体
暴露时间12 min微生物群落显著减少,提高了储藏稳定性[96]
巴旦木乳生物酶解风味蛋白酶与菠萝蛋白3:1,添加量0.2%颗粒尺寸减小,Zeta电位增加,浊度降低,过氧化值与TBARS显著下降,物理稳定性与氧化稳定性同步提升[23]
花生乳生物酶解风味蛋白酶,60 ℃、1.5%加酶量
酶解1 h
乳液稳定性指数提升21%,氧化诱导时间从23.58 h增至50.24 h,物理稳定性与氧化稳定性同步增强[97]
高压微射流120 MPa颗粒尺寸减小,表观粘度增加,蛋白质形成三维网状结构以包裹油滴,提高了物理稳定性[98]
), ArticleFig(id=1320165944568173484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165935785300820, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

坚果基植物乳的新型加工技术

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坚果基乳加工工艺条件效果参考文献
杏仁乳热超声600 W,60 ℃,30 min降低颗粒的粒径分布,提高了物理稳定性;降低脂氧合酶和过氧化物酶的活性,提高了氧化稳定性;提高了总酚、黄酮醇、黄酮类、单宁含量及生物利用率[85]
脉冲电场流量:50 mL/min,电场强度:7/14/21/28 kV/cm,脉冲频率:1 kHz显著减小颗粒尺寸,无沉淀层,提高了物理稳定性;保留了杏仁乳的生物活性物质、抗氧化活性和色泽[86]
超高压均质200/300 MPa,55/65/75 ℃显著减小颗粒尺寸,提高了物理稳定性;微生物种群减少,提高了储藏稳定性[87]
核桃乳狭缝双频超声乳化
技术
超声时间50 min、超声功率密度
260 W/L、28/68 kHz双频超声组合
核桃乳的颗粒尺寸显著减小,Zeta电位增加,提高了物理稳定性[89]
超声200/400/600 W,15/30 min降低悬浮液中颗粒的尺寸,解离蛋白质聚集体,提高了物理稳定性;水溶性、乳化性和乳化稳定性均提高[90]
高压微射流180 MPa均质两次颗粒尺寸减小,蛋白质溶解度提高,显著提高了物理稳定性[91]
生物酶解碱性蛋白酶与中性蛋白酶复合酶解,60 ℃、0.5%加酶量酶解3 h减少核桃乳分层及沉淀,提高了物理稳定性[92]
榛子乳热超声20 kHz, 100 W,5 min/10 min抑制加热絮凝现象,颗粒尺寸减小,Zeta电位增加,提高了物理稳定性;改善榛子乳的色泽[93]
虎皮坚果乳超高压均质200/300 MPa,40 ℃比均质-巴氏杀菌处理具有更高的物理稳定性;降低了过氧化物酶的活性[22]
微胶囊化−40 ℃ 4 h,冷冻干燥8 h颗粒尺寸减小,小颗粒位于大颗粒表面,提高了物理稳定性[94]
超声200/300/400/500/600 W,30 min颗粒尺寸减小且更均匀,提高了物理稳定性[95]
介质阻挡放电等离
子体
暴露时间12 min微生物群落显著减少,提高了储藏稳定性[96]
巴旦木乳生物酶解风味蛋白酶与菠萝蛋白3:1,添加量0.2%颗粒尺寸减小,Zeta电位增加,浊度降低,过氧化值与TBARS显著下降,物理稳定性与氧化稳定性同步提升[23]
花生乳生物酶解风味蛋白酶,60 ℃、1.5%加酶量
酶解1 h
乳液稳定性指数提升21%,氧化诱导时间从23.58 h增至50.24 h,物理稳定性与氧化稳定性同步增强[97]
高压微射流120 MPa颗粒尺寸减小,表观粘度增加,蛋白质形成三维网状结构以包裹油滴,提高了物理稳定性[98]
), ArticleFig(id=1320165944631088045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165935785300820, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Raw material pretreatment technology of nut-based plant milk

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工艺原料方法/条件效果参考文献
烘烤花生短波红外烘焙机,220 ℃,25 min显著改善了花生乳的风味、颜色和稳定性,增强了蛋白质的功能特性,使得花生乳在后续处理中更加稳定[110]
腰果130 ℃热风循环烘烤20 min可产生均匀、有光泽的外观,腰果的甜味、乳白色和脂肪味增强[101]
榛子170 ℃红外烘烤细胞质网络破坏、蛋白质体和细胞壁组织结构改变,过敏原几乎完全消失[111]
榛子、核桃、花生60 ℃,40 hPa,微波烘烤140~180 s甾醇的损失率下降50%[112]
浸泡虎皮坚果0.20%(w/v)焦亚硫酸钠
20 ℃浸泡8 h
破坏细胞壁结构,提高坚果淀粉、营养素等的提取效率[94]
花生蒸汽浸泡提高了蛋白质含量、溶解度,流变特性得到改善[113]
去皮核桃碱液去皮核桃蛋白具有较好的溶解性、乳化性[114]
榛子红外辅助酶去皮脱皮率较高,且表现出良好的色度、抗氧化能力、保水性、起泡性和
泡沫稳定性
[115]
巴西坚果酸/碱浸泡水解细胞壁成分,显著提高去皮效率[116]
), ArticleFig(id=1320165944702391214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165935785300820, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

坚果基植物乳的原料预处理技术

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工艺原料方法/条件效果参考文献
烘烤花生短波红外烘焙机,220 ℃,25 min显著改善了花生乳的风味、颜色和稳定性,增强了蛋白质的功能特性,使得花生乳在后续处理中更加稳定[110]
腰果130 ℃热风循环烘烤20 min可产生均匀、有光泽的外观,腰果的甜味、乳白色和脂肪味增强[101]
榛子170 ℃红外烘烤细胞质网络破坏、蛋白质体和细胞壁组织结构改变,过敏原几乎完全消失[111]
榛子、核桃、花生60 ℃,40 hPa,微波烘烤140~180 s甾醇的损失率下降50%[112]
浸泡虎皮坚果0.20%(w/v)焦亚硫酸钠
20 ℃浸泡8 h
破坏细胞壁结构,提高坚果淀粉、营养素等的提取效率[94]
花生蒸汽浸泡提高了蛋白质含量、溶解度,流变特性得到改善[113]
去皮核桃碱液去皮核桃蛋白具有较好的溶解性、乳化性[114]
榛子红外辅助酶去皮脱皮率较高,且表现出良好的色度、抗氧化能力、保水性、起泡性和
泡沫稳定性
[115]
巴西坚果酸/碱浸泡水解细胞壁成分,显著提高去皮效率[116]
), ArticleFig(id=1320165944840803247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165935785300820, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Novel non-thermal food processing techniques

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
非热加工技术效果参考文献
辐照可以选择性地靶向和分解特定的抗营养因子,而不会导致其他成分的广泛降解。如果在适当的剂量下正确使用,对营养物质的不利影响最小[127−128]
冷等离子体引起的结构变化和氧化修饰,如表面积的减少,是碳水化合物类抗营养物质失活的主要机制[129]
高压高压加工影响食物基质中的水分的运动,水分活度的变化会影响抗营养化合物(如植酸盐、单宁、草酸盐和凝集素)的溶解度和反应性,从而降低含量[130−131]
超声波通过低水平和高水平的超声波消除粮食和种子中最关键的抗营养物质,如植酸盐,从而提高营养价值[132]
脉冲电场PEF产生的临时细孔有助于增加细胞的水合作用,可降低水溶性抗营养物质(草酸盐、单宁、皂苷、凝集素和植酸盐)的含量[133]
脉冲光植酸可被短时间的高强度光脉冲降解[134]
), ArticleFig(id=1320165944903717808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165935785300820, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

新型非热食品加工技术

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
非热加工技术效果参考文献
辐照可以选择性地靶向和分解特定的抗营养因子,而不会导致其他成分的广泛降解。如果在适当的剂量下正确使用,对营养物质的不利影响最小[127−128]
冷等离子体引起的结构变化和氧化修饰,如表面积的减少,是碳水化合物类抗营养物质失活的主要机制[129]
高压高压加工影响食物基质中的水分的运动,水分活度的变化会影响抗营养化合物(如植酸盐、单宁、草酸盐和凝集素)的溶解度和反应性,从而降低含量[130−131]
超声波通过低水平和高水平的超声波消除粮食和种子中最关键的抗营养物质,如植酸盐,从而提高营养价值[132]
脉冲电场PEF产生的临时细孔有助于增加细胞的水合作用,可降低水溶性抗营养物质(草酸盐、单宁、皂苷、凝集素和植酸盐)的含量[133]
脉冲光植酸可被短时间的高强度光脉冲降解[134]
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坚果基植物乳品质调控难题及其靶向优化技术研究进展
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吕岩 1, 2 , 黄梅迪 1 , 金龙 3 , 陈委 4 , 王雪刚 5 , 苏本宪 5 , 罗怀述 1 , 陈亚淑 1, * , 邓乾春 1, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(14): 1-13
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (14) : 1 -13
坚果基植物乳品质调控难题及其靶向优化技术研究进展
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吕岩1, 2 , 黄梅迪1, 金龙3, 陈委4, 王雪刚5, 苏本宪5, 罗怀述1, 陈亚淑1, * , 邓乾春1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国农业科学院油料作物研究所,油料脂质化学与营养湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉 430062
  • 2武汉轻工大学食品科学与工程学院,湖北武汉 430023
  • 3洽洽食品股份有限公司,安徽合肥 230601
  • 4统一企业(中国)投资有限公司,江苏昆山 215300
  • 5元气森林(北京)食品科技集团有限公司,北京 100191
通讯作者:
陈亚淑(1993−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:油料加工与植物基食品,E-mail:。
邓乾春(1979−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:脂质化学与营养,E-mail:。
作者简介:

吕岩(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物乳酶解加工技术,E-mail:

Research Progress on Challenges in Quality Regulation and Targeted Optimization Technologies of Nut-based Plant Milk
Yan LÜ1, 2 , Meidi HUANG1, Long JIN3, Wei CHEN4, Xuegang WANG5, Benxian SU5, Huaishu LUO1, Yashu CHEN1, * , Qianchun DENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
  • 3Qiaqia Food Co., Ltd., Hefei 230601, China
  • 4President Enterprises Food Company, Kunshan 215300, China
  • 5Yuanqi Forest (Beijing) Food Technology Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100214
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坚果基植物乳作为一种重要的植物基乳制品,因富含优质蛋白、不饱和脂肪酸及生物活性成分而备受关注,但其工业化生产仍面临一系列品质调控难题。本文系统综述了坚果基植物乳的分类、营养价值及典型加工工艺,重点分析了其在加工过程中存在的稳定性不佳、风味与口感难调控、营养不均衡、过敏原与抗营养物质难去除等问题及其成因,并进一步总结了近年来应用于坚果基植物乳的乳化及稳定性提升、风味与口感改良、营养保留与强化、过敏原控制与抗营养物质去除等新型加工技术,包括超高压均质、超声波处理、微生物发酵、酶解改性、非热杀菌等技术的最新研究进展,以期为该领域的技术创新与产业升级提供理论依据和技术支持。

坚果基植物乳  /  加工难题  /  加工技术  /  品质调控

As a significant category of plant-based dairy alternatives, nut-based plant milk has attracted extensive attention owing to its abundant high-quality proteins, unsaturated fatty acids, and bioactive components. However, its industrial production is still confronted with a series of challenges in quality regulation. This paper systematically reviews the classification, nutritional value and typical processing technologies of nut-based plant milk. It focuses on prominent problems encountered during processing and their root causes, including poor stability, difficult regulation of flavor and texture, nutritional imbalance, and the challenges in removing allergens and antinutritional factors. Furthermore, it summarizes the latest research advances in novel processing technologies applied to nut-based plant milk in recent years, covering emulsification and stability enhancement technologies, flavor and texture modification technologies, nutrient retention and fortification technologies, as well as allergen control and anti-nutritional substance removal technologies. The aforementioned novel technologies include high-pressure homogenization, ultrasonic treatment, microbial fermentation, enzymatic modification, non-thermal sterilization, and other processes. The purpose of this review is to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for technological innovation and industrial upgrading in this field.

nut-based plant milk  /  processing challenge  /  processing technology  /  quality regulation
吕岩, 黄梅迪, 金龙, 陈委, 王雪刚, 苏本宪, 罗怀述, 陈亚淑, 邓乾春. 坚果基植物乳品质调控难题及其靶向优化技术研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100214
Yan LÜ, Meidi HUANG, Long JIN, Wei CHEN, Xuegang WANG, Benxian SU, Huaishu LUO, Yashu CHEN, Qianchun DENG. Research Progress on Challenges in Quality Regulation and Targeted Optimization Technologies of Nut-based Plant Milk[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100214
近年来,随着消费者对健康、可持续饮食的关注度不断提升,植物基食品市场迅速崛起,其中植物基乳展现出强劲的增长势头。全球植物乳市场预计将在未来几年内以年均两位数的增长率扩张,主要由乳糖不耐受人群的增加、素食主义的普及以及环境可持续性需求的提升所导致。在这一背景下,坚果基植物乳因其独特的营养特性和感官优势,逐渐成为市场焦点[1−2]。坚果基植物乳是指利用坚果(如杏仁、榛子、核桃等)作为主要原料制成的植物基乳(奶)制品。坚果富含优质植物蛋白、不饱和脂肪酸及多种微量营养素,赋予其产品健康的营养属性[3−7],同时,坚果基植物乳在风味、质地和功能性[8−10]方面具有显著优势,能够满足消费者对多样化、高品质新型植物基产品的需求。
然而,坚果基植物乳的工业化生产面临诸多技术挑战,乳体系内部涉及多尺度、多相态相互作用,在分子层面上主要表现为复杂的生物大分子相互作用、小分子物质的不稳定性以及免疫原性蛋白(如2S白蛋白、球蛋白)的结构特征等。其中由于坚果中的油脂与非极性蛋白在乳化体系中易发生疏水聚集,而多糖的空间位阻不足导致奥斯特瓦尔德(Ostwald)熟化产生相分离,以及热处理使蛋白构象变化引发分子间二硫键重排形成不可逆聚集体,导致体系稳定性失衡[11−12];部分坚果原料氨基酸比例失调或缺乏某些必需氨基酸而使坚果基植物乳营养不均衡[13−14];脂质氧化、过度美拉德反应及内源酶影响均会导致产生不良风味[15−17]。同时,坚果基植物乳也存在着抗营养物质难猝灭、食物过敏等方面的问题[18−19]。
上述产业加工难题直接影响了产品的感官品质、保质期及市场接受度。为克服上述品质调控难题,近年来研究人员致力于坚果基植物乳新型绿色加工技术开发,且取得了显著进展,如高压均质[20−22]、酶解改性[23−24],微生物发酵[3,25]及高频超声细胞破碎处理等技术的应用,显著提升了产品的乳化稳定性、营养保留率及风味特性。此外,非热杀菌技术和功能性添加剂的开发,将进一步延长产品货架期并增强其健康属性。综上,本文系统性综述了坚果基植物乳的品质调控难题及其靶向优化技术最新研究进展,以期为未来工艺优化和产品创新提供理论依据和技术支持。
坚果基植物乳作为一类重要的植物基乳制品,其开发与研究已涵盖多种原料类型,主要包括核桃乳、杏仁乳、腰果乳、澳洲坚果乳、花生乳、巴旦木乳、开心果乳及榛子乳等(表1)。这类植物乳富含优质植物蛋白、膳食纤维及多种矿物质(如镁、钙、锌),同时含有其他丰富的生物活性物质。例如,杏仁乳以维生素E和多不饱和脂肪酸为主要特征,核桃乳则含有较高含量的ω-3脂肪酸和植物甾醇。此外,坚果基植物乳还含有多种多酚类物质,赋予其抗氧化和抗炎潜力。然而,由于坚果原料的营养组成差异显著,且加工过程中的热、氧及机械作用可能导致热敏性成分(如不饱和脂肪酸和多酚)降解,因此需通过低温处理、酶解改性及高压均质等工艺优化以保留其营养完整性。
不同类别的坚果基植物乳因其原料特性而呈现出独特的营养成分与健康功能,适合乳糖不耐受人群及素食者作为营养补充来源。例如,杏仁乳中的维生素E和多不饱和脂肪酸可发挥抗氧化活性,并有益心血管健康;核桃乳的ω-3脂肪酸和植物甾醇则有助于调节胆固醇代谢,同时改善认知功能。此外,坚果基植物乳中的膳食纤维和矿物质(如镁、锌)对肠道微生态平衡和免疫调节具有积极作用。通过优化加工工艺,可最大限度地保留其功能特性,使其成为兼具营养与健康效益的植物基乳制品。
坚果基植物乳的加工工艺随着坚果固有特性而改变,例如核桃乳加工涉及脱皮去涩、杏仁乳涉及热烫或酶解去除苦杏仁苷;其生产过程也会根据最终产品形式而变化,例如铁罐装坚果乳经历先灌装后高温高压灭菌,而纸盒装坚果乳经历超高温瞬时灭菌后无菌冷灌装。总体而言,坚果乳加工常见的典型制备流程如图1所示,典型加工工艺主要包括烘烤、浸泡、湿磨、均质、杀菌等[37]。
烘烤熟制在植物乳生产流程中承担着脱除热敏性抗营养因子、美拉德生香并降低生青味、提高营养素消化率等关键作用,是衔接原料前处理与高效磨浆的必备步骤。烘烤过程中,坚果中的糖类和氨基酸发生美拉德反应,生成多种风味物质,有助于去除苦味和白垩味,赋予坚果乳浓郁的香气和独特的风味,显著改善产品的感官品质;烘烤使坚果外皮与果仁分离,便于后续脱皮处理,同时软化坚果质地,降低研磨难度,提高研磨效率,减少颗粒感,使坚果乳质地更加细腻;另外,烘烤可部分降解坚果中的植酸、单宁等抗营养因子并灭活内源酶,奠定产品安全基础[1],最适工艺条件下还会提高生物活性物质含量、不饱和脂肪酸含量及抗氧化活性[38]。这一过程在微观结构和化学层面引发多重变化,包括水分的减少、营养成分的转化和颜色的变化,进而提高乳液的稳定性和蛋白质的溶解度[39]。
浸泡使坚果吸收水分,细胞壁膨胀并软化,降低其机械强度,便于后续研磨,提高研磨效率;并促进了坚果的膨胀和软化,增加营养素溶出率,也有助于从植物原料中去除抗营养素。浸泡过程的参数控制尤为关键,需精准调控温度及时间,既要确保原料达到理想软化程度,又需避免因参数不当导致原料过度软化影响后续加工稳定性,以及营养成分损失从而降低产品的营养价值[40]。大多数坚果原料采用湿磨法加工,此过程中添加的水分能有效降低物料硬度,促进物料的精细研磨,坚果受摩擦力、剪切力和振动作用,磨碎成大小均匀的颗粒,促进蛋白质等可溶性固形物的释放,同时提升后续热处理步骤的传热效率[41]。
均质化处理将优化坚果乳微观结构特性和流变特性,从而提升产品的稳定性、口感和白度指数[10]。乳液通过均质阀狭缝,剪切力、冲击力和空穴效应作用于油脂、蛋白质、碳水化合物等颗粒,将其微细化形成稳定的乳状液,其本质是界面性能调控与胶体稳定性重建的过程。均质过程中,乳液内部脂肪球其比表面积显著增大,体系界面能显著升高,此时乳液中的两亲分子(磷脂、蛋白质等)会迅速迁移至新生界面,通过降低界面张力和形成空间/静电势垒(Zeta电位≥|25| mV),阻止颗粒再聚集,最终构建动力学稳定的胶体分散体系[42]。利用高压均质对植物乳中油滴尺寸及其界面乳化剂吸附等结构的调控,是获得植物乳顺滑口感与长期稳定性的关键步骤[43−44]。
热杀菌的核心目的是通过精准控温,将产品中潜在的病原微生物数量控制于安全限值以下,以满足卫生标准,同时使胰蛋白酶抑制因子失活,去除部分不良风味成分[45]。根据热能传递介质与具体工艺路径的差异,热灭菌可分为传统高温高压灭菌和超高温瞬时灭菌(UHT)两类。传统高温高压灭菌以饱和水/蒸汽作为介质,将密封后的植物乳产品放入灭菌釜中,通常使用121 ℃、30 min的工艺进行彻底杀菌[46]。超高温瞬时灭菌技术包括管式灭菌、蒸汽浸入式灭菌与蒸汽喷射式灭菌。其中,管式灭菌采用间接加热方式,植物乳物料在密闭管道内由管壁外的蒸汽或热水加热,通常使用130~140 ℃、15 s的工艺进行灭菌[47]。热灭菌的灭菌效力直接取决于关键热力学参数——温度与时间的协同作用及其累积效应,即需确保在特定温度下维持足够的作用时间,以保证热量充分穿透并抵达微生物内部,使其失活[48]。然而,传统灭菌方法会对产品的可接受度产生负面影响[45],例如,高温处理可能会破坏植物基乳中的营养成分(如蛋白质、维生素)和风味[49]。
目前,坚果基植物乳加工仍面临体系稳定性不佳、风味与口感难调控、营养不均衡及过敏原与抗营养物质难去除等四大核心挑战,具体坚果乳的品质调控难题见表2。受坚果原料固有组成与结构特性制约,体系易发生沉淀、分层等胶体失稳现象,成为影响产品品质的首要问题[11−12];特征性不良风味的存在显著降低产品适口性,限制其市场推广应用[15];原料中膳食纤维与优质蛋白质、维生素及矿物质等营养素的溶出受限或缺失,导致产品营养配比难以满足消费需求;抗营养因子对营养素吸收的干扰作用与过敏原的潜在致敏风险,共同构成了产品食用安全性的关键瓶颈[18]。
坚果乳在加工、储藏过程中易发生分层、沉淀等现象,表现出稳定性不佳的问题。例如,核桃乳在制备后短时间内(约30 min)呈现三相分离结构,包括上浮脂相、中间清液和底部沉淀[60];杏仁乳在热处理过程中出现蛋白质凝集成团、分离凝聚现象[61]。胶体化学有关研究表明,坚果乳体系不稳定主要与体系中的脂肪球、蛋白质聚集体、淀粉颗粒等大尺寸分散颗粒有关;这些颗粒由于密度差异,容易在体系中发生上浮、沉淀或沉降,降低产品的稳定性[62](图2)。此外,作为体系主要表面活性物质的植物蛋白,其构象柔性与界面吸附能力受限于其表面疏水性分布,在界面膜形成过程中易产生结构缺陷,进而降低界面膜机械强度[63]。从加工参数分析,如均质工艺决定液滴尺寸分布,pH及离子强度通过静电屏蔽效应影响颗粒间相互作用,温度变化则改变界面流变特性与颗粒布朗运动强度[21],并调控蛋白聚集态结构[64],上述影响因素通过改变组分间相互作用势能及界面相行为,最终诱发絮凝、Ostwald熟化及聚结等多重失稳路径[62]。例如,杏仁乳在快速浓缩过程中出现的蛋白-多糖相互作用网络胶凝化现象[61],正是内外因素协同作用下的结果:外部高强度浓缩应力使体系内蛋白质与多糖等组分的局部浓度急剧升高,不仅加速了分子碰撞频率,更促使蛋白-多糖相互作用网络在热力学非平衡条件下发生逾渗相变,最终导致体系稳定性的下降与宏观流变性质的突变。核桃乳体系不稳定是由核桃油体的较大尺寸以及核桃蛋白(尤其是谷蛋白)因表面性质和水合能力不足导致,其中加热过程诱导的核桃油体-蛋白质复合聚集体形成,通过改变颗粒尺寸分布与界面流变性能,显著加速了Ostwald熟化与沉降速率[65]。
坚果基植物乳的特征性不良风味,如豆腥味、生青味、油脂酸败味、蘑菇味、苦味、酸味、涩味等,是原料内源风味组分、贮藏期氧化劣变及加工过程诱导反应等多因素共同作用的结果。首先,原料中固有的风味前体物质,如结合态酚类、萜烯及黄酮类化合物,在加工或贮藏阶段可通过酶促或非酶途径发生转化并释放,直接形成豆腥、生青等特征性异味[16−17]。其次,植物乳体系的氧化劣变主要与原料中高不饱和脂肪酸含量较高有关,其在光、热或脂氧合酶等生物酶的催化作用下发生氧化降解[68],生成具有酸败味、苦涩味的醛、酮类挥发性产物[69],此类产物不仅影响坚果植物乳产品适口性,同时会造成营养价值与品质的双重劣变。另外,热加工工艺参数若控制失当,如温度过高、时间过长,易诱发美拉德反应过度、焦糖化反应及热敏性组分降解等一系列问题。其中,美拉德反应与焦糖化反应会生成具有焦糊味或过度烘焙气味的杂环类化合物;而维生素、多酚等热敏性组分受热分解易衍生出多种不良风味物质[32]。
植物乳的营养成分主要在糖类[13]、脂肪和蛋白质含量方面存在差异[14],虽然富含优质植物蛋白、不饱和脂肪酸及多种微量营养素(如维生素E、镁、锌等),但营养不均衡主要表现在其营养成分的单一性上。植物蛋白往往会缺乏某些特定的氨基酸,如赖氨酸、色氨酸、半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸,可能导致蛋白质的氨基酸评分不足,同时还可能存在某些维生素,如维生素D、维生素B12含量较低的问题[70]。Fu等[71]指出大豆蛋白中含硫氨基酸为1.3 g/100 g蛋白,低于2.5 g/100 g蛋白的推荐值,是其主要限制性氨基酸。有研究人员对148种植物基饮料的调研显示,坚果、谷物等植物源饮品的维生素D和B12强化水平较低,未达到人体日常需求量[72]。其次,坚果基植物乳矿物质如钙含量通常较低,且受抗营养因子(如植酸)的影响,矿物质的生物利用率有限。例如,调研中杏仁乳产品进行了钙强化,但其含有的植酸会与钙、铁等矿物质结合,使其钙的生物利用率为22%,低于牛乳的32%[72]。某些坚果基植物乳产品的过度加工会导致蛋白质和膳食纤维等营养成分的流失,从而导致添加的糖和防腐剂相对含量增加,同时蛋白质在加工过程中易发生变性,降低其营养价值[73]。例如,Pucci等[53]研究发现杏仁乳经超高温处理后,因美拉德反应导致必需氨基酸流失,杏仁蛋白中赖氨酸损失率达18%,且蛋白质空间结构破坏引发变性,可消化性降低15%。
坚果基植物乳中抗营养物质主要来源于坚果原料自身,其中最常见的抗营养物质是生氰糖苷(如苦杏仁苷)、植酸、胰蛋白酶抑制剂、凝集素、单宁、皂苷、α-直链淀粉抑制剂、蛋白酶抑制剂、草酸盐、外啡肽和甲状腺肿素等[74]。这类物质的负面作用呈现两类特征:生氰糖苷类物质可在人体内代谢分解产生氰化氢(HCN),直接形成健康安全风险;而植酸、单宁、皂苷等化合物主要通过影响营养物质的消化与吸收,降低营养素的生物利用率而表现出抗营养特性。植酸在坚果中的含量为1.54~9.74 mg/g[75],具有极强的热稳定性,常规烹饪加工难以使其降解,通过螯合金属离子降低矿物质的生物利用度、溶解度与功能活性,同时与蛋白质、碳水化合物形成难溶性复合物,进一步抑制二者的消化吸收;胰蛋白酶抑制剂能特异性结合胰蛋白酶的活性中心,使该消化酶空间构象改变并丧失催化活性,进而显著抑制蛋白质在肠道内的水解与吸收[18];凝集素(37~144 μg/g)作为非免疫来源的蛋白质[19],易破坏肠道黏膜屏障完整性,引发消化紊乱。
同样地,坚果基植物乳中过敏原也主要来源于坚果原料自身。据报道,坚果是最常见的食物致敏原之一,其引发的过敏反应多为速发型超敏反应,轻者表现为皮肤瘙痒、消化道不适等,重者可诱发过敏性休克[57,76]。不同坚果的过敏原组成具有显著物种特异性:杏仁的主要过敏原为Pru du γ-conglutin、Pru du 1、Pru du 3、Pru du 4、Pru du 6、Pru du 8等[77−78];核桃的特征过敏原为Jug r 1、Jug r 2、Jug r 3、Jug r 4、Jug r 5、Jug r 7、Jug r 8等[79−81];腰果含有的过敏原主要有Ana o 1、Ana o 2、Ana o 3等[82]。
为系统性解构并突破上述坚果基植物乳稳定性、风味、营养、安全等品质调控技术壁垒,近年来,基于新原理的高效乳化、质构重组、非热加工等一系列技术已经得到广泛研究与应用,这些创新路径通过定向调控分子相互作用、抑制不良反应动力学路径,从而实现产品稳定性、感官品质与营养完整性的协同提升。值得注意的是,在实际加工生产环节,不同种类的坚果乳因原料自身性质的差异面临着不同的技术难题,如核桃乳面临的脱苦去涩,虎皮坚果乳的脂肪氧化问题,以及杏仁乳存在的蛋白质稳定性不足及致敏性风险等。针对以上痛点,国内外研究者基于物理手段如球磨、超声、均质等,化学碱处理、生物酶解改性及工艺参数优化为核心,已针对性研究了有关解决方案。
当前坚果基植物乳研究面临的一个核心难题是维持体系的稳定性。与传统加工通过研磨、高压均质减小粒径以提高溶解性,或添加亲水胶体和乳化剂来改善悬浮液的稳定性不同[12,21],坚果基植物乳的新型加工技术不断涌现,以靶向提高其体系稳定性(表3)。例如,Ling等[83]研究了新型微流化技术对由核桃粉生产的核桃蛋白乳液(WPE)和核桃蛋白饮料(WPB)稳定性的影响,与传统均质化相比,微流化后,WPE的粒径、Zeta电位、流变性能和稳定性以及WPB的离心沉淀速率、黏度和储藏稳定性均显著改善;动态高压微射流(50~200 MPa)可降低巴旦木-红枣复合乳离心沉淀率、提升黏度,160 MPa为调控阈值[84];超声技术借助空化作用破碎大颗粒,同时促进蛋白吸附于界面,提升体系均一性[85];脉冲电场可通过电场力调控颗粒电荷分布,增强分散稳定性,且能减少热加工对营养的破坏[86];超高压均质能实现颗粒超细化,强化油水界面结合力,有效抑制脂肪上浮[87]。
新型绿色稳定剂开发契合清洁标签趋势,主要包括微粒化蛋白与生物基乳化剂。微粒化蛋白经改性后聚集方式发生变化,形成具有微米尺度和刚性结构的颗粒[64],有助于改善核桃乳的分散稳定性,提高产品质量,使其更适合消费者的口感和需求。生物酶解肽界面活性高,栗昇等[50]证实在核桃乳中加入花生蛋白生物酶解肽能显著降低核桃乳的脂肪上浮率和离心沉淀率,优化体系稳定性。此外,磷酸化、糖基化改性坚果蛋白也成为重要发展方向。
在加工工艺中引入定向酶解环节是坚果乳稳定性提升的特色路径。与燕麦等谷物乳以淀粉酶降解淀粉、改善甜味不同[88],坚果乳酶解则在优化界面特性方面实现稳定性的提升。实际应用中,复合酶解效果优于单一酶解,如巴旦木乳加工中风味蛋白酶与菠萝蛋白酶复合处理,可使得表观粘度下降,呈现剪切变稀的特征,显著改善巴旦木乳的理化稳定性[23]。但需严格调控酶解温度、时间与加酶量,过度酶解易导致蛋白水解过度、界面膜结构破坏,反而加剧体系不稳定。
在风味改良方面,传统的改良技术多依赖外源添加糖、甜味剂或香精香料等成分实现风味调和,如在开心果乳中添加糖、香兰素和盐以优化风味感官特性[99]。但外源添加糖等配方成分可能干扰植物乳本身的天然风味特质,导致产品风味同质化,且不符合健康消费趋势,降低消费者对产品的接受度[100]。相比之下,原料预处理、原料复配、生物发酵与酶解技术等可靶向优化坚果乳的风味与口感。与传统烘烤不同,红外烘烤、热风循环烘烤、微波烘烤等新型技术及其他原料预处理技术进一步改善了坚果乳的风味与口感(表4)。研究表明,腰果经热风循环烘烤后其特征风味含量显著增加[101];花生经压力热烫预处理可有效去除生青味,提升花生乳香气与口感接受度[102];直接蒸汽加热法能减少异味物质生成,在适宜时长内异味物质含量随加热时间的延长呈下降趋势[103]。
原料复配技术通过风味互补实现不良风味弱化,是低成本且天然的改良路径。利用不同坚果、谷物或豆类的风味特性差异,通过合理配比掩盖单一原料的风味缺陷,同时丰富口感层次。如花生与豇豆复合制乳时,豇豆的温和风味可中和花生的浓郁腥味,提升产品整体风味协调性[104];杏仁与燕麦复合时,燕麦的谷物清香能弱化杏仁的苦涩味,同时优化体系黏稠度,改善口感[105]。
生物加工技术为风味升级提供新路径,植物乳酸菌、嗜酸乳杆菌等益生菌发酵可将糖类物质转化为乳酸,调节产品酸甜比,优化口感并抑制有害微生物生长,延长保质期[37,106]。针对坚果乳的特异性发酵研究表明,核桃乳经益生菌发酵后,不仅增加了不饱和脂肪酸含量以强化功能性,还能通过调控风味物质的组成(如减少醛类、增加醇类、酸类、酯类和酮类物质),显著提升香气品质[17,107]。酶解工艺的引入效果同样显著,在磨浆环节后添加碳水化合物酶可降解植物原料中的纤维(如纤维素、半纤维素)和淀粉,降低乳液黏度,使产品质地细腻,减少粗糙感[108]。部分蛋白酶可适度水解大分子蛋白,避免蛋白聚集带来的黏稠口感,且生成的小分子肽段为产品增添多样的滋味特征[23]。同时,将物理场预处理技术与酶解协同处理,如超声波、高压加热等可提升酶解效率,并减少苦味肽生成[109]。
传统坚果乳加工多聚焦于体系稳定性与风味调和,较少系统性考虑营养成分的保留与强化,而现代植物乳紧扣健康消费趋势,结合原料特性与加工工艺,通过多元技术路径实现营养价值的均衡提升与功能强化,兼顾营养完整性与生物利用率。目前,坚果基植物乳营养保留与强化已形成成熟技术体系,主要通过多元蛋白复合、外源功能成分添加及加工工艺优化等路径,形成了直接添加强化、微胶囊负载强化及生物酶解辅助强化法,从而实现坚果乳营养价值的均衡与提升。
直接添加强化法操作简便、成本较低,是应用最广泛的技术之一,可通过原料复配或功能成分添加实现营养短板弥补与功效强化。例如,大豆与玉米的直接混合可弥补单一植物蛋白的营养短板,均衡氨基酸组成[117];汤木果等[60]通过复配叶黄素、全脂奶粉、单甘酯、蔗糖酯复合稳定剂优化核桃乳配方,实现叶黄素的高效强化。微胶囊负载强化法则聚焦脂溶性营养成分与活性物质的高效保留,针对性解决直接添加强化的技术瓶颈。例如,王芷静等[8]采用该技术包封硒肽并添加至核桃乳中,有效保护硒肽活性,赋予产品抗氧化活性并显著提升硒肽在加工及贮藏过程中的稳定性。针对脂溶性维生素A,微胶囊技术可解决其直接添加时分散不均、易氧化、生物利用率低的难题,相较于传统油脂溶解法更具优势,而转基因强化坚果原料中维生素A前体(类胡萝卜素)的含量,为维生素A强化提供了源头创新路径[118]。
生物酶解技术通过定向降解与成分释放,实现营养效能的深度提升。碳水化合物酶可破坏植物细胞壁,释放多酚、植物甾醇等功能性成分,强化产品健康功效[119];蛋白酶可将坚果中大分子蛋白质水解为小分子肽和游离氨基酸,不仅改善蛋白质溶解性与乳化特性,还能提升营养成分的消化吸收率和生物利用率[97,120];但该方法需注意酶解程度的精准调控,避免过度水解引发苦味肽生成。
目前坚果植物乳加工已形成以传统加工为基础、新型工艺为补充的综合调控方法,通过物理、生物等手段定向去除抗营养物质、降低致敏性[121]。在抗营养物质方面,主要通过诱导抗营养物质变性、聚集失活实现高效去除[122]。研究表明,100 ℃加热30 min可使胰蛋白酶抑制剂的残留活性降至1%,100 ℃微波加热8 min残留活性为3%,但后者效率更优,更适配工业化量产需求[123]。生物酶解技术则针对性降解特定抗营养物质,如植酸酶可催化植酸盐水解为无机磷酸盐和低磷酸化程度的肌醇衍生物,同步提高金属离子、可溶性蛋白质等营养成分的生物利用度[124]。非热物理加工技术(辐照、冷等离子体、高压、超声波、脉冲电场、脉冲光等)已经在多项研究中表现出降低过敏原致敏性的能力。表5系统总结了目前已被用于抗营养物质去除的新型非热加工技术。
过敏原的加工控制因其热稳定性差异而不同,其在特定条件下会发生不可逆变化,导致其致敏性被消除或减弱。例如,榛子Cora1通过热处理后含量会显著降低;花生经130 ℃烘烤20 min后,花生蛋白空间出现解折叠从而降低致敏性[125];微波技术也展现出高效调控优势,处理花生2.25 min即可显著降低致敏性蛋白质含量[126]。但2S白蛋白、谷醇溶蛋白、大豆蛋白和豌豆球蛋白具有热稳定性,热处理后易恢复到其天然构象,难以彻底消除致敏风险[25]。
本文系统梳理了坚果基植物乳的营养价值、典型加工工艺流程、加工关键难题及提质增效技术研究进展,明确其工业化进程主要受限于四大关键瓶颈:稳定性不佳、风味与口感难调控、营养不均衡、抗营养物质与过敏原难去除等。这些难题的产生根源与坚果原料固有组成特性、加工过程中组分相互作用及工艺参数调控密切相关,且各难题相互关联,需通过多技术协同实现系统性破解。现有提质增效技术已形成针对性解决方案:高压均质、酶解改性等技术可有效改善体系稳定性;微生物发酵、物理预处理等路径能定向优化风味与口感;直接添加、微胶囊负载及生物酶解技术实现了营养的精准强化与高效保留;传统热处理与新型非热加工技术结合,为抗营养物质与过敏原去除提供了多元路径。未来研究需着力构建绿色可持续的加工新方法,为产品实现靶向优化、个性化、功能化的品质跃迁提供理论支撑与技术路径。一方面,加强多技术协同融合研究,重点关注以非热加工(如超高压、脉冲电场)与生物酶解为核心的低碳低耗工艺体系开发,优化工艺参数匹配性,实现稳定性、风味、营养与安全性的协同提升;另一方面,深化多尺度功能性成分精准调控机制研究,通过界面工程、发酵代谢定向引导等技术,实现对蛋白质构效、脂质氧化稳定性及生物活性成分保留率的协同提升。随着消费者对健康、可持续食品需求的增长,坚果基植物乳在功能性食品、特医特膳食品及个性化营养领域具有广阔的应用前景,其技术创新与产业化发展将为植物基食品行业注入新的活力。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100214
  • 接收时间:2025-10-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-22
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    1中国农业科学院油料作物研究所,油料脂质化学与营养湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉 430062
    2武汉轻工大学食品科学与工程学院,湖北武汉 430023
    3洽洽食品股份有限公司,安徽合肥 230601
    4统一企业(中国)投资有限公司,江苏昆山 215300
    5元气森林(北京)食品科技集团有限公司,北京 100191

通讯作者:

陈亚淑(1993−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:油料加工与植物基食品,E-mail:。
邓乾春(1979−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:脂质化学与营养,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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