Article(id=1320880436407022465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100199, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761062400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852036811, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852036811, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852036811, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852036811, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=52, endPage=64, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880436620931970, articleId=1320880436407022465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Formation Mechanism of Beef Flavor during Processing, columnId=1320880408649118389, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Guest Editor Column—Frontiers and Applications of Food Flavor Perception (Guest Editors: LIU Yuan, SUN Jinyuan, KOU Xingran, CHENG Huan; Industry Advisor: CHEN Li), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Beef flavor is crucial for consumer acceptance and food quality. Scholars at home and abroad have conducted research on the formation of beef flavor from multiple perspectives including inherent flavor differences in beef, flavor changes during post-slaughter storage, and the effects of different processing methods on beef flavor. Based on this, this paper systematically summarizes the sources and formation pathways of beef flavor compounds, and elaborates on the flavor changes in beef during processing from the perspectives of flavor differences in raw beef, the impacts of processing methods and parameters on flavor formation, and the regulation of flavor formation pathways. Thus, it comprehensively outlines the mechanisms underlying beef flavor formation, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance for the precise regulation of beef flavor during processing.
, authors=Lu GUO
1, Shengsheng LI
1, 2, *, Jibing MA
2, Yan ZHANG
2, authorsList=Lu GUO, Shengsheng LI, Jibing MA, Yan ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shengsheng LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880437203940229, articleId=1320880436407022465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=加工过程中牛肉风味形成机制研究进展, columnId=1320880408842056375, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏—食品风味感知前沿与应用(客座主编:刘源、孙金沅、寇兴然、程焕;产业顾问:陈丽), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
牛肉风味是决定消费者接受度和食品品质的关键因素。国内外学者从牛肉本身的风味差异、宰后储藏过程中的风味变化、不同加工方法对牛肉风味的影响等多角度开展了牛肉风味形成的研究。基于此,本文系统总结了牛肉的风味物质来源及其形成途径,从原料牛肉风味差异、加工方法和加工参数对风味形成的影响、风味形成途径调控等角度详细阐述牛肉在加工过程中的风味变化,从而全面概述牛肉风味形成的机制,以期为加工过程中牛肉风味精准调控提供理论依据与技术指导。
, authors=郭露
1, 李升升
1, 2, *, 马纪兵
2, 张艳
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, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=83+LdgLaF8zc/aJlGvBpNw==, magXml=6tN7jG6JO7lxjl6yKK0cOQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=urmS5mwV56gmR5HuNnEDMw==, pdfFileSize=6262846, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=CPcxIGaCLg6YeH4CAU4MIw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=pQ+FQWtmwU7dWrDCcB/rsg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320880437606593421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880436407022465, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=17308394821@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320880437682090895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880436407022465, authorId=1320880437606593421, language=EN, stringName=Lu GUO, firstName=Lu, middleName=null, lastName=GUO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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Food Chemistry, 2024, 452: 139466., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880437413655430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880436407022465, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880437422044039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880436407022465, companyId=1320880437413655430, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1青海大学农牧学院,青海西宁 810016)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880437505930121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880436407022465, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880437514318730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880436407022465, companyId=1320880437505930121, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2青海省牦牛工程技术研究中心,青海西宁 810016)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880444460086187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880436407022465, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Precursors of beef flavor and their transformation pathways, figureFileSmall=Oe8hPAsjL6WF4AbPyKP3Og==, figureFileBig=CPcxIGaCLg6YeH4CAU4MIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880444527195052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880436407022465, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
牛肉风味前体物质及其转化途径, figureFileSmall=Oe8hPAsjL6WF4AbPyKP3Og==, figureFileBig=CPcxIGaCLg6YeH4CAU4MIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880444724327341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880436407022465, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Main flavor substances in beef
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 味道 | 氨基酸 | 核苷酸 | 小分子肽 | 维生素 | 其他 |
|---|
| 酸 | D-天冬氨酸(D-Asp)、D-谷氨酸(D-Glu) | − | − | VC | 乳酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、肌酸等有机酸 |
| 甜 | 丙氨酸(Ala)、甘氨酸(Gly)、苏氨酸(Thr)、丝氨酸(Ser)、D-缬氨酸(D-Val)、D-组氨酸(D-His)、D-丙氨酸(D-Ala)等 | 5′-腺嘌呤核苷(5′-AMP) | − | − | 葡萄糖、核糖等还原糖 |
| 苦 | 苯丙氨酸(Phe)、缬氨酸(Val)、半胱氨酸(Cys)、组氨酸(His)、甲硫氨酸(Met)、亮氨酸|(Leu)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、精氨酸(Arg)、D-脯氨酸(D-Pro)、D-精氨酸(D-Arg) | 次黄嘌呤核苷(HxR)、次黄嘌呤(Hx) | Leu-Leu、Phe-Leu、Pro-Phe-Phe、Leu-Leu-Pro | VE、VB1、VB2、VB3、VB12 | 肌酸 |
| 咸 | − | − | − | − | 无机盐、琥珀酸 |
| 鲜 | 天冬氨酸(Asp)、谷氨酸(Glu) | 5′-鸟嘌呤核苷(5′-GMP)、5′-次黄嘌呤核苷酸(5′-IMP)、5′-腺嘌呤核苷(5′-AMP) | Glu-Gly、Glu-Leu、Glu-Ser、Asp-Gly、Glu-Glu-Ser、Asp-Glu-Gly | − | 琥珀酸 |
), ArticleFig(id=1320880444837573550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880436407022465, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
牛肉中的主要呈味物质
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 味道 | 氨基酸 | 核苷酸 | 小分子肽 | 维生素 | 其他 |
|---|
| 酸 | D-天冬氨酸(D-Asp)、D-谷氨酸(D-Glu) | − | − | VC | 乳酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、肌酸等有机酸 |
| 甜 | 丙氨酸(Ala)、甘氨酸(Gly)、苏氨酸(Thr)、丝氨酸(Ser)、D-缬氨酸(D-Val)、D-组氨酸(D-His)、D-丙氨酸(D-Ala)等 | 5′-腺嘌呤核苷(5′-AMP) | − | − | 葡萄糖、核糖等还原糖 |
| 苦 | 苯丙氨酸(Phe)、缬氨酸(Val)、半胱氨酸(Cys)、组氨酸(His)、甲硫氨酸(Met)、亮氨酸|(Leu)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、精氨酸(Arg)、D-脯氨酸(D-Pro)、D-精氨酸(D-Arg) | 次黄嘌呤核苷(HxR)、次黄嘌呤(Hx) | Leu-Leu、Phe-Leu、Pro-Phe-Phe、Leu-Leu-Pro | VE、VB1、VB2、VB3、VB12 | 肌酸 |
| 咸 | − | − | − | − | 无机盐、琥珀酸 |
| 鲜 | 天冬氨酸(Asp)、谷氨酸(Glu) | 5′-鸟嘌呤核苷(5′-GMP)、5′-次黄嘌呤核苷酸(5′-IMP)、5′-腺嘌呤核苷(5′-AMP) | Glu-Gly、Glu-Leu、Glu-Ser、Asp-Gly、Glu-Glu-Ser、Asp-Glu-Gly | − | 琥珀酸 |
), ArticleFig(id=1320880444913071023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880436407022465, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Principles, advantages and disadvantages of flavor detection technologies
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 检测技术 | 原理 | 检测限 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|
| GC-MS | 利用GC分离样品中的挥发性成分,经MS离子源将气态分子转化为碎片离子,并在真空下按质荷比分离,以实现对风味化合物的鉴定 | pg级 | 灵敏度高、分辨率高、定性能力强 | 前处理复杂、检测周期长、运行成本高、对低浓度化合物敏感度低、对高分子化合物(>1000 Da)无效 |
| GC-O-MS | 对GC分离后成分进行分流,一部分进入MS进行离子化和鉴定,一部分进入嗅闻端口由评价员描述感知气味,以实现化学和感官的同步分析 | pg-fg级 | 灵敏度高、基质解析能力强、检测范围广、准确性高 | 重复性差、耗时长、成本高、对低挥发性和高阈值化合物敏感度低 |
| GC-IMS | 样品中挥发性成分经GC分离后,进入IMS电离区形成离子,使离子在弱电场飘移过程中与逆流中性气体分子碰撞,根据迁移率差异实现二次分离并得到离子迁移指纹图谱 | ppb-ppt级 | 操作简便、灵敏度高、响应快、稳定性好、能检测小分子和低含量化合物、可实时检测与分析、成本低 | 定性能力较弱、线性动态范围较窄、重复性较差、存在基质效应,影响定量准确性 |
| GC×GC-TOFMS | 利用调制器浓缩聚集第一维(非极性柱)分离后的馏出物,并将其注入第二维(极性柱)实现二次分离,后使用TOFMS同步采集数据,以实现风味物质的准确定性定量分析 | pg级 | 灵敏度高、分辨率高、分析鉴定能力强、峰容量和分离能 力高 | 数据分析难度高、成本高、耗时长、前处理复杂 |
| 电子鼻 | 模拟嗅觉功能,利用传感器阵列对目标气体进行检测,并将检测到的信号转换为电信号输出,以识别和检测出各类气味 | ppb级 | 操作简便、分析迅速、便携性好、可进行气味差异鉴定 | 易受环境干扰、无法精确到具体风味物质 |
), ArticleFig(id=1320880444984374192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880436407022465, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
风味检测技术原理和优缺点
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 检测技术 | 原理 | 检测限 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|
| GC-MS | 利用GC分离样品中的挥发性成分,经MS离子源将气态分子转化为碎片离子,并在真空下按质荷比分离,以实现对风味化合物的鉴定 | pg级 | 灵敏度高、分辨率高、定性能力强 | 前处理复杂、检测周期长、运行成本高、对低浓度化合物敏感度低、对高分子化合物(>1000 Da)无效 |
| GC-O-MS | 对GC分离后成分进行分流,一部分进入MS进行离子化和鉴定,一部分进入嗅闻端口由评价员描述感知气味,以实现化学和感官的同步分析 | pg-fg级 | 灵敏度高、基质解析能力强、检测范围广、准确性高 | 重复性差、耗时长、成本高、对低挥发性和高阈值化合物敏感度低 |
| GC-IMS | 样品中挥发性成分经GC分离后,进入IMS电离区形成离子,使离子在弱电场飘移过程中与逆流中性气体分子碰撞,根据迁移率差异实现二次分离并得到离子迁移指纹图谱 | ppb-ppt级 | 操作简便、灵敏度高、响应快、稳定性好、能检测小分子和低含量化合物、可实时检测与分析、成本低 | 定性能力较弱、线性动态范围较窄、重复性较差、存在基质效应,影响定量准确性 |
| GC×GC-TOFMS | 利用调制器浓缩聚集第一维(非极性柱)分离后的馏出物,并将其注入第二维(极性柱)实现二次分离,后使用TOFMS同步采集数据,以实现风味物质的准确定性定量分析 | pg级 | 灵敏度高、分辨率高、分析鉴定能力强、峰容量和分离能 力高 | 数据分析难度高、成本高、耗时长、前处理复杂 |
| 电子鼻 | 模拟嗅觉功能,利用传感器阵列对目标气体进行检测,并将检测到的信号转换为电信号输出,以识别和检测出各类气味 | ppb级 | 操作简便、分析迅速、便携性好、可进行气味差异鉴定 | 易受环境干扰、无法精确到具体风味物质 |
), ArticleFig(id=1320880445072454577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880436407022465, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Characteristic flavor substances in beef after different processing treatments
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 加工方法 | 加工条件 | 肌肉部位 | 特征风味物质 | 参考文献 |
|---|
| 煮制 | 沸水煮制3 min | 牛里脊肉 | 庚醛和壬醛 | [24] |
| 沸水煮制30 min | 新鲜牛肉 | 甲苯、正丁醚和苯 | [42] |
| 超声波辅助真空63 ℃低温煮制3 h | 新鲜牛肉 | 正己醛 |
| 真空63 ℃低温煮制3 h | 新鲜牛肉 | 3-甲基-1-戊醇、顺-2-戊烯-1-醇和乙二醇丁醚 |
| 卤制酱卤 | 三种酱卤牛肉(商品) | 半腱肌 | 丁香油、4-甲基-5-羟基乙基噻唑、二甲基三硫醚、1-辛烯-3-酮、茴香脑、芳樟醇、1,8-桉叶素、3-羟基-2-丁酮等 | [58] |
| 冷鲜肉、热鲜肉、冷冻肉制作 | 黄牛臀部 | 己醛、庚醛、3-辛烯-1-醇和2,3-辛二酮 | [69] |
| 超声波协同低温煮制 | 牛金钱腱 | 己醛、庚醛、辛醛、壬醛、癸醛、十二醛及丁香酚 | [79] |
| 60 min循环卤煮 | 黄牛金钱腱 | 正己醛、十一醛、壬醛、正己醇、3-甲基戊烷、桉叶油醇和茴香脑 | [82] |
| 加香辛料包炖煮4 h | 冷冻牛肉 | 3-甲基丁醛、戊醛、己醛、对二甲苯、庚醛、柠檬烯、γ-贴品烯、辛醛、芳樟醇、4-萜品醇和2,3-辛二酮 | [83] |
| 涮制 | 切5 cm×5 cm×2 mm薄片沸水涮制30 s | 牛里脊 | 己醛、(E,E)-2,4 -癸二烯醛、乙偶姻、辛醛 | [23] |
| 背最长肌 | 己醛和(E,E)-2,4 -癸二烯醛 |
| 股二头肌 | 己醛、(E,E)-2,4 - 癸二烯醛、辛醛、1-辛烯-3-醇等 |
| 蒸制 | 万能蒸烤箱蒸制30 min | 新鲜牛肉 | 正戊醛和丙酸异丁酯 | [42] |
| 炒制 | 热锅翻炒4 min | 牛里脊肉 | 苯甲醛和丁酮 | [24] |
| 煎制 | 190~200 ℃煎制5 min | 牛里脊肉 | (E)-2-庚烯醛和(E)-2-己烯醛 |
| 230~260 ℃煎制中心温度为63~65 ℃ | 牛腱 | 苯甲醛 | [84] |
| 眼肉 | 3-甲基丁醇 |
| 牛后 | 2,3-戊二酮和z-3-己烯醇 |
| 牛腩 | 丁醛 |
| 上脑 | 2-丙醇、1-己醇、2-戊酮和3-甲基-3-丁烯醇 |
| 红烧 | 红烧牛肉于4 ℃冷藏6 d后,100 ℃水浴加热 10 min | 牛肩肉 | 己醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、戊醛、癸醛、辛醛、庚醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、(E)-2-十一烯醛等 | [25] |
| 烤制 | 180 ℃烤制14 min | 牛里脊肉 | 3-羟基-2-丁酮、乙酸丙酯和乙酸乙酯 | [24] |
| 60、120、180、240、300 ℃下分别烤制7 min | 牦牛后腿肉 | 乳酸乙酯、2-甲氧基-4-甲基苯酚、2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉、5-壬酮、水杨酸乙酯、1-丙醇、1-戊烯-3-酮、(E)-2-庚烯醛酯等 | [59] |
| 酶解+定向美拉德反应,120 ℃烤制 | 牛背最长肌 | 2-甲基-3-呋喃硫醇、2-甲基四氢噻吩-3-酮 和3-3-双(2-甲基-3-呋喃基)二硫 | [85] |
| 烤箱200 ℃烤制10 min | 牛里脊 | 辛烷醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛和1-辛醇 | [86] |
| 微波功率850 W烤制3 min | 牛里脊 | 己酸对硝基苯酯、己酸和十二烷酸 |
| 电烤盘1200 W,110 ℃烤制10 min | 牛里脊 | 二十烷、己二酸二丁酯和胡莫柳酯 |
| 干制 | 55 ℃下干燥27 h | 后牛腿肉 | 丁酸丙酯、2-苯乙醇、丙酸异丁酯、松油烯、3-呋喃甲醇等 | [75] |
| 65 ℃下干燥21 h | 后牛腿肉 | 甲硫基丙醛和2-甲基乙酸丁酯 |
), ArticleFig(id=1320880445185700786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880436407022465, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
不同加工处理后牛肉的特征风味物质
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 加工方法 | 加工条件 | 肌肉部位 | 特征风味物质 | 参考文献 |
|---|
| 煮制 | 沸水煮制3 min | 牛里脊肉 | 庚醛和壬醛 | [24] |
| 沸水煮制30 min | 新鲜牛肉 | 甲苯、正丁醚和苯 | [42] |
| 超声波辅助真空63 ℃低温煮制3 h | 新鲜牛肉 | 正己醛 |
| 真空63 ℃低温煮制3 h | 新鲜牛肉 | 3-甲基-1-戊醇、顺-2-戊烯-1-醇和乙二醇丁醚 |
| 卤制酱卤 | 三种酱卤牛肉(商品) | 半腱肌 | 丁香油、4-甲基-5-羟基乙基噻唑、二甲基三硫醚、1-辛烯-3-酮、茴香脑、芳樟醇、1,8-桉叶素、3-羟基-2-丁酮等 | [58] |
| 冷鲜肉、热鲜肉、冷冻肉制作 | 黄牛臀部 | 己醛、庚醛、3-辛烯-1-醇和2,3-辛二酮 | [69] |
| 超声波协同低温煮制 | 牛金钱腱 | 己醛、庚醛、辛醛、壬醛、癸醛、十二醛及丁香酚 | [79] |
| 60 min循环卤煮 | 黄牛金钱腱 | 正己醛、十一醛、壬醛、正己醇、3-甲基戊烷、桉叶油醇和茴香脑 | [82] |
| 加香辛料包炖煮4 h | 冷冻牛肉 | 3-甲基丁醛、戊醛、己醛、对二甲苯、庚醛、柠檬烯、γ-贴品烯、辛醛、芳樟醇、4-萜品醇和2,3-辛二酮 | [83] |
| 涮制 | 切5 cm×5 cm×2 mm薄片沸水涮制30 s | 牛里脊 | 己醛、(E,E)-2,4 -癸二烯醛、乙偶姻、辛醛 | [23] |
| 背最长肌 | 己醛和(E,E)-2,4 -癸二烯醛 |
| 股二头肌 | 己醛、(E,E)-2,4 - 癸二烯醛、辛醛、1-辛烯-3-醇等 |
| 蒸制 | 万能蒸烤箱蒸制30 min | 新鲜牛肉 | 正戊醛和丙酸异丁酯 | [42] |
| 炒制 | 热锅翻炒4 min | 牛里脊肉 | 苯甲醛和丁酮 | [24] |
| 煎制 | 190~200 ℃煎制5 min | 牛里脊肉 | (E)-2-庚烯醛和(E)-2-己烯醛 |
| 230~260 ℃煎制中心温度为63~65 ℃ | 牛腱 | 苯甲醛 | [84] |
| 眼肉 | 3-甲基丁醇 |
| 牛后 | 2,3-戊二酮和z-3-己烯醇 |
| 牛腩 | 丁醛 |
| 上脑 | 2-丙醇、1-己醇、2-戊酮和3-甲基-3-丁烯醇 |
| 红烧 | 红烧牛肉于4 ℃冷藏6 d后,100 ℃水浴加热 10 min | 牛肩肉 | 己醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、戊醛、癸醛、辛醛、庚醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、(E)-2-十一烯醛等 | [25] |
| 烤制 | 180 ℃烤制14 min | 牛里脊肉 | 3-羟基-2-丁酮、乙酸丙酯和乙酸乙酯 | [24] |
| 60、120、180、240、300 ℃下分别烤制7 min | 牦牛后腿肉 | 乳酸乙酯、2-甲氧基-4-甲基苯酚、2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉、5-壬酮、水杨酸乙酯、1-丙醇、1-戊烯-3-酮、(E)-2-庚烯醛酯等 | [59] |
| 酶解+定向美拉德反应,120 ℃烤制 | 牛背最长肌 | 2-甲基-3-呋喃硫醇、2-甲基四氢噻吩-3-酮 和3-3-双(2-甲基-3-呋喃基)二硫 | [85] |
| 烤箱200 ℃烤制10 min | 牛里脊 | 辛烷醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛和1-辛醇 | [86] |
| 微波功率850 W烤制3 min | 牛里脊 | 己酸对硝基苯酯、己酸和十二烷酸 |
| 电烤盘1200 W,110 ℃烤制10 min | 牛里脊 | 二十烷、己二酸二丁酯和胡莫柳酯 |
| 干制 | 55 ℃下干燥27 h | 后牛腿肉 | 丁酸丙酯、2-苯乙醇、丙酸异丁酯、松油烯、3-呋喃甲醇等 | [75] |
| 65 ℃下干燥21 h | 后牛腿肉 | 甲硫基丙醛和2-甲基乙酸丁酯 |
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