Article(id=1320175722614866880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100041, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760025600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684019950, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684019950, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684019950, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684019950, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320175723021714369, articleId=1320175722614866880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Hydrodynamic Cavitation Combined with Gradient Addition of Rutin Improves the Functional Properties of Soy Protein Isolate, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To obtain a bifunctional soy protein with antioxidant activity and emulsifying properties, soy protein isolate (SPI) was modified by combining hydrodynamic cavitation with gradient addition of rutin. The changes in physicochemical, structural, and functional properties of SPI before and after modification were analyzed. The results showed that after hydrodynamic cavitation treatment, the surface hydrophobicity of SPI increased, its structure unfolded, and the active groups were exposed, leading to a significant increase in its binding capacity with rutin (P<0.05). As the addition amount of rutin increased, the ultraviolet absorption of SPI enhanced, while the fluorescence intensity decreased with a red shift in the maximum absorption peak. The surface hydrophobicity, free thiol content, and free amino content all decreased. Furthermore, the contents of α-helix, β-sheet, and β-turn in the secondary structure decreased, while the content of random coil increased. Further analysis of antioxidant activity and emulsifying properties revealed that the conjugates formed by combing hydrodynamic cavitation treated SPI with rutin exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity and emulsifying properties. When the addition amount of rutin was 1 mg/mL, in terms of antioxidant activity, the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity increased from 77.80%±0.86% (before modification) to 83.76%±0.65%, the ABTS+ radical scavenging capacity increased from 53.09%±0.43% to 63.64%±0.53%, and the ferric reducing power increased from 1.12±0.06 to 1.29±0.12. In terms of emulsifying properties, the emulsification activity index increased from 24.50±1.37 m2/g to 28.55±0.43 m2/g, and the emulsification stability index increased from 69.25±1.77 min to 88.75±1.65 min. Therefore, hydrodynamic cavitation treatment combined with appropriate amount of rutin could effectively improve the functional properties of soy protein, which provided a new approach for protein modification.

, authors=Haotian LIU, Feng YANG*, Jingmei LI, Xian'e REN*, Kunming ZHANG, authorsList=Haotian LIU, Feng YANG, Jingmei LI, Xian'e REN, Kunming ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Feng YANG, Xian'e REN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320175727543174102, articleId=1320175722614866880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=水力空化结合梯度添加芦丁改善大豆分离蛋白的功能性质, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为获得具有抗氧化和乳化性的双功能大豆蛋白,采用水力空化结合梯度添加芦丁对大豆分离蛋白进行改性,分析大豆分离蛋白在改性前后理化、结构和功能性质的变化。结果表明,经水力空化处理后大豆分离蛋白表面疏水性升高,结构展开,活性基团暴露出来,致使其与芦丁的结合量显著增加(P<0.05)。随着芦丁添加量的增加,大豆分离蛋白的紫外吸收增强,荧光强度降低且最大吸收峰红移,表面疏水性、游离巯基与氨基含量均下降,二级结构中的α-螺旋、β-折叠和β-转角含量降低,无规则卷曲含量增加。进一步分析抗氧化活性和乳化性发现,大豆分离蛋白经水力空化处理后再与芦丁结合形成的复合物表现出较好的抗氧化活性和乳化性。当芦丁添加量为1 mg/mL,抗氧化活性中DPPH自由基清除率能由改性前的77.80%±0.86%增加到83.76%±0.65%,ABTS+自由基清除率由53.09%±0.43%增加到63.64%±0.53%,铁离子还原能力由1.12±0.06增加到1.29±0.12,乳化活性指数由24.50±1.37 m2/g增加到28.55±0.43 m2/g,乳化稳定性指数由69.25±1.77 min增加到88.75±1.65 min。由此可见,水力空化处理结合适量芦丁可有效改善大豆蛋白的功能性质,此为蛋白质改性提供了新的途径。

, authors=刘昊天, 杨锋*, 李静梅, 任仙娥*, 张昆明, authorsList=刘昊天, 杨锋, 李静梅, 任仙娥, 张昆明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨锋, 任仙娥, authorNote=

刘昊天(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品蛋白质的结构和功能,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨锋(1978−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品蛋白质的结构和功能,E-mail:。
任仙娥(1979−),女,硕士,正高级实验师,研究方向:食品蛋白质的结构和功能,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Fq48JOe1k1Izt2vz9KccDg==, magXml=FcOz05FOpeI3BkS5qev5RA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=OYHkeejCY68eoKesCP0ThA==, pdfFileSize=1801909, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=x2ag6KT/PmY1DHEHvtqW4Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=rtEVgKVnkr2KwdHl9GzPRA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320175727874524123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=Liu_HaoTianLHT@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320175727958410205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, authorId=1320175727874524123, language=EN, stringName=Haotian LIU, firstName=Haotian, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, Guangxi Liuzhou Luosifen Research Center of Engineering Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320175728042296286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, authorId=1320175727874524123, language=CN, stringName=刘昊天, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=广西科技大学生物与化学工程学院,广西糖资源绿色加工重点实验室,广西柳州螺蛳粉工程技术研究中心,广西柳州 545006, bio={"content":"

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Modulating the allergenicity and functional properties of peanut protein by covalent conjugation with polyphenols[J]. Food Chemistry, 2023, 415: 135733., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175746123939926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王婷婷. 蛋白质的水解与抗氧化性的关系研究[D]. 广州: 暨南大学, 2016. [WANG T T. Study on the relationship between protein hydrolysis and antioxidant activity[D]. Guangzhou: Jinan University, 2016.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175746216214615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=68, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG T T. Study on the relationship between protein hydrolysis and antioxidant activity[D]. Guangzhou: Jinan University, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175746300100696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王中江, 孙福伟, 任双鹤, 等. 不同空化射流条件下大豆蛋白-白藜芦醇互作结合机制与抗氧化活性研究[J]. 农业机械学报, 2024, 55(6): 353−364. [WANG Z J, SUN F W, REN S H, et al. Study on the interaction mechanism and antioxidant activity of soybean protein-resveratrol under different cavitation jet conditions[J]. Agricultural Machinery Journal, 2024, 55(6): 353−364.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175746371403865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=70, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Z J, SUN F W, REN S H, et al. Study on the interaction mechanism and antioxidant activity of soybean protein-resveratrol under different cavitation jet conditions[J]. Agricultural Machinery Journal, 2024, 55(6): 353−364., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320175727765472215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175727778055128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, companyId=1320175727765472215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, Guangxi Liuzhou Luosifen Research Center of Engineering Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175727790638041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, companyId=1320175727765472215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=广西科技大学生物与化学工程学院,广西糖资源绿色加工重点实验室,广西柳州螺蛳粉工程技术研究中心,广西柳州 545006)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320175731557123070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of hydrodynamic cavitation device, figureFileSmall=MjraDHTowINRcwcIZN6Nmw==, figureFileBig=x2ag6KT/PmY1DHEHvtqW4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175731708118015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=CN, label=图1, caption=水力空化结构装置示意图, figureFileSmall=MjraDHTowINRcwcIZN6Nmw==, figureFileBig=x2ag6KT/PmY1DHEHvtqW4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175731922027520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Binding amount of SPI and rutin, figureFileSmall=4mkVH6Sr88NAYaEHu9oO4A==, figureFileBig=8+1bIzOE4nnbkPueXCyR0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175731989135360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SPI与芦丁的结合量

注:小写字母为SPI未经水力空化处理组间差异显著(P<0.05);大写字母为SPI经水力空化处理组间差异显著(P<0.05);*为同等芦丁添加量下,水力空化处理与未处理组间差异显著(P<0.05);图5~图6、图8~图10同。

, figureFileSmall=4mkVH6Sr88NAYaEHu9oO4A==, figureFileBig=8+1bIzOE4nnbkPueXCyR0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175732106575873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra of SPI-rutin conjugate, figureFileSmall=sK29TrAHlggA+alLr7AdqQ==, figureFileBig=VFIQ5IQpXeweXzR8spJCyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175732177879042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=CN, label=图3, caption=SPI-芦丁复合物的紫外-可见吸收光谱

注:A:SPI未经处理;B:SPI经水力空化处理。

, figureFileSmall=sK29TrAHlggA+alLr7AdqQ==, figureFileBig=VFIQ5IQpXeweXzR8spJCyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175732265959427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Fluorescence spectra of SPI-rutin conjugate, figureFileSmall=1XFYQm8u68QxywmwciGlMw==, figureFileBig=LBPgP61kvuL2XaeF7E5XRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175732408565764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=CN, label=图4, caption=SPI-芦丁复合物的荧光光谱

注:A:SPI未经处理;B:SPI经水力空化处理。

, figureFileSmall=1XFYQm8u68QxywmwciGlMw==, figureFileBig=LBPgP61kvuL2XaeF7E5XRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175732496646149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Content of free sulfhydryl group and free amino group in SPI-rutin conjugate, figureFileSmall=MZPYqMDOyRSjqK11Dpi+7Q==, figureFileBig=Nv/qUJYFmFmMK+DAYxhUmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175732567949318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=CN, label=图5, caption=SPI-芦丁复合物的游离巯基和游离氨基含量

注:(A)游离巯基含量;(B)游离氨基含量。

, figureFileSmall=MZPYqMDOyRSjqK11Dpi+7Q==, figureFileBig=Nv/qUJYFmFmMK+DAYxhUmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175732635058183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Surface hydrophobicity of SPI-rutin conjugate, figureFileSmall=NzFrB+dBxC6GAampxvX6Cg==, figureFileBig=YTHq2/fzHN4M0p0bxA9fAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175732706361352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=CN, label=图6, caption=SPI-芦丁复合物的表面疏水性, figureFileSmall=NzFrB+dBxC6GAampxvX6Cg==, figureFileBig=YTHq2/fzHN4M0p0bxA9fAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175732773470217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Circular dichroism spectra of SPI-rutin conjugate, figureFileSmall=kmNtkwd0zCrxyeyJL4YFXA==, figureFileBig=Vj6f5SaxQrLpmVleqRyMPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175732848967690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=CN, label=图7, caption=SPI-芦丁复合物的圆二色光谱

A:SPI未经处理;B:SPI经水力空化处理。

, figureFileSmall=kmNtkwd0zCrxyeyJL4YFXA==, figureFileBig=Vj6f5SaxQrLpmVleqRyMPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175732907687947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Zeta potential of SPI-rutin conjugate, figureFileSmall=oGHfswYi9GutOB9eLZOyUA==, figureFileBig=w0ACqgrmhcLrY8AHKLenCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175732970602508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=CN, label=图8, caption=SPI-芦丁复合物的Zeta电位, figureFileSmall=oGHfswYi9GutOB9eLZOyUA==, figureFileBig=w0ACqgrmhcLrY8AHKLenCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175733033517069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Emulsifying activity index and emulsifying stability index of SPI-rutin conjugate, figureFileSmall=TkXSHFhvk6fJURYSjnIn8w==, figureFileBig=qjXqezH2IQEgVn2N9ztRXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175734707044366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=CN, label=图9, caption=SPI-芦丁复合物的乳化活性指数和乳化稳定性指数

注:(A)乳化活性指数;(B)乳化稳定性指数。

, figureFileSmall=TkXSHFhvk6fJURYSjnIn8w==, figureFileBig=qjXqezH2IQEgVn2N9ztRXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175734795124751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Antioxidant capacity of SPI-rutin conjugate, figureFileSmall=0/+MqQUWf5stR2wGDlFnRA==, figureFileBig=WZn1dgS+r1nBUdbMCjoZSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175735067754512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=CN, label=图10, caption=SPI-芦丁复合物的抗氧化能力

注:(A)DPPH自由基清除率;(B)ABTS+自由基清除率;(C)铁离子还原能力。

, figureFileSmall=0/+MqQUWf5stR2wGDlFnRA==, figureFileBig=WZn1dgS+r1nBUdbMCjoZSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175735130669073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Relative content of secondary structure of SPI-rutin conjugate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品芦丁质量浓度(mg/mL)相对含量(%)
α-螺旋β-折叠β-转角无规则卷曲
SPI未经处理与芦丁形成的复合物0.0030.12±0.35a31.31±0.13a19.48±0.14a19.18±0.27e
0.2529.62±0.33b29.52±0.07b19.18±0.12b21.77±0.14d
0.5029.42±0.23b28.63±0.39c18.99±0.13c22.96±0.09c
0.7529.17±0.05c28.27±0.11d18.85±0.07c23.71±0.06b
1.0028.78±0.08d27.79±0.14e18.69±0.04d24.63±0.07a
SPI经水力空化处理后与芦丁形成的复合物0.0030.71±0.05A*31.90±0.38B*19.54±0.05B17.85±0.06D*
0.2530.75±0.11A*34.97±0.06A*19.74±0.03A*14.64±0.05E*
0.5030.27±0.13B*29.87±0.06C*19.28±0.04C*20.48±0.17C*
0.7529.74±0.10C*28.54±0.05D*19.06±0.04D*22.75±0.10B*
1.0029.77±0.08C*25.87±0.08E*18.58±0.02E25.77±0.09A*
), ArticleFig(id=1320175735201972242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175722614866880, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SPI-芦丁复合物的二级结构相对含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品芦丁质量浓度(mg/mL)相对含量(%)
α-螺旋β-折叠β-转角无规则卷曲
SPI未经处理与芦丁形成的复合物0.0030.12±0.35a31.31±0.13a19.48±0.14a19.18±0.27e
0.2529.62±0.33b29.52±0.07b19.18±0.12b21.77±0.14d
0.5029.42±0.23b28.63±0.39c18.99±0.13c22.96±0.09c
0.7529.17±0.05c28.27±0.11d18.85±0.07c23.71±0.06b
1.0028.78±0.08d27.79±0.14e18.69±0.04d24.63±0.07a
SPI经水力空化处理后与芦丁形成的复合物0.0030.71±0.05A*31.90±0.38B*19.54±0.05B17.85±0.06D*
0.2530.75±0.11A*34.97±0.06A*19.74±0.03A*14.64±0.05E*
0.5030.27±0.13B*29.87±0.06C*19.28±0.04C*20.48±0.17C*
0.7529.74±0.10C*28.54±0.05D*19.06±0.04D*22.75±0.10B*
1.0029.77±0.08C*25.87±0.08E*18.58±0.02E25.77±0.09A*
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水力空化结合梯度添加芦丁改善大豆分离蛋白的功能性质
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刘昊天 , 杨锋 * , 李静梅 , 任仙娥 * , 张昆明
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(12): 1-11
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (12) : 1 -11
水力空化结合梯度添加芦丁改善大豆分离蛋白的功能性质
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刘昊天 , 杨锋* , 李静梅, 任仙娥* , 张昆明
作者信息
  • 广西科技大学生物与化学工程学院,广西糖资源绿色加工重点实验室,广西柳州螺蛳粉工程技术研究中心,广西柳州 545006
通讯作者:
杨锋(1978−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品蛋白质的结构和功能,E-mail:。
任仙娥(1979−),女,硕士,正高级实验师,研究方向:食品蛋白质的结构和功能,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘昊天(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品蛋白质的结构和功能,E-mail:

Hydrodynamic Cavitation Combined with Gradient Addition of Rutin Improves the Functional Properties of Soy Protein Isolate
Haotian LIU , Feng YANG* , Jingmei LI, Xian'e REN* , Kunming ZHANG
Affiliations
  • College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, Guangxi Liuzhou Luosifen Research Center of Engineering Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100041
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为获得具有抗氧化和乳化性的双功能大豆蛋白,采用水力空化结合梯度添加芦丁对大豆分离蛋白进行改性,分析大豆分离蛋白在改性前后理化、结构和功能性质的变化。结果表明,经水力空化处理后大豆分离蛋白表面疏水性升高,结构展开,活性基团暴露出来,致使其与芦丁的结合量显著增加(P<0.05)。随着芦丁添加量的增加,大豆分离蛋白的紫外吸收增强,荧光强度降低且最大吸收峰红移,表面疏水性、游离巯基与氨基含量均下降,二级结构中的α-螺旋、β-折叠和β-转角含量降低,无规则卷曲含量增加。进一步分析抗氧化活性和乳化性发现,大豆分离蛋白经水力空化处理后再与芦丁结合形成的复合物表现出较好的抗氧化活性和乳化性。当芦丁添加量为1 mg/mL,抗氧化活性中DPPH自由基清除率能由改性前的77.80%±0.86%增加到83.76%±0.65%,ABTS+自由基清除率由53.09%±0.43%增加到63.64%±0.53%,铁离子还原能力由1.12±0.06增加到1.29±0.12,乳化活性指数由24.50±1.37 m2/g增加到28.55±0.43 m2/g,乳化稳定性指数由69.25±1.77 min增加到88.75±1.65 min。由此可见,水力空化处理结合适量芦丁可有效改善大豆蛋白的功能性质,此为蛋白质改性提供了新的途径。

水力空化  /  芦丁  /  大豆分离蛋白  /  抗氧化活性  /  乳化性

To obtain a bifunctional soy protein with antioxidant activity and emulsifying properties, soy protein isolate (SPI) was modified by combining hydrodynamic cavitation with gradient addition of rutin. The changes in physicochemical, structural, and functional properties of SPI before and after modification were analyzed. The results showed that after hydrodynamic cavitation treatment, the surface hydrophobicity of SPI increased, its structure unfolded, and the active groups were exposed, leading to a significant increase in its binding capacity with rutin (P<0.05). As the addition amount of rutin increased, the ultraviolet absorption of SPI enhanced, while the fluorescence intensity decreased with a red shift in the maximum absorption peak. The surface hydrophobicity, free thiol content, and free amino content all decreased. Furthermore, the contents of α-helix, β-sheet, and β-turn in the secondary structure decreased, while the content of random coil increased. Further analysis of antioxidant activity and emulsifying properties revealed that the conjugates formed by combing hydrodynamic cavitation treated SPI with rutin exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity and emulsifying properties. When the addition amount of rutin was 1 mg/mL, in terms of antioxidant activity, the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity increased from 77.80%±0.86% (before modification) to 83.76%±0.65%, the ABTS+ radical scavenging capacity increased from 53.09%±0.43% to 63.64%±0.53%, and the ferric reducing power increased from 1.12±0.06 to 1.29±0.12. In terms of emulsifying properties, the emulsification activity index increased from 24.50±1.37 m2/g to 28.55±0.43 m2/g, and the emulsification stability index increased from 69.25±1.77 min to 88.75±1.65 min. Therefore, hydrodynamic cavitation treatment combined with appropriate amount of rutin could effectively improve the functional properties of soy protein, which provided a new approach for protein modification.

hydrodynamic cavitation  /  rutin  /  soy protein isolate  /  antioxidant activity  /  emulsifying properties
刘昊天, 杨锋, 李静梅, 任仙娥, 张昆明. 水力空化结合梯度添加芦丁改善大豆分离蛋白的功能性质. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100041
Haotian LIU, Feng YANG, Jingmei LI, Xian'e REN, Kunming ZHANG. Hydrodynamic Cavitation Combined with Gradient Addition of Rutin Improves the Functional Properties of Soy Protein Isolate[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100041
蛋白质是维持人类生活的重要食品成分,在牛奶、肉类、鸡蛋、豆类中含量丰富,而植物蛋白因成本更低、更环保、可持续且可再生的优势在食品行业备受关注。大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolates,SPI)作为一种常见的植物蛋白,拥有多种良性功能性质,是食品工业的重要原料。SPI主要由大豆球蛋白和β-伴大豆球蛋白组成,其中大豆球蛋白是一个六聚体,由五个亚基组成,每个亚基由酸性和碱性多肽通过二硫键连接;β-伴球蛋白是一种糖蛋白,具有三聚体的分子结构,由α'、α和β三个亚基组成。这些聚集体形成紧凑的球形聚集态结构导致SPI分子柔韧性较差、溶解性与乳化性等功能性质有限的问题[1]。此外,天然SPI的抗氧化活性低,这些现象极大地限制了它在多种食品体系中的应用。
超声波、高压处理、脉冲电场等加工技术,可通过改变蛋白质结构,来改善其功能性质以满足不同食品体系的需求[2]。近年来,水力空化技术也被应用到蛋白质改性中。当流体通过孔板、文丘里管,在叶轮或转子的作用下能引起较大的压力波动,从而产生空化泡,空化泡的溃灭则会产生诸如剪切力、冲击波、极端高温和高压、自由基等空化效应[3]。例如,Abhijeet等[4]采用水力空化技术可有效改善乳清分离蛋白的溶解性和抗氧化性能。王芳等[5]发现大豆球蛋白经单孔孔板水力空化处理后,内源荧光光谱最大吸收峰红移,表面疏水性增加,暴露巯基含量和总巯基含量均降低。然而,蛋白质的功能性质不仅受加工技术的影响,还会受到食品体系中其它成分与其相互作用的影响,其中多酚与蛋白质的相互作用因广泛存在于饮食体系而成为研究焦点。二者通过非共价作用(氢键、疏水作用等)与共价作用(pH、酶促反应等)改变蛋白质乳化性、溶解性及多酚稳定性、抗氧化性[6],为功能食品设计提供理论基础。芦丁是一种天然的多酚,存在于茶、橙皮和番茄中,具有优异的抗氧化、抗癌和抗炎特性[7]。赵钜阳等[8]发现,在中性条件下,芦丁能通过氢键和范德华力与大豆分离蛋白发生相互作用,提高蛋白质的溶解性、乳化性和凝胶性。崔竹梅[9]证实,芦丁也可通过疏水相互作用与大豆蛋白的芳香族氨基酸残基结合,明显提高大豆蛋白乳液的稳定性。上述研究不仅阐明了芦丁与大豆蛋白互作的多途径机制,也为精准调控植物蛋白功能特性、开发新型天然抗氧化食品基料提供了新的思路。
团队前期研究结果表明,水力空化处理可有效减小大豆蛋白的粒径,增加其表面疏水性,使蛋白质的高级结构被破坏,原来紧密的结构变得松散[10−11],课题组预测这种结构变化有利于蛋白质与多酚结合。因此,本文先使用水力空化技术处理大豆分离蛋白,再将处理后的大豆分离蛋白与不同浓度的芦丁在碱性条件下结合,制备大豆分离蛋白-芦丁复合物,并对其结构和功能性质进行表征,以获得具有抗氧化和乳化功能的双功能大豆蛋白,促进大豆蛋白在抗氧化型乳液体系中的应用。
SPI(粉末状,蛋白含量≥90%) 山东禹王生态食品有限公司;芦丁(含量95%) 山东科源生化有限公司;5,5'-二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸)(5,5'-dithio bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid),DTNB)(分析纯) 合肥巴斯夫生物科技有限公司;8-苯胺基-1-萘磺酸(8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid,ANS)(生化试剂)、透析袋(3500 Da) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;福林酚(生化试剂)、邻苯二甲醛(o-phthalaldehyde,OPA)(分析纯)、2,2'-联苯基-1-苦基肼基(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)(分析纯)、2,2'-联胺-双(3 -乙基苯噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS)(分析纯) 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司。
UV-5100H紫外可见分光光度计 岛津仪器(苏州)有限公司;G9800A荧光分光光度计 安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司;Nano-ZS纳米粒度及Zeta电位分析仪 英国马尔文仪器有限公司;Chirascan圆二分光偏振仪 英国应用光物理公司;基于单孔板的水力空化装置 实验室自制,其工作原理和结构示意图如团队前期发表的论文所示[5],装置如图1所示。液体在流过孔板的过程中,液体的流动速度会急剧提高,引起局部压力降低的现象,当降低至液体的饱和蒸气压以下时,液体会发生汽化并形成微气泡。这些气泡在流动过程中经历生成、膨胀、溃灭和再生的过程。当气泡溃灭时,会产生空化效应。
称取SPI粉末加入去离子水,制成10 mg/mL的SPI分散液,调节pH至9.0,在室温条件下搅拌2 h使其充分溶解。将搅拌好的SPI分散液平均分为两份,将其中一份加入水力空化装置的储液罐中,在0.2 MPa的环境下水力空化处理30 min。另外一份搅拌好的SPI分散液以继续搅拌30 min代替水力空化处理30 min作为对照。称取一定量芦丁,用10 mL乙醇溶解后加入去离子水,并调节芦丁溶液pH为9.0。将不同浓度的芦丁溶液按照1:1的比例以细流状分别加入未经水力空化处理的SPI分散液和经过水力空化处理的SPI分散液,形成SPI浓度为5 mg/mL、芦丁浓度分别为0、0.25、0.5、0.75、1 mg/mL的混合液,磁力搅拌2 h充分反应,调pH至7.0,然后在8000 r/min、4 ℃下离心30 min,取上清液装入3500 Da的透析袋对去离子水进行透析,每2 h换一次水,使未与蛋白结合的游离芦丁完全去除,制得SPI-芦丁复合物样品,放在4 ℃冰箱中冷藏备用。
参考刘颖等[12]的实验方法,将SPI-芦丁复合物样品用去离子水稀释到SPI质量浓度为0.1 mg/mL,准确吸取0.5 mL的福林酚试剂,加入0.5 mL的样品稀释液均匀混合,在黑暗环境下静置5 min,然后加入质量浓度为81.08 mg/mL的碳酸钠溶液2 mL混合均匀,在黑暗环境下静置2 h,测定760 nm波长处的吸光度值。在相同条件下,用0.010、0.015、0.030、0.035、0.040 mg/mL的芦丁做标准曲线(y=10.245x−0.0342,R2=0.9987),计算复合物样品中芦丁含量。计算公式如下:
$ \text{芦丁与SPI结合量}( \mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{\text{样品中芦丁含量}( \text{mg}) }{\text{样品中SPI含量}( \mathrm{g}) } $
将SPI-芦丁复合物样品经去离子水稀释到SPI的质量浓度为0.5 mg/mL,测量200~400 nm处样品紫外-可见光谱,以中等扫描速度,得出样品的紫外-可见光谱曲线。
用0.2 mol/L,pH7.0的磷酸盐缓冲液,将SPI-芦丁复合物稀释到SPI质量浓度为0.5 mg/mL,通过荧光光谱仪测量稀释后的样品。测定条件为:激发波长290 nm,扫描范围300~400 nm,激发狭缝与发射狭缝宽度均为5 nm。
参考Wu等[13]的实验方法,配制含有8 mol/L尿素、0.086 mol/L三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷、0.09 mol/L甘氨酸、4 mmol/L乙二胺四乙酸二钠的三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷-甘氨酸缓冲液(Tris-Gly缓冲液)。将2-硝基苯甲酸以4 mg/mL的浓度溶解于Tris-Gly缓冲液中,即为Ellman试剂。将SPI-芦丁复合物通过Tris-Gly缓冲液稀释到SPI质量浓度为0.5 mg/mL,然后加入50 µL Ellman溶液于5 mL稀释液中,在常温条件下静置1 h,测定其在412 nm波长处的吸光度值为A1,将Ellman试剂以等量Tris-Gly缓冲液为替代,测定其吸光度值为A2。计算式如下:
$ \text{游离巯基含量}( \text{µ} \mathrm{mol}/\mathrm{g}) =\frac{{10}^{6}\times ({\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2})}{1.36\times {10}^{4}\times \mathrm{C}} $
式中:1.36×104为摩尔吸光系数,L/(mol·cm),C为SPI质量浓度,mg/mL。
参考谢欢欢等[14]的实验方法,将样品稀释至SPI浓度为2 mg/mL,然后准确称取16 mg邻苯二甲醛,加入4 mL甲醇充分溶解,配成40 mg/mL邻苯二甲醛溶液,与400 µL巯基乙醇溶液、100 mL的硼砂溶液(0.1 mol/L)以及10 mL十二烷基硫酸钠溶液(250 mg/mL)混合,定容至200 mL。取400 µL样品稀释液和3 mL邻苯二甲醛试剂混匀,然后在室温下进行3 min显色反应,测量样品溶液在340 nm波长处的吸光度。接着配制L-亮氨酸系列标准溶液,浓度梯度为0.1、0.15、0.2、0.25 mg/mL,按相同步骤测定其吸光度。以纵坐标为测定的吸光度值,横坐标为L-亮氨酸质量浓度,绘制标准曲线(y=4.0913x+0.2108,R2=0.9986),计算游离氨基含量。
$ \text{游离氨基含量}(\mathrm{nmol}/\mathrm{g}) =\frac{{10}^{6}\times \mathrm{A}}{\mathrm{M}\times \rho } $
式中:A为根据标曲计算出的游离氨基浓度,mg/mL;M为L-亮氨酸摩尔质量,g/mol;ρ为复合物样品密度,g/mL。
参考崔竹梅[9]的实验方法,采用荧光探针ANS测定蛋白质的表面疏水性。用去离子水配制SPI浓度梯度为0.05、0.1、0.25、0.5 mg/mL的样品稀释液各5 mL,吸取8 mmol/L的ANS溶液20 µL与稀释液均匀混合,通过荧光分光光度计测定荧光强度。参数为:激发波长390 nm,发射波长470 nm,狭缝宽度5 nm。以荧光强度为纵坐标,SPI质量浓度为横坐标作图,拟合线性回归方程,方程的斜率即为表面疏水性。
用去离子水将样品溶液稀释到SPI质量浓度为0.1 mg/mL,利用圆二色光谱仪在190~260 nm范围扫描,扫描速度为100 nm/min,响应时间为0.25 s,宽带为1.0 nm,灵敏度为20 mdeg。使用Pro-Data Chirascan软件进行光谱图处理,CDNN软件拟合二级结构。
用去离子水将样品溶液稀释到SPI质量浓度为0.1 mg/mL,然后用马尔文纳米粒度和Zeta电位分析仪测定样品的Zeta电位。
参考Shen等[15]的实验方法,取20 mL的SPI-芦丁复合物样品溶液与5 mL大豆油,混合后在12000 r/min下均质1 min形成乳液,分别在乳化完成后立即(t=0 min)和静置10 min后,从乳液底部吸取50 µL乳液,加入质量浓度为0.1%的十二烷基硫酸钠溶液4.95 mL,用紫外分光光度计测量500 nm处吸光度值。计算公式如下:
$ \text{乳化活性指数}( {\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{g}) =\frac{2\times 2.303\times {\mathrm{A}}_{0}\times \text{DF}}{\mathrm{C}\times \theta \times 10000} $
$ \mathrm{乳化稳定性指数}(\min )=\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}\times \Delta \mathrm{t}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}-{\mathrm{A}}_{10}} $
式中:A0为0 min时的吸光度值;A10为10 min时的吸光度值;DF为样品稀释倍数;θ为大豆油体积分数;C为SPI的质量浓度(mg/mL);Δt表示0 min到10 min的时间差。
参考Yin等[16]的实验方法,用去离子水将样品溶液稀释至SPI浓度为0.1 mg/mL,配制0.175 mol/L,吸光度0.70以下的DPPH-乙醇溶液2 mL,加入到1 mL稀释样品中,黑暗条件下静置1 h,测定517 nm波长处的吸光度值为A1,用不含DPPH的乙醇替代DPPH-乙醇,测定吸光度为A2,无水乙醇与DPPH-乙醇吸光度为A0。计算公式如下:
$ \text{DPPH自由基清除率}( \text{%}) =\left( 1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\right) \times 100 $
参考Natalia等[17]的实验方法,提前12 h配制ABTS溶液(7 mmol/L ABTS、2.45 mmol/L K2S2O8,pH7.4,吸光度0.7±0.02),取样品溶液以去离子水稀释至SPI浓度为0.1 mg/mL,将1 mL稀释液加入到4 mL ABTS溶液中室温下静置20 min,测定734 nm波长处吸光度为A1,以pH7.4的磷酸盐缓冲溶液替代ABTS溶液,测定吸光度为A2,磷酸盐缓冲溶液与ABTS溶液测得的吸光度为A0。计算公式如下:
$\rm ABTS^+自由基清除率( \text{%}) =\left( 1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\right) \times 100 $
参考Singh等[18]的实验方法,取5 mg/mL的SPI-芦丁样品溶液0.3 mL,与3.0 mL pH6.6的磷酸盐缓冲液(0.2 mol/L)和3.0 mL铁氰化钾溶液(10.1 mg/mL)混合均匀,50 ℃下水浴30 min,冷却后加入3.0 mL 111.11 mg/mL三氯乙酸溶液,避光反应30 min,以5000 r/min离心10 min取上清液。将3.0 mL去离子水、2.5 mL上清液、0.5 mL 1.00 mg/mL的氯化铁溶液混匀,黑暗环境下静置10 min,在700 nm波长处测定吸光度,吸光度值越高,则铁离子还原能力越强。
实验中图表所示的数据均为3次以上重复平行实验取得,数据以平均值±标准差的形式表示,使用SPSS 27软件进行数据分析,用方差分析中的邓肯检验及配对样品t检验计算数据间的差异显著性,P<0.05表示差异显著,并使用Origin 2022软件进行绘图。
由图2可以看出,当SPI未经水力空化处理时,芦丁与SPI的结合量随着芦丁添加量的增加而提升(P<0.05)。这可能是因为在碱性环境中芦丁被氧化为活性亲电子的醌类结构,与蛋白质侧链的亲核基团反应,形成不可逆C-N、C-S共价键与蛋白质结合[19]。当芦丁添加量为0.75 mg/mL时,芦丁与SPI的结合量达到69.75±0.43 mg/g。当芦丁添加量为1 mg/mL时芦丁结合量继续提升,但是提升不显著(P>0.05),这是因为此时蛋白质的结合位点趋于饱和,金花等[20]也发现,随着绿原酸添加量的增加,当黑豆蛋白与绿原酸的结合接近饱和时,二者的结合会减缓。
当SPI经水力空化处理后,在相同的芦丁添加量下,SPI与芦丁结合量显著高于未处理组(P<0.05),谢欢欢等[14]也发现经水力空化处理后SPI与儿茶素的结合量较未处理组显著增加,这是因为水力空化产生的剪切力等空化效应破坏了SPI分子之间的相互作用,使其结构展开,暴露出更多的活性基团,促进更多的芦丁与SPI的结合。当芦丁添加量为1 mg/mL时,结合量由未处理的73.48±0.76 mg/g增加到107.14±0.86 mg/g,这说明随着芦丁添加量的增加,经水力空化处理后的SPI与更多的芦丁发生了相互作用。
SPI有两个吸收峰,一个位于220 nm处的主吸收峰源于肽键电子跃迁,另一个位于280 nm处的肩峰则由色氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸等残基的苯环共轭体系所贡献[21]。当蛋白质的空间构象发生变化时也会使这些氨基酸的微环境发生变化,导致特征吸收峰发生位移。由图3A可知,当SPI未经水力空化处理时,随着芦丁添加量的增加,SPI-芦丁复合物的紫外吸收强度增加,这是因为芦丁与SPI中的色氨酸残基和酪氨酸残基之间发生相互作用形成新的共轭体系,紫外吸收强度增加。另外,纯芦丁的最大吸收峰在270 nm处,加入芦丁后,相较于SPI,SPI-芦丁复合物的最大吸收峰发生偏移,从280 nm蓝移到255~260 nm处,说明芦丁的加入导致SPI构象产生变化,芳香族氨基酸残基的微环境也发生变化,有利于SPI中色氨酸和酪氨酸残基中芳香杂环的π-π*跃迁。雷选等[22]研究发现芦丁与酪蛋白结合后,使酪蛋白的构象发生改变,分子内部色氨酸和酪氨酸残基中的疏水性基团暴露,促进芳香杂环的π-π*跃迁,使酪蛋白的最大吸收峰由278 nm偏移至276.2 nm,本文结果与之相似。由图3B可知,当SPI经水力空化处理后,紫外吸收强度增加,这是因为水力空化处理后SPI空间构象由折叠转为展开,使得原本包埋在内部的芳香族氨基酸残基暴露出来,从而引发其紫外吸收特性发生改变[23]。而随着芦丁添加量的增加,紫外吸收强度的增加幅度也比未经水力空化处理形成的复合物更加明显,这说明SPI经水力空化处理后,结合了更多的芦丁。这一结果与水力空化处理后SPI与芦丁的结合量增加一致。
荧光光谱可作为检测蛋白质与多酚之间的相互作用以及蛋白质构象变化的有效工具[24]。蛋白质的内源荧光则主要来自于色氨酸和酪氨酸残基,蛋白质荧光强度的变化可以反映这两种氨基酸的微环境变化。由图4A可知,当SPI未经水力空化处理时,随着芦丁添加量的增加,SPI -芦丁复合物荧光强度明显降低,表明二者的相互作用引起了SPI的荧光猝灭。而添加芦丁后,SPI最大吸收峰红移,且随着芦丁添加量的增加,红移也越发明显,这可能是SPI与芦丁相互作用后使氨基酸残基暴露在亲水环境中[20]。黄国等[25]发现,矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷与大豆蛋白结合后,能猝灭蛋白质的内源荧光,使荧光强度降低,且能诱导大豆蛋白多肽链解折叠,使部分氨基酸残基暴露于亲水性环境中,最大吸收峰红移。由图4B可知,当SPI经水力空化处理后,荧光强度显著增加,表明水力空化处理使SPI结构展开,更多的基团被暴露出来,引起荧光强度增加。随着芦丁添加量的增加,荧光强度下降幅度更大,复合物的最大吸收峰的红移也更加明显,这表明经水力空化处理过后的SPI更容易与芦丁结合,相互作用更加强烈。Yu等[26]发现超声处理产生的空化效应改变了蛋白质的三级结构,疏水键断裂,氨基酸残基暴露,同时促进了大麻蛋白与绿原酸的相互作用,使得荧光强度猝灭更明显。
游离巯基和游离氨基是蛋白质和多酚发生共价结合的主要反应基团,它们与蛋白质的三级和四级结构的改变有关[27]。多酚在碱性条件下可以氧化生成邻醌或半醌中间体,这些中间体具有亲电性,能够与蛋白质中的游离氨基发生迈克尔加成反应或交联反应,也可以与巯基发生加成反应,形成稳定的共价键[28]。如图5所示,当SPI未经水力空化处理时,随着芦丁添加量的增加,游离巯基和游离氨基的含量显著减少(P<0.05),这是因为在碱性条件下,芦丁被氧化形成亲电子的邻醌结构,与SPI侧链上的亲核基团(如氨基或巯基)发生反应,形成C-N和C-S键[29],从而降低游离巯基和游离氨基的含量。在相同芦丁添加量下,水力空化处理后的SPI与芦丁形成的复合物游离巯基和游离氨基含量更低,这是因为蛋白质分子在水力空化产生的剪切力下结构展开后,暴露出了更多的结合位点,这促进了更多的芦丁与蛋白质之间的共价相互作用,导致了游离巯基和游离氨基含量的减少。李春翼等[30]发现经热诱导处理后的麦醇溶蛋白-芦丁的复合物的游离氨基含量相比未处理时下降。
表面疏水性经常用来体现蛋白质高级结构的改变,是影响蛋白表面活性的因素之一。其测定值可以同步反映蛋白质表面疏水性氨基酸残基的暴露程度和溶液微环境极性状态的变化[31]。SPI-芦丁复合物表面疏水性的影响如图6所示。当SPI未经水力空化处理时,随着芦丁添加量的增加,SPI-芦丁复合物的表面疏水性显著降低(P<0.05),当芦丁的添加量达到1 mg/mL时,SPI的表面疏水性从20.54±0.21降低到6.05±0.49,这可能是由于芦丁与SPI之间有疏水相互作用,二者结合后占据了SPI与ANS相互作用的位点[32],使得荧光强度降低,且芦丁的羟基会增加体系的亲水性,从而导致复合物整体的疏水性下降。Fu等[33]研究发现,槲皮素能与豌豆蛋白表面的疏水性基团发生相互作用,从而阻止疏水性探针分子与蛋白质表面的结合,导致测得的表面疏水性降低。当SPI经水力空化处理后,表面疏水性从20.54±0.21增加到53.88±0.32,这可能是因为水力空化诱导蛋白质的去折叠,使得SPI内部的疏水基团暴露到表面,导致表面疏水性的大幅增加,肖志刚等[34]发现高压均质也可以使SPI展开,导致疏水基团暴露,从而使得表面疏水性增加。而随着芦丁添加量的增加,SPI-芦丁复合物的表面疏水性降低。但是,由于水力空化处理对SPI表面疏水性的增加作用要大于芦丁对表面疏水性的降低作用,从而导致了在相同芦丁添加量下,经水力空化处理后SPI-芦丁复合物表面疏水性比未经水力空化处理的复合物表面疏水性更高。
圆二色光谱是表征蛋白质的二级结构的重要手段,蛋白质二级结构单元比例的动态调整可直接影响蛋白质的表面特性与功能活性[35]。如图7及表1所示,当SPI未经水力空化处理时,随着芦丁添加量的增加,二级结构中α-螺旋、β-折叠和β-转角含量均降低,无规则卷曲含量增加,这表明芦丁与SPI的结合改变了SPI的构象,使其解折叠,二级结构变得更加无序。Dai等[36]研究发现,随着儿茶素浓度的增加,大豆蛋白的α-螺旋和β-折叠含量均显著降低、β-转角和无规卷曲均显著增加;而Hao等[37]研究发现,豌豆蛋白与多酚(如表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、绿原酸、白藜芦醇)反应后β-折叠和无规卷曲结构的含量增加、α-螺旋的含量降低、β-转角的含量变化不规律。由此可见,不同蛋白与不同多酚相互作用后二级结构变化并不完全一致,其变化模式可能取决于蛋白质的种类、多酚的类型及作用条件(如pH、温度等)。
经水力空化处理后,SPI的α-螺旋、β-折叠的含量显著增加(P<0.05),无规则卷曲的含量显著降低(P<0.05)。这归因于水力空化处理产生的剪切力和瞬时的高温高压破坏了分子间的相互作用,结构展开,肽链松弛,局部肽链上的羰基与氨基间又重新构建肽链内氢键,使α-螺旋、β-折叠的含量增加[38]。当芦丁添加量达到0.50 mg/mL后,α-螺旋、β-折叠和β-转角含量开始降低,无规则卷曲含量开始增加,这可能是因为较多的芦丁与SPI结合后,使SPI结构变得松散,向无序化转变。而当芦丁添加量达到1 mg/mL时SPI结构松动,无规则卷曲的增加幅度更大,更加无序。
Zeta电位是反映蛋白质表面电荷分布特性的重要指标,主要由氨基酸残基的电荷平衡状态决定。当蛋白质表面负电荷氨基酸残基数量超过正电荷残基时,体系呈现负电位特征,且电位的绝对值与分散体系的稳定性呈正相关关系[5]。由图8可知,各样品的Zeta电位值均为负值,这与大豆分离蛋白在中性条件下带负电荷有关。当SPI未经水力空化处理时,随着芦丁添加量的增加,复合物的表面负电荷呈现增强趋势,这主要是因为芦丁与SPI结合后,芦丁的负电荷增加了复合物体系的负电荷密度,导致Zeta电位绝对值增加。当SPI经水力空化处理后,Zeta电位的绝对值降低,可能是因为水力空化处理使蛋白质分子结构展开,电荷分布发生改变,原本埋藏在分子内部的带正电荷的氨基酸残基被暴露出来[39],导致纯SPI分散液的Zeta电位绝对值下降。在此基础上再与芦丁结合后,引入了负电荷,使得表面负电荷增加,Zeta电位绝对值增加。
乳化性是反映蛋白质吸附到油水界面能力的指标。乳化性能可以用乳化活性指数与乳化稳定性指数来表示,其中乳化活性指数表示每单位重量蛋白质稳定的界面面积,而乳化稳定性指数衡量乳状液浊度[40]。由图9可知,当SPI未经水力空化处理时,随着芦丁添加量的增加,SPI的乳化活性指数和乳化稳定性指数都呈现出先显著(P<0.05)增加后趋于平缓增长的趋势,因为添加芦丁后,芳香残基随着SPI-芦丁复合物的形成而增加,这使得SPI在油-水界面的亲和力增加,界面张力降低,乳化活性增强。同时芦丁的添加使得SPI表面电荷也发生改变,形成的乳液滴之间具有更强的斥力,这促进了稳定的乳液体系的形成,因此,SPI-芦丁复合物形成的乳液的稳定性高于SPI形成的乳液的稳定性。Chen等[41]研究发现茶多酚可以通过与大豆蛋白相互作用来提升大豆蛋白的乳化特性。
此外,当SPI经水力空化处理后,在同等芦丁添加量下,SPI-芦丁复合物的乳化活性指数、乳化稳定性指数比未处理的高,这是因为水力空化处理通过空化效应打开了蛋白质结构,暴露出更多的极性亲水基团和非极性疏水基团,这有效调节了它的亲水亲油基团的平衡。这种平衡有助于蛋白质更好地吸附在油水界面,从而增强乳化活性以及乳化稳定性。如图9所示,当芦丁添加量为1 mg/mL时,乳化活性指数由改性前的24.50±1.37 m2/g增加到28.55±0.43 m2/g、乳化稳定性指数由69.25±1.77 min增加到88.75±1.65 min。综上,水力空化技术可以促进SPI-芦丁相互作用,从而显著增强乳化活性和乳化稳定性。Yu等[26]发现适当的超声处理能有效提高火麻仁蛋白-绿原酸复合物乳化活性和乳化稳定性。
抗氧化能力是研究酚类物质与蛋白质相互作用时的重要性质之一。如图10所示,当SPI未经水力空化处理时,其抗氧化能力很有限,随着芦丁添加量的增加,SPI-芦丁复合物的DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除率和铁离子还原能力均显著增加(P<0.05),呈现芦丁浓度依赖效应。这是因为芦丁具有活性酚羟基基团,其具有转移氢原子和电子的能力,可以清除自由基,阻止自由基的链式反应从而提高其抗氧化性[42],另外,它还具有螯合铁离子的能力,减少其在氧化反应中的催化作用,从而抑制氧化反应的发生[43]。He等[44]研究证明,花生蛋白与绿原酸和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯的偶联增强了花生蛋白的抗氧化活性。
经水力空化处理后,纯SPI抗氧化性有少许提升,这是因为SPI结构展开暴露出如酪氨酸、组氨酸等的活性基团,这些基团在特定条件下可以参与自由基的清除反应,从而表现出抗氧化活性[45]。而在相同芦丁添加量下,水力空化处理后的SPI与芦丁形成的复合物DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除率和铁离子还原能力相较于未处理组明显提升,这可能是由于水力空化使SPI的结构展开,结合了更多的芦丁。由图10可知,当芦丁添加量为1 mg/mL时,抗氧化活性中DPPH自由基清除率能由改性前的77.80%±0.86%增加到83.76%±0.65%、ABTS+自由基清除率由53.09%±0.43%增加到63.64%±0.53%、铁离子还原能力由1.12±0.06增加到1.29±0.12,该结果表明,利用水力空化技术能促进SPI和芦丁之间的相互作用,提高复合物的抗氧化活性,为开发功能性蛋白提供新的技术路径。王中江等[46]发现适当的空化射流预处理使SPI的结构更加展开,暴露更多的疏水基团与白藜芦醇结合,增强了复合物的抗氧化能力。
本文采用水力空化结合梯度添加芦丁来改善大豆分离蛋白的功能性质,结果发现:当SPI未经水力空化处理时,它与芦丁的结合量随着芦丁添加量的增加而增加,但当芦丁添加量达到0.75 mg/mL时,SPI的结合位点趋于饱和,再增加芦丁用量,结合量也增幅不大。当SPI经水力空化处理后,表面疏水性增加,结构打开,显现更多的结合位点,当芦丁添加量为1 mg/mL时,结合量由未处理的73.48±0.76 mg/g增加到107.14±0.86 mg/g。经水力空化处理后的SPI结合了更多的芦丁,表现出紫外吸收明显增强、荧光强度大幅降低且最大吸收峰红移、游离巯基与氨基含量下降、二级结构无序度增加等结构变化,同时,抗氧化能力和乳化性能明显增强。制备出的具有抗氧化活性和乳化性能的双功能大豆蛋白可用于构建抗氧化型乳液,用于功能性食品的设计和开发。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100041
  • 接收时间:2025-10-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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    广西科技大学生物与化学工程学院,广西糖资源绿色加工重点实验室,广西柳州螺蛳粉工程技术研究中心,广西柳州 545006

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杨锋(1978−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品蛋白质的结构和功能,E-mail:。
任仙娥(1979−),女,硕士,正高级实验师,研究方向:食品蛋白质的结构和功能,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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