Article(id=1320880758630240887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760025600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852113635, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852113635, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852113635, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852113635, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=454, endPage=466, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880758860927608, articleId=1320880758630240887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation of Maillard Glycosylated Zein Coating and Its Application in Blueberry Preservation, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, zein was glycosylated via ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction to prepare glycosylated films with varying reaction times (0~2.5 h). The physicochemical properties of these films were systematically characterized before their application as coating preservation materials to mitigate the postharvest quality deterioration of blueberries. The results indicated that the zein-glucose glycosylated film exhibited the highest degree of grafting, which established glucose as the preferred sugar source. With the extension of Maillard reaction time, the glycosylated films showed intensified browning and an increased grafting degree. The incorporation of hydroxyl groups into the zein molecular structure was confirmed, and the surface of glycosylated films displayed a porous and rough microstructure. Meanwhile, the hydrophilicity of glycosylated films was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced. The mechanical strength and antioxidant activity both initially increased and then decreased, reaching the optimal level at a reaction time of 2 h (ZG-MR-2h). At this point, the grafting degree of the ZG-MR-2h film was 18.26%, with solubility and swelling ratios of 23.63% and 49.38%, respectively. The tensile strength and elongation at break reached 19.07 MPa and 29.36%, while the DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging rates were 48.64% and 50.24%, respectively. Blueberry preservation experiments demonstrated that ZG-MR-2h coating could significantly (P<0.05) reduce the weight loss rate and decay rate of fruits, maintain high fruit firmness, retard the decline in contents of soluble solids, anthocyanins, and vitamin C, and inhibit the reduction in sensory scores including color, firmness, wrinkling, decay degree, odor, flavor, and taste, thereby effectively retarding the deterioration of fruit quality. The combined analysis of electronic nose and GC-MS showed that ZG-MR-2h coating could significantly delay the attenuation of characteristic aroma components such as aldehydes, alcohols, esters, and terpenes in blueberries, while reducing the formation of spoilage odor substances such as acids, sulfides, and nitrogen oxides. This study will provide theoretical support for the development of a green coating preservation technology for blueberries based on glycosylated protein.

, authors=Zuoyong ZHANG, Yuanyong ZHANG, Li ZHENG, Yaopeng CHEN, Jingjing DONG, Shuyan SUN, Na GUO, Guilan ZHU*, authorsList=Zuoyong ZHANG, Yuanyong ZHANG, Li ZHENG, Yaopeng CHEN, Jingjing DONG, Shuyan SUN, Na GUO, Guilan ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guilan ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880762354782860, articleId=1320880758630240887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=美拉德糖基化玉米醇溶蛋白涂膜的制备及其在蓝莓保鲜中的应用, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为缓解蓝莓采后品质劣变,本研究采用超声辅助美拉德反应对玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)进行糖基化改性,制备不同反应时间(0~2.5 h)的糖基化膜,经系统理化性能表征后应用于蓝莓涂膜保鲜。结果显示,Zein-葡萄糖糖基化膜具有最高的接枝度,因此葡萄糖被选为最优糖源。随着美拉德反应时间延长,糖基化膜褐变程度加深、接枝度提升,分子结构中引入羟基基团,膜表面呈现多孔粗糙的微观形貌。与此同时,糖基化膜的亲水性显著(P<0.05)增强,机械强度与抗氧化性均呈现先升后降的趋势,在反应2 h(ZG-MR-2 h)时达到最优水平。此时,ZG-MR-2h膜的接枝度为18.26%,溶解性与溶胀性分别为23.63%和49.38%,拉伸强度与断裂伸长率分别为19.07 MPa和29.36%,DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率分别达到48.64%和50.24%。蓝莓保鲜实验表明,ZG-MR-2h涂膜能显著(P<0.05)降低果实失重率和腐败率,维持果实较高硬度,减缓可溶性固形物、花青素和VC含量下降,并抑制颜色、硬度、皱缩、腐烂程度、气味、风味、滋味等感官评分的降低,有效减缓果实品质劣变。电子鼻与GC-MS联合分析表明,ZG-MR-2 h涂膜可显著延缓蓝莓中醛类、醇类、酯类和萜烯类特征香气成分的衰减,同时减少酸类、硫化物、氮氧化合物等腐败异味物质的生成。本研究将为基于糖基化蛋白的蓝莓绿色涂膜保鲜技术开发提供理论支持。

, authors=张左勇, 张元勇, 郑莉, 陈耀鹏, 董精晶, 孙书言, 郭娜, 朱桂兰*, authorsList=张左勇, 张元勇, 郑莉, 陈耀鹏, 董精晶, 孙书言, 郭娜, 朱桂兰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱桂兰, authorNote=

张左勇(1994−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
朱桂兰(1980−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:碳水化合物资源开发与利用,E-mail:。
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Food Research and Development, 2024, 45(24): 168−175., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880962410500389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=54, rfOrder=85, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FERRÃO L F V, SATER H, LYRENE P, et, al. Terpene volatiles mediates the chemical basis of blueberry aroma and consumer acceptability[J]. Food Research International, 2022, 158: 111468., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880962515357990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=55, rfOrder=86, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIAN Y P L, ZHOU Q, MAGANA A A, et al. Comparative study of volatile composition of major Northern Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) varieties[J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2022, 110: 104538., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880962603438375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=56, rfOrder=87, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIN J Y, WANG X G, ZHANG Y, et al. Integration of E-nose, volatilomic profiling, and transcriptomics reveals the mechanisms aroma formation during the ripening process of blueberries[J]. Food Research International, 2025, 221: 117282., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880962704101672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=57, rfOrder=88, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIAN Y P L, ZHANG D N, AN Y Q, et al. Characterization of aroma-active compounds in northern highbush blueberries "Bluecrop" (Vaccinium corymbosum "Bluecrop") and "Elliott" (Vaccinium corymbosum "Elliott") by gas chromatography-olfactometry dilution analysis and odor activity value[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2021, 69(20): 5691−701., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880962787987753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=58, rfOrder=89, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FORNEY C F, JORDAN M A, PENNELL K M, et al. Controlled atmosphere storage impacts fruit quality and flavor chemistry of five cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)[J]. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2022, 194: 112073., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880940423958657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880940444930178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, companyId=1320880940423958657, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Biology and Food Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Green Food Rural Revitalization Collaborative Technology Service Center of Anhui, Hefei 230061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880940453318787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, companyId=1320880940423958657, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=合肥师范学院 生物与食品工程学院,安徽省绿色食品乡村振兴协同技术服务中心,安徽合肥 230061)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880946153377976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Zein-glucose glycosylated films with different Maillard reaction times, figureFileSmall=LlRMkczmLIzoymCOFhZhRA==, figureFileBig=bGKhwcUDmM9G2iF5S69CHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880946233069753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同美拉德反应时间的玉米醇溶蛋白-葡萄糖糖基化膜, figureFileSmall=LlRMkczmLIzoymCOFhZhRA==, figureFileBig=bGKhwcUDmM9G2iF5S69CHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880946329538746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Fourier transform infrared spectra of different zein-glucose glycosylated films, figureFileSmall=IZX16wDavbbMQvq5Z+hMaw==, figureFileBig=+7ie+UMnkuHXAosl6ax1Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880946396647611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同玉米醇溶蛋白-葡萄糖糖基化膜傅里叶变换红外光谱图, figureFileSmall=IZX16wDavbbMQvq5Z+hMaw==, figureFileBig=+7ie+UMnkuHXAosl6ax1Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880946455367868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Scanning electron microscopy images of different zein-glucose glycosylated films, figureFileSmall=Ec9KmbMvsqe/J7sCtuuN0w==, figureFileBig=Y8QZfKa6V5DPHSBM4USHlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880946543448253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同玉米醇溶蛋白-葡萄糖糖基化膜的扫描电镜图, figureFileSmall=Ec9KmbMvsqe/J7sCtuuN0w==, figureFileBig=Y8QZfKa6V5DPHSBM4USHlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880946627334334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of Maillard reaction time on solubility (a) and swelling properties (b) of zein-glucose glycosylated films, figureFileSmall=R1oLwlQWFCUxLLtlGuxJYg==, figureFileBig=/W3pAN1mbTsloAkkM+Xt9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880946719609023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=CN, label=图4, caption=美拉德反应时间对玉米醇溶蛋白-葡萄糖糖基化膜溶解性(a)与溶胀性(b)的影响

注:不同的小写字母代表不同样品之间差异显著(P<0.05);图5、图6同。

, figureFileSmall=R1oLwlQWFCUxLLtlGuxJYg==, figureFileBig=/W3pAN1mbTsloAkkM+Xt9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880946790912192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of Maillard reaction time on the mechanical strength of zein-glucose glycosylated films, figureFileSmall=UWIVjYHl8d206gVkhscxZw==, figureFileBig=RhAbwzxwR/RQFB08mZ1IxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880946870603969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=CN, label=图5, caption=美拉德反应时间对玉米醇溶蛋白-葡萄糖糖基化膜机械强度的影响, figureFileSmall=UWIVjYHl8d206gVkhscxZw==, figureFileBig=RhAbwzxwR/RQFB08mZ1IxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880946929324226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of Maillard reaction times on the antioxidant activity of zein-glucose glycosylated films, figureFileSmall=OFiEJBMBQ3HvIt0CkkfnMg==, figureFileBig=ykNXLSbv9niKTeHBOkk9qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880947004821699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=CN, label=图6, caption=美拉德反应时间对玉米醇溶蛋白-葡萄糖糖基化膜抗氧化性的影响, figureFileSmall=OFiEJBMBQ3HvIt0CkkfnMg==, figureFileBig=ykNXLSbv9niKTeHBOkk9qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880947076124868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Apparent changes of blueberries during storage, figureFileSmall=i6/FImu64PmsD86EmO/64g==, figureFileBig=Nb1Fxh9JCamdpUvA9CHTZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880947134845125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=CN, label=图7, caption=蓝莓贮藏期间的表观变化, figureFileSmall=i6/FImu64PmsD86EmO/64g==, figureFileBig=Nb1Fxh9JCamdpUvA9CHTZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880947210342598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Changes in physicochemical quality of blueberries with different treatments during storage, figureFileSmall=JAHEQRYPXnrE32tkNYhtKw==, figureFileBig=zu0Jx+x+ft+FSUgB3O7oVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880947277451463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同处理的蓝莓贮藏期间理化品质的变化

注:不同的大写字母代表同一贮藏时间不同处理样品之间差异显著(P<0.05),不同的小写字母代表同一处理样品随贮藏时间变化差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=JAHEQRYPXnrE32tkNYhtKw==, figureFileBig=zu0Jx+x+ft+FSUgB3O7oVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880947340366024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Heatmap of volatile compounds in blueberries with different treatments during storage, figureFileSmall=xrzqVTbmG6QBdPSBG7OxUg==, figureFileBig=2OQUNZaMqrF0tSO545ke/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880947407474889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同处理的蓝莓贮藏过程中挥发性化合物热图, figureFileSmall=xrzqVTbmG6QBdPSBG7OxUg==, figureFileBig=2OQUNZaMqrF0tSO545ke/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880949055836362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Evaluation criteria for sensory quality of blueberry fruits

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评分标准感官评分(分)
颜色呈现深蓝色或紫色,颜色鲜艳且均匀9~10
蓝色或紫色稍深,整体颜色均匀7~8
颜色不太均匀,部分区域颜色变深,但仍能看到蓝色或紫色5~6
颜色不均匀,大片颜色变深或出现斑点3~4
颜色非常不均匀,有大量的颜色变深或斑点0~2
硬度触摸时感觉坚硬,表面坚实无变软迹象9~10
稍微减少硬度,但整体仍然坚实7~8
感觉柔软,但仍有一定硬度5~6
明显变软,但还能感觉到一些硬度3~4
完全软化,触摸时感觉很松软0~2
气味蓝莓香气清新9~10
蓝莓香气较淡7~8
蓝莓香气减弱,出现轻微异味5~6
蓝莓香气基本消失,有异味3~4
蓝莓香气完全消失,浓重的异味0~2
风味糖酸比例均衡,香气浓郁,风味极佳9~10
糖酸比例均衡,香气正常7~8
糖酸比不协调,香气弱5~6
糖酸比不协调,有酸味3~4
风味差,几乎不能食用0~2
滋味咀嚼性好,多汁9~10
咀嚼性适中7~8
咀嚼性差,果汁少5~6
咀嚼性差,几乎不能食用3~4
腐烂,无法食用0~2
腐烂程度无任何腐烂迹象,完全干燥9~10
有轻微软化,但没有明显的腐烂7~8
出现轻微腐烂斑点5~6
表面有明显腐烂区域,局部变软3~4
严重腐烂,表面大面积软化或出现霉斑0~2
皱缩程度表面平滑无皱缩9~10
轻微皱缩,整体形状完整7~8
表面有些皱缩,形状基本完整5~6
明显皱缩,形状有些变形3~4
严重皱缩,形状明显变形0~2
), ArticleFig(id=1320880949185859787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

蓝莓果实感官品质评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评分标准感官评分(分)
颜色呈现深蓝色或紫色,颜色鲜艳且均匀9~10
蓝色或紫色稍深,整体颜色均匀7~8
颜色不太均匀,部分区域颜色变深,但仍能看到蓝色或紫色5~6
颜色不均匀,大片颜色变深或出现斑点3~4
颜色非常不均匀,有大量的颜色变深或斑点0~2
硬度触摸时感觉坚硬,表面坚实无变软迹象9~10
稍微减少硬度,但整体仍然坚实7~8
感觉柔软,但仍有一定硬度5~6
明显变软,但还能感觉到一些硬度3~4
完全软化,触摸时感觉很松软0~2
气味蓝莓香气清新9~10
蓝莓香气较淡7~8
蓝莓香气减弱,出现轻微异味5~6
蓝莓香气基本消失,有异味3~4
蓝莓香气完全消失,浓重的异味0~2
风味糖酸比例均衡,香气浓郁,风味极佳9~10
糖酸比例均衡,香气正常7~8
糖酸比不协调,香气弱5~6
糖酸比不协调,有酸味3~4
风味差,几乎不能食用0~2
滋味咀嚼性好,多汁9~10
咀嚼性适中7~8
咀嚼性差,果汁少5~6
咀嚼性差,几乎不能食用3~4
腐烂,无法食用0~2
腐烂程度无任何腐烂迹象,完全干燥9~10
有轻微软化,但没有明显的腐烂7~8
出现轻微腐烂斑点5~6
表面有明显腐烂区域,局部变软3~4
严重腐烂,表面大面积软化或出现霉斑0~2
皱缩程度表面平滑无皱缩9~10
轻微皱缩,整体形状完整7~8
表面有些皱缩,形状基本完整5~6
明显皱缩,形状有些变形3~4
严重皱缩,形状明显变形0~2
), ArticleFig(id=1320880949273940172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characterization of ten kinds of gas sensor arrays of E-nose

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号传感器性能描述
1W1C对芳香成分敏感
2W5S对氮氧化合物敏感
3W3C对芳香成分灵敏、氨类敏感
4W6S对氢气灵敏
5W5C对短链烷烃、芳香化合物、低极性化合物敏感
6W1S对烃类敏感,对甲基类敏感
7W1W对硫化物灵敏,对部分萜烯类敏感
8W2S对醇、酮、醛类敏感,对羰基有响应
9W2W对有机硫化物、芳香成分敏感
10W3S对长链烷烃、甲烷敏感
), ArticleFig(id=1320880949341049037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

电子鼻10种气敏传感器阵列的特征描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号传感器性能描述
1W1C对芳香成分敏感
2W5S对氮氧化合物敏感
3W3C对芳香成分灵敏、氨类敏感
4W6S对氢气灵敏
5W5C对短链烷烃、芳香化合物、低极性化合物敏感
6W1S对烃类敏感,对甲基类敏感
7W1W对硫化物灵敏,对部分萜烯类敏感
8W2S对醇、酮、醛类敏感,对羰基有响应
9W2W对有机硫化物、芳香成分敏感
10W3S对长链烷烃、甲烷敏感
), ArticleFig(id=1320880949609484494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Color, browning degree, and grafting degree of zein-different sugar glycosylation products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
糖类葡聚糖β-环糊精壳聚糖麦芽糊精普鲁兰糖葡萄糖
L*(亮度)15.12±0.05d14.75±0.04e15.62±0.03b14.26±0.03f15.87±0.05a15.35±0.04c
a*(红绿值)3.88±0.03bc3.30±0.04e3.96±0.03b4.07±0.05a3.79±0.07cd3.74±0.03d
b*(黄蓝值)10.83±0.05d10.66±0.04e11.06±0.06c12.11±0.06a9.97±0.03f11.18±0.03b
褐变度(A420)0.776±0.003b0.407±0.003e0.649±0.002d0.761±0.004c0.651±0.003d0.861±0.004a
接枝度DG(%)13.34±0.06e10.15±0.07f14.28±0.05d15.78±0.07c16.21±0.05b18.18±0.09a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880949731119311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880758630240887, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

玉米醇溶蛋白-不同糖类糖基化产物的颜色、褐变度与接枝度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
糖类葡聚糖β-环糊精壳聚糖麦芽糊精普鲁兰糖葡萄糖
L*(亮度)15.12±0.05d14.75±0.04e15.62±0.03b14.26±0.03f15.87±0.05a15.35±0.04c
a*(红绿值)3.88±0.03bc3.30±0.04e3.96±0.03b4.07±0.05a3.79±0.07cd3.74±0.03d
b*(黄蓝值)10.83±0.05d10.66±0.04e11.06±0.06c12.11±0.06a9.97±0.03f11.18±0.03b
褐变度(A420)0.776±0.003b0.407±0.003e0.649±0.002d0.761±0.004c0.651±0.003d0.861±0.004a
接枝度DG(%)13.34±0.06e10.15±0.07f14.28±0.05d15.78±0.07c16.21±0.05b18.18±0.09a
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美拉德糖基化玉米醇溶蛋白涂膜的制备及其在蓝莓保鲜中的应用
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张左勇 , 张元勇 , 郑莉 , 陈耀鹏 , 董精晶 , 孙书言 , 郭娜 , 朱桂兰 *
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(17): 454-466
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (17) : 454 -466
美拉德糖基化玉米醇溶蛋白涂膜的制备及其在蓝莓保鲜中的应用
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张左勇 , 张元勇, 郑莉, 陈耀鹏, 董精晶, 孙书言, 郭娜, 朱桂兰*
作者信息
  • 合肥师范学院 生物与食品工程学院,安徽省绿色食品乡村振兴协同技术服务中心,安徽合肥 230061
通讯作者:
朱桂兰(1980−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:碳水化合物资源开发与利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张左勇(1994−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏工程,E-mail:

Preparation of Maillard Glycosylated Zein Coating and Its Application in Blueberry Preservation
Zuoyong ZHANG , Yuanyong ZHANG, Li ZHENG, Yaopeng CHEN, Jingjing DONG, Shuyan SUN, Na GUO, Guilan ZHU*
Affiliations
  • School of Biology and Food Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Green Food Rural Revitalization Collaborative Technology Service Center of Anhui, Hefei 230061, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100012
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为缓解蓝莓采后品质劣变,本研究采用超声辅助美拉德反应对玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)进行糖基化改性,制备不同反应时间(0~2.5 h)的糖基化膜,经系统理化性能表征后应用于蓝莓涂膜保鲜。结果显示,Zein-葡萄糖糖基化膜具有最高的接枝度,因此葡萄糖被选为最优糖源。随着美拉德反应时间延长,糖基化膜褐变程度加深、接枝度提升,分子结构中引入羟基基团,膜表面呈现多孔粗糙的微观形貌。与此同时,糖基化膜的亲水性显著(P<0.05)增强,机械强度与抗氧化性均呈现先升后降的趋势,在反应2 h(ZG-MR-2 h)时达到最优水平。此时,ZG-MR-2h膜的接枝度为18.26%,溶解性与溶胀性分别为23.63%和49.38%,拉伸强度与断裂伸长率分别为19.07 MPa和29.36%,DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率分别达到48.64%和50.24%。蓝莓保鲜实验表明,ZG-MR-2h涂膜能显著(P<0.05)降低果实失重率和腐败率,维持果实较高硬度,减缓可溶性固形物、花青素和VC含量下降,并抑制颜色、硬度、皱缩、腐烂程度、气味、风味、滋味等感官评分的降低,有效减缓果实品质劣变。电子鼻与GC-MS联合分析表明,ZG-MR-2 h涂膜可显著延缓蓝莓中醛类、醇类、酯类和萜烯类特征香气成分的衰减,同时减少酸类、硫化物、氮氧化合物等腐败异味物质的生成。本研究将为基于糖基化蛋白的蓝莓绿色涂膜保鲜技术开发提供理论支持。

玉米醇溶蛋白  /  葡萄糖  /  超声  /  美拉德反应  /  蓝莓  /  涂膜保鲜

In this study, zein was glycosylated via ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction to prepare glycosylated films with varying reaction times (0~2.5 h). The physicochemical properties of these films were systematically characterized before their application as coating preservation materials to mitigate the postharvest quality deterioration of blueberries. The results indicated that the zein-glucose glycosylated film exhibited the highest degree of grafting, which established glucose as the preferred sugar source. With the extension of Maillard reaction time, the glycosylated films showed intensified browning and an increased grafting degree. The incorporation of hydroxyl groups into the zein molecular structure was confirmed, and the surface of glycosylated films displayed a porous and rough microstructure. Meanwhile, the hydrophilicity of glycosylated films was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced. The mechanical strength and antioxidant activity both initially increased and then decreased, reaching the optimal level at a reaction time of 2 h (ZG-MR-2h). At this point, the grafting degree of the ZG-MR-2h film was 18.26%, with solubility and swelling ratios of 23.63% and 49.38%, respectively. The tensile strength and elongation at break reached 19.07 MPa and 29.36%, while the DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging rates were 48.64% and 50.24%, respectively. Blueberry preservation experiments demonstrated that ZG-MR-2h coating could significantly (P<0.05) reduce the weight loss rate and decay rate of fruits, maintain high fruit firmness, retard the decline in contents of soluble solids, anthocyanins, and vitamin C, and inhibit the reduction in sensory scores including color, firmness, wrinkling, decay degree, odor, flavor, and taste, thereby effectively retarding the deterioration of fruit quality. The combined analysis of electronic nose and GC-MS showed that ZG-MR-2h coating could significantly delay the attenuation of characteristic aroma components such as aldehydes, alcohols, esters, and terpenes in blueberries, while reducing the formation of spoilage odor substances such as acids, sulfides, and nitrogen oxides. This study will provide theoretical support for the development of a green coating preservation technology for blueberries based on glycosylated protein.

zein  /  glucose  /  ultrasound  /  Maillard reaction  /  blueberries  /  coating preservation
张左勇, 张元勇, 郑莉, 陈耀鹏, 董精晶, 孙书言, 郭娜, 朱桂兰. 美拉德糖基化玉米醇溶蛋白涂膜的制备及其在蓝莓保鲜中的应用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 454 -466 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100012
Zuoyong ZHANG, Yuanyong ZHANG, Li ZHENG, Yaopeng CHEN, Jingjing DONG, Shuyan SUN, Na GUO, Guilan ZHU. Preparation of Maillard Glycosylated Zein Coating and Its Application in Blueberry Preservation[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 454 -466 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100012
蓝莓(Vaccinium spp.)属于杜鹃花科越橘属,是一种高经济价值的特色小浆果,富含花青素、酚类物质和维生素等营养物质,具有抗氧化、保护视力、增强免疫力、预防心血管疾病等多种生理功能[1]。蓝莓果皮较薄,易受到机械损伤或病原菌侵染,采后贮藏中的呼吸作用会消耗果实内部的营养成分,失水后会导致果实萎蔫、皱缩,风味下降和口感变差,最终腐烂变质,严重削弱了其商品价值[2−3]。目前,传统保鲜方法如低温贮藏、气调保鲜、辐照处理等虽可一定程度延长贮藏期,但存在成本高、操作复杂、保鲜效果有限等问题,难以满足蓝莓保鲜的现实需求[4]。因此,探寻适宜的保鲜技术以保障蓝莓采后贮藏品质、延长其货架期,对推动蓝莓产业高质量发展具有重要意义。
近年来,可食性涂膜保鲜技术已逐步应用于蓝莓采后保鲜,如结冷胶-黑米花青素-二氧化钛复合涂膜[5]、淀粉基姜黄素纳米复合涂膜[6]、壳聚糖-生姜精油纳米乳液明胶涂膜等[7]。这类涂膜多以多糖、蛋白质、脂类等天然可食用物质为原料,借助不同分子间的相互作用,通过包裹、涂布、微胶囊化等方式覆盖在果蔬表面形成保护薄层,实现阻隔水汽、氧气及各类溶质的渗透,进而延缓果蔬品质劣变[8]。玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)是一种从玉米中提取的蛋白质,具有良好的成膜性、疏水性、阻隔性和生物相容性,常用于食品包装和涂膜保鲜[9]。然而,Zein基涂膜在蓝莓采后保鲜中的应用还有待进一步挖掘。目前,纯Zein存在溶解性低、加工性能较差,成膜后柔韧性弱、脆性高及功能单一等缺点,限制了其在食品包装业中的应用[10]。因此,需要全面改善Zein膜的物化性能,从而扩大其在食品涂膜保鲜中的应用。
美拉德反应也称糖基化反应,是发生在还原糖和氨基酸之间的非酶促褐变反应,可以改善蛋白质的性能,提升其溶解性、乳化性等,拓宽应用范围[11]。反应中产生的类黑精等化合物,可以增强涂膜的内聚力和柔韧性,提升力学性能,赋予膜抗氧化、抗菌等功能性[12]。超声波作为高频声波,其空化作用可在涂膜制备中高效促进原料分散混合,打破颗粒团聚,提升涂膜均匀性与稳定性[13]。近些年,该技术已被应用于美拉德糖基化蛋白制备及相关涂膜开发。郭浩等[14]发现,500 W超声预处理能显著提高玉米醇溶蛋白-菊粉糖基化反应接枝度,改善膜的机械性能。Wang等[13]通过超声波辅助制备了大米蛋白水解物/壳聚糖可食用复合薄膜,氢键与共价相互作用显著提升了薄膜相容性与断裂伸长率。超声作用下,体系内空化气泡会从机械或化学层面破坏蛋白质结构,使其空间构象松散,暴露更多美拉德反应活性基团[15],进而增加蛋白与糖分子的碰撞概率,提高二者接枝程度[16]。目前,利用超声辅助美拉德反应制备糖基化Zein涂膜并应用于蓝莓的采后保鲜鲜有报道。
本研究以玉米醇溶蛋白为原料,采用超声辅助美拉德反应制备糖基化玉米醇溶蛋白。通过考察糖的种类对糖基化产物褐变程度、色泽及接枝度的影响,筛选出适宜的反应糖类。在此基础上,进一步制备不同接枝度的糖基化玉米醇溶蛋白涂膜,并对涂膜进行结构及性能表征。最后,将性能突出的涂膜应用于蓝莓保鲜实验,通过测定蓝莓贮藏期间的理化品质及挥发性气味成分变化,评价糖基化涂膜的保鲜效能。本研究以期为蓝莓等易腐果蔬的绿色高效保鲜提供理论依据与实践参考。
供试蓝莓 由安徽徽王食品有限公司提供,果实无病虫害、无机械损伤、表面干爽、果粉基本完整、成熟度相对一致;玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)、1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(DPPH)、2,2’-连氮基-双-(3-乙基苯并二氢噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(ABTS) 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;葡萄糖等糖类 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;乙醇等其余试剂为分析纯 上海国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
LC-JA2003分析天平 上海力辰仪器科技有限公司;HS5加热磁力搅拌器 浙江群安科学仪器有限公司;XM-P04H超声清洗器 昆山小美超声仪器有限公司;HH-2数显恒温水浴锅 金坛市杰瑞尔电器有限公司;DHG-9070电热鼓风干燥箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;SC-10色差仪 广东三恩时科技有限公司;UV1800紫外分光光度计 日本岛津公司;Nicolet-6700傅里叶红外光谱仪 美国Thermo Nicolet公司;SU8010扫描电子显微镜 日本日立有限公司;TA-XT plus质构仪 英国Stable Micro Systems公司;7890B-5977B气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS) 美国安捷伦公司;PEN3型电子鼻 德国Airsense公司。
将玉米醇溶蛋白-不同糖类以11:1(w/w)的质量比混合,溶于70%(v/v)乙醇溶液,底物质量浓度调整为6%(w/v)。磁力搅拌30 min后,在96 W超声功率、70 ℃下超声30 min,然后在90 ℃水浴锅中美拉德反应120 min,获得不同美拉德糖基化玉米醇溶蛋白。以颜色、褐变程度和接枝度为指标,确定糖基化反应最适的糖类。
采用色差仪对不同糖基化产物溶液的色泽进行测定,记录样品的L*、a*、b*值,多次测定后取平均值。
使用紫外分光光度计测定不同糖基化产物溶液420 nm波长下的吸光度(A420),表示褐变程度,以去离子水作为空白对照。
接枝度(Degree of glycosylation,DG)的测定采用邻苯二甲醛(OPA)法[17]。称取40 mg OPA溶解于1 mL甲醇中,加入25 mL 0.1 mol/L硼砂溶液、2.5 mL 20%(w/v)SDS溶液和100 μL β-巯基乙醇混合,并用去离子水定容至50 mL,制得OPA试剂。
取200 µL 2 mg/mL样品溶液(以蛋白质质量浓度计)与4 mL OPA试剂于35 ℃水浴3 min,于340 nm测定其吸光度,以去离子水作为空白对照。接枝度(DG)计算公式如(1)所示:
$\rm \text{DG}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{A}}_{0}-{\text{A}}_{1}}{{\text{A}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:A0表示玉米醇溶蛋白在340 nm的吸光度;A1表示不同糖基化玉米醇溶蛋白在340 nm的吸光度。
将玉米醇溶蛋白-葡萄糖按照1.2.1相同条件下进行超声处理。然后在90 ℃水浴锅中分别美拉德反应1、1.5、2和2.5 h,冷却后使用透析袋(1 kDa)透析24 h。冷冻干燥后,使用70%乙醇配制成质量浓度为6%的溶液。接着,加入20%(w/w)甘油(以糖基化产物质量计),混匀后真空脱气。量取20 mL成膜溶液流延到内径为9 cm的培养皿中,60 ℃烘干2 h后,置于盛有饱和溴化钠溶液(相对湿度58%)的干燥器内,25 ℃放置48 h后揭膜,得到不同接枝度的糖基化膜,分别记为ZG-MR-1 h、ZG-MR-1.5 h、ZG-MR-2 h及ZG-MR-2.5 h。对照Zein膜的制备则在相同条件下以Zein取代糖基化Zein。
将糖基化膜裁剪成2 cm×2 cm大小一致的方片,对其外观进行观察;使用数显千分尺测定膜的厚度;用色差计测定膜的L*、a*、b*值;采用OPA法测定膜的接枝度。
将膜与溴化钾按1:100(w/w)的质量比混匀,研磨成均匀粉末,压片后置于红外光谱仪中进行测定,扫描范围4000~400 cm−1,分辨率4 cm−1,波数精度0.01 cm−1。
使用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)观察膜表面的微观形貌。将膜剪成约5 mm2的小片,贴在有导电胶的样品台上进行喷金处理,在5 kV加速电压下观察样品的微观形貌,放大倍数为2000×。
将薄膜裁剪成2 cm×2 cm的正方形,在105 ℃烘箱中干燥至质量恒定(W1)后,置于去离子水中24 h后,将不溶物取出后干燥至恒重(W2),糖基化膜溶解性按式(2)计算:
$\rm \text{溶解性}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{W}}_{1}-{\text{W}}_{2}}{{\text{W}}_{1}}\times 100 $
溶胀性的测定则将糖基化膜在105 ℃烘箱中干燥至恒重(M1)后,置于去离子水中浸泡5 min,取出后用滤纸吸干表面水分,准确称量质量M2,糖基化膜溶胀性按式(3)计算:
$\rm \text{溶胀性}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{M}}_{2}-{\text{M}}_{1}}{{\text{M}}_{1}}\times 100 $
使用质构仪测定糖基化膜的拉伸强度(Tensile strength,TS)和断裂伸长率(Elongation at break,EAB),参照张馨雨等[18]的方法并略作修改。将膜裁剪成10 mm×60 mm大小的长条,置于初始距离为40 mm的夹具间,设置拉伸速度为30 mm/min。TS和EAB的计算如式(4)和(5)所示:
$ \text{TS}(\text{MPa})=\frac{\text{F}}{\text{S}} $
式中:F为拉伸过程中膜承受的最大拉力(N);S为膜样品的横截面积(m2)。
$ \text{EAB}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{L}}{{\text{L}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:L为膜断裂时增加的长度(mm);L0为膜的起始长度(mm)。
采用分光光度法测定糖基化膜对DPPH和ABTS+自由基的清除效果[19]。称取0.25 g糖基化膜并溶解于50 mL 70%体积分数的乙醇中,离心后取2 mL溶液与2 mL DPPH乙醇溶液(0.2 mmol/L)混合,避光反应30 min后,测定在517 nm处吸光度,DPPH自由基清除活性按公式(6)计算:
$\rm \text{DPPH自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{s}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{b}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{c}}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:As为测试样品溶液的吸光度,Ab为对照品(2 mL样品溶液+2 mL无水乙醇)的吸光度,Ac为空白溶液(以无水乙醇代替样品)的吸光度。
ABTS+自由基通过将7.4 mmol/L ABTS和2.45 mmol/L过硫酸钾溶液混合,避光放置12 h,然后用乙醇稀释,直到在734 nm处吸光度为0.700±0.001。然后将1 mL糖基化膜乙醇溶液与4 mL稀释的ABTS+溶液避光反应30 min,测定其在734 nm处吸光度。ABTS+自由基清除活性按公式(7)计算:
$\rm {ABTS^+自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{s}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{b}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{c}}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:As为测试样品溶液的吸光度,Ab为对照品(1 mL样品溶液+4 mL无水乙醇)的吸光度,Ac为空白溶液(以无水乙醇代替样品)的吸光度。
挑选大小均匀,成熟度一致的新鲜蓝莓,平均分成3组(未处理组、Zein涂膜处理组及ZG-MR-2 h涂膜处理组),将蓝莓分别浸入不同膜液中30 s,风干后,放置在4 ℃冰箱中储藏14 d,每隔2 d取样测试。
使用高清相机记录不同处理的蓝莓果实贮藏过程中的外观与颜色变化;采用称重法测定蓝莓失重率,采用计数法测定蓝莓腐烂率[20];采用质构仪对蓝莓果实硬度进行测定[21];使用阿贝折光仪测定可溶性固形物含量;花青素含量的测定使用pH示差法[22];采用2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法测定VC的含量[23]。
参照史洁莹等[1]与黄彭等[24]的方法略作修改。感官评价小组由12名年龄在20~30岁之间的成员组成,男女各半。按照表1的感官评价表标准,评价人员分别从7个感官维度(颜色、硬度、气味、风味、滋味、腐烂程度和皱缩程度)对贮藏期间蓝莓的感官品质进行评定,每项评分满分为10分,结果取所有评价者评分的平均值。
参照薛友林等[25]的方法并略作修改。取5 g蓝莓果实捣碎,置于20 mL的顶空瓶中,密封后,在50 ℃水浴锅中平衡5 min后使用PEN3电子鼻测定。测定条件:传感器清洗70 s,自动调零10 s,样品准备5 s,样品测试50 s,样品测定间隔1 s,内部流量与进样流量均设定为100 mL/min。选取测定过程中第48~50 s的数据用于后续分析,保证实验数据的稳定性和精确度。电子鼻传感器的性能描述如表2所示。
蓝莓挥发性化合物通过顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱分析(GC-MS)联用法测定[25],选用100 μm PDMS萃取头与HP-INNOWAX色谱柱(30 m×250 μm×0.25 μm)。将5 g蓝莓捣碎后置于20 mL气相进样瓶中,用PTFE/BYTL隔膜密封,在55 ℃水浴下温育5 min后,用SPME纤维对挥发性化合物萃取30 min。吸附完成后,将SPME纤维在GC-MS进样口中250 ℃解吸5 min。程序升温设置为:初始温度40 ℃保持2 min,随后以2 ℃/min速率升至150 ℃并维持1 min,再以5 ℃/min升温至210 ℃保留5 min;传输线温度250 ℃,载气为He,流速1 mL/min,采用不分流模式。质谱检测条件为:连接杆温度280 ℃,电离方式为EI,离子源温度200 ℃,扫描质量范围35~350 amu。定性分析通过检索NIST/WILEY标准谱库,结合检测样品中各挥发性成分的质谱图与谱库中标准化合物的特征离子峰类型、相对丰度比进行比对匹配,剔除干扰峰后确认目标成分,相对含量采用峰面积归一化法进行计算。
实验至少重复三次,结果用平均值±标准差表示。使用SPSS 22.0软件进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),采用Tukey检验进行显著性分析,P<0.05为显著差异。使用Unscrambler X 10.4对数据进行主成分分析(PCA)。
Zein-不同糖类糖基化产物的颜色、褐变度与接枝度如表3所示。不同糖基化产物色差L*、a*、b*值表现出一定的差异,可能是由于糖类的溶解度与糖基化反应程度的不同。其中,Zein-葡萄糖糖基化产物的褐变程度和接枝度最高,分别达到了0.861和18.18%。研究表明,美拉德糖基化产物的褐变程度与接枝度呈现出正相关[15]。因此,较高的褐变度可以从侧面反映出Zein更易与葡萄糖发生糖基化反应,这是由于葡萄糖较高的溶解性和较小的空间位阻,使其能够高效分散于反应体系中,突破蛋白聚集屏障,显著增加其羰基(-CHO)与蛋白氨基(-NH2)的碰撞概率[9,26]。因此,本研究中选择葡萄糖作为制备糖基化Zein的最适糖类,后续实验将进一步筛选适宜褐变度和接枝度的产物用于蓝莓涂膜保鲜。
不同美拉德反应时间的玉米醇溶蛋白-葡萄糖糖基化膜如图1所示。所有膜的外观平整有光泽,无明显颗粒和裂纹,膜的厚度约为0.10 mm,颜色逐渐由黄色向橙红色转变。以Zein膜为对照,不同反应时间下糖基化膜的L*值(亮度)分别为15.91、15.54、15.32及14.84,A420值分别为0.782、0.809、0.866及0.892,表明随着反应时间的增加,糖基化膜的颜色加深,褐变程度加剧,这是由于美拉德反应生成的糠醛及其衍生物之间相互聚合而生成类黑精等深褐色物质[27]。此外,糖基化膜的接枝度随反应时间增加,分别达到16.08%、17.17%、18.26%及19.75%,说明Zein分子链逐渐展开,更多的自由氨基暴露出来,与糖类反应的接触面增大,使得接枝度升高[28]。
傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)常用于探究蛋白质糖基化过程中的分子结构变化,主要表现为蛋白质吸收峰位置的迁移或吸收强度的改变。如图2所示,在3600~3100 cm−1范围内的红外吸收峰通常表示羟基(-OH)的伸缩振动[29]。与Zein膜相比,随着糖基化反应时间的延长,糖基化膜在该特征吸收峰区域的强度逐渐增强。这一现象表明,Zein分子中引入的葡萄糖的羟基基团数量逐步增多,直接体现为Zein接枝度的提升。蛋白质的主要吸收峰包括1700~1600 cm−1处酰胺Ⅰ带(C=O伸缩振动)、1575~1480 cm−1处酰胺Ⅱ带(N-H弯曲和C-N伸缩振动)和1300~1200 cm−1处酰胺Ⅲ带(C-N伸缩和N-H变形振动)[30]。与Zein膜相比,糖基化膜随着反应时间的延长,其酰胺Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ带的特征吸收峰强度呈逐步减弱趋势。该现象可能是随着糖基化反应推进,Zein接枝度持续提升,促使分子中游离氨基残基的N-H基团与C-N基团被更多消耗,进而生成Amadori重排化合物(C=O)、Schiff碱(C=N)及吡嗪(C-N)等新物质[15]。此外,随着接枝度逐步上升,1700~1600 cm−1处的酰胺Ⅰ带吸收峰逐渐减弱,表明Zein的α-螺旋结构可能部分转变为β-折叠或无规卷曲结构,这是因为糖基化修饰影响了蛋白质分子内和分子间的氢键网络,使得原本有序的二级结构发生重排[31]。FTIR结果证实Zein分子中引入了葡萄糖,其接枝度随糖基化反应时间的增加而逐渐提升。
通过SEM对薄膜的表面微观结构进行表征来反映膜分子间的排列信息,评价薄膜的性能。如图3所示,Zein膜的表面结构较为光滑平整,经美拉德反应后,糖基化膜表面形成了蜂窝状的多孔结构。相关研究指出,多孔结构的形成可能是超声波处理中空化效应产生的机械性断键作用和剪切力对样品表面形貌的作用[32]。此外,随着美拉德反应时间的延长,糖基化膜表面的孔洞数量显著增多,且分布愈发密集,粗糙程度加剧。这与张玉茹等[15]研究的玉米醇溶蛋白与葡聚糖美拉德反应产物有相似的微观结构。粗糙的微观结构意味着膜表面积的大幅增加,有利于提高Zein与葡萄糖的接触机会,从而提高糖基化产物的接枝度。卜单等[33]也提出超声使得蛋白结构变得松散,更有利于糖分子的接入,使糖基化程度增大。
溶解性和溶胀性可以反映出薄膜的耐水性能。如图4(a)与图4(b)所示,以Zein膜为对照,随着反应时间延长,糖基化膜的溶解性和溶胀性显著(P<0.05)增强,其中在2 h时,溶解性由对照Zein膜的10.32%升至23.63%,溶胀性则由43.11%升至49.38%。当反应2.5 h时,溶解性与溶胀性分别增长为25.29%和52.44%。该结果主要归因于糖基化反应后,玉米醇溶蛋白引入了葡萄糖的亲水性羟基,使分子间作用力减小,分子间距离增大,提高了糖基化膜对周围环境水分的吸附能力[34]。
拉伸强度和断裂伸长率是评价包装膜机械性能的重要指标。如图5(a)与图5(b)所示,随着反应时间的增加,薄膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率先增加后下降,在2 h时呈现最大值,分别达到19.07 MPa和29.36%。此前,关于玉米醇溶蛋白-葡萄糖超声辅助糖基化复合膜的研究证实,随着糖基化反应时间的延长,接枝度的持续提升与膜材料的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率之间并未始终呈现线性正相关关系[35]。当反应时间较短时,蛋白质氨基和糖类的羰基结合能够加强分子间相互作用,形成稳定的网络结构,从而令薄膜更加坚固柔韧、机械性能提升[36]。同时,糖基化引入的大量羟基基团,在一定程度上具有增塑的作用,使得拉伸强度增强[37]。然而,若反应时间过长,糖基化膜表面会出现大量褶皱,膜的结晶度下降、无定形区扩大,其质地逐渐变脆、柔韧性减弱,进而导致拉伸强度与断裂伸长率进一步下降[38]。因此,超声辅助美拉德反应2 h是适宜的糖基化时间,可以有效增强薄膜的柔韧性。
DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除能力可以反映糖基化膜的抗氧化能力。如图6(a)与图6(b)所示,与对照Zein膜相比,随着反应时间的增加,糖基化膜的DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率先逐渐上升,在2 h时分别达到最大值48.64%和50.24%,随后清除率开始下降,这与满涛等[10]的实验结果相似。糖基化Zein抗氧化性的提高,其主要原因包括:Amadori重排形成的还原酮及其他中间产物能有效破坏自由基链;Strecker降解产生的氨基酮、醛类及其他末期糖基化终产物中的羟基、还原性呋喃和吡咯等基团可提供氢原子;末期终产物“类黑精”中含有的酚羟基、氨基等还原性基团,可以提供电子或氢原子来终止氧化链反应;糖的焦糖化反应也有一定抗氧化作用[15,39−40]。然而,当反应时间过长,会使蛋白质分子发生热聚集,同时具有还原力的美拉德产物会有部分分解,导致抗氧化能力下降[41]。
综上,ZG-MR-2 h膜具有适宜的褐变度与接枝度,良好的溶解性与溶胀性,以及最佳的机械性能和抗氧化性,因此选作蓝莓保鲜的涂膜材料。
蓝莓的表观变化能够直观地反映出果实品质的变化,是消费者对质量的直接判断。如图7所示,贮藏初期(0~4 d),蓝莓果实保持良好的饱满度与光泽,表面褶皱少,水分流失少,颜色劣变速率缓慢。随着贮藏时间延长至4~6 d,果实饱满度略有下降,表面光泽减弱、色泽逐渐暗沉,轻微皱缩现象开始显现。贮藏后期(8~14 d),果实劣变程度加剧,光泽度持续降低,色泽进一步暗沉,果肉失水皱缩特征显著。其中,未处理组蓝莓品质劣变速度最快,贮藏末期已出现发霉腐烂现象。与未处理组相比,涂膜处理组的果实失水皱缩、软化及霉变问题均得到明显改善。ZG-MR-2 h糖基化涂膜在贮藏前期(0~8 d)可有效延缓蓝莓品质劣变,维持果实的水分含量、饱满度及优良色泽;但8 d后其保鲜效果逐渐衰减,果实品质开始呈缓慢下降趋势,但未出现霉变腐烂现象。综上,ZG-MR-2 h糖基化涂膜仍是维持贮藏期蓝莓表观品质的有效保鲜方案。
果实的质量损失率反映果实的水分和营养成分流失程度,影响果实的食用品质与商品价值。如图8(a)与图8(b)所示,随着贮藏时间的延长,不同处理的蓝莓的失重率与腐烂率显著(P<0.05)增加,这是由于果实自身的生理活动、水分散失与微生物的侵染。在整个贮藏期间,蓝莓的失重率与腐烂率大小始终表现为未处理>Zein涂膜>ZG-MR-2 h涂膜。贮藏14 d时,二者在未处理组分别高达8.02%和17.55%,Zein涂膜组为6.93%和14.42%,而ZG-MR-2 h涂膜组仅为6.09%和12.57%。这一结果与Li等[42]关于负载百里香酚的κ-卡拉胶/玉米醇溶蛋白复合膜对蓝莓保鲜研究的结论相似。一方面,糖基化Zein涂膜在蓝莓表面形成了一层保护膜,可以有效抑制蓝莓的呼吸作用与水分蒸发,减少了果实的失重。另一方面,糖基化Zein涂膜中生成了一定量的类黑精、还原酮等抗氧化成分,可以降低果实表面被霉菌、酵母菌等微生物侵染的风险,延缓蓝莓的衰老腐败[43]。
硬度与水果的新鲜程度密切相关,是影响消费者购买行为的关键因素。如图8(c)所示,随着贮藏时间的增加,蓝莓硬度均呈现显著(P<0.05)下降的趋势。其中,未处理蓝莓的硬度从初始的3.96 N下降至1.32 N,下降幅度达66.67%,主要是由于水分流失和细胞壁中多糖(果胶、半纤维素和纤维素)降解,导致果实表面软化直至腐败[42]。此外,Zein涂膜蓝莓在第14 d时硬度维持在1.60 N,比未处理组高21.21%,说明涂膜处理有效提升了果实硬度。进一步对比,ZG-MR-2 h涂膜的效果更为突出,涂膜后的蓝莓硬度在第14 d时维持在1.84 N,显著(P<0.05)高于其余两组。该结果可能是由于ZG-MR-2 h涂膜阻止了蓝莓代谢中水分流失,同时抑制了多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶甲酯酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维素酶的活性,减少了细胞壁多糖的降解,从而延缓了蓝莓软化并维持果实饱满度[44]。
可溶性固形物含量主要是一些小分子糖类,可直接反映果实成熟程度和营养物质含量。由图8(d)可知,随贮藏时间延长,各组蓝莓的可溶性固形物含量均呈先升后降趋势,在第4 d达到峰值,其中未处理组、Zein涂膜组及ZG-MR-2 h涂膜组的含量分别为18.03%、18.33%和18.84%,这主要归因于蓝莓中淀粉转化为可溶性糖、细胞壁多糖水解,以及水分流失导致的固形物浓度相对升高;贮藏后期,各组可溶性固形物含量开始显著(P<0.05)下降,至第14 d时,未处理组、Zein涂膜组及ZG-MR-2 h涂膜组分别降至12.94%、13.97%和14.93%,这可能与多糖水解酶活性降低、呼吸作用对糖类物质的消耗增加有关[45]。对比发现,ZG-MR-2 h涂膜处理显著(P<0.05)延缓了蓝莓果实可溶性固形物含量的下降速度,说明其在贮藏过程中对蓝莓的保鲜效果最好。该结果可能是由于ZG-MR-2 h涂膜能够有效地包裹蓝莓,抑制果实的呼吸,同时可能对淀粉酶、纤维素酶、果胶酶的活性具有抑制作用,减少可溶性糖的生成,延缓果实的后熟[46]。
蓝莓花青素具有清除自由基、抗炎、改善视力和预防心血管疾病等作用,也与果实成熟度相关。如图8(e)所示,在0~4 d的贮藏初期,三组蓝莓的花青素含量均呈上升趋势,在第4 d时达到峰值。此时,未处理组、Zein涂膜组和ZG-MR-2 h涂膜组中花青素含量分别达到1.87、1.94及1.99 mg/g,这与蓝莓采后成熟有关。进入4~14 d贮藏中后期,花青素含量显著(P<0.05)降低,主要由于蓝莓离体后生命活性降低,合成花青素能力下降,且易被自由基破坏损耗[20]。对比发现,ZG-MR-2 h涂膜处理对蓝莓花青素保护作用最佳,14 d后保留量仍能达到1.49 mg/g,可能由于糖基化膜具有抗氧化性和抑菌性,既清除了果实内的自由基,又抑制了微生物对蓝莓表皮的侵害,延缓了花色苷的分解。
维生素C可以清除果实内部的自由基,是衡量果实贮藏品质的重要指标。如图8(f)所示,贮藏期间,不同处理的蓝莓中VC含量显著(P<0.05)降低,下降速度呈先慢后快的趋势。其中,未处理组蓝莓的VC含量从初始的1.34 mg/g急剧下降至第14 d贮藏末期的0.51 mg/g,保留率仅为38.06%。与未处理和Zein涂膜处理相比,ZG-MR-2 h涂膜处理能有效抑制VC含量的降低。至第14 d,Zein涂膜组的VC含量为0.59 mg/g,而ZG-MR-2 h处理组的VC含量达到0.73 mg/g,保留率为54.89%,仍显著(P<0.05)高于其他两组。该结果可能是糖基化膜中具有抗氧化的活性成分,且涂膜处理后使其果实内部形成低O2环境,降低VC氧化时所需的氧含量[47]。
将完全腐败发霉的蓝莓剔除,选取品质逐渐劣变的果实开展感官评价。由附图1(详见本刊官网https://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版)可知,蓝莓在贮藏期间所有感官指标(颜色、皱缩程度、硬度、腐烂程度、风味、气味、滋味)的感官评分均呈显著(P<0.05)下降趋势,且劣变速度在第4 d后显著加快。贮藏初始阶段,各组蓝莓呈现深蓝色,颜色鲜艳均匀,表面坚实,平滑无皱缩,香气清新,酸甜多汁。随着贮藏时间的延长,蓝莓表皮色泽暗沉无光,果实绵软,且开始局部皱缩腐烂,产生腐败异味。与未处理和Zein涂膜处理相比,ZG-MR-2 h涂膜处理有效减缓了感官评分的下降,表现出延缓蓝莓腐败变质和维持感官品质的良好能力。研究结果与海藻酸钠/ε-聚赖氨酸可食膜[46]、明胶/羧甲基纤维素钠涂膜[48]及鱼腥草提取液-壳聚糖抗菌复合膜[49]对蓝莓贮藏过程中的感官品质影响的变化趋势类似。
蓝莓因含有丰富的芳香呈味物质,形成了独特气味,其与果实的成熟度、贮藏时长及腐败程度均存在紧密关联[50]。在蓝莓贮藏过程中,挥发性有机化合物会发生显著变化,可能由于呼吸作用、酶活性变化、微生物繁殖和化学氧化等因素[25]。如附图2(详见本刊官网https://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版)所示,随着贮藏时间的增加,萜类(W1W)和醛类、酮类、醇类、酯类(W2S)相关的传感器响应逐渐增强,响应值分别在第8 d和第10 d达到峰值,表明蓝莓逐渐后熟,生青气逐步消失,形成了特征果香味。在贮藏后期,W1W和W2S的信号值开始下降,同时硫化物(W2W)、呋喃类氮氧化合物(W5S)传感器的响应显著升高,标志着腐败异味的产生。与未处理和Zein涂膜处理相比,ZG-MR-2 h涂膜处理显著延缓了蓝莓中醛类、醇类、酯类和萜烯类气体的衰减,使蓝莓的主体特征香气得以保持,同时降低了酸类、硫化物、氮氧化合物等腐败异味物质的生成与积累。其主要原因可能是ZG-MR-2 h涂膜形成的物理屏障抑制了酯类和萜类等化合物分解酶的活性,减缓了果香成分的降解和挥发。此外,涂膜中的抗氧化和抗菌成分有助于清除自由基,抑制脂质过氧化反应和微生物的繁殖代谢,从而减少挥发性酸类等异味物质的生成[47,51]。
对三种不同处理蓝莓贮藏过程中的电子鼻结果进行PCA,每个圆形区域代表一种处理方式下蓝莓果实香气物质的数据采集点。PC1和PC2分别为第一主成分和第二主成分,累积贡献率均达到90%以上,表明这两个主成分基本代表样品的主要信息特征。由附图3(详见本刊官网https://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版)(a)至(c)所示,在未处理,Zein涂膜处理和ZG-MR-2 h涂膜处理后,蓝莓经历14 d的贮藏,与第0 d相比,随着贮藏时间的增加,各样本数据集能相互区分,无重叠,说明贮藏过程中蓝莓挥发性成分差别明显。此外,如附图3(d)至(k)所示,除了第0 d以外,其余样本在同一贮藏天数下,不同处理的蓝莓气味数据集之间能完全区分开,说明不同处理对蓝莓中挥发性物质的含量及组成具有显著影响。综上,PCA分析结果证实不同处理方式及不同贮藏天数的蓝莓果实气味特征数据可实现有效区分,电子鼻能够通过定量表征蓝莓贮藏过程中的气味变化,从而动态反映涂膜处理对果实品质演变规律的影响。
考虑到电子鼻快速检验时,已间隔2 d取样,因此蓝莓挥发性化合物检测时选取0、3、7、10及14 d的样本测定。GC-MS检测结果显示,蓝莓中共检测出68种挥发性成分,主要为醛类(12种)、醇类(13种)、酮类(7种)、酸类(6种)、酯类(12种)、萜类(7种)、其他未分类(11种),共同构成了其特征果香(图9)。研究表明,醛类是蓝莓新鲜风味的标志物,具有典型“青草味”,主要源于不饱和脂肪酸酶促氧化,少量来自氨基酸代谢或萜类降解;醇类为风味核心贡献者,呈柔和“果香”“花香”,主要由醇脱氢酶(Alcohol Dehydrogenase,ADH)催化醛类还原生成[52]。酮类与酸类初期含量低,主要来源于糖代谢和微生物代谢,为蓝莓品质劣变标志物,二者含量剧增会导致蓝莓产生酸败味[53]。酯类由醇类与挥发性酸类经酯化反应生成,是蓝莓“果香”“酯香”的重要来源,萜类则是其独特清新风味的核心标志物,具有“柑橘香”“花香”及“清新感”[54]。
如图9所示,贮藏初期(0~3 d),己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛等醛类相对含量呈上升趋势,于第3 d达到峰值,推测与脂氧合酶(Lipoxygenase,LOX)与氢过氧化物裂解酶(Hydroperoxide Lyase,HPL)氧化不饱和脂肪酸的活性较高相关[55]。与此同时,己醇、(E)-2-己烯醇、苯乙醇等醇类相对含量快速积累,于第7 d达到峰值,推测因ADH催化对应的醛类转化而来[56]。因此,蓝莓风味也随之从尖锐“青草味”逐步转向柔和“花香/果香”。贮藏后期(醛类3~14 d、醇类7~14 d),两类物质相对含量均显著下降,“青草味”与“柔和风味”逐渐消失。该变化一方面可能是霉菌、醋酸菌等微生物会将醛类与醇类分解为有机酸[57];另一方面推测蓝莓细胞衰老死亡,导致LOX/HPL、ADH活性失活,进而无法持续合成新的醛类与醇类。
此外,丙酮、3-羟基-2-丁酮等酮类化合物在贮藏初期相对含量较低,随着贮藏时间延长呈显著上升趋势,可能由于酵母菌等微生物发酵糖类生成。与此同时,贮藏初期酸类几乎未被检出,推测与该阶段蓝莓表皮微生物数量较少,糖类优先用于果实能量代谢,未产生乙醇等挥发性酸前体物质有关。贮藏后期,己酸、丁酸、异丁酸、异戊酸等酸类化合物含量开始增加,导致蓝莓出现明显酸败味,其可能来源于酵母菌、醋酸菌、霉菌等微生物的代谢[53]。
另一方面,酯类在0~10 d贮藏期内相对含量呈上升趋势,主要归因于该阶段乙醇、己醇、苯乙醇和乙酸的逐步生成,经酯化反应合成了乙酸乙酯、乙酸己酯等,进而与醇类协同增强蓝莓的“果香/花香”[58]。与之不同的是,萜类在贮藏初期(0~7 d)相对含量逐步累积并达到峰值,可能此阶段蓝莓细胞萜烯合成酶活性高,可通过MEP途径合成萜类,此时果实“特征清新香”最浓郁[56]。贮藏后期(10~14 d),酯类的相对含量开始下降,可能一方面醇类物质被微生物氧化为酸类,导致酸类过量积累引发酯化反应逆向进行;另一方面微生物分泌酯酶水解酯类化合物,最终造成“果香/酯香”风味衰减。萜类在7~14 d含量也显著下降,可能因为细胞衰老使萜烯合成酶活性下降,且萜类易被氧气/自由基氧化,加之霉菌分泌单萜降解酶分解萜类,最终蓝莓特征香气衰退。
最后,涂膜保鲜的结果如图9所示,与未处理组对比,蓝莓涂膜处理后可以延缓醛类(己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛、苯甲醛)、醇类(己醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、(E)-3-己烯-1-醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、苯乙醇)、酯类(乙酸乙酯、乙酸己酯、2-甲基丁酸甲酯、3-甲基丁酸乙酯、异戊酸甲酯)及萜类(芳樟醇、香叶醇、α-蒎烯、柠檬烯)等特征香气化合物的降低[21,25],同时可以抑制酮类(丙酮、3-羟基-2-丁酮、1-辛烯-3-酮等)和酸类(乙酸、己酸、丁酸、异丁酸、异戊酸)等异味化合物的生成[53]。其中,ZG-MR-2 h涂膜处理效果要优于Zein涂膜处理,说明Zein糖基化涂膜对蓝莓具有良好的保鲜效果,能够延缓蓝莓的风味劣变。
蓝莓营养丰富且经济价值高,但采后易因失水、腐烂导致品质劣变,严重制约其贮运销售。本研究采用超声辅助美拉德反应2 h(ZG-MR-2 h)制备玉米醇溶蛋白-葡萄糖糖基化涂膜,通过提升糖基化膜的接枝度、亲水性、机械性能及抗氧化活性,在蓝莓保鲜中构建起高效物理屏障与抗氧化协同作用体系。该涂膜处理可显著延缓蓝莓贮藏期间失重率与腐败率的上升,有效维持果实较高硬度;同时能减缓可溶性固形物、花青素及VC等关键营养成分的下降速度,并显著抑制颜色、硬度、皱缩、腐烂程度及气味、风味、滋味等感官指标的劣变。挥发性化合物分析进一步表明,ZG-MR-2 h涂膜可显著延缓蓝莓中醛类、醇类、酯类及萜烯类特征香气物质的衰减,同时降低酸类、硫化物、氮氧化合物等腐败异味物质的生成与积累。综上,超声辅助美拉德糖基化玉米醇溶蛋白涂膜能有效减缓蓝莓采后品质劣变,为蓝莓绿色保鲜技术的开发与应用提供了重要参考。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100012
  • 接收时间:2025-10-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-10
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    合肥师范学院 生物与食品工程学院,安徽省绿色食品乡村振兴协同技术服务中心,安徽合肥 230061

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朱桂兰(1980−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:碳水化合物资源开发与利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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