Article(id=1320883753908548055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881884691808691, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090349, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759075200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852827765, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1782835200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852827765, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852827765, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852827765, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881884691808691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='522', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782835200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852382109, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852382109, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=46, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883754118263256, articleId=1320883753908548055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Decoding Flavor Composition Differences of Chili Oils from Different Pepper Varieties Based on E-nose, GC-IMS, and HS-SPME-GC-MS, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To systematically analyze the differences in flavor composition among five representative chili oils made from Ningxia Yangjiaojiao, Shaanxi Qinjiao, Guizhou Mantianxing, Guizhou Denglongjia and Sichuan Erjingtiao peppers, this study employed multi-dimensional detection techniques, including electronic nose (E-nose), headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). Chemometric approaches such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied, combined with odor activity values (OAV) to identify key differential aroma compounds. The results demonstrated that PCA based on E-nose data could effectively distinguished the five chili oil varieties, with significant differences (P<0.05) observed in the responses of W2S and W1W sensors, indicating notable variations in the content of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, inorganic sulfides, and terpenes. A total of 41 and 99 volatile compounds were identified in the five chili oils via GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC-MS, respectively. Among them, 14 key differential compounds with variable importance in projection (VIP)>1 were screened from GC-IMS, including 6 aldehydes, 5 ketones, 1 alcohol, 1 ester, and 1 aromatic hydrocarbon, which contributed significantly to fruity, sweet, nutty, fatty, and pungent notes. From HS-SPME-GC-MS, 17 key differential aroma compounds with both VIP>1 and OAV>1 were identified. Correlation analysis between sensory attributes and key differential aroma compounds revealed that (E)-2-octenal, methional, anethole, 2-pentylfuran, and 5-methylfurfural were closely associated with nutty, caramelized sweet, and fatty notes, hexanal, heptanal, 1-pentanol, (E)-2-hexenal, benzaldehyde, 1-octen-3-ol, and nonanal were correlated with greasy and smoky notes, while 2,3-pentanedione, toluene, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, 3-methylbutanal, and phenylacetaldehyde were correlated with green and pungent notes. Overall, the Sichuan Erjingtiao chili oil exhibited the best overall aroma profile, characterized by typical meaty and sweet notes, primarily attributed to methional, 2-pentylfuran, and 5-methylfurfural. The Shaanxi Qinjiao chili oil displayed the richest aroma characteristics with a strong spicy fragrance, mainly derived from 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine. The Guizhou Denglongjiao chili oil exhibited a unique floral aroma, largely contributed by 1-octen-3-ol and 2,3-pentanedione. In contrast, the Guizhou Mantianxing and Ningxia Yangjiaojiao chili oils showed less distinct aroma characteristics, indicating relatively weaker sensory qualities. By elucidating the compositional differences in aroma characteristics of chili oils from different pepper varieties, this study aims to provide a theoretical foundation for the flavor-oriented development and quality control of high-quality chili oils.

, authors=Lili ZHAO1, Yiqing LI1, 2, Yuting SHI1, Guanying SHI1, Le ZHANG1, Pengfei JIANG1, Mingqi WANG3, Xuefeng ZHANG4, Zuobing XIAO5, Zhaogai WANG1, *, authorsList=Lili ZHAO, Yiqing LI, Yuting SHI, Guanying SHI, Le ZHANG, Pengfei JIANG, Mingqi WANG, Xuefeng ZHANG, Zuobing XIAO, Zhaogai WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhaogai WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883756152500715, articleId=1320883753908548055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于E-nose、GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS解析不同品种辣椒油的风味组成差异, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为系统解析宁夏羊角椒、陕西秦椒、贵州满天星、贵州灯笼椒和四川二荆条五种代表性辣椒油的风味组成差异,本研究采用电子鼻、顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)和气相色谱-离子迁移谱(GC-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)等多维检测技术,使用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)、正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis,OPLS-DA)等化学计量学方法,结合气味活度值(odor activity value,OAV)确定关键差异香气化合物。结果表明:电子鼻PCA能够有效区分五种辣椒油样品,在W2S和W1W传感器上差异显著(P<0.05),表明不同辣椒油样品在醇类、醛类、酮类、无机硫化物和萜烯类化合物含量上存在明显区分;通过GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS在五种辣椒油中分别鉴定出41种和99种挥发性风味化合物,GC-IMS筛选出14种变量投影重要性(variable importance in projection,VIP)得分大于1的关键差异化合物,包括醛类6 种、酮类5种、醇类1种、酯类1种、芳香烃类1种,主要对果香、甜香、坚果、脂香和辛辣刺激气味有明显差异;HS-SPME-GC-MS筛选出17种VIP值>1且OAV>1的关键差异香气化合物,通过感官属性与关键差异香气化合物的相关性分析发现(E)-2-辛烯醛、甲硫基丙醛、茴香脑、2-戊基呋喃、5-甲基糠醛与坚果味、焦甜味和油脂味相近,己醛、庚醛、1-戊醇、(E)-2-己烯醛、苯甲醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、壬醛与油腻味和烟熏味相近,2,3-戊二酮、甲苯、2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪、3-甲基丁醛、苯乙醛与生青味、辛辣味相近。综合来看,四川二荆条辣椒油的整体香气特征最佳,具有典型的肉香和甜香,主要来源于甲硫基丙醛、2-戊基呋喃和5-甲基糠醛的贡献;陕西秦椒辣椒油香气特征最为丰富,香辣气味浓郁,其典型气味主要来源于2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪;贵州灯笼椒辣椒油具有独特的花香,主要来源于1-辛烯-3-醇和2,3-戊二酮的贡献;而贵州满天星和宁夏羊角椒辣椒油的香气特征均不明显,表明二者感官品质相对较弱。本研究通过揭示不同品种辣椒油呈香特性的组成差异,旨在为高品质辣椒油的风味导向开发和质量控制提供理论依据。

, authors=赵丽丽1, 李怡晴1, 2, 史宇婷1, 史冠莹1, 张乐1, 蒋鹏飞1, 王明奇3, 张雪峰4, 肖作兵5, 王赵改1, *, authorsList=赵丽丽, 李怡晴, 史宇婷, 史冠莹, 张乐, 蒋鹏飞, 王明奇, 张雪峰, 肖作兵, 王赵改, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王赵改, authorNote=

赵丽丽(1993−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:农产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:

李怡晴(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:

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王赵改(1980−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:。
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Food and Fermentation Industries, 2025, 51(9): 327−335.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883768253067932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883753908548055, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=75, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZENG Shuoyao, ZHANG Yingyu, ZHEN Nuo, et al. Effects of different storage temperatures on taste qualities and volatile components of light-flavor Baijiu[J]. Food and Fermentation Industries, 2025, 51(9): 327−335., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883768315982493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883753908548055, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=50, rfOrder=76, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GARCÍA-GONZÁLEZ D L, TENA N, APARICIO-RUIZ R, et al. Relationship between sensory attributes and volatile compounds qualifying dry-cured hams[J]. 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label=图9, caption=气味强度与关键差异香气化合物含量的相关性聚类热图, figureFileSmall=bZjtx1a+duOTjtyuLAXqfw==, figureFileBig=//ieLBW68gqaMtPD458iQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883761651233356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883753908548055, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

E-nose responses of different varieties chili oil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称W1CW2SW3CW6SW5CW1SW1WW5SW2WW3S
贵州灯笼椒2.35±0.07a8.22±0.65c1.01±0.00a1.34±0.02bc1.17±0.05b1.91±0.16b14.12±0.32a2.29±0.05b2.18±0.03ab0.86±0.01c
四川二荆条2.40±0.07a13.45±0.06a1.01±0.00a1.45±0.04a1.23±0.06ab1.74±0.03bc14.93±0.52a2.44±0.01a2.27±0.06a1.03±0.02a
贵州满天星1.99±0.02c5.81±0.17e1.01±0.00a1.31±0.03c1.24±0.20ab1.66±0.22c11.79±1.58b2.06±0.01d1.86±0.06c0.89±0.00b
宁夏羊角椒2.24±0.05b7.35±0.27d1.01±0.00a1.32±0.02bc1.35±0.04ab2.16±0.04a11.10±1.05b2.20±0.06c2.09±0.07b0.83±0.03c
陕西秦椒2.25±0.04b11.33±0.28b1.02±0.00a1.36±0.02b1.40±0.09a1.82±0.02bc12.30±0.44b2.40±0.03a2.17±0.02ab0.91±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1320883761739313741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883753908548055, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同品种辣椒油的电子鼻响应值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称W1CW2SW3CW6SW5CW1SW1WW5SW2WW3S
贵州灯笼椒2.35±0.07a8.22±0.65c1.01±0.00a1.34±0.02bc1.17±0.05b1.91±0.16b14.12±0.32a2.29±0.05b2.18±0.03ab0.86±0.01c
四川二荆条2.40±0.07a13.45±0.06a1.01±0.00a1.45±0.04a1.23±0.06ab1.74±0.03bc14.93±0.52a2.44±0.01a2.27±0.06a1.03±0.02a
贵州满天星1.99±0.02c5.81±0.17e1.01±0.00a1.31±0.03c1.24±0.20ab1.66±0.22c11.79±1.58b2.06±0.01d1.86±0.06c0.89±0.00b
宁夏羊角椒2.24±0.05b7.35±0.27d1.01±0.00a1.32±0.02bc1.35±0.04ab2.16±0.04a11.10±1.05b2.20±0.06c2.09±0.07b0.83±0.03c
陕西秦椒2.25±0.04b11.33±0.28b1.02±0.00a1.36±0.02b1.40±0.09a1.82±0.02bc12.30±0.44b2.40±0.03a2.17±0.02ab0.91±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1320883761810616910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883753908548055, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

OAV analysis of volatile components in different varieties of chili oil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
英文名称化合物名称CAS阈值[47−48]
(mg/kg)
香气特征OAV
贵州满天星四川二荆条陕西秦椒贵州灯笼椒宁夏羊角椒
2-Octenal, (E)-(E)-2-辛
烯醛
2548-87-00.004醛香、油脂味603.44±2.21627.33±27.20456.14±20.41498.39±15.30399.39±9.15
Benzaldehyde苯甲醛100-52-70.06苦杏仁、坚果11.21±0.508.10±0.5010.80±0.4415.64±1.067.59±0.50
Butanal, 3-methyl-3-甲基丁醛590-86-30.013焦香、发酵酱香、坚果223.41±11.14207.33±7.71361.08±8.85224.82±14.55124.49±15.30
Acetophenone苯乙酮98-86-25.629果香、山楂香−−−0.02±0.00−
Ethanone, 1-(4-methylphenyl)-1-(4-甲基苯基)乙酮122-00-91.99花香、果味、樱桃味0.09±0.010.07±0.000.11±0.000.20±0.05−
2-Hexenal, (E)-(E)-2-己
烯醛
6728-26-30.424青草、苦杏仁气味1.15±0.360.81±0.100.56±0.030.95±0.140.57±0.09
Benzeneacetaldehyde苯乙醛122-78-10.083杏仁或樱桃的甜香气味136.87±5.25181.82±3.63227.35±5.8163.37±4.2295.31±3.48
Heptanal庚醛111-71-70.5油脂、油腻味1.07±0.080.85±0.020.75±0.121.40±0.090.86±0.11
Hexanal己醛66-25-10.075新鲜油脂或青草的气味45.85±2.3534.20±0.6124.86±2.7649.77±2.1130.16±6.91
Nonanal壬醛124-19-60.15豆味、脂肪34.33±1.0337.18±0.1722.75±0.3741.17±2.0722.78±0.70
Methional甲硫基丙醛3268-49-30.0002焦甜香、油脂肉汤鲜香797.00±86.897471.40±263.33−530.80±42.00−
2,3-Pentanedione2,3-戊二酮600-14-60.0003发酵气味、果味、烘烤味、黄油味和焦糖味−1983.30±167.821762.43±32.24−2072.59±12.44
1-Octen-3-ol1-辛烯-3-醇3391-86-40.034蘑菇气味38.15±4.0029.61±2.9819.19±5.4142.79±2.80−
1-Pentanol1-戊醇71-41-00.47刺鼻的酒精气味,略带甜香和发酵的气息1.77±0.32−−1.57±0.38−
Pyrazine, methyl-甲基吡嗪-109-08-027炒坚果、烘烤咖啡−−0.05±0.00−−
Furan, 2-pentyl-2-戊基呋喃3777-69-30.1豆香、黄油味、焦糖15.21±0.5425.86±1.1019.29±2.6114.55±0.7710.74±0.57
4-Vinylphenol4-乙烯基苯酚2628-17-314.7药用、辛辣−−0.04±0.01−−
Toluene甲苯108-88-30.33溶剂气味0.69±0.050.64±0.021.15±0.070.41±0.020.35±0.23
2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl-5-甲基糠醛620-02-01.11焦糖、甜杏仁味,肉香5.41±0.0832.30±0.1221.50±0.3710.91±0.2814.85±0.22
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural5-羟甲基糠醛67-47-01000油脂、焦糖 草本−0.05±0.000.07±0.01−0.02±0.01
Ethanone, 1-(2-furanyl)-1-(2-呋喃基)乙酮1192-62-710甜香、坚果香、烤香、杏仁、焦糖、咖啡、烟熏香0.18±0.000.35±0.010.30±0.010.24±0.020.22±0.01
Pyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methyl-2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪13925-03-60.04坚果、烤香、可可咖啡香−−10.27±3.98−−
1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde1H-吡咯-2-甲醛1003-29-865甜香、坚果香、烘烤香−−0.02±0.00−0.01±0.00
Tetradecane十四烷629-59-41无气味0.08±0.020.08±0.030.30±0.11−−
Ethanone, 1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1-(1H-吡咯-2-基)
乙酮
1072-83-958.58525霉味、坚果味0.06±0.010.07±0.010.09±0.010.10±0.000.09±0.01
2-Propanone, 1-hydroxy-2-丙酮,1-羟基-116-09-610甜香、焦糖香−−−0.66±0.01−
Anethole茴香脑104-46-10.014甜美的甘草、茴香香气5.98±1.669.76±3.51−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320883761898697295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883753908548055, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同品种辣椒油的挥发性成分的OAV分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
英文名称化合物名称CAS阈值[47−48]
(mg/kg)
香气特征OAV
贵州满天星四川二荆条陕西秦椒贵州灯笼椒宁夏羊角椒
2-Octenal, (E)-(E)-2-辛
烯醛
2548-87-00.004醛香、油脂味603.44±2.21627.33±27.20456.14±20.41498.39±15.30399.39±9.15
Benzaldehyde苯甲醛100-52-70.06苦杏仁、坚果11.21±0.508.10±0.5010.80±0.4415.64±1.067.59±0.50
Butanal, 3-methyl-3-甲基丁醛590-86-30.013焦香、发酵酱香、坚果223.41±11.14207.33±7.71361.08±8.85224.82±14.55124.49±15.30
Acetophenone苯乙酮98-86-25.629果香、山楂香−−−0.02±0.00−
Ethanone, 1-(4-methylphenyl)-1-(4-甲基苯基)乙酮122-00-91.99花香、果味、樱桃味0.09±0.010.07±0.000.11±0.000.20±0.05−
2-Hexenal, (E)-(E)-2-己
烯醛
6728-26-30.424青草、苦杏仁气味1.15±0.360.81±0.100.56±0.030.95±0.140.57±0.09
Benzeneacetaldehyde苯乙醛122-78-10.083杏仁或樱桃的甜香气味136.87±5.25181.82±3.63227.35±5.8163.37±4.2295.31±3.48
Heptanal庚醛111-71-70.5油脂、油腻味1.07±0.080.85±0.020.75±0.121.40±0.090.86±0.11
Hexanal己醛66-25-10.075新鲜油脂或青草的气味45.85±2.3534.20±0.6124.86±2.7649.77±2.1130.16±6.91
Nonanal壬醛124-19-60.15豆味、脂肪34.33±1.0337.18±0.1722.75±0.3741.17±2.0722.78±0.70
Methional甲硫基丙醛3268-49-30.0002焦甜香、油脂肉汤鲜香797.00±86.897471.40±263.33−530.80±42.00−
2,3-Pentanedione2,3-戊二酮600-14-60.0003发酵气味、果味、烘烤味、黄油味和焦糖味−1983.30±167.821762.43±32.24−2072.59±12.44
1-Octen-3-ol1-辛烯-3-醇3391-86-40.034蘑菇气味38.15±4.0029.61±2.9819.19±5.4142.79±2.80−
1-Pentanol1-戊醇71-41-00.47刺鼻的酒精气味,略带甜香和发酵的气息1.77±0.32−−1.57±0.38−
Pyrazine, methyl-甲基吡嗪-109-08-027炒坚果、烘烤咖啡−−0.05±0.00−−
Furan, 2-pentyl-2-戊基呋喃3777-69-30.1豆香、黄油味、焦糖15.21±0.5425.86±1.1019.29±2.6114.55±0.7710.74±0.57
4-Vinylphenol4-乙烯基苯酚2628-17-314.7药用、辛辣−−0.04±0.01−−
Toluene甲苯108-88-30.33溶剂气味0.69±0.050.64±0.021.15±0.070.41±0.020.35±0.23
2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl-5-甲基糠醛620-02-01.11焦糖、甜杏仁味,肉香5.41±0.0832.30±0.1221.50±0.3710.91±0.2814.85±0.22
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural5-羟甲基糠醛67-47-01000油脂、焦糖 草本−0.05±0.000.07±0.01−0.02±0.01
Ethanone, 1-(2-furanyl)-1-(2-呋喃基)乙酮1192-62-710甜香、坚果香、烤香、杏仁、焦糖、咖啡、烟熏香0.18±0.000.35±0.010.30±0.010.24±0.020.22±0.01
Pyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methyl-2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪13925-03-60.04坚果、烤香、可可咖啡香−−10.27±3.98−−
1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde1H-吡咯-2-甲醛1003-29-865甜香、坚果香、烘烤香−−0.02±0.00−0.01±0.00
Tetradecane十四烷629-59-41无气味0.08±0.020.08±0.030.30±0.11−−
Ethanone, 1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1-(1H-吡咯-2-基)
乙酮
1072-83-958.58525霉味、坚果味0.06±0.010.07±0.010.09±0.010.10±0.000.09±0.01
2-Propanone, 1-hydroxy-2-丙酮,1-羟基-116-09-610甜香、焦糖香−−−0.66±0.01−
Anethole茴香脑104-46-10.014甜美的甘草、茴香香气5.98±1.669.76±3.51−−−
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基于E-nose、GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS解析不同品种辣椒油的风味组成差异
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赵丽丽 1 , 李怡晴 1, 2 , 史宇婷 1 , 史冠莹 1 , 张乐 1 , 蒋鹏飞 1 , 王明奇 3 , 张雪峰 4 , 肖作兵 5 , 王赵改 1, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(13): 46-59
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (13) : 46 -59
基于E-nose、GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS解析不同品种辣椒油的风味组成差异
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赵丽丽1 , 李怡晴1, 2 , 史宇婷1, 史冠莹1, 张乐1, 蒋鹏飞1, 王明奇3, 张雪峰4, 肖作兵5, 王赵改1, *
作者信息
  • 1河南省农业科学院农产品加工研究中心,河南郑州 450000
  • 2河南科技学院食品学院,河南新乡 453000
  • 3郑州雪麦龙食品香料有限公司,河南郑州 450000
  • 4河南友垣食品有限公司,河南新乡 453000
  • 5上海交通大学农业与生物学院,上海 200000
通讯作者:
王赵改(1980−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

赵丽丽(1993−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:农产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:

李怡晴(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:

Decoding Flavor Composition Differences of Chili Oils from Different Pepper Varieties Based on E-nose, GC-IMS, and HS-SPME-GC-MS
Lili ZHAO1 , Yiqing LI1, 2 , Yuting SHI1, Guanying SHI1, Le ZHANG1, Pengfei JIANG1, Mingqi WANG3, Xuefeng ZHANG4, Zuobing XIAO5, Zhaogai WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Agricultural Products Processing Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
  • 2School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
  • 3Zhengzhou Xuemailon Food Flavor Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450000, China
  • 4Henan Youyuan Food Co., Ltd., Xinxiang 453000, China
  • 5School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200000, China
出版时间: 2026-07-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090349
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为系统解析宁夏羊角椒、陕西秦椒、贵州满天星、贵州灯笼椒和四川二荆条五种代表性辣椒油的风味组成差异,本研究采用电子鼻、顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)和气相色谱-离子迁移谱(GC-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)等多维检测技术,使用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)、正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis,OPLS-DA)等化学计量学方法,结合气味活度值(odor activity value,OAV)确定关键差异香气化合物。结果表明:电子鼻PCA能够有效区分五种辣椒油样品,在W2S和W1W传感器上差异显著(P<0.05),表明不同辣椒油样品在醇类、醛类、酮类、无机硫化物和萜烯类化合物含量上存在明显区分;通过GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS在五种辣椒油中分别鉴定出41种和99种挥发性风味化合物,GC-IMS筛选出14种变量投影重要性(variable importance in projection,VIP)得分大于1的关键差异化合物,包括醛类6 种、酮类5种、醇类1种、酯类1种、芳香烃类1种,主要对果香、甜香、坚果、脂香和辛辣刺激气味有明显差异;HS-SPME-GC-MS筛选出17种VIP值>1且OAV>1的关键差异香气化合物,通过感官属性与关键差异香气化合物的相关性分析发现(E)-2-辛烯醛、甲硫基丙醛、茴香脑、2-戊基呋喃、5-甲基糠醛与坚果味、焦甜味和油脂味相近,己醛、庚醛、1-戊醇、(E)-2-己烯醛、苯甲醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、壬醛与油腻味和烟熏味相近,2,3-戊二酮、甲苯、2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪、3-甲基丁醛、苯乙醛与生青味、辛辣味相近。综合来看,四川二荆条辣椒油的整体香气特征最佳,具有典型的肉香和甜香,主要来源于甲硫基丙醛、2-戊基呋喃和5-甲基糠醛的贡献;陕西秦椒辣椒油香气特征最为丰富,香辣气味浓郁,其典型气味主要来源于2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪;贵州灯笼椒辣椒油具有独特的花香,主要来源于1-辛烯-3-醇和2,3-戊二酮的贡献;而贵州满天星和宁夏羊角椒辣椒油的香气特征均不明显,表明二者感官品质相对较弱。本研究通过揭示不同品种辣椒油呈香特性的组成差异,旨在为高品质辣椒油的风味导向开发和质量控制提供理论依据。

辣椒油  /  风味  /  感官评价  /  电子鼻  /  气相色谱离子迁移谱  /  气相色谱-质谱联用

To systematically analyze the differences in flavor composition among five representative chili oils made from Ningxia Yangjiaojiao, Shaanxi Qinjiao, Guizhou Mantianxing, Guizhou Denglongjia and Sichuan Erjingtiao peppers, this study employed multi-dimensional detection techniques, including electronic nose (E-nose), headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). Chemometric approaches such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied, combined with odor activity values (OAV) to identify key differential aroma compounds. The results demonstrated that PCA based on E-nose data could effectively distinguished the five chili oil varieties, with significant differences (P<0.05) observed in the responses of W2S and W1W sensors, indicating notable variations in the content of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, inorganic sulfides, and terpenes. A total of 41 and 99 volatile compounds were identified in the five chili oils via GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC-MS, respectively. Among them, 14 key differential compounds with variable importance in projection (VIP)>1 were screened from GC-IMS, including 6 aldehydes, 5 ketones, 1 alcohol, 1 ester, and 1 aromatic hydrocarbon, which contributed significantly to fruity, sweet, nutty, fatty, and pungent notes. From HS-SPME-GC-MS, 17 key differential aroma compounds with both VIP>1 and OAV>1 were identified. Correlation analysis between sensory attributes and key differential aroma compounds revealed that (E)-2-octenal, methional, anethole, 2-pentylfuran, and 5-methylfurfural were closely associated with nutty, caramelized sweet, and fatty notes, hexanal, heptanal, 1-pentanol, (E)-2-hexenal, benzaldehyde, 1-octen-3-ol, and nonanal were correlated with greasy and smoky notes, while 2,3-pentanedione, toluene, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, 3-methylbutanal, and phenylacetaldehyde were correlated with green and pungent notes. Overall, the Sichuan Erjingtiao chili oil exhibited the best overall aroma profile, characterized by typical meaty and sweet notes, primarily attributed to methional, 2-pentylfuran, and 5-methylfurfural. The Shaanxi Qinjiao chili oil displayed the richest aroma characteristics with a strong spicy fragrance, mainly derived from 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine. The Guizhou Denglongjiao chili oil exhibited a unique floral aroma, largely contributed by 1-octen-3-ol and 2,3-pentanedione. In contrast, the Guizhou Mantianxing and Ningxia Yangjiaojiao chili oils showed less distinct aroma characteristics, indicating relatively weaker sensory qualities. By elucidating the compositional differences in aroma characteristics of chili oils from different pepper varieties, this study aims to provide a theoretical foundation for the flavor-oriented development and quality control of high-quality chili oils.

chili pepper oil  /  aroma  /  sensory evaluation  /  electronic nose  /  gas chromatography ion migration spectrum  /  gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
赵丽丽, 李怡晴, 史宇婷, 史冠莹, 张乐, 蒋鹏飞, 王明奇, 张雪峰, 肖作兵, 王赵改. 基于E-nose、GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS解析不同品种辣椒油的风味组成差异. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (13) : 46 -59 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090349
Lili ZHAO, Yiqing LI, Yuting SHI, Guanying SHI, Le ZHANG, Pengfei JIANG, Mingqi WANG, Xuefeng ZHANG, Zuobing XIAO, Zhaogai WANG. Decoding Flavor Composition Differences of Chili Oils from Different Pepper Varieties Based on E-nose, GC-IMS, and HS-SPME-GC-MS[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (13) : 46 -59 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090349
辣椒油作为一种兼具独特辛辣口感和浓郁香气的复合调味品,不仅是中式菜肴不可或缺的灵魂元素,也在全球饮食文化中占据重要地位[1−2]。近年来,辣椒油在全球市场规模持续增长,2023年已达到50.91亿元,预计2028年将增至68.59亿元[3]。辣椒油的感官品质,尤其是其独特的风味特征,是决定产品市场价值和消费者接受度的核心因素[4]。而辣椒品种作为风味形成的物质基础,对辣椒油最终风味的构建起着首要且决定性的作用[5]。由于遗传背景、生长环境和农艺措施的差异,不同品种辣椒在风味物质的种类和含量上存在显著区别[6−9],进而直接影响辣椒油的风味轮廓与复杂性。因此,深入解析不同原料所制辣椒油在风味化学组成上的差异,不仅有助于揭示其风味形成机制,更能为原料优选、风味定向调配及工业化品质控制提供理论依据。
目前,关于辣椒油风味的研究已取得一定进展。Zhu等[10]研究了7种不同红辣椒粉和辣椒油的辛辣度和感官特性,印度辣椒以最高的斯科维尔指数(85909)、鲜红色、胡椒味和苦味脱颖而出,但缺乏香草味,而其他样品的口味更多样化,质地更温和;张洪新等[11]研究得到14种辣椒油中共有挥发性化合物32种,主要有酯类、烯烃类和醛类;石自彬等[12]发现10个品种辣椒制备的辣椒油中挥发性成分含量最高的是酯类物质,包括乙酸甲酯、棕榈酸甲酯和亚麻酸乙酯等。然而,现有研究多侧重于风味的定性表征,从分子水平对不同品种辣椒油风味构成进行系统定量解析的研究仍较为缺乏,尤其在多种现代分析技术联用与多维度数据融合方面存在明显不足。
随着风味分析技术的发展,多技术联用策略已成为食品风味研究的趋势[13]。电子鼻(electronic nose,E-nose)作为一种快速、非破坏性的感官分析工具,能够快速获取样品的整体气味指纹信息,适用于风味轮廓的初步区分和聚类分析[14−15];气相色谱-离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)具备高灵敏度和快速分离的优势,特别适用于痕量挥发性物质的检测[16−17];气相色谱-质谱联用技术(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)则能够实现挥发性成分的高效分离和准确定量[18]。且GC-MS检测的主要为碳链在C8~C20之间的分子量大且含量较高的挥发性成分,而GC-IMS检测出的则大多为C4~C10之间的小分子、挥发性强且含量低的挥发性成分,二者相互补充,能够扩大挥发性成分的检测范围[19]。尽管这些技术已分别用于辣椒油的风味分析,但目前尚未见系统整合多种技术手段全面剖析不同辣椒品种所制辣椒油风味组成差异的研究。
基于此,本研究选取五种具有地域代表性的干辣椒品种—宁夏羊角椒、陕西秦椒、贵州满天星、贵州灯笼椒和四川二荆条,综合利用定量描述分析(quantitative descriptive analysis,QDA)、E-nose、GC-IMS及GC-MS等多种分析技术,结合主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)、正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)、气味活度值(odor activity value,OAV)及热图聚类等多元统计方法,旨在多维度解析不同品种辣椒油的风味物质组成及其感官属性之间的关联性,识别关键差异标志物。本研究旨在从风味化学的角度阐明辣椒品种对辣椒油风味品质的影响机制,以期为辣椒油的原料选配、风味定向调控与工业标准化生产提供数据支撑与理论指导。
宁夏羊角椒、陕西秦椒、贵州满天星、贵州灯笼椒、四川二荆条 购自河南柘城农贸交易市场;精炼一级大豆油 益海嘉里金龙鱼食品集团股份有限公司;癸酸乙酯标准品 德国DR.E公司;C6~C30正构烷烃标准品 美国Supelco公司;正酮C4~C9标准品 国药集团化学试剂北京有限公司。
8890-7000E型气相色谱-质谱联用仪、HP-5MS石英毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 μm×0.25 μm) 美国安捷伦公司;FlavourSpec 1H1-00053 GC-IMS仪(配备分析软件包括Laboratory analytical viewer(LAV)和3款插件以及GC×IMS Library Search 1.0.3) 德国G.A.S公司;WXT-5毛细管柱(15 m×0.53 mm, 0.53 μm) 美国Restek公司;A11研磨粉碎机 德国IKA仪器设备有限公司;ME204E电子天平 梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司;HH-SJ6CS六联异步测速恒温磁力搅拌油浴锅 常州市金坛友联仪器研究所;PEN3便携式电子鼻 Win Muster Airsense Analytics股份有限公司。
辣椒油的制备在杨慧等[20]、叶梦宇等[21]的方法上进行优化:干辣椒去蒂去籽,粉碎过40目筛;按照料液比1:9,将辣椒粉于180 ℃、650 r/min的大豆油中动态炸制3 min,静置2 h后过滤备用。
采用定量描述分析法(quantitative descriptive analysis,QDA)对不同品种辣椒油的主要气味进行人工感官分析,参照赵丽丽等[16]的方法进行测定并适当调整。感官分析由10名小组成员(6名女性和4名男性,年龄:20~35岁)组成。所有小组成员均受过专业培训,在感官分析方面具有丰富的经验。准确称取1.00±0.03 g辣椒油样品于20 mL顶空瓶中,将样品随机排列放置在环境相对湿度较低的单间感官室内。
在培训期间,小组成员讨论了不同品种辣椒油样品的不同香气属性,并对闻到的感官特征描述词进行统计。小组成员通过共识最终确定了辛辣味、油脂味、焦甜味、生青味、坚果味、烟熏味、油腻味等7个出现频率最高的词汇以及总体风味作为定量描述的依据,这些描述语被认为是不同辣椒油样品气味的重要因素。描述性感官分析采用0~10的10点制标度法评分,气味强度范围为0(无)至10(非常强)。
采用PEN3型电子鼻对不同品种辣椒油的香气特性进行了测定。参考Liu等[22]的方法并作适当调整方法。准确称取3.000 g样品,放入50 mL离心管中,密封,45 ℃水浴加热30 min,每个样品测量至少重复三次。电子鼻参数:冲洗时间60 s,取样间隔1 s,取样时间100 s,气体流速400 mL/min。采用第69~71 s内数据进行分析。
电子鼻配备了采样装置、包含传感器阵列的探测器单元和用于数据记录和分析的模式识别软件。传感器阵列系统由10个金属氧化物半导体传感器组成,将不同的挥发性化合物分为W1C(芳香族化合物)、W1S(甲基类、短链烷烃)、W1W(萜类化合物和无机硫化物)、W2S(醇类、醛类和酮类)、W2W(有机硫化物和芳香族成分)、W3C(氨和芳香族化合物)、W3S(长链烷烃)、W5C(烷烃芳香族化合物)、W5S(氮氧化物)和W6S(氢化合物)。
参考赵丽丽等[16]的方法并作适当调整。精确称取2.000 g辣椒油样品于20 mL顶空样品瓶中,于60 ℃下以250 r/min加热孵化15 min;不分流顶空进样200 µL。顶空进样针温度80 ℃;进样针温度80 ℃,进样前清洗时间30 s,进样后清洗时间6 min。
GC条件:色谱柱为MXT-5柱(15 m×0.53 mm,0.53 μm);色谱柱温度40 ℃;载气:高纯氮气(纯度≥99.999%);载气流速程序:初始2.0 mL/min,保持2 min,在2~10 min线性增至5.0 mL/min,在10~20 min线性增至50.0 mL/min,在20~30 min线性增至100.0 mL/min,然后停止流动,总运行时间为30 min。
IMS条件:离子源为氘(6.5 keV);正离子模式;漂移管长度9.8 cm;管内线性电压500 V/cm;漂移管温度45 ℃;漂移气流速150 mL/min(氮气纯度≥99.999%)。
定性定量分析:使用正酮C4~C9作为外标计算挥发性化合物的保留指数(retention index,RI),采用GC-IMS Library Search软件内置的2014NIST数据库和IMS数据库对挥发性成分定性分析,挥发性化合物的定量则根据所选信号峰的峰体积进行计算。并通过GC-IMS仪器自带VOCal数据处理软件的Reporter和Gallery Plot插件分别生成挥发性成分的差异图谱和指纹图谱。
参照Li等[23]的方法提取辣椒油中的挥发性成分。精确称取1.000 g样品于顶空瓶中,加入5 μL癸酸乙酯(0.1 mg/mL)作为内标物,密封后于60 ℃,200 r/min的孵化器中平衡5 min,插入120 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS Arrow萃取头,于60 ℃下提取30 min后取出萃取头,插入GC-MS进样口解吸5 min,同时开始采集数据。
GC条件:HP-5MS毛细管色谱柱(30 m×250 μm×0.25 μm);载气为He,恒定流速为1.0 mL/min;5:1分流进样模式;升温程序为初温40 ℃保持5 min,以4 ℃/min的速率升温至190 ℃保持2 min,然后以6 ℃/min的速率升温至230 ℃,保持5 min;进样口温度为250 ℃。
MS条件:EI离子源;扫描方式全扫描;离子源温度230 ℃;四极杆温度150 ℃;接口温度250 ℃;质量扫描范围为m/z 35~500;检索谱库为NIST 23.LIB。
通过NIST 23标准谱库和RI鉴定挥发性成分。选择与NIST 23标准谱库匹配度大于50的挥发性成分,根据正构烷烃(C7~C30)标准品保留时间和样品保留时间计算样品中每个化合物RI,并将其与文献报道的化合物的RI进行比较。
$\rm RI=100\times \left( \text{n}+\frac{{\text{t}}_{\text{x}}-{\text{t}}_{\text{n}}}{{\text{t}}_{\text{n+1}}-{{\text{t}}_{\text{n}}}}\right) $
式中:tx是化合物x的保留时间;tn和tn+1分别是碳原子数为n和n+1的正构烷烃保留时间(tn<tx<tn+1)。
以癸酸乙酯作为内标物,将各化合物峰面积与内标物峰面积进行比较,各化合物含量按下式计算:
$ \text{C=}\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{x}}\text{×}{\text{C}}_{\text{0}}\text{×V}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}\text{×m}} $
式中:C:未知化合物含量,μg/kg;Ax:未知化合物峰面积,mAu·s;A0:内标物峰面积,mAu·s;C0:内标物含量,μg/μL;V:内标物体积,μL;m:样品质量,kg。
OAV是指香气活性成分在样品中的浓度是其自身阈值的倍数,即辣椒中鉴定出的香气活性物质的浓度与其阈值的比值;OAV>1的物质被认为是对辣椒的香气贡献大的关键香气成分[24]。OAV公式计算:
$ \mathrm{OAV}=\frac{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{i}}} $
式中:$ {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{i}} $:化合物含量mg/g;$ \mathrm{O}{\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{i}} $:该化合物在油和水中的阈值mg/g。
所有实验均重复测定3次,实验结果以平均值±标准差表示。采用Excel 2010软件进行数据统计分析;SPSS 27.0软件中的Duncan法进行显著性分析(P<0.05);采用Origin 2022绘制雷达图、柱状图;采用SIMCA 14.1软件进行OPLS-DA分析;采用R软件(版本4.2.1)对P值进行了Benjamini-Hochberg(FDR)校正,并利用Pearson法对校正后的结果进行可视化展示,绘制相关性聚类热图。
本研究以辛辣味、油腻味、烟熏味、坚果味、生青味、焦甜味、油脂味7个主要香气感官属性作为评级,依次对不同品种辣椒制备得到的辣椒油香气剖面进行评价(图1)。可以看出,四川二荆条整体风味佳,其焦甜味和坚果香层次丰富,脂香浓郁,整体风味呈甜香韵;贵州灯笼椒油脂味、烟熏味、焦甜味相对突出;宁夏羊角椒生青味和辛辣味突出,具有类似新鲜青椒味;陕西秦椒在辛辣与油脂香的融合上表现尤为优异,整体香辣气味浓郁;贵州满天星的干草味和油脂味融合较好且协调,但油腻味相对浓郁。
不同品种辣椒油的电子鼻测定结果如图2A所示,可以看出5种辣椒油样品均在W2S和W1W传感器上的信号强度最高,W3S和W3C传感器的信号强度最低,表明辣椒油对醇类、醛类、酮类、无机硫化物及萜烯类化合物具有较高敏感性,而对烷烃和芳香族化合物的响应较弱。从表1的差异性分析来看,5种辣椒油样品在W2S和W1W传感器上表现出显著差异,其中四川二荆条在W2S和W1W上的响应值均最大,且与其他样品存在显著差异(P<0.05),陕西秦椒在W2S、贵州灯笼椒在W1W上的响应分别位于第二位,这表明不同品种辣椒油中的醇类、醛类、酮类、无机硫化物和萜烯类化合物含量存在差距,上述化合物种类是区分不同辣椒油挥发性组成的关键。
主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)是一种将多个变量通过线性变换选出较少个数重要变量的多元统计方法,可以根据不同样本中主要成分因子的贡献率来评估样品之间的规律性和差异性[25]。由图2B可知,PC1和PC2的贡献率分别为90.76%和8.66%,累计贡献率达99.42%,能够代表挥发性成分的绝大部分原始变量信息,很好地反映样品的主要特征。经过不同品种辣椒原料制备得到的辣椒油样品在分布图中有很好的区分,其中同一样品所形成的圆框范围代表样品的重复性,可以看出单个样品间的重复性均较好。其中,四川二荆条分布在第一象限,贵州灯笼椒和宁夏羊角椒辣椒油分布在第二象限,贵州满天星辣椒油分布在第三象限,陕西秦椒辣椒油则分布于第四象限,上述结果说明5种辣椒油挥发性成分之间存在明显差异。由于电子鼻检测结果仅能反映不同品种辣椒油的气味轮廓特征,具体气味特征的差异还需要通过GC-IMS对挥发性化合物进行定性定量分析。
由图3A二维谱图可知,不同品种辣椒原料制备得到的辣椒油样品中挥发性成分均可通过GC-IMS实现了有效分离,且集中分布在保留时间100~800 s与迁移时间1.0~2.0 ms。某些化合物可能因浓度和性质差异而出现多个信号点,如以单体、二聚体或三聚体形式存在。其中,陕西秦椒辣椒油样品中检测的挥发性化合物的数量相对最多,图中红色区域指示了在该样品中含量较高、而在其他样品中含量较低或不含的挥发性化合物。图3B是以陕西秦椒辣椒油的谱图作为参比,其他谱图扣减参比形成的二维差异对比谱图。在扣减后的谱图中,浓度相同的物质颜色相抵消呈白色;蓝色区域表示该物质浓度低于参比样品浓度,蓝色越深表示浓度越低;红色区域说明该物质浓度高于参比样品浓度,红色越深表示该物质浓度越高[16]。通过差异谱图分析,可直观呈现不同辣椒油样品挥发性成分的分布差异。这种差异主要源于辣椒品种的遗传背景对其特征性风味物质(如酯类、萜烯类)合成与积累的直接调控[26];同时,地理适应性通过光照、土壤等环境因子对关键挥发性组分的含量产生显著影响[27]。品种与环境的共同作用塑造了辣椒油的特征风味轮廓,其中辣椒品种的不同是导致辣椒油风味特征产生显著差异的主导因素。
为了进一步分析不同品种辣椒油具体挥发性风味化合物的差异,本文利用GC-IMS技术并结合内置数据库,对五种辣椒油样品中的挥发性化合物进行了分析,共检测出71个峰。通过软件内置的NIST2014和IMS数据库鉴定出41种挥发性化合物,包括醛类12种、酮类8种、醇类5种、酯类3种、酸类4种、萜烯类2种、呋喃类2种、芳香烃类1种、含氮类化合物2种、含硫化合物1种、其他化合物1种,如附表1(附表1,详见本刊官网http://www.spgykj.com/_文章的网络版)所示。
结合附表1和图4可知,醛类、酮类和酸类化合物在五种辣椒油挥发性风味组分中的占比最高。其中,醛类化合物的占比均在27%以上,主要包括3-甲基丁醛、己醛、2-甲基-2-戊烯醛和庚醛,这些醛类化合物主要来源于脂肪氧化,种类最多且含量高阈值低[28],总体呈现脂香、坚果味和青草味,对辣椒油整体风味的贡献显著。其次是酮类和酸类化合物,其含量占比均在12%以上,有研究表明,饱和脂肪酸氧化分解会产生烯烃、醇等物质,这些物质在高温条件下可进一步氧化形成酮类化合物[29]。此外,酮类也可能通过美拉德反应和氨基酸降解途径产生[30],这些酮类化合物主要包括1-辛烯-3-酮、1-羟基-2-丙酮、1-戊烯-3-酮等,呈现果香和脂肪香气,对油脂风味有积极影响。酸类化合物主要来自脂肪的水解及氧化过程中产生的小分子脂肪酸[31],主要包括乙酸、丙酸和3-甲基戊酸等,赋予辣椒油酸味、青草香和辛辣气息。四川二荆条辣椒油中醛类、酸类及含硫化合物的峰体积最高,与电子鼻分析结果相符。此外,陕西秦椒辣椒油在萜烯类与酯类化合物的含量相对较高,其中α-水芹烯、己酸乙酯和正戊酸甲酯等化合物主要贡献青香和土茴香。
为了更直观地比较不同品种辣椒油样品间挥发性化合物种类与含量差异,本研究采用GalleryPlot插件生成五种辣椒油样品的挥发性成分指纹图谱,结果如图5所示。图中各点颜色深浅反映化合物浓度差异,可以直观呈现五种辣椒油样品之间化合物气味轮廓。化合物可能会产生多个信号,其中单聚体、二聚体和三聚体分别以M、D、T表示[32]。结合附表1所鉴定出的41个挥发性化合物,可以观察到以下特征:
A框为所有样品共有挥发性物质的特征峰区域,共有29种化合物,其中定性15种,主要为2,3-丁二醇、乙酸、3-甲基丁醛、戊醛、乙酸甲酯、1-羟基-2-丙酮等,这些物质整体风味以焦糖、辛辣刺激和脂肪香气为主;B框为贵州灯笼椒、四川二荆条、宁夏羊角椒、陕西秦椒样品中信号强度显著高于贵州满天星的物质,共有19种化合物,其中鉴定出9种,主要有2-甲基-1-丁醇、吡嗪、1-戊烯-3-醇、3-甲基戊酸、2-呋喃甲醇、2-甲基-1-戊醇、2-苯乙醛、1-甲基-1H-吡咯-2-甲醛、庚醛等,风味呈现烤洋葱、坚果、热带果香及刺激性气味;C框是四川二荆条辣椒油样品中特有或信号强度显著高于其他辣椒的物质,主要有3-辛酮、1,3-二甲基三硫化物、(-)-β-蒎烯,赋予该样品青香、脂香和辛香风味;D框是宁夏羊角椒和陕西秦椒辣椒油样品中信号强度显著高于其他辣椒的物质,共12种化合物,定性出8种,包括2-甲基丙醛、3-羟基-2-丁酮、3-戊烯-2-酮、1-乙酰氧基-2-丙酮、2,4-庚二烯醛、1-辛烯-3-酮、1-戊烯-3-醇、乙苯等,主要贡献坚果味、黄油味和蘑菇香气;E框为陕西秦椒辣椒油样品中信号强度较高的物质,共7种化合物,其中定性出6种,包括2-己烯醛、2-戊酮、己酸乙酯、正戊酸甲酯、α-水芹烯、2-戊基吡啶等,风味贡献以甜杏仁、果香、青香、土茴香及脂肪香为特征。上述结果表明不同品种干辣椒对辣椒油气味轮廓影响较大,整体呈现辛辣味、脂肪香、焦香等气味特征;其中四川二荆条气味谱图与贵州灯笼椒相似,具有独特的辛香和青香;陕西秦椒与宁夏羊角椒相似,具有独特的杏仁香、果香和青香;而贵州满天星整体气味较弱,挥发性化合物数量最少。
正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)通过降维将复杂数据直观化,是一种有监督模式的分析方法。其通过去除代谢物中与分类变量不相关的正交变量,从而获取更加可靠的代谢物组间差异的相关程度信息进而筛选差异变量[33]。以定性的41个挥发性化合物为X变量,不同品种辣椒油样品为Y变量,分别建立PCA模型和OPLS-DA模型。PCA模型的R2X=0.995、Q2=0.916;OPLS-DA模型的R2X=0.962、R2Y=0.977、Q2=0.93,表明两个模型对不同品种辣椒油中挥发性化合物均具有较好的预测能力。从不同品种辣椒油挥发性成分的PCA得分图(图6A)可以看出,不同品种的辣椒油样品表现出明显的区分。其中贵州满天星和陕西秦椒各自归为一类,而四川二荆条、贵州灯笼椒、宁夏羊角椒分布较为接近,可归为同一大类。进一步构建的OPLS-DA模型,并对其进行200次置换模拟,结果如图6B所示,模型Q回归线与横坐标交叉,且截距为负数,所有置换检验R2和Q2均低于原始值,表明模型未出现过拟合,预测性能良好[34],能够用来描述不同品种辣椒油中挥发性化合物的差异。且从图6C聚类分析图可以看出,不同品种辣椒油中挥发性化合物存在显著差异,该结果与PCA分类结果一致。所有样品可分为两大类,其中第一大类包括贵州满天星和陕西秦椒;第二类包括四川二荆条、贵州灯笼椒和宁夏羊角椒,其中贵州灯笼椒和宁夏羊角椒进一步聚为一小类。
变量投影重要性(variable importance in projection,VIP)能够筛选出不同品种辣椒油中的特征挥发性化合物[35]。为了进一步表征不同品种辣椒油中挥发性化合物之间的差异,计算并检验了OPLS-DA模型的VIP得分,采用“大于1”的标准,VIP值越高,表明该化合物在不同品种辣椒油中的差异越显著[36]。如图6D所示,共筛选出14种(VIP>1)的关键差异挥发性化合物,包括醛类6种、酮类5种、醇类1种、酯类1种、芳香烃类1种,分别为2-丁醇、1-乙酰氧基-2-丙酮、3-戊烯-2-酮、乙苯、乙酸甲酯、1-甲基-1H-吡咯-2-甲醛、2-甲基-2-戊烯醛、3-甲基丁醛、2,4-庚二烯醛、3-辛酮、1-辛烯-3-酮、1-戊烯-3-酮、2-苯乙醛、反式-2-戊烯醛,这些挥发性化合物是导致不同品种辣椒油风味组分差异显著的重要特征标志,主要贡献果香、甜香、坚果、脂香和辛辣味等。
上述结果表明,不同品种辣椒油风味组成差异显著,其中贵州满天星和陕西秦椒气味轮廓相似,贵州灯笼椒和宁夏羊角椒相似。通过OPLS-DA模型VIP值>1筛选出14种区别不同品种辣椒油特征风味的关键差异挥发性化合物。由于GC-IMS检测的大多为C4~C10之间的小分子、挥发性强且含量低的挥发性成分,因此后续将采用GC-MS检测C8~C20之间的分子量大且含量较高的挥发性成分。
采用HS-SPME-GC-MS对不同品种辣椒油的挥发性风味物质进行定性定量分析。由附表2(附表2,详见本刊官网http://www.spgykj.com/_文章的网络版)可知,五种辣椒油中共检测鉴定出99种挥发性化合物,主要包括酯类10种、醛类27种、醇类12种、酸类3种、酮类23种、酚类3种、呋喃类5种、烯烃类2种、芳香烃类2种、烷烃类2种及含氮类10种。如图7所示,5种不同品种辣椒油中VOCs数量和含量均存在较大差别,这与不同品种辣椒原料直接相关。从化合物数量上看(图7A),贵州满天星、四川二荆条、陕西秦椒、贵州灯笼椒、宁夏羊角椒辣椒油中分别含有65、75、80、68、57种挥发性化合物,其中陕西秦椒的VOCs数量最多,其次为四川二荆条,而宁夏羊角椒中VOCs数量则最少。5种辣椒油样品中VOCs组成种类相似,主要以醛类、酮类、醇类、酯类、含氮化合物、酸类、呋喃类等为主,该结果与电子鼻分析结果基本一致。
从化合物相对含量上看(图7B),二荆条辣椒油中挥发性化合物的总含量最高(591.58 µg/g),秦椒辣椒油次之(582.66 µg/g),而羊角椒、灯笼椒和满天星辣椒油中挥发性化合物的总含量分别为419.02、365.66和338.22 µg/g。在各类挥发性成分中,酮类化合物相对含量在五种辣椒油中占比最高(47.26%~55.47%),醛类化合物次之(28.03%~37.65%),表明酮类和醛类化合物在整体风味构成中占据主导地位,这一发现与杨芳等[37]及陶秀梅等[38]的研究结果相符,为辣椒油提供果香、坚果香和脂肪香气。醇类化合物的含量居于醛类和酮类化合物之后(4.92%~7.95%),通常来源于醛类等脂质氧化产物的还原反应[39],为辣椒油提供甜香和果香风味。此外,醇类与酸类化合物可通过酯化反应[40]生成具有果香、清香特征的酯类化合物(1.04%~2.35%),是降低辣椒油中“异味”和提升辣椒油酯香气的途径之一。
通过图7C韦恩图可直观看出共有物质和特有物质。在5种样品中检测到40种共有化合物,包含(E,Z)-2,4-癸二烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛、糠醛、庚醛、己醛、壬醛、2,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-6-甲基-4H-吡喃-4-酮、呋喃酮、2-辛烯等化合物,主要贡献油脂、焦甜、辛辣刺激和坚果香。四川二荆条中检测到7种特有化合物,包括5,5-二甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮、异麦芽醇、异丙基丙烯酸酯、4-氧代丁酸甲酯、四甲基吡嗪、2-(甲氧基甲基)呋喃、3-甲基丁酸,主要贡献焦糖甜香、柑橘苹果果香和奶酪香,带有坚果和烘烤香气。陕西秦椒检测到5种特有化合物,包括3-甲基-2-丁烯酸甲酯、2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪、甲基吡嗪、2-吡咯烷酮、4-乙烯基苯酚,主要贡献草莓果香、烤面包香、巧克力香以及辛辣烟熏味。贵州灯笼椒检测到3种特有化合物,包括1-羟基-2-丙酮、苯乙酮、(Z)-3-辛烯-1-醇,主要贡献花香、甜香和蘑菇气味。而贵州满天星和宁夏羊角椒中不含特有化合物。上述结果表明四川二荆条和陕西秦椒辣椒油样品中香气最为突出,挥发性化合物含量高且数量多,分别具有独特的甜香、焦香和果香、烤香、辛辣味;其次为贵州灯笼椒样品,具有独特的花香。而贵州满天星和宁夏羊角椒样品的综合香气则不够突出。
本研究以定性的99个挥发性化合物作为X变量,不同辣椒油样品作为Y变量,构建OPLS-DA模型,模型的判别效果如图8A所示,R2X=0.859,R2Y=0.991,Q2=0.953,说明该模型对不同品种辣椒油中挥发性化合物具有较好的预测能力。对OPLS-DA模型进行200次置换模拟,结果如图8D所示,模型Q回归线与横坐标交叉,且截距为负数,所有置换检验R2和Q2均低于原始值,表明未出现过拟合,该模型的预测能力良好[34],能够用来表征不同品种辣椒油中挥发性化合物的差异。且从图8A中可以看出,各辣椒油样品挥发性成分之间存在显著差异,该结果与电子鼻PCA结果一致。样品可分为4个组别:宁夏羊角椒集中于第一象限,陕西秦椒分布于第二象限,四川二荆条位于第三象限,贵州灯笼椒和贵州满天星则聚集于第四象限。
图8B双标图显示,挥发性化合物与辣椒样品的距离越近,其在样品中的作用越关键。结合附表2可以看出,四川二荆条与5,5-二甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮、甲硫基丙醛、2-乙烯基呋喃、5-壬醇等化合物紧密相关,具有焦甜、坚果、脂肪及肉味香气。陕西秦椒与3-甲基-2-丁烯酸甲酯、2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪、2-吡咯烷酮、2-乙烯基苯酚等化合物相邻,呈现出果香、坚果香、辛辣和油脂气味。贵州灯笼椒与1-羟基-2-丙酮、苯乙酮、(Z)-3-辛烯-1-醇相邻,展现出甜香、花香和青香。宁夏羊角椒与1-(1H-吡咯-2-基)乙酮、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、E-2-十一烯醛等化合物相邻,主要贡献青草、烘烤和坚果香。贵州满天星与苯甲醛、乙偶姻相邻,展现出坚果、杏仁和脂肪香气。
为了进一步表征不同品种辣椒油中挥发性化合物之间的差异,计算并检验了OPLS-DA模型的VIP得分。如图8C所示,共筛选出48种VIP>1标志性挥发性化合物,主要包括醛类化合物14种,酮类10种,含氮化合物6种,呋喃类化合物5种,醇类4种,烯烃类2种,酯类、酚类、酸类、烷烃、芳香烃类各1种,其他类化合物2种。为更清晰地展示挥发性化合物在不同品种辣椒油中的含量差异分布,在48种VIP值>1的差异风味化合物中筛选出16种VIP值>1.1的关键差异化合物绘制聚类热图,通过颜色变化直观表征不同样品中挥发性化合物含量的差异。如图8E所示,不同品种辣椒油差异挥发性化合物的样本块分布具有显著差异性。从聚类结果可以看出,16种关键差异挥发性化合物可以被区分为5类,其中1-(1H-吡咯-2-基)乙酮、3-甲基丁醛、3,5-二羟基-2-甲基-4H-吡喃-4-酮、(E)-2-辛烯醛、2(3H)-呋喃酮聚为一类(A类),1-羟基-2-丙酮聚为一类(B类),1-甲基-1H-吡咯、1-(4-甲基苯基)乙酮、糠基甲酸酯、茴香脑、苯乙酮、2-乙酰基-5-甲基呋喃聚为一类(C类),苯甲醛、1-辛烯-3-醇聚为一类(D类),5-(羟甲基)二氢呋喃-2(3H)-酮、N-乙酰基-3-吡咯啉聚为一类(E类)。其中,A和B类区域中化合物在各样品间差异最为显著,其中,来源于异亮氨酸的Strecker降解[41]的3-甲基丁醛可作为陕西秦椒标志性差异化合物,赋予其果香特征;1-羟基-2-丙酮是贵州灯笼椒标志性差异化合物,主要贡献焦香;2(3H)-呋喃酮是四川二荆条标志性差异化合物,主要贡献黄油、焦糖甜香,两者都是多由氨基酸与还原糖在加热条件下通过美拉德反应生成[42]。上述结果说明导致不同品种辣椒油风味差异的挥发性化合物主要有1-(1H-吡咯-2-基)乙酮、3-甲基丁醛、3,5-二羟基-2-甲基-4H-吡喃-4-酮、(E)-2-辛烯醛、2(3H)-呋喃酮、1-羟基-2-丙酮,其中3-甲基丁醛为陕西秦椒特征果香味的标志性差异化合物,2(3H)-呋喃酮是四川二荆条特征焦糖甜香的标志性差异化合物,1-羟基-2-丙酮则是贵州灯笼椒特征焦香的标志性差异化合物。
通过计算风味化合物的含量与感官阈值的比值可以得到香气活度值(odor activity value,OAV),OAV>1的风味化合物被认为是关键香气化合物,对辣椒油香气组成有较大贡献,OAV越大,影响程度越重要[43]。对HS-SPME-GC-MS检测到的48种VIP值>1的差异风味化合物进行OAV计算,筛选出17种VIP>1且OAV>1的关键差异香气化合物,如表2所示,其中贵州满天星、四川二荆条、陕西秦椒、贵州灯笼椒和宁夏羊角椒辣椒油样品分别检测到15、15、14、14和12种关键差异香气化合物。5种辣椒油含有11种共有的关键差异香气化合物,包括(E)-2-辛烯醛、苯甲醛、3-甲基丁醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、苯乙醛、庚醛、己醛、壬醛、2-戊基呋喃、甲苯、5-甲基糠醛,主要贡献果香、草本香和焦糖、油脂、坚果烘烤香。其中,(E)-2-辛烯醛(399.39~627.33)、3-甲基丁醛(124.49~361.08)和苯乙醛(63.37~227.35)在所有样品中具有较高的OAV,为辣椒油提供了丰富的脂肪香、坚果味、辣香、焦香及蜂蜜甜香。苯甲醛(7.59~15.64)、己醛(24.86~49.77)、壬醛(22.75~41.17)、5-甲基糠醛(5.41~32.30)、2-戊基呋喃(10.74~25.86),为辣椒油提供了苦杏仁、油脂、玫瑰、豆香和焦甜香。上述化合物共同构成了辣椒油的整体风味。
四川二荆条辣椒油独有或显著高于其他品种的关键差异香气化合物,包括(E)-2-辛烯醛、甲硫基丙醛、2-戊基呋喃、5-甲基糠醛、茴香脑。其中,甲硫基丙醛因具有极低的阈值和较高的浓度,致使其OAV高达7471.40,是贵州满天星的(797)的9倍,贵州灯笼椒(530.80)的14倍,是二荆条辣椒油具有土豆、肉味鲜香的主要来源;2-戊基呋喃(25.86)是由亚油酸氧化产生的亚油酸甲酯过氧化氢降解生成[44],和5-甲基糠醛(32.30)共同赋予二荆条辣椒油更丰富的“焦糖味”[45]。此外,2,3-戊二酮在四川二荆条(1983.30)、陕西秦椒(1762.43)和宁夏羊角椒(2072.59)辣椒油样品中也呈现出高的OAV,其主要通过糖降解途径及降解产物与氨基酸的相互作用生成,呈现带有坚果香的奶油焦糖味[46]。在陕西秦椒辣椒油样品中独有化合物为2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪(10.27),是其区别于其他品种的关键风味化合物,主要赋予秦椒油坚果、烤香和可可香气特征。贵州满天星样品中(E)-2-己烯醛(1.15)OAV高于其他四个品种,主要赋予辣椒青草果香气。综上所述,5种辣椒油的共同气味特征主要是由(E)-2-辛烯醛、3-甲基丁醛和苯乙醛贡献的脂肪香、焦香和坚果香,而四川二荆条的特征香气则主要是由甲硫基丙醛、2-戊基呋喃和5-甲基糠醛贡献的肉香和甜香,陕西秦椒和贵州满天星的特征香气是由2,3-戊二酮、2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪和(E)-2-己烯醛贡献的坚果香和青草果香,贵州灯笼椒和宁夏羊角椒的特征香气是由1-辛烯-3-醇和2,3-戊二酮贡献的花香和青香。
为探明感官风味特征与关键香气化合物之间的关联,本研究对差异挥发性成分与感官属性进行了相关性分析,并绘制了经P值矫正后的基于显著性标记的相关性热图(图9)。该热图采用层次聚类法构建,依据变量间相似性对感官属性与风味化合物进行聚类。颜色梯度表示相关性强弱,范围自−1~1,其中深红色代表强正相关,浅黄色代表强负相关,显著性以星号标识(*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001),以表明统计可靠性[49]。通过图中分析结果显示,甲硫基丙醛、2-戊基呋喃和5-甲基糠醛与焦甜味、坚果味和油脂味呈显著正相关性,而与生青味呈显著负相关(P<0.05),其负相关性可能源于这些化合物通过氧化降解生青味的前体[50]或通过香气掩盖对生青气味的感知;(E)-2-辛烯醛与油脂味呈显著正相关性;己醛、1-戊醇与烟熏味和油腻味呈显著正相关性;(E)-2-己烯醛和油腻味呈显著正相关;壬醛与坚果味呈显著正相关性,与辛辣味和生青味呈显著负相关。
通过聚类分析,风味化合物与感官属性可划分为三大类。第一类包括壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、苯甲醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、1-戊醇、己醛、庚醛以及油腻味和烟熏味。该类可进一步细分:苯甲醛、1-辛烯-3-醇和壬醛则与烟熏味聚为一小类;己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、1-戊醇与庚醛属于脂质氧化产物,与油腻味聚为一小类。第二类包括(E)-2-辛烯醛、甲硫基丙醛、茴香脑、2-戊基呋喃、5-甲基糠醛与坚果味、焦甜味和油脂味感官属性相近,该类化合物可作为烘焙与脂肪风味的重要贡献组分。第三类包括2,3-戊二酮、甲苯、2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪、3-甲基丁醛、苯乙醛与生青味、辛辣味感官属性聚为一类。
本研究综合应用电子鼻、GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS技术,结合PCA、OPLS-DA、聚类热图等多元统计分析方法成功实现了对宁夏羊角椒、陕西秦椒、贵州满天星、贵州灯笼椒、四川二荆条五种代表性辣椒油的有效区分。感官与电子鼻结果表明,不同品种辣椒油特征风味存在明显差异,且在电子鼻W2S和W1W传感器上表现出显著差异(P<0.05)。进一步通过GC-IMS和GC-MS在五种辣椒油中分别鉴定出41种和99种挥发性化合物,GC-IMS筛选出14种VIP>1的关键差异化合物,GC-MS筛选出17种VIP>1且OAV>1的关键差异香气化合物。其中,五种辣椒油中的共有关键差异香气化合物,主要包括(E)-2-辛烯醛、3-甲基丁醛、苯乙醛、苯甲醛、己醛、壬醛、5-甲基糠醛、2-戊基呋喃,为辣椒油提供丰富的焦甜香、脂肪香、坚果味及辣香。该结果和前人研究结果[4−5]类似,均认为3-甲基丁醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、苯甲醛、壬醛对风味贡献度高,是影响辣椒油特征风味的关键化合物。此外,通过对比研究发现,四川二荆条辣椒油的整体香气特征最佳,且具有典型的肉香和甜香,主要来源于甲硫基丙醛、2-戊基呋喃和5-甲基糠醛的香气贡献;陕西秦椒辣椒油香气特征最为丰富,香辣气味浓郁,其典型气味主要来源于2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪;贵州灯笼椒样品,具有独特的花香,主要来源于1-辛烯-3-醇和2,3-戊二酮的香气贡献。而贵州满天星和宁夏羊角椒呈现的辣椒油香气特征均不明显,表明二者感官品质相对较弱。陈雨佳等[5]研究也表明二荆条辣椒最适合制作辣椒油,其香气特证最佳,与本文结果一致。
本研究成功揭示了不同品种辣椒油的风味组成差异,该结果可以指导辣椒油产品的品质评价和产品开发,能够推动后期利用不同配比的辣椒原料制作高品质风味辣椒油产品,以期为今后辣椒油的标准化和工业化生产提供理论依据和技术支撑,助力辣椒油产业的高质量发展。然而,本研究虽鉴定出了不同品种辣椒油的关键差异风味化合物,但其感官贡献度仍需通过GC-O嗅闻或感官评价实验进一步验证,从而实现风味的精准鉴定与定向调控。

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2026年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090349
  • 接收时间:2025-09-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-07-01
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    1河南省农业科学院农产品加工研究中心,河南郑州 450000
    2河南科技学院食品学院,河南新乡 453000
    3郑州雪麦龙食品香料有限公司,河南郑州 450000
    4河南友垣食品有限公司,河南新乡 453000
    5上海交通大学农业与生物学院,上海 200000

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王赵改(1980−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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