Article(id=1320883900205875994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090304, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758816000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852862645, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852862645, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852862645, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852862645, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=254, endPage=263, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883900419785499, articleId=1320883900205875994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of the Huangshui Polysaccharide Ethanol Precipitation Process and Its Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activities in Vitro, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To promote the high-value utilization of Huangshui, a byproduct of Baijiu brewing, Huangshui was used as the raw material, and the yield of crude Huangshui polysaccharide (cHSP) was used as the evaluation index. The isolation process of cHSP was optimized using single-factor experiments combined with response surface methods. Subsequently, enzymatic deproteinization was employed to prepare Huangshui polysaccharide (HSP), followed by in vitro evaluation of antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Furthermore, the inhibition mechanism of HSP on α-amylase was analyzed using enzyme kinetics. The results showed that the optimal ethanol precipitation conditions for cHSP were as follows: temperature of 5.8 ℃, time of 14.3 h, and ethanol volume ratio of 1:5. Under these conditions, the cHSP was 7.36±0.03 mg/mL. Activity studies in vitro indicated that HSP exhibited strong scavenging capacity against ABTS+, DPPH, and hydroxyl radicals, with IC50 values of 3.38, 1.53, and 3.36 mg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the IC50 values of HSP against α-glucosidase, pancreatic amylase, and α-amylase were 3.75, 2.40, and 2.08 mg/mL, respectively, indicating a potential hypoglycemic effect. Enzyme kinetic analysis showed that the inhibitory effect of HSP on α-amylase was mixed. The inhibition constant (KI) was 4.21 mg/mL, which was lower than the inhibition constant for the enzyme-substrate complex (KIS=8.62 mg/mL). This results suggest that HSP has a stronger affinity for free α-amylase. The findings indicate that Huangshui polysaccharide have certain antioxidant activity and excellent α-amylase inhibitory capacity, highlighting their potential applications in the development of natural antioxidants and functional foods for hypoglycemia.

, authors=Panpan FENG1, 2, Songping FANG1, 3, *, Bei LIU1, 2, Yue YU1, 3, Wanlu MA1, 3, Lu LIU1, 3, Tenghui QIU1, Chuanbo ZHANG1, authorsList=Panpan FENG, Songping FANG, Bei LIU, Yue YU, Wanlu MA, Lu LIU, Tenghui QIU, Chuanbo ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Songping FANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883904475677478, articleId=1320883900205875994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=黄水多糖醇沉工艺优化及其体外抗氧化、降血糖活性分析, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为促进白酒酿造副产物黄水的高值化利用,本研究以黄水为原料,以黄水粗多糖(crude Huangshui polysaccharide,cHSP)得率为评价指标,结合单因素实验和响应面法优化cHSP的醇沉工艺。在此基础上,采用酶法脱蛋白制备黄水多糖(Huangshui polysaccharide,HSP),并评价其体外抗氧化及降血糖活性,进一步通过酶动力学分析HSP对α-淀粉酶的抑制机制。结果表明,cHSP的最佳醇沉工艺为:温度5.8 ℃、时间14.3 h、乙醇体积比1:5,在此条件下cHSP得率为7.36±0.03 mg/mL。体外活性研究表明,HSP对ABTS+、DPPH及羟基自由基的清除能力较强,其IC50值分别为3.38、1.53和3.36 mg/mL;同时,HSP对α-葡萄糖苷酶、胰淀粉酶和α-淀粉酶的IC50值分别为3.75、2.40和2.08 mg/mL,表明其具有潜在的降血糖功效。酶动力学分析表明:HSP对α-淀粉酶的抑制类型为混合型抑制,抑制常数(KI)为4.21 mg/mL,低于酶-底物复合物抑制常数(KIS=8.62 mg/mL),说明HSP对游离酶的结合能力更强。本研究结果表明,黄水多糖具有一定的抗氧化活性和较好的α-淀粉酶抑制能力,在天然抗氧化剂和降血糖功能食品开发中具有潜在的应用价值。

, authors=冯盼盼1, 2, 方颂平1, 3, *, 刘贝1, 2, 余越1, 3, 马婉露1, 3, 刘露1, 3, 邱腾辉1, 张传博1, authorsList=冯盼盼, 方颂平, 刘贝, 余越, 马婉露, 刘露, 邱腾辉, 张传博, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=方颂平, authorNote=

冯盼盼(1991−),女,硕士,助教,研究方向:天然产物开发与利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
方颂平(1972−),男,本科,副教授,研究方向:传统白酒酿造,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=yurdNcRY95WL62BgBeajKw==, magXml=Zj5bE2KeUI3apjllb1NR3A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=9qjfL6dZQReLnAqYOih78w==, pdfFileSize=1261049, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=GBYLX4sVClA7BZSKQgEc6w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=M8ZXhMGgY0TAxcL8WMDf4A==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320883907269083953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883900205875994, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2022110008@bzuu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320883907638182708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883900205875994, authorId=1320883907269083953, language=EN, stringName=Panpan FENG, firstName=Panpan, middleName=null, lastName=FENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Bozhou University, Bozhou 236800, China
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注:不同字母(a~e)表示同一物质不同浓度的处理组间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=NXCm4UP1mU5iiEeMHvBkhw==, figureFileBig=GBYLX4sVClA7BZSKQgEc6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883912855896940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883900205875994, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Scavenging efficiency of HSP on ABTS+ (A), DPPH (B), and hydroxyl radical (C), figureFileSmall=/Dj5g7muwC9L/kes4JZ8XQ==, figureFileBig=vFKYfXw2XoXhZlML4bmtAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883912923005805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883900205875994, language=CN, label=图2, caption=HSP对ABTS+(A)、DPPH(B)及羟基自由基(C)的清除率

注:不同小写字母(a~e)表示同一物质不同浓度的处理组间具有显著性差异(P<0.05),不同大写字母(A~B)表示同一浓度不同物质的处理组间具有显著性差异(P<0.05);图3同。

, figureFileSmall=/Dj5g7muwC9L/kes4JZ8XQ==, figureFileBig=vFKYfXw2XoXhZlML4bmtAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883913006891886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883900205875994, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Inhibitory activity of HSP on α-glucosidase (A), α-amylase (B), and pancreatic amylase (C), figureFileSmall=xt0ADMXyjnG80FWQ8bVulw==, figureFileBig=M1N6SZMjtYwSn9fbWHsDDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883913094972271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883900205875994, language=CN, label=图3, caption=HSP对α-葡萄糖苷酶(A)、α-淀粉酶(B)及胰淀粉酶(C)的抑制活性, figureFileSmall=xt0ADMXyjnG80FWQ8bVulw==, figureFileBig=M1N6SZMjtYwSn9fbWHsDDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883913166275440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883900205875994, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of varying concentrations of HSP on the reaction rate of α-amylase, figureFileSmall=E3tVBrfgdun8jRnae9N5Vg==, figureFileBig=h2a2dGr4hN+KOSUG/aAUNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883913233384305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883900205875994, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同质量浓度HSP对α-淀粉酶反应速率的影响, figureFileSmall=E3tVBrfgdun8jRnae9N5Vg==, figureFileBig=h2a2dGr4hN+KOSUG/aAUNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883913304687474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883900205875994, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Inhibitory kinetics of HSP on α-amylase, figureFileSmall=SGiZ+d7RDSrbrs9pzLKnLA==, figureFileBig=3Ngf0+QCn3wmCDT2SS79lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883913375990643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883900205875994, language=CN, label=图5, caption=HSP对α-淀粉酶的抑制动力学, figureFileSmall=SGiZ+d7RDSrbrs9pzLKnLA==, figureFileBig=3Ngf0+QCn3wmCDT2SS79lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883913464071028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883900205875994, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factors and levels of response surface experimental design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A醇沉温度(℃)B醇沉时间(h)C乙醇体积比(v/v)
−13101:4
06131:5
19161:6
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响应面试验设计因素与水平

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水平因素
A醇沉温度(℃)B醇沉时间(h)C乙醇体积比(v/v)
−13101:4
06131:5
19161:6
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Design and results of response surface experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A醇沉温度
(℃)
B醇沉时间
(h)
C乙醇体积比
(v/v)
cHSP得率
(mg/mL)
13.0010.001:56.42
29.0010.001:56.26
33.0016.001:57.03
49.0016.001:56.93
53.0013.001:46.84
69.0013.001:46.79
73.0013.001:66.98
89.0013.001:66.83
96.0010.001:46.52
106.0016.001:47.12
116.0010.001:66.52
126.0016.001:67.18
136.0013.001:57.33
146.0013.001:57.42
156.0013.001:57.38
166.0013.001:57.31
176.0013.001:57.35
), ArticleFig(id=1320883913686369143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883900205875994, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A醇沉温度
(℃)
B醇沉时间
(h)
C乙醇体积比
(v/v)
cHSP得率
(mg/mL)
13.0010.001:56.42
29.0010.001:56.26
33.0016.001:57.03
49.0016.001:56.93
53.0013.001:46.84
69.0013.001:46.79
73.0013.001:66.98
89.0013.001:66.83
96.0010.001:46.52
106.0016.001:47.12
116.0010.001:66.52
126.0016.001:67.18
136.0013.001:57.33
146.0013.001:57.42
156.0013.001:57.38
166.0013.001:57.31
176.0013.001:57.35
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Analysis of variance for regression models

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方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型2.190.23166.87<0.0001**
A0.02610.02618.930.0034**
B0.8110.81577.21<0.0001**
C0.007210.00725.150.0575
AB0.000910.00090.640.4486
AC0.002510.00251.790.2228
BC0.000910.00090.640.4486
A20.4810.48341.24< 0.0001**
B20.5510.55393.83< 0.0001**
C20.1110.1178.6< 0.0001**
残差0.0098370.0014
失拟项0.002330.00080.410.7551
纯误差0.007540.0019
总差2.1116
R20.9954
R2Adj0.9894
), ArticleFig(id=1320883913862529913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883900205875994, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

回归模型方差分析

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方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型2.190.23166.87<0.0001**
A0.02610.02618.930.0034**
B0.8110.81577.21<0.0001**
C0.007210.00725.150.0575
AB0.000910.00090.640.4486
AC0.002510.00251.790.2228
BC0.000910.00090.640.4486
A20.4810.48341.24< 0.0001**
B20.5510.55393.83< 0.0001**
C20.1110.1178.6< 0.0001**
残差0.0098370.0014
失拟项0.002330.00080.410.7551
纯误差0.007540.0019
总差2.1116
R20.9954
R2Adj0.9894
), ArticleFig(id=1320883913950610298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883900205875994, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Inhibitory kinetic parameters of HSP on α-amylase

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HSP浓度
(mg/mL)
回归方程R2Km(mg/mL)Vmax
(ΔA/min)
0y=6.65x+1.550.98794.290.65
2.5y=11.91x+2.230.99995.340.45
5y=17.96x+3.070.99625.850.33
10y=29.53x+4.370.99826.760.23
20y=44.06x+5.850.99467.530.17
), ArticleFig(id=1320883914042884987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883900205875994, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

HSP对α-淀粉酶的抑制动力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HSP浓度
(mg/mL)
回归方程R2Km(mg/mL)Vmax
(ΔA/min)
0y=6.65x+1.550.98794.290.65
2.5y=11.91x+2.230.99995.340.45
5y=17.96x+3.070.99625.850.33
10y=29.53x+4.370.99826.760.23
20y=44.06x+5.850.99467.530.17
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黄水多糖醇沉工艺优化及其体外抗氧化、降血糖活性分析
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冯盼盼 1, 2 , 方颂平 1, 3, * , 刘贝 1, 2 , 余越 1, 3 , 马婉露 1, 3 , 刘露 1, 3 , 邱腾辉 1 , 张传博 1
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(6): 254-263
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (6) : 254 -263
黄水多糖醇沉工艺优化及其体外抗氧化、降血糖活性分析
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冯盼盼1, 2 , 方颂平1, 3, * , 刘贝1, 2, 余越1, 3, 马婉露1, 3, 刘露1, 3, 邱腾辉1, 张传博1
作者信息
  • 1亳州学院生物与食品工程系,安徽亳州 236800
  • 2药用植物有效成分生物合成亳州市重点实验室,安徽亳州 236800
  • 3安徽省功能型配制酒开发与应用工程研究中心,安徽亳州 236800
通讯作者:
方颂平(1972−),男,本科,副教授,研究方向:传统白酒酿造,E-mail:。
作者简介:

冯盼盼(1991−),女,硕士,助教,研究方向:天然产物开发与利用,E-mail:

Optimization of the Huangshui Polysaccharide Ethanol Precipitation Process and Its Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activities in Vitro
Panpan FENG1, 2 , Songping FANG1, 3, * , Bei LIU1, 2, Yue YU1, 3, Wanlu MA1, 3, Lu LIU1, 3, Tenghui QIU1, Chuanbo ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Bozhou University, Bozhou 236800, China
  • 2Bozhou Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Effective Components of Medicinal Plants, Bozhou 236800, China
  • 3Anhui Engineering Research Center for Development and Application of Functional Blended Liquor, Bozhou 236800, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090304
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为促进白酒酿造副产物黄水的高值化利用,本研究以黄水为原料,以黄水粗多糖(crude Huangshui polysaccharide,cHSP)得率为评价指标,结合单因素实验和响应面法优化cHSP的醇沉工艺。在此基础上,采用酶法脱蛋白制备黄水多糖(Huangshui polysaccharide,HSP),并评价其体外抗氧化及降血糖活性,进一步通过酶动力学分析HSP对α-淀粉酶的抑制机制。结果表明,cHSP的最佳醇沉工艺为:温度5.8 ℃、时间14.3 h、乙醇体积比1:5,在此条件下cHSP得率为7.36±0.03 mg/mL。体外活性研究表明,HSP对ABTS+、DPPH及羟基自由基的清除能力较强,其IC50值分别为3.38、1.53和3.36 mg/mL;同时,HSP对α-葡萄糖苷酶、胰淀粉酶和α-淀粉酶的IC50值分别为3.75、2.40和2.08 mg/mL,表明其具有潜在的降血糖功效。酶动力学分析表明:HSP对α-淀粉酶的抑制类型为混合型抑制,抑制常数(KI)为4.21 mg/mL,低于酶-底物复合物抑制常数(KIS=8.62 mg/mL),说明HSP对游离酶的结合能力更强。本研究结果表明,黄水多糖具有一定的抗氧化活性和较好的α-淀粉酶抑制能力,在天然抗氧化剂和降血糖功能食品开发中具有潜在的应用价值。

黄水  /  多糖  /  响应面优化  /  抗氧化  /  降血糖  /  酶动力学

To promote the high-value utilization of Huangshui, a byproduct of Baijiu brewing, Huangshui was used as the raw material, and the yield of crude Huangshui polysaccharide (cHSP) was used as the evaluation index. The isolation process of cHSP was optimized using single-factor experiments combined with response surface methods. Subsequently, enzymatic deproteinization was employed to prepare Huangshui polysaccharide (HSP), followed by in vitro evaluation of antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Furthermore, the inhibition mechanism of HSP on α-amylase was analyzed using enzyme kinetics. The results showed that the optimal ethanol precipitation conditions for cHSP were as follows: temperature of 5.8 ℃, time of 14.3 h, and ethanol volume ratio of 1:5. Under these conditions, the cHSP was 7.36±0.03 mg/mL. Activity studies in vitro indicated that HSP exhibited strong scavenging capacity against ABTS+, DPPH, and hydroxyl radicals, with IC50 values of 3.38, 1.53, and 3.36 mg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the IC50 values of HSP against α-glucosidase, pancreatic amylase, and α-amylase were 3.75, 2.40, and 2.08 mg/mL, respectively, indicating a potential hypoglycemic effect. Enzyme kinetic analysis showed that the inhibitory effect of HSP on α-amylase was mixed. The inhibition constant (KI) was 4.21 mg/mL, which was lower than the inhibition constant for the enzyme-substrate complex (KIS=8.62 mg/mL). This results suggest that HSP has a stronger affinity for free α-amylase. The findings indicate that Huangshui polysaccharide have certain antioxidant activity and excellent α-amylase inhibitory capacity, highlighting their potential applications in the development of natural antioxidants and functional foods for hypoglycemia.

Huangshui  /  polysaccharide  /  response surface optimization  /  antioxidant  /  hypoglycemic  /  enzyme kinetics
冯盼盼, 方颂平, 刘贝, 余越, 马婉露, 刘露, 邱腾辉, 张传博. 黄水多糖醇沉工艺优化及其体外抗氧化、降血糖活性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 254 -263 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090304
Panpan FENG, Songping FANG, Bei LIU, Yue YU, Wanlu MA, Lu LIU, Tenghui QIU, Chuanbo ZHANG. Optimization of the Huangshui Polysaccharide Ethanol Precipitation Process and Its Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activities in Vitro[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 254 -263 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090304
黄水(又称黄浆水)是我国传统白酒酿造过程中产生的一种特有副产物,主要由发酵浆水、代谢产物以及微生物菌体沉积于窖池底部形成的一种棕黄色、黏稠液体[1]。研究表明,黄水中含有丰富的乙醇、酸类、醇类、酯类等挥发性成分,以及糖类、氨基酸、腐殖质、酵母自溶物等营养物质[2−3]。黄水产量较大,据统计,每生产1 t固态法白酒会产生0.3~0.4 t黄水,其资源化利用已成为白酒行业关注的焦点之一[4−5]。目前,黄水的资源化利用方式主要有串蒸回收风味成分、有机酸提取、生产调味酒[6]、制备酯化液[7−8]、培养人工老窖[9]以及生产单细胞蛋白[10]等,然而上述方式普遍存在资源化利用率低、附加值不高等问题。
多糖是一类具有多种生物活性的天然大分子,具有抗炎、免疫调节、调节肠道微生菌群等多种生理功效[11−13],且因其具有低细胞毒性和安全性而受到广泛关注[14]。近年来研究发现,黄水中不仅含有风味成分,还含有丰富的肽类、多糖等功能性成分[4]。廖勤俭等[15]从黄水中筛选出具有潜在的血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin-converting enzyme,ACE)抑制肽。此外,对黄水多糖也有相关研究报道,裴文豪等[16]对五粮液白酒酿造过程产生的黄水多糖进行研究,发现其具有被肠道微生物降解利用的潜在益生活性;Li等[17]研究发现,黄水多糖对肠道菌群及代谢产物具有调节作用;Huo等[18−19]发现黄水多糖具有显著的免疫调节特性及肠道屏障保护作用。然而,当前对黄水多糖的研究主要集中在免疫调节及益生活性等方面,而对其高效醇沉分离工艺及抗氧化、降血糖生物活性仍有待深入研究。
本研究以浓香型白酒酿造副产物黄水为研究对象,以黄水粗多糖cHSP得率为评价指标,通过单因素实验结合响应面法优化cHSP的醇沉工艺,并对其除杂精制以制备HSP。在此基础上,系统评价HSP的体外抗氧化能力及其对α-葡萄糖苷酶、胰淀粉酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制活性,研究其潜在的降血糖功能。研究结果可为黄水多糖的高效提取及高值化利用提供理论支撑。
黄水 取自白酒酿造教学基地浓香型白酒酿造窖池;考马斯亮蓝、牛血清白蛋白(BSA)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、L-抗坏血酸(VC)、咔唑、半乳糖醛酸、水杨酸 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;透析袋(MD55,8000~14000 Da)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)检测试剂盒、α-葡萄糖苷酶(25 U/mg)、对硝基苯基-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(PNPG) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;酸性蛋白酶(1.5×105 U/mL)、木瓜蛋白酶(6.0×105 U/g) 宁夏夏盛实业集团有限公司;α-淀粉酶(30 U/mg) 合肥博美生物科技有限公司;胰淀粉酶(25 U/mg) 伊势久(江苏连云港)生物科技有限责任公司;阿卡波糖 上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司。
3100型酶标仪 上海闪谱生物科技有限公司;LGJ-10C冷冻干燥机 四环科仪科技发展河北有限责任公司;UV-6100紫外可见分光光度计 上海元析仪器有限公司;H1850R冷冻离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;RE-2000A旋转蒸发仪 上海亚荣生化仪器厂。
参考Wang等[20]的方法,略作修改。取一定量黄水用纱布过滤,滤液于4 ℃静置24 h,以6000 r/min离心15 min,收集上清液。使用旋转蒸发仪将上清液浓缩至原体积的1/3,按与黄水浓缩液1:1000的体积比加入酸性蛋白酶[21],45 ℃酶解3 h后,沸水浴10 min灭酶处理,冷却后6000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液备用。
参考Wang等[20]的方法,略作修改。准确量取预处理后的黄水浓缩液50 mL,在一定温度下加入无水乙醇,充分混匀后,静置一定时间,6000 r/min离心20 min,收集沉淀物;用80%(v/v)乙醇洗涤沉淀物3次,自然挥发去除乙醇,用少量去离子水溶解沉淀物,冷冻干燥后得cHSP。cHSP得率按公式(1)计算。
$ \text{W}(\text{mg/mL})=\frac{\text{m}}{150} $
式中:W为cHSP的得率,mg/mL;m为cHSP的质量,mg;150为浓缩前的黄水体积。
参考沈赤[22]的方法,结合前期预实验结果,将乙醇体积比(预处理后的黄水浓缩液体积:无水乙醇体积)1:5、醇沉温度6 ℃、醇沉时间13 h作为基本反应条件,以cHSP得率为评价指标,选择醇沉温度(3、6、9、12、15 ℃)、醇沉时间(7、10、13、16、19 h)、乙醇体积比(1:2、1:3、1:4、1:5、1:6)进行单因素实验。
在单因素实验的基础上,利用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件中Box-Behnken模型设计三因素三水平试验,因素和水平见表1。
参考曹建昌等[23]方法,并稍作修改。称取条件优化后提取的cHSP 100 mg,溶于10 mL去离子水中,加入0.1 mL 600 U/mL的木瓜蛋白酶溶液[24],55 ℃酶解3 h后,沸水浴10 min灭酶处理,冷却后6000 r/min离心15 min,收集上清液转入截留分子量为8000~14000 Da的透析袋中,去离子水透析48 h,每隔6 h更换一次去离子水。透析结束后,将透析袋内溶液旋蒸浓缩至10 mL,加无水乙醇50 mL混匀,4 ℃静置14.0 h后,6000 r/min离心20 min以收集沉淀物,用80%(v/v)乙醇洗涤沉淀物3次,自然挥发去除乙醇,并用少量去离子水溶解,冷冻干燥得黄水多糖HSP。
HSP中总糖含量的测定参考Chen等[25]方法,以葡萄糖为标准品建立标准曲线方程y=12.761x−0.0122(R2=0.998);蛋白质含量的测定参考唐敏等[26]方法,以牛血清白蛋白为标准品建立标准曲线方程y=5.3543x−0.0125(R2=0.992);糖醛酸含量的测定参考Zhao等[27]方法,以半乳糖醛酸为标准品建立标准曲线方程y=10.633x−0.0083(R2=0.993);多酚含量的测定参考Molole等[28]方法,以没食子酸为标准品建立标准曲线方程y=0.01255x+5.54881(R2=0.998)。
取HSP溶液(浓度分别为0.5、1.0、2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0 mg/mL)7 μL与ABTS工作液280 μL均匀混合,于室温下避光反应6 min,用酶标仪测定734 nm处吸光值。以VC为阳性对照。按公式(2)计算ABTS+自由基清除率。
$\rm {\text{ABTS}}^{\text+}自由基清除率(\text{%})=\frac{{A_0}-{A_1}}{{A_0}}\times 100 $
式中:A0表示去离子水与ABTS工作液组的吸光度值;A1表示样品与ABTS工作液组的吸光度值。
参考任蕊蕊等[29]的方法并稍作修改。取HSP溶液(浓度分别为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5 mg/mL)100 μL与0.2 mol/L的DPPH溶液100 μL均匀混合,于室温下避光反应30 min,用酶标仪测定517 nm处吸光值。以VC为阳性对照。按公式(3)计算DPPH自由基清除率。
$\rm \text{DPPH}自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{A_1}-{A_2}}{{A_0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1表示样品溶液与DPPH溶液混合后所测的吸光度值;A2表示样品溶液与无水乙醇混合后所测的吸光度值;A0表示去离子水与DPPH溶液混合后所测的吸光度值。
取HSP溶液(浓度分别为0.5、1.0、2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0 mg/mL)2 mL,依次与9 mmol/L的FeSO4溶液2 mL、8.8 mmol/L的过氧化氢溶液2 mL、9 mmol/L的水杨酸溶液2 mL均匀混合,37 ℃反应30 min,测定510 nm处吸光值。以VC为阳性对照。按公式(4)计算羟基自由基清除率。
$\rm 羟基自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{A_1}-{A_2}}{{A_0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1表示样品溶液、FeSO4溶液、过氧化氢溶液及水杨酸溶液混合后所测的吸光度值;A2表示去离子水代替过氧化氢溶液所测的吸光度值;A0表示去离子水代替样品溶液所测的吸光度值。
参考林杉等[30]的方法并稍作修改。利用pH6.8、0.1 mol/L的PBS缓冲液分别配制不同浓度的HSP溶液、1 U/mL的α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液及8 mmol/L的PNPG溶液。取HSP溶液(浓度分别为1.0、2.0、5.0、10.0、20.0 mg/mL)50 μL与α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液70 μL混合均匀,37 ℃孵育10 min,再加入PNPG溶液50 μL振荡混匀,37 ℃反应30 min,最后加入1 mol/L的Na2CO3溶液50 μL终止反应,用酶标仪测定405 nm处吸光值。以阿卡波糖为阳性对照。α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率按公式(5)计算。
$\rm \alpha \text{-}葡萄糖苷酶抑制率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{A_1}-{A_2}}{{A_0}-{A_3}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1表示上述样品组所测的吸光度值;A2表示缓冲液代替α-葡萄糖苷酶所测的吸光度值;A0表示缓冲液代替样品所测的吸光度值;A3表示缓冲液分别代替样品和α-葡萄糖苷酶所测的吸光度值。
参照李志鹏等[31]的方法并稍作修改。取HSP溶液(浓度分别为0.5、1.0、2.5、5.0、10.0 mg/mL)100 μL与2 U/mL的α-淀粉酶溶液100 μL、pH 6.8的PBS缓冲液100 μL混合均匀,37 ℃孵育10 min,再加入10 mg/mL的淀粉溶液200 μL并振荡混匀,37 ℃反应15 min,最后加入DNS试剂500 μL并沸水浴15 min,冷却至室温后,测定540 nm处吸光值。以阿卡波糖为阳性对照。按公式(6)计算α-淀粉酶抑制率。
$\rm \alpha \text{-}淀粉酶抑制率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{A_1}-{A_2}}{{A_0}-{A_3}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1表示上述样品组所测的吸光度值;A2表示缓冲液代替α-淀粉酶所测的吸光度值;A0表示缓冲液代替样品所测的吸光度值;A3表示缓冲液分别代替样品和α-淀粉酶所测的吸光度值。
HSP对胰淀粉酶抑制率的测定参照1.2.7.2进行,胰淀粉酶代替α-淀粉酶,所用胰淀粉酶为4 U/mL。
参照1.2.7.2方法,固定底物可溶性淀粉浓度为15.0 mg/mL、α-淀粉酶为2.0 U/mL。在1000 μL反应体系中,分别加入100 μL不同浓度的HSP溶液(0、2.5、5.0、10.0 mg/mL),在不同加酶量(25、50、75、100 μL)条件下,测定540 nm处的吸光值,记为A1;以缓冲液代替α-淀粉酶溶液的吸光度值,记为A2。按公式(7)计算不同HSP浓度、不同加酶量条件下的反应速率,作酶反应速率与加酶量的关系曲线图。
$\rm 反应速率(\Delta \text{A/min})=\frac{{A_1}-{A_2}}{\text{T}} $
式中:A1、A2表示上述加样后所测的吸光度值;T表示反应时间,min。
参照Dhital等[32]的方法,稍作修改。固定α-淀粉酶加酶量为100 μL,取100 μL不同浓度HSP溶液(0、2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0 mg/mL)作为抑制剂,按照公式(7)测定不同淀粉浓度(1.0、2.0、5.0、10.0 mg/mL)条件下的酶促反应速率。以底物浓度的倒数(1/[S])为横坐标,以反应速率的倒数(1/V)为纵坐标,绘制Lineweaver-Burk双倒数曲线图。以Lineweaver-Burk双倒数曲线图中各曲线的斜率和纵轴截距分别对HSP浓度进行二次作图,利用式(8)、式(9)分别计算抑制常数KI及酶-底物络合物抑制常数KIS。
$\rm 斜率=\frac{{K_m}}{{V_{max}}}+\frac{{K_m}}{{V_{max}}}\cdot \frac{1}{{K_I}}\cdot [\text{I}] $
$\rm \text{Y}轴截距=\frac{1}{{V_{max}}}+\frac{1}{{V_{max}}}\cdot \frac{1}{{K_{IS}}}\cdot [\text{I}] $
式中:Vmax表示最大反应速率,ΔA/min;Km表示米氏常数,mg/mL;[I]表示抑制剂浓度,mg/mL;KI表示抑制常数,mg/mL;KIS表示酶-底物络合物抑制常数,mg/mL。
所有实验均重复3次,使用OriginPro 2021软件作图,采用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件进行响应面试验设计及分析,采用SPSS Statistics 27软件进行不同处理组间的显著性分析,P<0.05为差异显著性水平。
由图1(A)可知,cHSP得率随醇沉温度的升高呈先上升后下降趋势,在6 ℃时最高,为7.34±0.1 mg/mL,显著高于3 ℃和9 ℃处理组(P<0.05)。此后随着醇沉温度进一步升高,cHSP得率逐渐降低,这可能是由于高温增加了cHSP在醇-水体系中的溶解性,导致其析出量减少[33]。因此选择6 ℃为较适宜的醇沉温度。
由图1(B)可知,cHSP得率随醇沉时间的延长呈逐渐上升趋势。在7~13 h范围内,cHSP得率随醇沉时间延长持续增加,13 h后得率增加趋于平缓,与16 h处理组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),说明此时多糖沉淀已基本完成;继续增加醇沉时间可能会导致多糖通过非特异性吸附结合色素、蛋白质等杂质,影响多糖纯度[34]。因此,选择13 h为较适宜的醇沉时间。
由图1(C)可知,cHSP得率随着乙醇体积比的增加亦呈先升高后降低趋势,在1:5时最高,达7.34±0.14 mg/mL,显著高于1:6处理组(P<0.05)。该结果与陈玉鹏等[35]报道的枸杞果渣粗多糖提取工艺中最佳醇沉酒精度(80%vol)基本一致。这可能是由于随着乙醇体积比增加,混合溶剂的介电常数下降,多糖溶解度降低,有利于沉淀析出;但过高的乙醇体积比会增大体系总体积,导致多糖浓度降低,反而使醇沉效率降低[36]。
使用Box-Behnken模型对醇沉温度(A)、醇沉时间(B)、乙醇体积比(C)进行三因素三水平试验设计,结果如表2所示。
采用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件对表2的响应面试验结果进行多元二次多项式回归拟合,得到cHSP得率与醇沉温度(A)、醇沉时间(B)、乙醇体积比(C)的线性回归方程模型为Y=7.36−0.057A+0.32B+0.030C+0.015AB−0.025AC+0.015BC−0.34A2−0.36B2−0.16C2。
对表2中的数据进行方差分析,结果如表3所示。该模型的F值为166.87,P<0.0001,表明模型极显著;失拟项F值为0.41,P值为0.7551>0.05,失拟不显著,表明所建立的回归模型拟合度良好。决定系数R2=0.9954,校正系数RAdj2=0.9894,说明该模型的相关度和精确度高,有98.94%的响应值变化可用于cHSP得率的分析[37]。模型中一次项A、B及二次项A2、B2、C2对cHSP得率影响极显著(P<0.01),AB、AC、BC之间的交互作用对cHSP得率影响不显著(P>0.05),由F值可知,各因素对cHSP得率的影响程度为B(醇沉时间)>A(醇沉温度)>C(乙醇体积比)。
利用Design-Expert 8.0.6预测cHSP的最佳分离工艺为:醇沉温度5.76 ℃,醇沉时间14.32 h,乙醇体积比1:5.12,该条件下cHSP得率预测值为7.43 mg/mL。考虑操作的简便及实际应用,将分离条件调整为:醇沉温度5.8 ℃,醇沉时间14.3 h,乙醇体积比1:5,在此条件下重复3次实验,cHSP实际得率为7.36±0.03 mg/mL,与预测值接近,明显高于文献[38]利用醇沉法提取cHSP的得率(4.1 mg/mL)。
经测定,HSP中总糖含量为87.14%±1.06%,蛋白质含量为6.38%±0.58%,糖醛酸含量为4.03%±0.73%,稍低于白酒丢糟中的糖醛酸含量(5.12%±0.34%)[39],这可能与其浸出程度及黄水的酸性环境引起的糖醛酸及其多糖链的溶解度下降有关。此外,HSP中还含有3.63%±0.21%的多酚,这可能与多酚和多糖相似的溶解特性及两者之间的分子间相互作用引发的共沉淀有关[40]。
由图2(A)可知,在实验浓度范围内,HSP对ABTS+自由基的清除能力随浓度升高而增强,IC50值为3.38 mg/mL。在质量浓度达到20 mg/mL时,HSP处理组的ABTS+自由基清除率显著低于相同浓度的Vc处理组(P<0.05),表明HSP具有一定的ABTS+自由基清除活性,但弱于VC组。
由图2(B)可知,在浓度范围为0.5~3.5 mg/mL时,HSP对DPPH自由基的清除率随浓度升高而增强,IC50值为1.53 mg/mL。当HSP质量浓度为3.5 mg/mL时,其对DPPH自由基的清除率达92.76%±4.11%,与同浓度VC组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),远高于文献[38]报道的4.1 mg/mL黄水粗多糖的DPPH自由基清除率(18.1%),说明HSP具有较好的DPPH自由基清除活性。
由图2(C)可知,HSP对羟基自由基的清除能力亦表现出浓度依赖性,IC50值为3.36 mg/mL。在0.5~5 mg/mL浓度范围内,HSP的羟基自由基清除率增速较快,但当浓度超过5 mg/mL后,其增速趋缓,推测可能与HSP分子聚集形成的空间位阻有关[41]。在浓度为20 mg/mL时,HSP的羟基自由基清除率为71.9%±3.56%,低于Xu等[42]报道的3 mg/mL cHSP的羟基自由基清除率(接近80%),且显著低于同浓度的VC处理组(P<0.05),表明HSP具备一定的羟基自由基清除能力,但整体较弱。
在浓香型白酒酿造过程中,黄水与酒糟在固态发酵阶段长期共存,因此二者所含多糖成分在来源及结构上具有一定相似性。黎莲等[39]研究表明,白酒丢糟多糖在浓度为2 mg/mL时,对DPPH、ABTS+及羟基自由基的清除率分别为29.16%±0.01%、19.99%±0.01%和31.63%±0.01%,该结果与本研究中黄水多糖在相同浓度下的抗氧化趋势基本一致。多糖的抗氧化性能不仅取决于其结构特征,还与其所结合的生物活性成分有关。颜金鑫等[43]从高粱皮中提取的阿拉伯木聚糖表现出较高的ABTS+及DPPH自由基清除能力,分析其抗氧化能力与阿拉伯木聚糖及其结合的花青素有关。浓香型白酒以高粱为主要酿酒原料,在固态发酵过程中,高粱皮中的阿拉伯木聚糖可部分溶出并进入黄水,因此黄水多糖的抗氧化活性,与其可能含有结构与功能类似的阿拉伯木聚糖有关。
由图3(A)可知,在实验浓度范围(1~20 mg/mL)内,HSP的质量浓度与α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性呈正相关。当HSP浓度为5 mg/mL时,其对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率为48.29%±3.12%,当浓度增至20 mg/mL时,抑制率达到70.98%±0.83%。经计算,HSP对α-葡萄糖苷酶的IC50值为3.75 mg/mL,表明其具有一定的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。
由图3(B)可知,在实验浓度范围(0.5~10 mg/mL)内,HSP对α-淀粉酶的抑制效果呈浓度依赖性,IC50值为2.08 mg/mL。当HSP浓度为10 mg/mL时,其对α-淀粉酶的抑制率为88.5%±1.17%,与同浓度阿卡波糖处理组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),表明其具有较强的α-淀粉酶抑制活性。
由图3(C)可知,HSP对胰淀粉酶活性的抑制能力与α-淀粉酶相似,IC50值为2.40 mg/mL。当HSP浓度为10 mg/mL时,其对胰淀粉酶的抑制率达88.67%±3.14%,与同浓度阿卡波糖处理组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),说明其具有较强的胰淀粉酶抑制活性。
餐后高血糖是2型糖尿病发病的主要因素之一,抑制α-淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶活性可以延迟葡萄糖在肠道中的吸收,从而降低餐后血糖水平[44−45]。本研究结果显示,HSP对α-葡萄糖苷酶、胰淀粉酶和α-淀粉酶均有抑制作用,这一活性可能与黄水中富含源于酿酒酵母细胞壁的水溶性β-葡聚糖有关。研究表明,酵母源β-葡聚糖具有调节糖代谢相关酶活性的潜力,李赛芬等[46]研究表明,从酿酒酵母细胞壁中提取的水溶性酵母β-葡聚糖对α-淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶具有抑制作用,在质量浓度为5.0 mg/mL时,对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率达到45.83%,在质量浓度为1.0 mg/mL时,对α-淀粉酶抑制率达到65.45%,该结果与本实验中HSP的抑制作用基本一致。
α-淀粉酶是调控餐后血糖上升的关键消化酶,抑制其活性可有效延缓碳水化合物的分解与葡萄糖的吸收,从而发挥降血糖作用。通过固定底物可溶性淀粉溶液的浓度及用量,改变α-淀粉酶的添加量,测定不同质量浓度HSP对α-淀粉酶反应速率的影响,结果如图4所示。
由图4可知,在相同HSP质量浓度下,酶促反应速率随α-淀粉酶添加量的增加而升高。在不同HSP质量浓度下,酶促反应速率与α-淀粉酶添加量的线性拟合曲线均基本通过原点,且曲线斜率随HSP质量浓度的升高而降低。说明HSP并非通过降低体系中的有效酶量抑制酶活,而是通过非共价键(疏水相互作用、氢键等)与α-淀粉酶相互作用,导致酶活力降低。由此表明,HSP对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用方式为可逆抑制。
以底物浓度的倒数(1/[S])为横坐标,酶促反应速率的倒数(1/V)为纵坐标,绘制不同质量浓度HSP条件下的Lineweaver-Burk双倒数曲线,结果如图5(A)所示,相应拟合曲线的回归方程及相关参数见表4。
如图5(A)所示,各拟合曲线相交于第二象限,且随着HSP质量浓度的增加,其对应曲线的斜率(Km/Vmax)逐渐增大,纵轴截距(1/Vmax)也相应升高;由表4可知,随着HSP质量浓度的增大,米氏常数Km值由4.29 mg/mL增至7.53 mg/mL,最大反应速率Vmax值由0.65 ΔA/min降至0.17 ΔA/min,表明其抑制动力学特点符合竞争性与非竞争性的混合型抑制。该结果说明HSP既能与游离的α-淀粉酶结合,通过与底物竞争酶的活性中心阻碍酶-底物复合物的形成,降低酶促反应速率;又能与酶-底物复合物结合,形成酶-底物-抑制剂复合物,从而抑制酶促反应进程。研究表明,青稞多糖[31]、铁皮石斛多糖[47]、枯草芽孢杆菌胞外多糖[48]对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用均属于竞争性与非竞争性的混合型抑制,与本研究结果一致。
利用表4中的数据,以不同HSP质量浓度下拟合曲线的斜率和纵轴截距分别对HSP浓度进行二次作图,结果如图5(B)、图5(C)所示。根据式(8)、式(9)分别计算得出抑制常数(KI)为4.21 mg/mL,酶-底物复合物抑制常数(KIS)为8.62 mg/mL。KI<KIS表明HSP对游离α-淀粉酶的亲和力强于对酶-底物复合物的亲和力,进一步支持其混合型抑制机制。
本研究通过单因素实验结合响应面法优化了cHSP的醇沉工艺,并系统评价HSP的体外抗氧化活性与降血糖功能。结果表明,HSP具有一定的自由基清除能力,对ABTS+、DPPH和羟基自由基的IC50值分别为3.38、1.53和3.36 mg/mL;在体外降血糖活性方面,HSP对α-葡萄糖苷酶、胰淀粉酶和α-淀粉酶均表现出较好的抑制作用,其中对α-淀粉酶的抑制活性最强,IC50值为2.08 mg/mL,揭示其可能具有调控餐后血糖的潜力。酶抑制动力学分析表明,HSP对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用为混合型抑制,且HSP更易与游离酶结合,通过占据活性位点降低酶促反应速率。
多糖的生物活性与其结构特征密切相关。本研究初步推测,HSP的抗氧化活性可能源于其所含的阿拉伯木聚糖,而其对α-葡萄糖苷酶、胰淀粉酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制作用,则可能与黄水中含有源自酿酒酵母细胞壁的水溶性β-葡聚糖有关。然而,本研究仅初步分离获得HSP,其构效关系仍需深入探讨。后续工作将聚焦HSP的结构解析,并在细胞水平上探究HSP的抗氧化与降血糖作用机制,为其作为天然抗氧化剂及潜在功能性降血糖因子的开发提供理论支持。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090304
  • 接收时间:2025-09-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-26
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    1亳州学院生物与食品工程系,安徽亳州 236800
    2药用植物有效成分生物合成亳州市重点实验室,安徽亳州 236800
    3安徽省功能型配制酒开发与应用工程研究中心,安徽亳州 236800

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方颂平(1972−),男,本科,副教授,研究方向:传统白酒酿造,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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