Article(id=1320881302786659196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090198, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758211200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852243371, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852243371, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852243371, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852243371, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=184, endPage=193, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881302992180093, articleId=1320881302786659196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Different Intensity Static Magnetic Fields on the Quality, Moisture Distribution, and Myofibrillar Proteins of Thawed Lamb Meat, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the effects of static magnetic field-assisted thawing on lamb quality using longissimus dorsi muscles as the experimental material. Following conventional freezing at −18 ℃ for 24 hours, samples were thawed at 4 ℃ in a magnetoelectric coupling thermostatic chamber under static magnetic fields of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mT. A comprehensive analysis was performed to evaluate water-holding capacity, lipid oxidation, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), moisture distribution, and myofibrillar protein structure. The results demonstrated that compared with the 0 mT control, the 2 mT magnetic field treatment significantly reduced thawing time by 28.96% and markedly decreased thawing loss, centrifugation loss, and cooking loss by 55.32%, 20.71%, and 21.55%, respectively (P<0.05). Analysis via low-field nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the 2 mT static magnetic field treatment effectively inhibited water migration during thawing, which maximized the retention of immobile water and enhanced water-holding capacity. Furthermore, this assisted thawing process significantly reduced thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) and TVB-N (P<0.05), suggesting effective suppression of lipid oxidation and protein degradation. Finally, the treatment increased the total sulfhydryl content while reducing carbonyl content and surface hydrophobicity of myofibrillar proteins, demonstrating diminished protein oxidation and denaturation. Analysis of the secondary and tertiary structures further indicated that the 2 mT static magnetic field contributed to the stability of the protein structure. In summary, static magnetic field-assisted thawing effectively improved the water-holding capacity of lamb, inhibited lipid and protein oxidation, and stabilized the myofibrillar structure, thus enhancing the overall quality of the thawed product. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the development of new thawing technologies for lamb meat.

, authors=Jinxiao LIU1, 2, Jing WANG3, Weiting WANG2, Guoyuan XIONG1, Pengfei DU2, Laixue NI4, Xianqi YAO4, Peng HU2, Jianfang CAO2, Yanli MA2, *, Kun YU1, *, authorsList=Jinxiao LIU, Jing WANG, Weiting WANG, Guoyuan XIONG, Pengfei DU, Laixue NI, Xianqi YAO, Peng HU, Jianfang CAO, Yanli MA, Kun YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanli MA, Kun YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881306796413846, articleId=1320881302786659196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同强度静磁场辅助解冻对羊肉品质、水分分布以及肌原纤维蛋白的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究静磁场辅助解冻对羊肉品质的影响。以羊背最长肌为研究对象,经−18 ℃常规冷冻24 h后,置于磁电耦合恒温箱中,在4 ℃条件下分别施加0、1、2、3、4、5、6 mT强度的静磁场进行解冻。随后对样品的保水性、脂质氧化程度、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、水分分布及肌原纤维蛋白结构等指标进行系统测定。结果显示,与0 mT对照组相比,2 mT静磁场处理的解冻时间显著减少了28.96%,解冻损失、离心损失和蒸煮损失分别显著降低了55.32%、20.71%和21.55%(P<0.05)。低场核磁共振与磁共振成像分析表明,静磁场(2 mT)处理有效抑制了解冻过程中水分的迁移,最大限度地保留了不易流动水,提高了水分保持能力。此外,静磁场(2 mT)辅助解冻显著降低了硫代巴比妥酸(TBARS)和TVB-N(P<0.05),表明脂质氧化和蛋白质分解程度受到抑制。静磁场(2 mT)处理使肌原纤维蛋白总巯基含量较高,而羰基含量和表面疏水性较低,说明蛋白质氧化和变性程度减轻。二级和三级结构分析结果进一步表明,静磁场(2 mT)有助于维持蛋白质结构的稳定性。综上所述,静磁场辅助解冻可有效改善羊肉的保水性,抑制脂质与蛋白质氧化,并稳定肌原纤维结构,从而提升解冻羊肉的整体品质。本研究为羊肉解冻新技术的开发提供了理论依据和技术支持。

, authors=刘金晓1, 2, 王晶3, 王维婷2, 熊国远1, 杜鹏飞2, 倪来学4, 姚现琦4, 胡鹏2, 曹建芳2, 马艳丽2, *, 于鲲1, *, authorsList=刘金晓, 王晶, 王维婷, 熊国远, 杜鹏飞, 倪来学, 姚现琦, 胡鹏, 曹建芳, 马艳丽, 于鲲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马艳丽, 于鲲, authorNote=

刘金晓(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

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马艳丽(1987−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:肉类加工与储藏,E-mail:。
于鲲(1989−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=9xYHBaJoOIhCGY4ajLK8EQ==, magXml=wqL0lK6YkSvk0w+ENWUW3Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=JHm0IsOZDg31s7okPPOyIg==, pdfFileSize=3129820, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=xRaZBFO+ZqTaiyRJd0/usw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=GWQ2L//mI+F6WghDNcjKGw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320881573159878700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881302786659196, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=jinxiaoliu98@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320881574862766127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881302786659196, authorId=1320881573159878700, language=EN, stringName=Jinxiao LIU, firstName=Jinxiao, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Anhui Institute of Science and Technology, Chuzhou 233100, China
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注:图中不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图5、图8~图11同。

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不同强度静磁场辅助解冻对羊肉品质、水分分布以及肌原纤维蛋白的影响
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刘金晓 1, 2 , 王晶 3 , 王维婷 2 , 熊国远 1 , 杜鹏飞 2 , 倪来学 4 , 姚现琦 4 , 胡鹏 2 , 曹建芳 2 , 马艳丽 2, * , 于鲲 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(17): 184-193
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (17) : 184 -193
不同强度静磁场辅助解冻对羊肉品质、水分分布以及肌原纤维蛋白的影响
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刘金晓1, 2 , 王晶3, 王维婷2, 熊国远1, 杜鹏飞2, 倪来学4, 姚现琦4, 胡鹏2, 曹建芳2, 马艳丽2, * , 于鲲1, *
作者信息
  • 1安徽科技学院,安徽滁州 233100
  • 2山东省农业科学院农产品加工与营养研究所/农业农村部新食品资源加工重点实验室,山东济南 250100
  • 3光明乳业股份有限公司乳业研究院/上海乳业生物工程技术研究中心/乳业生物技术国家重点实验室,上海 201103
  • 4临沂金锣文瑞食品有限公司,山东临沂 276002
通讯作者:
马艳丽(1987−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:肉类加工与储藏,E-mail:。
于鲲(1989−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘金晓(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

Effects of Different Intensity Static Magnetic Fields on the Quality, Moisture Distribution, and Myofibrillar Proteins of Thawed Lamb Meat
Jinxiao LIU1, 2 , Jing WANG3, Weiting WANG2, Guoyuan XIONG1, Pengfei DU2, Laixue NI4, Xianqi YAO4, Peng HU2, Jianfang CAO2, Yanli MA2, * , Kun YU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Anhui Institute of Science and Technology, Chuzhou 233100, China
  • 2Institute of Agricultural Products Processing and Nutrition, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of New Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China
  • 3Bright Dairy Co., Ltd., Dairy Research Institute, Shanghai Dairy Biotechnology Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai 201103, China
  • 4Linyi Jinluo Wenrui Food Co., Ltd., Linyi 276002, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090198
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为研究静磁场辅助解冻对羊肉品质的影响。以羊背最长肌为研究对象,经−18 ℃常规冷冻24 h后,置于磁电耦合恒温箱中,在4 ℃条件下分别施加0、1、2、3、4、5、6 mT强度的静磁场进行解冻。随后对样品的保水性、脂质氧化程度、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、水分分布及肌原纤维蛋白结构等指标进行系统测定。结果显示,与0 mT对照组相比,2 mT静磁场处理的解冻时间显著减少了28.96%,解冻损失、离心损失和蒸煮损失分别显著降低了55.32%、20.71%和21.55%(P<0.05)。低场核磁共振与磁共振成像分析表明,静磁场(2 mT)处理有效抑制了解冻过程中水分的迁移,最大限度地保留了不易流动水,提高了水分保持能力。此外,静磁场(2 mT)辅助解冻显著降低了硫代巴比妥酸(TBARS)和TVB-N(P<0.05),表明脂质氧化和蛋白质分解程度受到抑制。静磁场(2 mT)处理使肌原纤维蛋白总巯基含量较高,而羰基含量和表面疏水性较低,说明蛋白质氧化和变性程度减轻。二级和三级结构分析结果进一步表明,静磁场(2 mT)有助于维持蛋白质结构的稳定性。综上所述,静磁场辅助解冻可有效改善羊肉的保水性,抑制脂质与蛋白质氧化,并稳定肌原纤维结构,从而提升解冻羊肉的整体品质。本研究为羊肉解冻新技术的开发提供了理论依据和技术支持。

羊肉  /  静磁场辅助解冻  /  品质变化  /  水分分布  /  肌原纤维蛋白

This study investigated the effects of static magnetic field-assisted thawing on lamb quality using longissimus dorsi muscles as the experimental material. Following conventional freezing at −18 ℃ for 24 hours, samples were thawed at 4 ℃ in a magnetoelectric coupling thermostatic chamber under static magnetic fields of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mT. A comprehensive analysis was performed to evaluate water-holding capacity, lipid oxidation, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), moisture distribution, and myofibrillar protein structure. The results demonstrated that compared with the 0 mT control, the 2 mT magnetic field treatment significantly reduced thawing time by 28.96% and markedly decreased thawing loss, centrifugation loss, and cooking loss by 55.32%, 20.71%, and 21.55%, respectively (P<0.05). Analysis via low-field nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the 2 mT static magnetic field treatment effectively inhibited water migration during thawing, which maximized the retention of immobile water and enhanced water-holding capacity. Furthermore, this assisted thawing process significantly reduced thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) and TVB-N (P<0.05), suggesting effective suppression of lipid oxidation and protein degradation. Finally, the treatment increased the total sulfhydryl content while reducing carbonyl content and surface hydrophobicity of myofibrillar proteins, demonstrating diminished protein oxidation and denaturation. Analysis of the secondary and tertiary structures further indicated that the 2 mT static magnetic field contributed to the stability of the protein structure. In summary, static magnetic field-assisted thawing effectively improved the water-holding capacity of lamb, inhibited lipid and protein oxidation, and stabilized the myofibrillar structure, thus enhancing the overall quality of the thawed product. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the development of new thawing technologies for lamb meat.

lamb  /  static magnetic field assisted thawing  /  quality change  /  moisture distribution  /  myofibrillar protein
刘金晓, 王晶, 王维婷, 熊国远, 杜鹏飞, 倪来学, 姚现琦, 胡鹏, 曹建芳, 马艳丽, 于鲲. 不同强度静磁场辅助解冻对羊肉品质、水分分布以及肌原纤维蛋白的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 184 -193 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090198
Jinxiao LIU, Jing WANG, Weiting WANG, Guoyuan XIONG, Pengfei DU, Laixue NI, Xianqi YAO, Peng HU, Jianfang CAO, Yanli MA, Kun YU. Effects of Different Intensity Static Magnetic Fields on the Quality, Moisture Distribution, and Myofibrillar Proteins of Thawed Lamb Meat[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 184 -193 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090198
羊肉因其高蛋白、低脂肪且风味独特而成为全球范围内重要的肉类消费品[1−2]。随着冷链物流技术的发展,冷冻保存已成为保障羊肉长期供应、调节市场供需及维持其商业价值的关键手段。然而,解冻作为冷冻肉制品加工与消费前的必要环节,其过程对肉的最终品质具有决定性影响[3]。传统的解冻方法(如空气解冻、流水解冻、冷藏解冻等)往往存在解冻时间长、汁液流失严重、蛋白质变性加剧等问题,严重制约了冷冻羊肉产业的效益提升与高质量发展[4]。因此,开发高效、节能且能最大程度保持肉品原有品质的新型解冻技术已成为肉类工业亟待解决的关键问题之一。
为克服传统解冻技术的弊端,各种新兴解冻技术,如高压静电场解冻[5]、超声波解冻[6]、欧姆加热解冻[7]及射频解冻[8]等已被广泛研究。其中,磁场辅助解冻作为一种非热物理场技术,因其潜在的“非热效应”和能效高、操作简便、环境友好等优点而备受关注[9]。静磁场作用下,水分子会围绕磁场方向发生迁移,既能防止水分子聚集,又能破坏大水簇形成小水簇,从而抑制重结晶,同时可以增强肉品的热传导,提高解冻速率,抑制蛋白质变性[10−12]。现有研究表明,静磁场辅助解冻能够显著降低解冻、蒸煮损失,保持样品的持水能力,维持肌肉纤维束的完整性[13−14],但目前静磁场主要聚焦于猪肉[15]、牛肉[16]上,并且研究内容较单一片面,而针对羊肉这一重要经济肉类的系统研究仍十分缺乏。因此,本研究旨在系统解析静磁场强度对羊肉解冻速率的调控作用,重点揭示其改善汁液流失的深层机制与水分分布优化之间的内在关联,并进一步探究静磁场对肌原纤维蛋白在解冻过程中二级和三级结构的影响规律。
基于此,本文首先研究静磁场的解冻效率及对羊肉的保水性的影响;进而解析解冻过程中羊肉内部水分分布与迁移规律;最后分析肌原纤维蛋白的理化特性(巯基含量、羰基含量、表面疏水性)及二级、三级结构变化,从蛋白质分子水平揭示静磁场辅助解冻的作用机理。本研究旨在为静磁场辅助肉类解冻提供理论依据和数据支撑,为开发高品质冷冻羊肉制品的解冻工艺开辟新途径。
羊背最长肌 取自济南市全福广场售卖的9月龄白山羊;甲醇、盐酸胍、盐酸、碳酸钾、硼酸、氯化钾、三氯乙酸、磷酸氢二钾、乙酸乙酯、乙醇 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;甲基红、溴甲酚绿 西陇科学股份有限公司;氯化钠、甘氨酸、尿素、EGTA(乙二醇双(2-氨基乙基醚)四乙酸)、EDTA(乙二胺四乙酸) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;溴酚蓝、DTNB(5,5'-二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸))、DNPH(2,4-二硝基苯肼) 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;硫代巴比妥酸反应试剂盒 上海酶联生物科技有限公司;所有试剂皆为分析纯。
XHF-D高速分散器 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;DK-8D电热恒温水槽 上海精宏实验设备有限公司;TGL-16A离心机 平凡科技有限公司;synergyH1多功能酶标仪 BioTek公司;NMI20-015V-1核磁共振分析仪 苏州纽迈仪器股份有限公司;MF10磁电耦合恒温箱 英都斯特(无锡)感应科技有限公司;LR200D无纸记录仪 杭州联测自动化技术有限公司;OHG-92435-III电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 上海新苗医疗器械制造有限公司。
样品采用羊背最长肌,运回实验室立即剔除筋膜,进行分割。每个肉块重80±5 g,随机分成7组,每组3块。将肉块装入自封袋中放入−18 ℃冰箱进行冷冻24 h,随后解冻。样品于4 ℃的磁电耦合恒温箱内样品架上完成解冻。实验组的样品采用静磁场辅助解冻(SMFT),磁场强度分别设置为1、2、3、4、5、6 mT;对照组则采用在相同温度下不施加磁场(0 mT)。所有样品的放置位置与包装方式保持一致。采用无纸记录仪监测,将连接记录仪的探头插入肉品中心位置,每2 min记录一次温度,直至样品中心温度为1 ℃,即为解冻完成,绘制解冻曲线,随后置于室温1 h,进行检测。
参考朱晓玲等[6]的研究方法进行测定。将解冻前的羊肉样品精确称重,所对应质量M1 (g),当羊肉样品已经解冻之后,将其外表面上的汁液用厨房吸水纸全部擦干,然后进行称重得到M2(g),根据公式计算解冻损失率。每组样品进行3次平行实验。
$\rm \text{解冻损失}( \text{%}) =({\text{M}}_{1}-{\text{M}}_{2})/{\text{M}}_{1}\times 100 $
参考褚筱然等[17]的研究方法测定。将解冻后的肉切成均匀大小,重20 g的肉块。对肉样进行称量,记录其质量为M3(g)。随后将该肉样装入蒸煮袋内,置于80 ℃水浴环境中进行加热处理;当肉样中心温度监测达到75 ℃时,开始计时并持续保温20 min。加热完成后,将装有肉样的蒸煮袋取出,自然冷却至室温,再对冷却后的肉样进行精确称重,记录此时质量为 M4(g),根据公式计算蒸煮损失率。每组样品进行3次平行实验。
$\rm \text{蒸煮损失}( \text{%}) =({\text{M}}_{3}-{\text{M}}_{4})/{\text{M}}_{3}\times 100 $
参考Li等[18]的研究方法,稍作修改。称取约2.5 g样品(M5),将该样品集中放入50 mL离心管中。需提前在离心管底部铺垫充足的脱脂棉,并在脱脂棉上方覆盖双层快速定性滤纸。在4 ℃下以4000 r/min的转速离心10 min。离心后,立即称重(M6),每组样品进行3次平行实验。
$\rm \text{离心损失}(\text{%}) =({\text{M}}_{5}-{\text{M}}_{6})/{\text{M}}_{5}\times 100 $
采用硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)酶联免疫分析(ELISA)试剂盒方法测定。称取5 g粉碎的样品,加入10 mL 70%甲醇溶液,匀浆过滤。取25 μL样品与25 μL稀释液加入96孔板中,随后加入50 μL抗硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)抗体酶结合物,轻柔振荡混匀后,于37 ℃反应30 min。弃去孔内液体,使用洗液洗涤5次,每次洗涤结束后于吸水纸上拍干。依次加入50 μL显色液A与50 μL显色液B,轻柔振荡混匀,37 ℃避光显色10 min。最后每孔加入50 μL终止液,混匀后立即进行检测。使用分光光度计在450 nm下检测吸光度。
参考GB 5009.228-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中挥发性盐基氮的测定》中的微量扩散法测定,稍作修改。将2 g解冻的羊肉样品与8 mL蒸馏水混合,匀浆30 s,用滤纸过滤沉淀。将过滤液体(1 mL)和饱和K2CO3溶液(1 mL)添加到康威培养皿的外室,然后将1 mL硼酸溶液和一滴混合指示剂(1 mL 1 g/L甲基红乙醇、5 mL溴甲酚绿乙醇的EtoH溶液)加入到康威培养皿的内室中,37 ℃培养120 min,用10 mmol/L HCl滴定内室中得到的混合物直到出现淡粉红色。空白用蒸馏水。
参考GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》中的直接干燥法测定。
参照王新颖等[19]的方法,从自封袋中取出解冻后的羊肉样品,擦干样品表面的水分,切成约为1 cm×1 cm×1 cm形状的肉块,用生料带缠绕样品以减少测试过程中水分散失,置于核磁管中进行接下来的测试,测试序列为层-回波(Q-CPMG)测试序列,参数设置为:扫描频率SF=21 MHz,采样间隔时间TW=1000 ms,累加次数NS=4,回波时间TE=0.300 ms,回波个数NECH=10000。数据测试完成后,对得到的数据进行反演,反演方法为SIRT,迭代次数=800000,得到样品的T2弛豫图谱。
参照尚柯等[20]的方法,同LF-NMR制样方法一致,将样品管插入核磁共振成像分析仪(MRI)中,使用纽迈核磁共振分子应用软件V3.0进行成像,再用纽迈核磁共振图像处理软件(颜色为Jet)分析出水分分布及状态。主要参数如下:average=4,选择coronal截面,slice=3,width=4,每组样品进行3次平行实验。
参考李宇豪等[21]的测定方法,将解冻完成的肉样切碎后称取2 g,加入4倍体积缓冲液(0.1 mol/L KCl,20 mmol/L K2HPO4,1 mmol/L EGTA,pH6.9),用高速分散器匀浆30 s,在4 ℃下以4300 r/min离心15 min,弃上清液,重复以上步骤两次,后用4倍体积0.1 mol/L KCl溶液进行洗涤并离心两次,并在最后一次离心前,使用2层纱布过滤,最终离心所得提取物即为肌原纤维蛋白。
参照Zhang等[22]的方法,稍作修改。将肌原纤维蛋白溶液稀释至浓度为2 mg/mL,取1 mL稀释后的蛋白溶液与8 mL缓冲液(含0.086 mol/L Tris-HCl、0.09 mol/L甘氨酸、4 mmol/L EDTA、8 mol/L尿素,pH8.0)涡旋混匀,于10000×g离心15 min。取4.5 mL上清液,加入0.5 mL Ellman试剂,混匀后于40 ℃水浴中反应25 min。使用酶标仪在波长412 nm处测定吸光度,用摩尔消光系数13600 L/(mol·cm)进行计算,结果以nmol/mg表示。
$ \text{总巯基含量}( \text{nmol/mg})=\frac{\text{A×d}}{\varepsilon{\times 2}} $
式中:A:溶液吸光度;ε:摩尔消光系数;d:稀释倍数;2:MP浓度,mg/mL。
参考杨川等[23]的方法,稍加修改。将肌原纤维蛋白溶液浓度调节至2 mg/mL,取1 mL 置于离心管中,加入等体积10 mmol/L 2,4-二硝基苯肼溶液,另设空白对照,加1 mL 2 mol/L HCl。反应体系于避光条件下反应1 h,每15 min涡旋振荡一次。反应后加1 mL 20%三氯乙酸,摇床混合均匀后继续反应15 min。于4 ℃下以10000×g离心15 min,弃上清液。沉淀使用乙酸乙酯-乙醇(1:1,v/v)混合液充分洗涤3次,直至完全脱色。所得沉淀中加入3 mL 6 mol/L盐酸胍溶液,涡旋溶解后37 ℃水浴反应15 min。离心取上清液,在370 nm波长下测定吸光度值,计算羰基含量,摩尔消光系数为22000 L/(mol·cm)。
$ \text{羰基含量}( \text{nmol/mg}) =\frac{\text{A×d}}{\varepsilon{\times 2}} $
式中:A:溶液吸光度;ε:摩尔消光系数;d:稀释倍数;2:MP浓度,mg/mL。
参照Yang等[24]的方法,稍加修改。调整肌原纤维蛋白溶液浓度为2 mg/mL,取1 mL蛋白溶液加入200 μL 1 mg/mL溴酚蓝溶液,充分反应15 min。以磷酸盐缓冲液作为空白对照组。离心15 min后,取上清液稀释10倍。在波长595 nm处测各组吸光度,以结合态的疏水BPB结合量(总BPB与游离BPB的差值)作为表面疏水性指数,计算公式:
$ \text{溴酚蓝结合量}( \text{μg})=\frac{{200\;\text{μ}{\mathrm{g}}\times (}{\text{A}}_{\text{对照}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{样品}})}{{\text{A}}_{\text{对照}}} $
式中:A对照:对照组吸光度;A样品:样品吸光度。
参照Zhu等[25]的方法,对提取出来的肌原纤维蛋白,使用ATR法进行测定。仪器条件如下:扫描波数:400~4000 cm−1;扫描次数:64次。用PeakFit 4.12分析肌原纤维蛋白各部分二级结构所占的比例。
参照Xie等[26]的方法,对提取出来的肌原纤维蛋白,采用荧光光谱进行波长扫描,仪器条件如下:激发波长:295 nm;狭缝宽度:2.5 nm;波长扫描范围:300~400 nm;扫描速度:12000 nm/min。
采用SPSS 27软件和Origin 2022软件进行统计分析,数据以平均值±标准差(SD)表示。采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)对组间差异进行统计学分析,然后进行Duncan多重范围检验作为事后分析。以P<0.05为显著性差异。
图1显示了不同强度静磁场辅助羊肉解冻的温度-时间变化,羊肉在50 min内从−18 ℃迅速升至−5 ℃,所消耗的解冻时间主要集中在最大冰晶形成区(−5~−1 ℃)。对照0 mT、SMFT-1、SMFT-2、SMFT-3、SMFT-4、SMFT-5、SMFT-6的总解冻时间分别为518、456、368、406、448、484、484 min。与对照相比,磁场解冻时间均有所降低,SMFT-1、SMFT-2、SMFT-3、SMFT-4、SMFT-5、SMFT-6解冻时间分别缩短了11.97%、28.96%、21.62%、13.51%、6.56%、6.56%,其中最显著的是SMFT-2,缩短了28.96%,说明随着磁场强度偏离2 mT,解冻速率逐渐下降。Wang等[13]和Miñano等[27]研究发现,磁场中存在“窗口效应”,是指样品在不同处理条件下产生的特定有效作用,其受磁场强度、处理时间、频率等因素影响。而SMFT-2解冻时间最短,考虑SMFT-2是特殊窗口强度。
解冻损失、离心损失和蒸煮损失是评价肉保水性的关键参数,对其感官品质和营养价值具有显著影响[3]。如图2所示,与对照组相比,SMFT组在解冻损失、离心损失和蒸煮损失方面均显著降低(P<0.05)。从机理上看,解冻过程中冰晶融化为水,部分水分未能被肌纤维重新吸收,导致细胞液流失、保水性下降,进而引起肉质劣变[23]。静磁场处理能够有效缓解上述损失,其作用机制主要与其对肌肉蛋白(MP)的修饰作用有关,该修饰促进了蛋白质与水分之间的相互作用,从而增强了保水性[25]。其中,经2 mT静磁场处理的样品各项损失最小,保水性最佳。具体而言,与对照组相比,该处理使解冻损失、离心损失和蒸煮损失分别降低了55.32%、20.71%和21.55%,表明2 mT静磁场处理对改善羊肉保水性效果最为显著。静磁场辅助解冻对肉品保水性的效果与乔雪[28]的研究结果一致。
TBARS常用于评估脂质氧化程度,其含量越高,表明氧化劣变越严重[29]。如图3所示,对照组(0 mT)与静磁场处理组(1、2、3、4、5、6 mT)之间的TBARS存在显著差异(P<0.05)。与对照组(0.55 mg/kg)相比,静磁场处理使TBARS分别降低了36.36%、43.63%、38.18%、25.45%、23.63%和12.73%。其中,2 mT处理组的TBARS值降幅最大,说明该条件下对脂质氧化的抑制效果最好。静磁场抑制脂质氧化的机制可能与其影响水分子运动及其内部结构有关。磁场可改变水分子的运动方向、内能及氢键排列,并通过调控肉中主要极性成分(如水分子和氨基酸)的分子运动轨迹来改善其理化品质[30]。适当的磁场强度(如2 mT)可有效抑制脂肪氧化,但随着强度进一步提高,TBARS出现回升,这是由于较高强度的磁场刺激促进了自由基的生成,以及冰晶对细胞的破坏,导致脂肪与氧气和促氧化物质接触,加速了脂质氧化[7,22,25]。
TVB-N值是评价肉类新鲜度的重要指标,其含量通常随新鲜度下降而上升[31]。如图4所示,与对照组(0 mT,9.52 mg/100 g)相比,静磁场处理组(1、2、3、4、5、6 mT)的TVB-N值均显著降低(P<0.05),分别降至5.41、4.50、6.48、8.07、7.45和7.72 mg/100 g。其中,2 mT处理组的TVB-N值最低,表明该条件下羊肉的新鲜度保持最好。在解冻过程中,内源酶和腐败微生物的作用会导致氨和胺类等碱性含氮物质积累,从而使TVB-N值升高[32−33]。静磁场辅助解冻通过提高解冻速率、缩短解冻时间,有效减缓了这类物质的生成,因此显著降低了TVB-N值,有助于维持羊肉的新鲜品质。
水分含量是评价羊肉解冻后品质的关键指标,较高的水分含量通常意味着更好的肉质[25]。如图5所示,静磁场处理组的水分含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在不同强度静磁场处理(1、2、3、4、5、6 mT)下,水分含量依次为77.85%、87.78%、83.66%、81.06%、78.83%和79.30%,均显著高于对照组(0 mT)的73.39%。其中,2 mT静磁场处理组的水分含量最高,该结果与前述保水性变化趋势一致。静磁场通过促进水分子振动、增强热传导并抑制冰晶重结晶,有效减少了羊肉解冻时的汁液流失,从而使其最终能保留更高的整体水分含量[34]。
低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)技术能够快速、准确地分析肌肉组织中水分的分布与流动性[35]。如图6a所示,样品中主要存在三种不同状态水分:结合水(T2b,0.1~10 ms),包括强结合水(T2b1,0.1~1 ms)和弱结合水(T2b2,1~10 ms);不易流动水(T21,10~100 ms);以及自由水(T22,100~1000 ms)[36]。静磁场处理组的T21组分比例(P21)高于对照组,而T22组分比例(P22)则低于对照组(图6b)。其中,经2 mT静磁场处理(SMFT-2 mT)的样品P21最高,P22最低。该结果表明,静磁场处理有效抑制了水分的迁移,减少了自由水的流失,从而有助于提高羊肉的保水性。尤其在2 mT条件下效果最为明显,这可能是由于静磁场增强了解冻过程中水分子与蛋白质之间的分子间作用力,包括氢键、离子键和疏水相互作用,从而改善了水分的保持能力[24],上述结果与栗俊广等[15]研究结果一致。
磁共振成像(MRI)是一种基于材料内部氢质子(H+)密度分布的可视化技术[15]。羊肉经静磁场辅助解冻后的MRI质子密度图像如图7所示。图像中颜色深浅反映质子密度差异:红色区域表示较高质子密度,蓝色区域则表示较低质子密度。对照组(0 mT)图像中以蓝色为主,表明氢质子密度最低;而经静磁场处理的组别则显示出更多的红黄色区域,说明质子密度较高。其中,2 mT静磁场处理组的质子密度最高,该组样品内部红色区域较密集,含水量高,边缘呈绿色,含水量较低,原因是解冻过程中细胞结构得以保持完整,所以不同状态的水分得以有效保持,稳定性较好[37]。该结果表明,静磁场处理有助于抑制解冻过程中水分的迁移,从而提高水分的保留能力。这一现象与前述解冻损失较低和水分含量较高的结果一致,进一步验证了静磁场在改善羊肉保水性方面的积极作用。
巯基是肌原纤维蛋白(MP)氨基酸残基中的关键反应基团,对维持肌球蛋白的空间结构具有重要作用[38]。如图8所示,静磁场处理组(1、2、3、4、5、6 mT)的总巯基含量均显著高于对照组(0 mT)。在解冻过程中蛋白质结构的解折叠导致巯基暴露,但部分暴露的巯基容易氧化成二硫键,降低总巯基含量。较高的巯基含量通常意味着蛋白质氧化程度较低,肌原纤维蛋白结构受到的破坏也较小。而静磁场处理提高解冻速率,进而缩短氧化时间来减缓MP的氧化。其中,经2 mT静磁场处理(SMFT-2 mT)的样品总巯基含量最高,比对照组高出98.4%。该结果表明,SMFT-2 mT处理能有效抑制蛋白质氧化,有助于维持肌原纤维蛋白结构的稳定性,从而更好地保留羊肉的品质特性。
羰基含量是评估蛋白质氧化程度的重要指标,其升高与肌原纤维蛋白(MP)构象和结构的变化密切相关[39]。多种机制可导致羰基含量增加,例如氨基酸侧链氧化、肽链断裂、与非蛋白羰基化合物的结合以及非酶糖基化反应等[40]。如图9所示,对照组(0 mT)的羰基含量为11.44 nmol/mg,而静磁场处理组(1、2、3、4、5、6 mT)的含量分别为8.06、5.56、6.34、7.32、8.02和7.79 nmol/mg,均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。这一结果说明静磁场辅助解冻能够有效抑制蛋白质的氧化进程。与SMFT-2 mT相比,过高强度的磁场处理可能会诱导蛋白质氧化,这与张娟[41]的研究结果一致。
表面疏水性的增加通常意味着蛋白质构象发生破坏,导致原本包埋在内部的疏水残基暴露[42]。如图10所示,与0 mT对照组相比,静磁场处理组的表面疏水性显著降低(P<0.05)。在解冻过程中,蛋白质结构往往变得松散并发生构象变化,进一步促使疏水基团暴露,从而增加表面疏水性。而在磁场条件下,水分子倾向于重新定向和有序排列,从而减少疏水基团的暴露。静磁场增强了蛋白质与水分子的相互作用,并减缓了肌原纤维蛋白的氧化速率。该结果与Wang等[13]的研究结论一致。2 mT静磁场处理组的表面疏水性最低,而随着磁场强度进一步增加,表面疏水性出现显著回升(P<0.05),表明过高强度的磁场处理会破坏蛋白质构象,将疏水基团从蛋白分子的内部带到表面,导致疏水性增强。该结果与张娟[41]和Yang等[24]的研究结果一致。
图11展示了不同强度静磁场辅助解冻下羊肉肌原纤维蛋白的傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)及其二级结构含量变化。酰胺I带(1600~1700 cm−1)对蛋白质二级结构变化高度敏感,因其包含C=O和NH基团的振动信息,常被用于分析蛋白质变性与聚集[43]。图11a 显示,该区域吸收峰由多种二级结构组分叠加形成,包括α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规卷曲。从图11b可以看出,与静磁场处理组相比,0 mT对照组的α-螺旋含量显著下降。由于α-螺旋的稳定性依赖于蛋白质链中C=O与N–H基团间的分子内氢键,该结果表明静磁场有助于维持氢键稳定性。随着磁场强度从2 mT继续升高,β-转角含量减少,无规卷曲比例增加,说明蛋白质发生进一步变性;同时β-折叠含量上升,提示蛋白质分子间相互作用增强并形成聚集体。这一变化趋势与Mohsenpour等[30]的研究结果一致,适宜的静磁场强度能够缓解蛋白质氧化变性,并抑制α-螺旋向β-折叠的转化。
内源荧光光谱技术可通过监测色氨酸残基的荧光特性来反映肌原纤维蛋白(MP)三级结构的变化[44]。荧光强度降低通常表明蛋白质结构发生损伤,这主要是由于氧化作用导致其三级构象稳定性下降[45]。如图12所示,与0 mT对照组相比,1~6 mT静磁场处理组表现出更高的荧光强度和更小的最大发射波长(λmax)蓝移,说明蛋白质在解冻过程中变性程度较轻,色氨酸氧化较少。磁场处理中蛋白质与其他分子的相互作用可能改变色氨酸残基的微环境,进而影响其荧光特性。其中,2 mT静磁场处理组的荧光强度最高,λmax蓝移最高。随着磁场强度进一步增加,荧光强度逐渐降低,同时λmax出现明显红移,表明蛋白质在解冻过程中发生聚集,更多色氨酸残基暴露并被氧化[31]。
本研究系统考察了不同强度静磁场辅助解冻对羊肉品质、水分分布与肌原纤维蛋白特性的影响,深入揭示了该技术提升羊肉品质的作用机制。结果表明,2 mT静磁场处理提高解冻速率达28.96%,且解冻速率随磁场强度偏离该值而逐渐下降;该处理条件可有效降低解冻损失、蒸煮损失与离心损失,显著改善羊肉的保水性。此外,2 mT静磁场有助于抑制水分子迁移、维持较高水分含量,同时延缓脂质氧化并降低挥发性盐基氮值。该处理能够维持肌原纤维蛋白结构稳定性,表现为总巯基含量上升、羰基含量与肌原纤维蛋白表面疏水性下降,并更好地保持了蛋白质的二级与三级结构构象,从而有效缓解蛋白质氧化变性。综上,本研究明确了2 mT为静磁场辅助羊肉解冻的最佳磁场强度,相关结果不仅为解析磁场改善肉品品质的机制提供了理论参考,也为该技术在未来工业化应用中的参数优化奠定了基础。尽管当前研究明确了2 mT条件下的积极效果,但磁场与其他解冻参数的协同效应及其在更多肉类基质中的适用性仍有待进一步探讨,未来研究应致力于探索多场耦合的协同解冻策略,并推动该技术从实验室向实际生产场景的转化应用。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090198
  • 接收时间:2025-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-19
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    1安徽科技学院,安徽滁州 233100
    2山东省农业科学院农产品加工与营养研究所/农业农村部新食品资源加工重点实验室,山东济南 250100
    3光明乳业股份有限公司乳业研究院/上海乳业生物工程技术研究中心/乳业生物技术国家重点实验室,上海 201103
    4临沂金锣文瑞食品有限公司,山东临沂 276002

通讯作者:

马艳丽(1987−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:肉类加工与储藏,E-mail:。
于鲲(1989−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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