Article(id=1320175723013320866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080323, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756656000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684020044, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684020044, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684020044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684020044, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=56, endPage=65, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320175724347109539, articleId=1320175723013320866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation of Black Soybean Oil Body-based Oleogels and Their Application in Cookies, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To develop an oleogel system based on black soybean oil bodies (BOBs) and explore its potential as a substitute for solid fats, BOB-based oleogels were constructed using the emulsion-templated method. Hot-air drying was employed as the drying method to replace freeze-drying, and two different preparation methods were developed. Specifically, BOBs were pre-mixed with soybean oil and then dried, with the obtained oleogels defined as pre-mixed oleogels. In contrast, BOBs were dried first and subsequently mixed with soybean oil, and the resulting oleogels were defined as post-mixed oleogels. The effects of preparation methods and the ratio of BOBs to oil (BOBs:soybean oil=1:0, 3:1, 5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1) on oleogel properties were systematically evaluated, along with their performance as margarine substitutes in cookie applications. The results indicated that pre-mixed oleogels exhibited superior oil-binding capacity (99.1%) and oxidative stability compared with post-mixed oleogels. Both methods for preparing oleogels exhibited excellent thixotropic recovery properties. However, due to the limited gel network structure, the oil binding capacity and hardness of oleogels decreased with increasing soybean oil content. At the same oil ratio, pre-mixed oleogels exhibited higher hardness than the post-mixed oleogels. In baking applications, this affected dough texture, resulting in products with an overly hard mouthfeel. Post-mixed oleogels (BOBs:soybean oil=10:1) with hardness close to that of margarine were selected as margarine substitutes for cookie production. The results of the cookie characterization demonstrated that the incorporation of oleogels effectively slowed down the increase in moisture content during storage and enhanced crispness. At substitution ratios of 25% and 50%, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in color, flavor, or overall acceptability between the product and the margarine cookies. This indicates that BOB-based oleogels can partially replace margarine in cookie applications.

, authors=Tian XIA, Cuicui FAN, Zhenshun LI*, authorsList=Tian XIA, Cuicui FAN, Zhenshun LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhenshun LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320175728302338230, articleId=1320175723013320866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=黑豆油体基油凝胶的制备及其在曲奇饼干中的应用, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为开发基于黑豆油体(black soybean oil bodies,BOBs)的油凝胶体系,并探究其作为固体脂肪替代品的可行性,本研究以乳液模板法构建了黑豆油体基油凝胶。采用热风干燥代替冷冻干燥,研究了BOBs与大豆油预混合后干燥(预混合法)和BOBs先干燥后混合大豆油(后混合法)两种制备方法中BOBs与大豆油比例(BOBs:大豆油=1:0、3:1、5:1、10:1、15:1、20:1)对油凝胶性能的影响及其替代人造黄油在曲奇饼干中的应用效果。结果表明,与后混合法相比,预混合法制备的油凝胶具有更好的持油性(99.1%)和氧化稳定性。两种方法制备油凝胶都表现出良好的触变恢复性能,然而由于凝胶网络结构有限,其持油能力和硬度均随大豆油比例增加而降低。但相同比例下,预混合法制备的油凝胶硬度较高,在烘焙应用中会影响面团质地,导致产品口感过于坚硬。选择硬度与人造黄油接近的后混合法制备的油凝胶(BOBs:大豆油=10:1)应用于曲奇中,可提升产品酥脆性并减缓储藏含水量的增加。在替代比例为25%和50%时,产品色度、风味与整体接受度均与人造黄油曲奇无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上,BOBs基油凝胶可部分替代人造黄油应用于曲奇饼干。

, authors=夏添, 范翠翠, 李真顺*, authorsList=夏添, 范翠翠, 李真顺, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李真顺, authorNote=

夏添(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:结构化油脂及其应用,E-mail:

范翠翠(1999−),女,硕士,研究方向:结构化油脂及其应用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李真顺(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品组分相互作用及界面化学,E-mail:。
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范翠翠(1999−),女,硕士,研究方向:结构化油脂及其应用,E-mail:

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Zhengzhou: Henan University of Technology, 2024.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175749055754531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175723013320866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIANG S. Study of changes in the quality of quinoacompressed biscuits during storage[D]. Zhengzhou: Henan University of Technology, 2024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175749462602021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175723013320866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SECCHI N, STARA G, ANEDDA R, et al. 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Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2018, 58(11): 1767−1779., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320175728566579383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175723013320866, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175728574967992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175723013320866, companyId=1320175728566579383, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175728583356601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175723013320866, companyId=1320175728566579383, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=长江大学生命科学学院,湖北荆州 434025)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320175732777660630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175723013320866, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Micrographs of BOBs and soybean oil mixed solutions at different ratios (10 μm), figureFileSmall=S+X3T0Zc5QCWxhTcZAHdEg==, figureFileBig=KSFKMPsBAYl2QQrtQOyiRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175732878323928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175723013320866, language=CN, label=图1, caption=BOBs与大豆油按不同比例的混合乳液微观结构(10 μm), figureFileSmall=S+X3T0Zc5QCWxhTcZAHdEg==, figureFileBig=KSFKMPsBAYl2QQrtQOyiRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175734686068953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175723013320866, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Oil binding capacity (A) and physical appearance (B) of oleogels prepared with BOBs and soybean oil at different ratios before and after drying, figureFileSmall=yU4yK8wz0I9ELhKH/byyzA==, figureFileBig=GWCQXAPRuGPYXZCmCuHsGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175734774149338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175723013320866, language=CN, label=图2, caption=BOBs干燥前和干燥后与大豆油按不同比例制备的油凝胶持油能力(A)及外观实物图(B)

注:同一指标字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05),图4、图6~图7同。

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注:A. BOBs干燥前混合大豆油;B. BOBs干燥后混合大豆油。

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注:A和C为BOBs干燥前混合大豆油;B和D为BOBs干燥后混合大豆油。

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Sensors of the electronic nose

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传感器名称敏感物
W1C芳香族化合物
W5S氮氧化合物
W3C氮类、芳香族化合物
W6S碳氢化合物、芳香族化合物
W5C短链烷烃
W1S烷烃、甲基类
W1W萜烯类、无机硫化物
W2S醇、醛、酮类
W2W芳香族、有机硫化物
W3S长链烷烃
), ArticleFig(id=1320175736502202602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175723013320866, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电子鼻各传感器对应的敏感物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器名称敏感物
W1C芳香族化合物
W5S氮氧化合物
W3C氮类、芳香族化合物
W6S碳氢化合物、芳香族化合物
W5C短链烷烃
W1S烷烃、甲基类
W1W萜烯类、无机硫化物
W2S醇、醛、酮类
W2W芳香族、有机硫化物
W3S长链烷烃
), ArticleFig(id=1320175736590282987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175723013320866, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Rating table of sensory evaluation criteria

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指标评分标准分数(分)
外观外观完整,厚度均匀7~9
外观较完整,厚度基本均匀4~6
外观不完整有变形,厚度不均匀1~3
色泽整体颜色均匀,没有局部发白和过焦现象7~9
整体颜色基本均匀,呈现出深黄色和浅白色4~6
整体颜色不均匀,整体发白和过焦1~3
质地内部呈大小均匀的孔状结构7~9
内部呈现较为均匀的孔状结构4~6
内部孔状不均匀,结构致密1~3
口感口感酥松不黏牙7~9
口感较酥松基本不黏牙4~6
口感硬,非常黏牙1~3
风味烘焙香气浓郁无异味7~9
烘焙香气较强基本无异味4~6
烘焙香气弱有异味1~3
整体接受度非常喜欢7~9
一般喜欢4~6
不喜欢1~3
), ArticleFig(id=1320175736669974764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175723013320866, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

感官评价标准评分表

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指标评分标准分数(分)
外观外观完整,厚度均匀7~9
外观较完整,厚度基本均匀4~6
外观不完整有变形,厚度不均匀1~3
色泽整体颜色均匀,没有局部发白和过焦现象7~9
整体颜色基本均匀,呈现出深黄色和浅白色4~6
整体颜色不均匀,整体发白和过焦1~3
质地内部呈大小均匀的孔状结构7~9
内部呈现较为均匀的孔状结构4~6
内部孔状不均匀,结构致密1~3
口感口感酥松不黏牙7~9
口感较酥松基本不黏牙4~6
口感硬,非常黏牙1~3
风味烘焙香气浓郁无异味7~9
烘焙香气较强基本无异味4~6
烘焙香气弱有异味1~3
整体接受度非常喜欢7~9
一般喜欢4~6
不喜欢1~3
), ArticleFig(id=1320175736904855789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175723013320866, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of oleogels on the color characteristics of cookies

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样品L*a*b*∆E
Oil64.24±0.20e3.59±0.10ab23.83±0.29b7.28
Ma70.17±0.46a2.16±0.20c27.81±3.48ab−
25%O70.06±0.46a2.93±0.88bc27.64±2.25ab0.80
50%O68.12±0.68b3.22±0.79abc27.91±0.17ab2.31
75%O66.38±0.67c4.31±0.55a28.55±2.62ab4.42
100%O65.23±0.21d4.45±0.75a29.60±3.49a5.73
), ArticleFig(id=1320175736984547566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175723013320866, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

油凝胶对曲奇饼干色泽的影响

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样品L*a*b*∆E
Oil64.24±0.20e3.59±0.10ab23.83±0.29b7.28
Ma70.17±0.46a2.16±0.20c27.81±3.48ab−
25%O70.06±0.46a2.93±0.88bc27.64±2.25ab0.80
50%O68.12±0.68b3.22±0.79abc27.91±0.17ab2.31
75%O66.38±0.67c4.31±0.55a28.55±2.62ab4.42
100%O65.23±0.21d4.45±0.75a29.60±3.49a5.73
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黑豆油体基油凝胶的制备及其在曲奇饼干中的应用
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夏添 , 范翠翠 , 李真顺 *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(12): 56-65
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (12) : 56 -65
黑豆油体基油凝胶的制备及其在曲奇饼干中的应用
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夏添 , 范翠翠 , 李真顺*
作者信息
  • 长江大学生命科学学院,湖北荆州 434025
通讯作者:
李真顺(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品组分相互作用及界面化学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

夏添(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:结构化油脂及其应用,E-mail:

范翠翠(1999−),女,硕士,研究方向:结构化油脂及其应用,E-mail:

Preparation of Black Soybean Oil Body-based Oleogels and Their Application in Cookies
Tian XIA , Cuicui FAN , Zhenshun LI*
Affiliations
  • College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080323
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为开发基于黑豆油体(black soybean oil bodies,BOBs)的油凝胶体系,并探究其作为固体脂肪替代品的可行性,本研究以乳液模板法构建了黑豆油体基油凝胶。采用热风干燥代替冷冻干燥,研究了BOBs与大豆油预混合后干燥(预混合法)和BOBs先干燥后混合大豆油(后混合法)两种制备方法中BOBs与大豆油比例(BOBs:大豆油=1:0、3:1、5:1、10:1、15:1、20:1)对油凝胶性能的影响及其替代人造黄油在曲奇饼干中的应用效果。结果表明,与后混合法相比,预混合法制备的油凝胶具有更好的持油性(99.1%)和氧化稳定性。两种方法制备油凝胶都表现出良好的触变恢复性能,然而由于凝胶网络结构有限,其持油能力和硬度均随大豆油比例增加而降低。但相同比例下,预混合法制备的油凝胶硬度较高,在烘焙应用中会影响面团质地,导致产品口感过于坚硬。选择硬度与人造黄油接近的后混合法制备的油凝胶(BOBs:大豆油=10:1)应用于曲奇中,可提升产品酥脆性并减缓储藏含水量的增加。在替代比例为25%和50%时,产品色度、风味与整体接受度均与人造黄油曲奇无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上,BOBs基油凝胶可部分替代人造黄油应用于曲奇饼干。

黑豆  /  油体  /  大豆油  /  乳液模板法  /  油凝胶  /  曲奇饼干

To develop an oleogel system based on black soybean oil bodies (BOBs) and explore its potential as a substitute for solid fats, BOB-based oleogels were constructed using the emulsion-templated method. Hot-air drying was employed as the drying method to replace freeze-drying, and two different preparation methods were developed. Specifically, BOBs were pre-mixed with soybean oil and then dried, with the obtained oleogels defined as pre-mixed oleogels. In contrast, BOBs were dried first and subsequently mixed with soybean oil, and the resulting oleogels were defined as post-mixed oleogels. The effects of preparation methods and the ratio of BOBs to oil (BOBs:soybean oil=1:0, 3:1, 5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1) on oleogel properties were systematically evaluated, along with their performance as margarine substitutes in cookie applications. The results indicated that pre-mixed oleogels exhibited superior oil-binding capacity (99.1%) and oxidative stability compared with post-mixed oleogels. Both methods for preparing oleogels exhibited excellent thixotropic recovery properties. However, due to the limited gel network structure, the oil binding capacity and hardness of oleogels decreased with increasing soybean oil content. At the same oil ratio, pre-mixed oleogels exhibited higher hardness than the post-mixed oleogels. In baking applications, this affected dough texture, resulting in products with an overly hard mouthfeel. Post-mixed oleogels (BOBs:soybean oil=10:1) with hardness close to that of margarine were selected as margarine substitutes for cookie production. The results of the cookie characterization demonstrated that the incorporation of oleogels effectively slowed down the increase in moisture content during storage and enhanced crispness. At substitution ratios of 25% and 50%, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in color, flavor, or overall acceptability between the product and the margarine cookies. This indicates that BOB-based oleogels can partially replace margarine in cookie applications.

black bean  /  oil body  /  soybean oil  /  emulsion-templated method  /  oleogels  /  cookie
夏添, 范翠翠, 李真顺. 黑豆油体基油凝胶的制备及其在曲奇饼干中的应用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 56 -65 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080323
Tian XIA, Cuicui FAN, Zhenshun LI. Preparation of Black Soybean Oil Body-based Oleogels and Their Application in Cookies[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 56 -65 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080323
固体脂肪是影响食品风味的重要物质,但饱和脂肪或氢化油脂摄入过量会增加心血管疾病风险[1−2]。油凝胶是通过乳液模板法制备的一种固体脂肪替代品,由于无需使用外源凝胶剂,受到越来越多研究者的关注。其原理是通过蛋白质等两亲性生物聚合物作为乳化剂形成水包油乳液,然后干燥去除水相,最后剪切形成油凝胶[3]。其中,乳液体系的稳定性与干燥过程是成功制备油凝胶的决定性因素。而稳定的人工乳液需要通过高压均质或高速剪切制备,并且由于其具有热不稳定性,干燥方式大多只能选择冷冻干燥[4],存在设备昂贵、能耗高和干燥时间长的缺点。
油体(oil bodies,OBs)是一种稳定的天然乳液体系,三酰基甘油液滴核心被嵌入的OBs内源性蛋白质和单层磷脂膜包围,保护其免受外部应力的影响[5]。OBs的特殊结构使其无需乳化过程,还拥有比人工乳液更好的稳定性。研究表明,大豆油体和油菜油体分别在中性条件下,于30~90 ℃的温度范围内依然具有良好的热稳定性[6−7]。因此,OBs在替代人工乳液制备油凝胶方面展现出显著优势。目前,关于OBs基凝胶的研究大多集中在油料作物以及坚果油体中[8]。将其作为饱和脂肪替代物的应用研究往往停留在概念验证阶段,或仅在模型食品中进行。Mert等[9]用榛子OBs与果胶的混合溶液,经冷冻干燥后剪切制备了油凝胶,添加调味料后得到榛子酱状产品。Li等[10]将大豆OBs应用于无标记沙拉酱。深入探索OBs基油凝胶替代固体脂肪在食品中的应用,具有重要意义。
黑豆是一种具有高营养价值的功能性食品,含有丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸(60.93%)和单不饱和脂肪酸(23.15%)[11]。黑豆油体(black soybean oil bodies,BOBs)的油脂含量和脂肪酸组成与大豆OBs相似,同时含有丰富的人体必需脂肪酸中的亚麻酸[12]。因此,BOBs作为原材料制备油凝胶,有望获得更具营养价值的凝胶体系。
本研究采用乳液模板法制备BOBs基油凝胶。采用热风干燥工艺代替冷冻干燥以降低实际应用成本,通过BOBs干燥前预混合大豆油与干燥后混合大豆油两种方法构建油凝胶体系。研究了制备方法与大豆油比例对BOBs基油凝胶的凝胶特性以及氧化稳定性的影响。通过模拟人造黄油,将其应用于曲奇饼干的制作。探讨油凝胶替代量对曲奇饼干品质和储藏特性的影响。本研究为天然BOBs基油凝胶作为人造黄油代替品提供参考,以期开发出风味质地良好、货架期长的曲奇饼干。
黑豆 黑龙江佳木斯产地;大豆油 中粮集团;低筋小麦粉 青岛星华粮油食品有限公司;鸡蛋 正大集团;糖粉 山东凯贝食品有限公司;玉米淀粉 新乡良润全谷物食品有限公司;人造黄油 荷兰多美鲜有限公司,以上材料均为食品级;2-硫代巴比妥酸(生物试剂)、三氯乙酸(分析纯) 山东科源生化有限公司。
Y912C豆浆机 九阳集团;DL-K33B电烤箱 广东东菱电器有限公司;GZX-9030MBE电热鼓风干燥箱 上海博迅医疗生物仪器股份有限公司;TMS-PRO质构仪 美国FTC公司;Spectra Max全波长酶标仪 美谷分子仪器(上海)有限公司;MCR 302e流变仪 奥地利Anton Paar仪器公司;CR-410色彩色差计 日本Konica Minolta有限公司;BX63+DP73正置显微镜 日本Olympus有限公司。
参考Chen等[13]的方法,略有修改。黑豆用蒸馏水室温浸泡12~14 h后与蒸馏水1:3质量混合,在高速搅碎机中打碎后过滤得到豆浆。使用1 mol/L氢氧化钠将豆浆液的pH调至11,4 ℃离心(8000 r/min,30 min)后收集富含BOBs的奶油层,在4 ℃下保存进一步处理。
使用1 mol/L盐酸溶液调节BOBs的pH为7。油体中的油脂含量不足以使油凝胶产生特定的组织状态,因此需负载一定量的外源油脂,使用两种方法分别制备油凝胶。预混合法:BOBs与大豆油按比例1:0、3:1、5:1、10:1、15:1、20:1使用均质机混合,然后在烘箱60 ℃干燥至恒重后研磨,获得的油凝胶命名为BOB、B3:1、B5:1、B10:1、B15:1、B20:1。后混合法:将BOBs在烘箱60 ℃干燥至恒重后研磨,获得的油凝胶命名为BOB油凝胶。再与大豆油按以上比例混合研磨,获得的油凝胶命名为A3:1、A5:1、A10:1、A15:1、A20:1。
用去离子水将干燥前加入大豆油的混合乳液稀释10倍,使用光学显微镜100倍油镜观察其微观形态。
油凝胶的持油能力根据Zhang等[14]的方法测定,略有修改。将油凝胶样品在20 ℃下10000 r/min离心15 min,去除多余的油。按公式(1)计算样品中的持油能力:
$ \rm \text {持油能力}(\text{%})=\frac{w_{1}}{w} \times 100$
式中,W为油凝胶原始质量;W1为剩余油凝胶质量。所有样品均测量3次取平均值。
流变学测定参考Abdollahi等[15]的方法,稍作修改。使用PP50平板,设置1.5 mm间隙,25 ℃测试温度。将油凝胶在0.1、10和0.1 s−1的速率下依次进行剪切,每次进行1 min,记录黏度随时间的变化。
使用质构仪对样品进行质地分析,根据Luo等[16]的方法,稍作修改。配备50 kg的力传感单元,采用全质构分析测试模式对样品进行压缩测试,使用P/0.5探针测试,试验前测速度、试验速度、后测速度分别为1 mm/s,试验形变量和触发力分别为75%和1.5 N。
将油凝胶样品置于 60 ℃恒温箱中储藏7 d,进行加速氧化实验,并每天在同一时间测定样品的氢过氧化物(peroxide value,POV)和硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)[17]。
POV的测定根据Aberkane等[18]的方法,稍作修改。0.1 g油凝胶于1 mL蒸馏水中混合后取0.3 mL加入1.5 mL异辛烷-异丙醇混合液(3:1,v/v),振荡混匀后离心(8000 r/min,2 min);取0.2 mL上清液,加入2.8 mL甲醇-丁醇混合液(2:1,v/v),再加入20 µL 3.94 mol/L硫氰酸铵和20 µL Fe2+溶液(含0.132 mol/L BaCl2与0.144 mol/L FeSO4);避光反应20 min后,于510 nm波长下测定吸光度。以过氧化氢浓度(mmol/L)为横坐标、吸光度为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,得到回归方程:y=0.825x+0.0515,决定系数R2=0.9991。根据过氧化氢标准曲线计算过氧化物浓度。
TBARS的测定参考Ding等[19]的方法,稍作修改。取0.1 g油凝胶加入4 mL的TBARS测试液(0.375%的硫代巴比妥酸,15%三氯乙酸和0.25 mol/L盐酸),混合液在沸水中加热20 min。冷却后离心(8000 r/min,15 min),取上清液于532 nm下测定吸光值。通过1,1,3,3-四乙氧基丙烷绘制标准曲线,以丙二醛浓度(μg/mL)为横坐标、吸光度为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,得到回归方程:y=0.7109x+0.0515,决定系数R2=0.9993。根据标准曲线计算样品中硫代巴比妥酸反应物的浓度。
制备大豆油曲奇饼干、人造黄油以及油凝胶部分替代人造黄油曲奇饼干。使用大豆油全部替代人造黄油,以及A10:1的油凝胶分别替代0%、25%、50%、75%和100%人造黄油,制备的曲奇饼干分别命名为Oil、Ma、25%O、50%O、75%O、100%O。
制作方法如下:将60 g油脂搅打2 min后加入糖粉打发3 min;分次加入30 g鸡蛋液,1 g盐和0.4 g泡打粉搅打;筛入90 g低筋粉和10 g玉米淀粉后,混合均匀形成面团。用模具按压成固定的形状,放入预热的烤箱中,上火180 ℃,下火170 ℃,烘烤15 min[20]。冷却后装入样品袋中,室温储存待测。
使用质构仪对样品进行质地分析,配备50 kg的力传感单元,采用全质构分析测试模式对样品进行压缩测试,速度为1 mm/s,试验形变量和触发力分别为25%和1.5 N。
参考郑玲[21]的方法,在培养皿中放置5层纸,记录总重量为M0,将质量记为M1的曲奇饼干置于其中,之后放入30 ℃的恒温箱中,24 h后重新测定纸和培养皿的重量记为M2。根据公式(2)计算曲奇饼干的油脂迁移率。
$ \text {油脂迁移率}(\text{%})=\frac{\left(\mathrm{M}_{2}-\mathrm{M}_{0}\right)}{\mathrm{M}_{1}} $
将饼干放在密封袋里,室温下储藏,分别测定0、7、14、21、28 d五组饼干的水分含量。测定方法参考国标GB 5009.3-2016。
使用色度计对饼干进行颜色分析,分别确定L*、a*、b*值。按公式(3)计算饼干的总色差∆E,结果取3次测试的平均值。
$ \Delta \mathit{E} {=[(a}^{ {\text{*}}} -a_{ {0}}^{ {\text{*}}} {)}^{ {2}} {+(b}^{ {\text{*}}} {-b}_{ {0}}^{ {\text{*}}} {)}^{ {2}} {+(L}^{ {\text{*}}} {-L}_{ {0}}^{ {\text{*}}} {)}^{ {2}} {]}^{ {1/2}} $
式中,L0*、a0*、b0*为黄油饼干的比色参数;L*、a*、b*为大豆油和含油凝胶的饼干的比色参数。
使用电子鼻来评估曲奇饼干的香气。将不同种类的曲奇饼干放入密封的瓶子中,加热至40 ℃,将针插入瓶口收集挥发性化合物。制备时间5 s,检测时间120 s,洗涤时间200 s,注射流速300 mL/min进行分析[22],电子鼻传感器信息见表1。
参考商郡格[23]的方法,对不同种类曲奇饼干进行感官评定,评分标准见表2。评定前对所有评定人员进行简单的培训,采用9分制,分别对曲奇饼干样品的外观、色泽、风味、质地、口感和总体接受度进行评分。感官评估小组由20名经过专业训练的感官评估者组成(10名男性,10名女性,24~28岁)。
实验数据由至少三次重复测量计算得出,用平均值±标准差表示。使用SPSS 23.0软件的方差分析程序(Duncan)进行统计分析,数据在P<0.05时显著性差异具有统计学意义。通过Origin 2022软件对数据进行绘图分析。
混合乳液的微观结构(图1)显示,当BOBs与大豆油的质量比为20:1时,混合乳液液滴尺寸较BOBs相比明显减小。而随着大豆油比例进一步增加,乳液液滴呈增大趋势。这种现象归因于油体表面蛋白可以发挥天然乳化剂功能,有效促进了大豆油的乳化[24]。大豆油比例增加时,促使油水界面面积不断增大,需要更多的乳化剂分子来维持乳液的稳定性。而由于乳化剂的含量不变,吸附在界面上的乳化剂数量会减少,导致乳液稳定性下降,液滴增大[25]。
持油能力是评价油凝胶宏观性能的一个重要特征[8]。从图2A中可以观察到,在相同大豆油比例下,预混合法油凝胶拥有更好的持油能力,最高达到99.1%。这是由于预混合法中,BOBs表面丰富的油体蛋白能将大豆油乳化,形成水包油乳液[26]。水分干燥后,大豆油被稳固包裹在油体蛋白构建的三维网络中。而后混合法中添加的大豆油则无法被油体凝胶网络完全包埋,导致部分油脂渗出。同时,两种方法的持油能力均随油相占比增大而降低。这归因于BOBs在乳液中充当乳化剂时,其所能稳定的油相浓度是有限的[27]。当体系中油相过多时,形成的乳液液滴较大,导致干燥后凝胶网络结构粗糙、孔隙大,因此持油能力变差。干燥后BOBs蛋白所构建的三维网络结构能够稳定的外源液态油脂的量也是有限的,过量的大豆油会游离在网络结构之外,从而导致漏油。
油凝胶的实物照片(图2B)整体表现为半固态且具有良好的形状保持能力。预混合3:1比例的油凝胶(B3:1)以及后混合3:1和5:1比例的油凝胶(A3:1和A5:1)均出现明显的析油现象,而其他油凝胶表面几乎未见油脂析出,这与油凝胶持油能力的结果一致。以上结果表明大豆油比例的增加会削弱持油能力,但预混合法能达到更好的持油能力。
触变性可以系统评估BOBs基油凝胶的时间依赖性流变行为及其结构恢复能力。采用三阶段低-高-低交替剪切模式对样品进行测试,监测表观粘度变化规律,结果如图3所示。两种方法制备的油凝胶的粘度都随着大豆油比例的增加而下降。这是因为BOBs基油凝胶的粘度主要来源于BOBs表面内源性蛋白质构成的三维网络结构[28],当添加大豆油比例增加时,过量的油脂无法被三维网络结构所固定,导致油凝胶粘度的降低。在初始低剪切阶段(0.1 s−1)下,所有样品的粘度均略微降低并保持稳定。当剪切速率骤增至10 s−1时,粘度急剧下降。表明高剪切应力破坏了油凝胶的三维网络结构[29]。对比两种制备方法可以发现,在这一阶段,后混合样品的粘度下降幅度更为明显,特别是A3:1和A5:1油凝胶样品。表明后混合油凝胶形成的三维网络结构在应对高剪切应力时更易被破坏。当剪切速率重新降至0.1 s−1时,样品表现出显著的结构恢复特性,表观粘度部分回升,所有样品的触变恢复率均超过79%,证明该油凝胶体系具有良好的网络重建能力[16]。优异的触变恢复性能说明BOBs基油凝胶有替代人造黄油应用于曲奇饼干等烘焙食品的潜力。
凝胶硬度作为表征凝胶强度的关键指标,能够直观反映材料的结构特性[30]。从图4中可以看出,添加大豆油的油凝胶硬度随着大豆油比例的增加呈现显著(P<0.05)降低趋势。这种现象可能归因于三维网络结构中油滴数量的增加,增强了体系的润滑特性[31],从而导致硬度下降。在相同添加比例下,后混合法油凝胶硬度显著(P<0.05)低于预混合法样品,与持油能力的结果一致。这可能是由于预混合法的剪切均质过程可以更高效地将油滴包裹在油体蛋白的三维网络结构中[32],形成的网络更致密。通过对比分析发现,B3:1、B5:1以及A10:1油凝胶样品,其硬度值与人造黄油没有显著性差异(P>0.05),可以最大程度地模拟人造黄油的物理性质。同时,在曲奇饼干的制作过程中,硬度较高油凝胶会降低面团的捕气能力[33],导致曲奇饼干口感坚硬、致密,缺乏酥松感。因此选用A10:1油凝胶替代人造黄油制备曲奇饼干。
油脂氧化酸败是一个复杂的过程,一般将POV与TBARS值结合共同分析油脂的氧化进程[34]。通常用POV反映油脂早期氧化程度,TBARS值则表征油脂次级氧化程度。在加速氧化过程中,所有油凝胶样品的初级与次级氧化产物整体上都随着时间的增加呈现增加趋势(图5)。大豆油的氧化程度最高,其次是不同大豆油比例的油凝胶和BOB油凝胶,说明油凝胶的构建可以延缓油脂的氧化反应。第1~3 d,B3:1与A3:1油凝胶分别展现出最快的POV增长速度。随着大豆油比例的增大,所有油凝胶的POV增加速率更快。据报道,固体基质可以限制氧气与脂质的直接接触[35]。油凝胶的凝胶网络结构降低了氧气在样品中的渗透和扩散速率,起到物理屏障效应,从而有效延缓氧化反应[36]。油凝胶的油相比例增大会导致体系中游离油脂的含量升高,这些未受网络结构充分束缚的油脂更易与氧气接触,从而导致氧化稳定性下降。而在第4~7 d,不同大豆油比例油凝胶的POV增长速率相似。这归因于在高温加速氧化过程中,油凝胶网络结构被渐进性破坏,包埋的油脂部分释放,样品体系的物理状态逐渐趋于一致,导致在储存后期表现出相似的氧化现象。图5C~图5D显示两种方法制备的油凝胶TBARS值的变化。在相同储存时间下,随着油凝胶中大豆油比例的增大,TBARS值逐渐升高,与初级氧化趋势一致。这是因为油脂的次级氧化产物是由不稳定的初级氧化产物进一步氧化生成。
此外,在相同储存时间和大豆油比例的情况下,后混合法油凝胶的氧化程度比预混合法更高。这归因于预混合法油凝胶更加致密的三维网络结构,能够有效限制油脂分子的布朗运动,减少高温条件下反应分子的碰撞频率。同时,在脂质氧化链式反应中,网络结构作为物理屏障阻碍氧自由基在甘油三酯分子间的传递,显著抑制氧化产物的生成[36−37]。
加速氧化的结果表明,与大豆油相比,BOBs基油凝胶有更好的氧化稳定性,油凝胶网络的构建为液体油增加了保护屏障,延缓了油脂氧化[38]。
曲奇饼干的硬度和脆度直接影响产品口感,是评价其品质优劣的关键指标。如图6所示,与人造黄油制备的曲奇饼干相比,大豆油曲奇饼干的硬度高且脆性较低;油凝胶则同时提高了硬度和脆度,且随替代比例增大而增强。这是因为曲奇饼干酥脆的口感主要受面筋蛋白影响。在制作面团时,液态油无法均匀覆盖面粉,导致面筋过度交联,面团内部截留的空气较少[39]。而使用油凝胶部分代替人造黄油,可以使油滴更好地包裹在面粉颗粒表面,抑制面筋形成,形成有限的面筋网络结构[40]。提高面团空气截留的同时,有利于形成口感酥脆的曲奇饼干。油凝胶25%替代的饼干与人造黄油饼干的硬度和脆度最相近,没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。
曲奇饼干的油脂迁移会促进油脂发生氧化反应,引起品质劣化,同时对产品的感官特性产生不利影响[41]。在30 ℃恒温条件下24 h的油脂迁移测试中(图7A),大豆油制备的曲奇饼干表现出最高的油脂迁移率,人造黄油样品次之,油脂迁移率为2.28%。随着油凝胶替代比例的增加,曲奇饼干的油脂迁移率呈现显著(P<0.05)降低趋势,这与油凝胶的三维网络结构对液态油的固定有关[38]。说明油凝胶的添加可有效改善曲奇饼干的品质特性。
相较于其他烘焙类食品,饼干的含水量极低。这有助于其在运输过程中长时间储存,同时也是饼干酥脆口感的关键因素之一[42]。曲奇饼干在聚乙烯密封袋中室温储藏0~28 d期间的水分含量(图7B)的变化整体呈上升趋势,最终均高于初始值,在14 d时出现波动变化。这与王清月[43]和梁爽[44]的研究结果一致,水分含量的变化可能与产品本身的吸湿性、包装材料的渗透性和外部环境条件的湿度有关。饼干内的蔗糖在储存过程中从无定形态转变为结晶态,会释放吸附的水分,导致局部水分活度升高和水分含量的上升[45]。因为塑料包装的严密性不足,水分有所流失,表现为第14 d的含水量下降,随着储藏时间延长饼干稍有吸水,所以呈现逐渐上升的形态。大豆油曲奇饼干水分含量明显高于其他样品,人造黄油曲奇饼干次之。随着油凝胶替代程度的增加,曲奇饼干的水分含量呈现明显下降的趋势,这说明油凝胶具有降低饼干含水量的作用,提高了曲奇饼干的储藏性能。
色泽是消费者对烘焙食品可接受性的一个重要指标。如表3所示,与人造黄油饼干相比,油凝胶替代使饼干L*值降低、a*和b*值增加,表明饼干颜色变深,这与烘焙时的褐变反应有关[41]。有研究报道,ΔE大于3时的颜色差异才能由人眼观察到[46]。替代度25%和50%的饼干ΔE值最低,为0.8和2.31,均小于3,说明它们的颜色与人造黄油饼干最接近。而替代度达到75%以上时,ΔE值大于3,说明与人造黄油饼干的颜色差异明显。曲奇饼干的实物照片(图8A)也验证了这一结果。大豆油饼干由于大豆油中天然色素成分的影响,导致色泽最深。而油凝胶替代量不超过50%时与人造黄油饼干最接近,消费者难以察觉饼干表面颜色的差异,可以有效代替人造黄油曲奇饼干。
电子鼻是一种模仿人类的嗅觉系统的香气检测技术,提供低成本和快速的感官信息[47]。雷达图(图8B)显示了电子鼻检测到的10种香气属性的水平。其中,传感器W3C、W1S、W1W和W2S信号明显,代表饼干的风味物质可能含有氮类、芳香族化合物、烷烃、硫、醇、醛类等。同时,所有样品雷达图呈现类似轮廓,说明主要风味物质基本相同。结果表明在制备曲奇饼干时,油凝胶可以有效替代人造黄油,并且有和人造黄油相似的香气特征。
感官评价是了解消费者喜好的重要手段,与理化指标相结合能够综合评判油凝胶在饼干中的应用前景[48]。图9中分别显示了大豆油、黄油以及油凝胶部分替代黄油曲奇饼干样品的感官评分。在色泽、质地和口感方面,完全使用油凝胶或大豆油的饼干评分较低,但油凝胶25%和50%替代的曲奇饼干的得分与人造黄油饼干接近,同时具备酥脆的质地和均匀的结构。外观上,油凝胶替代的曲奇饼干得分比人造黄油和大豆油曲奇饼干更高,说明油凝胶有利于制备出外形规则完整、薄厚一致的饼干。风味方面,全大豆油及全油凝胶饼干因缺乏黄油的奶香,导致烘焙后的香气较弱。在整体接受度方面,油凝胶25%和50%替代的曲奇饼干与人造黄油饼干更接近。结果表明,以25%和50%油凝胶替代人造黄油制作曲奇饼干,可以明显减少由人造黄油引入的饱和脂肪。同时与大豆油曲奇饼干相比,更好地维持曲奇饼干的感官品质。
本研究比较了乳液模板法制备BOBs基油凝胶时,大豆油比例和添加方法的影响,并将其应用在曲奇饼干中。结果表明,添加大豆油比例一致的条件下,与后混合法油凝胶相比,预混合法油凝胶拥有更强的持油能力、硬度和氧化稳定性。同时,大豆油比例过高时,油体蛋白构成的凝胶网络无法完全包覆油相,导致部分油脂渗出和持油能力降低。油凝胶体系内游离液态油脂含量的增加也导致其硬度和氧化稳定性的降低。所有BOBs基油凝胶样品都表现出较好的触变恢复性能(>79%),有代替人造黄油制作曲奇饼干的潜力。结合油凝胶的硬度选用A10:1油凝胶部分替代人造黄油制备曲奇饼干。随着油凝胶替代率的增加,曲奇饼干油脂迁移率显著降低,硬度和脆度均呈现逐渐增大的趋势。同时,油凝胶有效减缓储藏期间含水量的增加。通过色度分析、风味物质检测和感官评价发现,25%和50%替代度的曲奇饼干在整体评分方面与人造黄油饼干无明显差异。本研究为BOBs基油凝胶作为人造黄油替代品在曲奇饼干中的应用提供了重要的理论依据和实践指导。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080323
  • 接收时间:2025-09-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-01
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    长江大学生命科学学院,湖北荆州 434025

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李真顺(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品组分相互作用及界面化学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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