Article(id=1320880548101337755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080305, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756396800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852063441, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852063441, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852063441, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852063441, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=232, endPage=242, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880548566905500, articleId=1320880548101337755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Cold Plasma Treatment for 'Shine Muscat' Grapes and Its Effect on Volatile Compounds, columnId=1320880529025643003, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Process Innovation and Intelligent Manufacturing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the optimal processing parameters of cold plasma (CP) treatment for 'Shine Muscat' grapes and its effects on volatile compounds, 'Shine Muscat' grapes were treated with CP using processing time and voltage as experimental factors, while bacteriostatic rate and color difference (∆E) were used as evaluation indices. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the CP conditions, and comprehensive volatile profiling was conducted using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). The results showed that both processing time and voltage had significant effects on ∆E and bacteriostatic rate. The optimized parameters (252 s and 24 kV) yielded a bacteriostatic rate of 84.8% and a ∆E value of 1.94. A total of 59 volatile compounds were identified in grape berries, and the contents of alcohols, aldehydes, and terpenes increased significantly after CP treatment, resulting in a 43.99% increase in total volatile abundance. Orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis effectively distinguished grape samples before and after CP treatment. Odor activity value analysis further revealed increases in key aroma compounds, including 1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, phenethyl alcohol, linalool, and hexanal, which contributed to a more pronounced aromatic profile. Overall, CP treatment effectively preserved and enhanced the aroma quality of 'Shine Muscat' grapes. This study provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the application of CP technology in postharvest flavor modulation of table grapes.

, authors=Xiaoqi LI1, 2, Tong ZHAO2, Pingxiang LIU2, Xiangjun MA2, Jingxiu BI2, Xuexia YUAN2, Rui GAO2, Haining HAO2, Yongxia WANG1, *, Yutao WANG2, *, authorsList=Xiaoqi LI, Tong ZHAO, Pingxiang LIU, Xiangjun MA, Jingxiu BI, Xuexia YUAN, Rui GAO, Haining HAO, Yongxia WANG, Yutao WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongxia WANG, Yutao WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880555713999530, articleId=1320880548101337755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=冷等离子体处理‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄工艺优化及其对挥发性物质的影响, columnId=1320880529201803773, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺创新与智能制造, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究冷等离子体(Cold Plasma,CP)处理‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄的最佳工艺参数及其对挥发性物质的影响,本研究以‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄为研究对象,以处理时间和处理电压为因素,抑菌率和色差(∆E)为评价指标,采用响应面法优化CP处理条件,并结合全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法,系统评估CP处理前后‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄挥发性风味的变化。结果表明,处理时间和处理电压对葡萄的∆E值和抑菌率均具有显著影响。优化后获得最佳工艺参数为处理时间252 s、电压24 kV,此条件下葡萄的抑菌率达84.8%,∆E为1.94。进一步测定葡萄果实的香气成分,共检测到59种挥发性物质,其中醇类、醛类和萜烯类化合物含量在CP处理后显著增加,挥发性物质总量提升43.99%。通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析,对CP处理前后的葡萄样品进行了有效区分。气味活性值分析显示,正己醇、反式-2-己烯-1-醇、苯乙醇、芳樟醇及正己醛等关键香气物质含量均上升,赋予果实更为浓郁的香气特征。综上,CP处理可有效保持‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄的香气品质。该研究为CP技术在葡萄果实采后风味调控中的应用提供了理论依据与实践参考。

, authors=李晓琪1, 2, 赵彤2, 刘平香2, 马骧骏2, 毕京秀2, 苑学霞2, 高瑞2, 郝海宁2, 王永霞1, *, 王玉涛2, *, authorsList=李晓琪, 赵彤, 刘平香, 马骧骏, 毕京秀, 苑学霞, 高瑞, 郝海宁, 王永霞, 王玉涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王永霞, 王玉涛, authorNote=

李晓琪(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王永霞(1972−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:功能性食品研究与开发,E-mail:。
王玉涛(1980−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:农产品质量安全与营养品质评价,E-mail:。
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Food Chemistry, 2025, 490: 145156., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880555965657771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880555974046380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, companyId=1320880555965657771, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880555982434989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, companyId=1320880555965657771, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1河北工程大学生命科学与食品工程学院,河北邯郸 056000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880556062126766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880556074709679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, companyId=1320880556062126766, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880556083098288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, companyId=1320880556062126766, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2山东省农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所,山东济南 250100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880561036571376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of the CP experimental setup, figureFileSmall=dY892/FJZsvhb8e2eXONYA==, figureFileBig=neLTG9qF9MRKQI1vRSbxOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880561107874545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=CN, label=图1, caption=CP装置示意图, figureFileSmall=dY892/FJZsvhb8e2eXONYA==, figureFileBig=neLTG9qF9MRKQI1vRSbxOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880561296618226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different CP processing times on grape color difference and antibacterial efficacy, figureFileSmall=3uT+nlpDHShwIW8oI1Wt+A==, figureFileBig=Ucyyr8RhWVUOSFYHYokcyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880561351144179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同的CP处理时间对葡萄色差和抑菌率的影响

注:a为处理时间对色差的影响;b为处理时间对抑菌率的影响;不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图3同。

, figureFileSmall=3uT+nlpDHShwIW8oI1Wt+A==, figureFileBig=Ucyyr8RhWVUOSFYHYokcyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880561418253044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different CP processing voltages on grape color difference and antibacterial efficacy, figureFileSmall=ujf84KBhwXMGEG3yqlXlEg==, figureFileBig=X4//IrlEIr2B/jElSWJ+1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880561493750517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同的CP处理电压对葡萄色差和抑菌率的影响

注:a为处理电压对色差的影响;b为处理电压对抑菌率的影响。

, figureFileSmall=ujf84KBhwXMGEG3yqlXlEg==, figureFileBig=X4//IrlEIr2B/jElSWJ+1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880561565053686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Response surface plots of factor interactions affecting color difference and antibacterial rate, figureFileSmall=sIiBiWm+wP2bs1X1we7dxQ==, figureFileBig=Ghu1LjSS8HJrl6QiROmJPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880561640551159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各因素交互作用对色差和抑菌率影响的响应面图, figureFileSmall=sIiBiWm+wP2bs1X1we7dxQ==, figureFileBig=Ghu1LjSS8HJrl6QiROmJPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880561716048632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison of volatile compound contents before and after treatment, figureFileSmall=OXW3gB4CQSSrMCMdC8aXHQ==, figureFileBig=QAeE3D2P83J/lWN7SFpH7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880561804129017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=CN, label=图5, caption=处理前后挥发性化合物含量对比

注:*表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=OXW3gB4CQSSrMCMdC8aXHQ==, figureFileBig=QAeE3D2P83J/lWN7SFpH7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880561871237882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Multivariate statistical analysis of aroma compounds in CP 'Shine Muscat', figureFileSmall=PAH9dKeuK1Y97fgP632SZw==, figureFileBig=BgS+oOgvxhTcweik+0Yd1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880561963512571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=CN, label=图6, caption=CP处理‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄香气物质的多元统计分析

注:a. OPLS-DA模型;b. 交叉验证。

, figureFileSmall=PAH9dKeuK1Y97fgP632SZw==, figureFileBig=BgS+oOgvxhTcweik+0Yd1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880562030621436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factors and levels of response surface center combination test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平处理时间(s)处理电压(kV)
-118020
024025
130030
), ArticleFig(id=1320880562097730301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面中心组合试验的因素和水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平处理时间(s)处理电压(kV)
-118020
024025
130030
), ArticleFig(id=1320880562173227774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Response surface test design and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号A处理时间(s)B处理电压(kV)Y1∆EY2抑菌率(%)
1240251.57±0.2190.68±1.66
2300303.45±0.1791.84±0.83
3180302.15±0.3270.86±2.35
4240251.83±0.2389.51±1.84
5240251.85±0.0594.17±1.92
6240251.91±0.0987.18±0.74
7240302.42±0.1386.01±1.63
8240251.95±0.1991.84±0.49
9180201.66±0.1149.88±0.88
10180251.90±0.2361.54±2.47
11300202.13±0.3382.52±3.01
12300252.30±0.1693.01±0.79
13240201.72±0.2579.02±1.45
), ArticleFig(id=1320880562240336639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号A处理时间(s)B处理电压(kV)Y1∆EY2抑菌率(%)
1240251.57±0.2190.68±1.66
2300303.45±0.1791.84±0.83
3180302.15±0.3270.86±2.35
4240251.83±0.2389.51±1.84
5240251.85±0.0594.17±1.92
6240251.91±0.0987.18±0.74
7240302.42±0.1386.01±1.63
8240251.95±0.1991.84±0.49
9180201.66±0.1149.88±0.88
10180251.90±0.2361.54±2.47
11300202.13±0.3382.52±3.01
12300252.30±0.1693.01±0.79
13240201.72±0.2579.02±1.45
), ArticleFig(id=1320880562307445504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of variance for the regression equation of ∆E

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方和F值P值显著性
模型2.6250.524820.310.0005**
A时间0.784810.784830.370.0009**
B电压1.0511.0540.630.0004**
AB0.172210.17226.660.0364*
A20.213110.21318.250.0239*
B20.169510.16956.560.0375*
残差0.180970.0258
失拟项0.092430.03081.390.3669
净误差0.088540.0221
总离差2.8012
), ArticleFig(id=1320880562378748673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

∆E的回归方程的方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方和F值P值显著性
模型2.6250.524820.310.0005**
A时间0.784810.784830.370.0009**
B电压1.0511.0540.630.0004**
AB0.172210.17226.660.0364*
A20.213110.21318.250.0239*
B20.169510.16956.560.0375*
残差0.180970.0258
失拟项0.092430.03081.390.3669
净误差0.088540.0221
总离差2.8012
), ArticleFig(id=1320880562450051842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of variance for the regression equation of bactericidal rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方和F值P值显著性
模型2149.305429.8642.05<0.0001**
A时间1206.7211206.72118.04<0.0001**
B电压231.761231.7622.670.0021**
AB33.99133.993.320.1110
A2343.421343.4233.590.0007**
B296.50196.509.440.0180*
残差71.56710.22
失拟项44.42314.812.180.2328
净误差27.1446.79
总离差2220.8712
), ArticleFig(id=1320880562521355011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

抑菌率的回归方程的方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方和F值P值显著性
模型2149.305429.8642.05<0.0001**
A时间1206.7211206.72118.04<0.0001**
B电压231.761231.7622.670.0021**
AB33.99133.993.320.1110
A2343.421343.4233.590.0007**
B296.50196.509.440.0180*
残差71.56710.22
失拟项44.42314.812.180.2328
净误差27.1446.79
总离差2220.8712
), ArticleFig(id=1320880562584269572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Aroma composition of 'Shine Muscat' grapes under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号CAS保留时间(s)香气成分相对含量(μg/g)VIP值
1D(s)2D(s)CP处理CK
142890-76-617641.65(S)-(-)-1,2,4-丁三醇0.15±0.020.16±0.030.85
2111-27-35320.73正己醇1.85±0.31*0.87±0.161.23
3104-76-78501.202-乙基己醇0.33±0.020.21±0.011.26
4143-08-810960.561-壬醇0.16±0.020.15±0.021.24
5111-87-57501.53正辛醇0.12±0.010.13±0.011.14
63191-86-47420.453-辛醇0.05±0.010.03±01.18
7106-25-212541.42橙花醇0.40±0.030.28±0.011.25
8928-95-05241.84反式-2-己烯-1-醇2.44±0.72*1.45±0.021.01
91576-95-03700.63顺-2-戊烯-1-醇0.13±0.020.13±0.021.26
10556-82-112700.913-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇0.12±0.010.11±0.011.19
11162744-59-418060.664-溴-2,6-二氟苯甲醇0.04±0.010.02±0.011.08
12106-22-911941.65香茅醇0.05±0.03ND1.24
1360-12-81480.72苯乙醇7.24±0.61*2.10±0.221.26
1478-70-69700.59芳樟醇5.61±0.36*3.23±0.171.28
15142-83-66121.90(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛1.37±0.27*0.87±0.151.03
161194-98-59901.112,5-二羟基苯甲醛0.10±0.040.06±0.020.89
17557-48-210660.84反,顺-2,6-壬二烯醛0.03±0.010.03±0.010.89
1818829-55-57000.68反-2-庚醛0.05±0.010.02±0.011.13
19505-57-79540.962-己烯醛0.01±0ND1.08
206728-26-35261.80反式-2-己烯醛33.14±3.13*24.55±2.761.16
211576-87-03460.81反式-2-戊烯醛0.22±0.030.17±0.031.18
224440-65-74221.183-己烯醛0.42±0.010.32±0.170.55
232492-43-57061.25反-2-己烯-4-氧代-醛0.20±0.020.17±0.011.06
24100-52-77121.18苯甲醛0.02±0.010.01±0.010.85
25122-78-18661.032-苯基乙醛0.40±0.060.34±0.040.88
2696-17-32380.282-甲基丁醛0.07±0.010.06±0.030.52
27590-86-32380.92异戊醛0.14±0.040.13±0.010.58
28112-31-211721.30癸醛0.24±0.03*0.17±0.050.95
29111-71-75941.69正庚醛0.04±0.010.02±0.011.26
3066-25-14241.15正己醛13.94±2.15*12.54±1.721.22
31124-19-69901.30正壬醛0.30±0.010.18±0.021.26
32124-13-07861.56正辛醛0.12±0.11*0.03±0.010.81
3318829-56-610780.72反-2-壬醛0.03±0.010.03±0.010.88
3433467-73-15101.53顺式-3-己烯醇甲酸酯0.07±0.040.06±0.030.39
35141-78-62080.83乙酸乙酯0.40±0.07*0.19±0.011.17
36111-11-510261.26辛酸甲酯0.05±0.010.03±0.010.79
37112-12-920761.282-十一酮0.01±0.00ND0.81
3818641-70-813141.232,4-二甲基-3-己酮0.02±0.010.01±0.000.87
3920426-12-421480.614-羟基查耳酮0.03±0.010.03±0.010.61
40110-93-07561.66甲基庚烯酮0.34±0.19*0.22±0.010.62
4198-86-29140.31苯乙酮0.03±0.010.04±0.020.22
423796-70-115541.79香叶基丙酮0.19±0.110.26±0.020.58
4353137-27-221100.062,4-二甲基-1,3-噻唑-5-羧酸0.04±0.010.03±0.010.53
44123-35-37621.58月桂烯0.04±0.010.05±0.010.64
4525377-72-41521.78戊烯0.03±0.02ND0.98
465989-54-88541.13(S)-(-)-柠檬烯0.01±0.000.01±0.000.84
4718794-84-816381.58(E)-β-金合欢烯0.11±0.010.11±0.010.89
484282-42-218961.511-碘壬烷0.03±0.000.02±0.001.26
49294-62-215841.58环十二烷0.01±0.000.01±0.000.24
5062108-21-813281.026-乙基-2-甲基癸烷0.04±0.020.01±0.011.09
51629-78-716201.28正十七烷0.14±0.02*0.08±0.021.16
52544-76-317761.05正十六烷0.22±0.01*0.09±0.011.27
5375-09-22340.96二氯甲烷0.01±0.000.01±0.000.17
54111-84-27940.91正壬烷0.02±0.000.02±0.001.23
551072-16-814260.242,7-二甲基辛烷0.03±0.010.03±0.011.28
56629-50-59001.12正十三烷0.02±0.010.02±0.011.28
5762108-27-416921.482,4,6-三甲基癸烷0.01±0.000.01±0.000.79
581002-17-115661.252,9-二甲基-癸烷0.01±0.020.01±0.011.15
5917453-93-915520.255-甲基-十二烷0.01±0.010.01±0.001.15
), ArticleFig(id=1320880562668155653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同处理下‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄的香气成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号CAS保留时间(s)香气成分相对含量(μg/g)VIP值
1D(s)2D(s)CP处理CK
142890-76-617641.65(S)-(-)-1,2,4-丁三醇0.15±0.020.16±0.030.85
2111-27-35320.73正己醇1.85±0.31*0.87±0.161.23
3104-76-78501.202-乙基己醇0.33±0.020.21±0.011.26
4143-08-810960.561-壬醇0.16±0.020.15±0.021.24
5111-87-57501.53正辛醇0.12±0.010.13±0.011.14
63191-86-47420.453-辛醇0.05±0.010.03±01.18
7106-25-212541.42橙花醇0.40±0.030.28±0.011.25
8928-95-05241.84反式-2-己烯-1-醇2.44±0.72*1.45±0.021.01
91576-95-03700.63顺-2-戊烯-1-醇0.13±0.020.13±0.021.26
10556-82-112700.913-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇0.12±0.010.11±0.011.19
11162744-59-418060.664-溴-2,6-二氟苯甲醇0.04±0.010.02±0.011.08
12106-22-911941.65香茅醇0.05±0.03ND1.24
1360-12-81480.72苯乙醇7.24±0.61*2.10±0.221.26
1478-70-69700.59芳樟醇5.61±0.36*3.23±0.171.28
15142-83-66121.90(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛1.37±0.27*0.87±0.151.03
161194-98-59901.112,5-二羟基苯甲醛0.10±0.040.06±0.020.89
17557-48-210660.84反,顺-2,6-壬二烯醛0.03±0.010.03±0.010.89
1818829-55-57000.68反-2-庚醛0.05±0.010.02±0.011.13
19505-57-79540.962-己烯醛0.01±0ND1.08
206728-26-35261.80反式-2-己烯醛33.14±3.13*24.55±2.761.16
211576-87-03460.81反式-2-戊烯醛0.22±0.030.17±0.031.18
224440-65-74221.183-己烯醛0.42±0.010.32±0.170.55
232492-43-57061.25反-2-己烯-4-氧代-醛0.20±0.020.17±0.011.06
24100-52-77121.18苯甲醛0.02±0.010.01±0.010.85
25122-78-18661.032-苯基乙醛0.40±0.060.34±0.040.88
2696-17-32380.282-甲基丁醛0.07±0.010.06±0.030.52
27590-86-32380.92异戊醛0.14±0.040.13±0.010.58
28112-31-211721.30癸醛0.24±0.03*0.17±0.050.95
29111-71-75941.69正庚醛0.04±0.010.02±0.011.26
3066-25-14241.15正己醛13.94±2.15*12.54±1.721.22
31124-19-69901.30正壬醛0.30±0.010.18±0.021.26
32124-13-07861.56正辛醛0.12±0.11*0.03±0.010.81
3318829-56-610780.72反-2-壬醛0.03±0.010.03±0.010.88
3433467-73-15101.53顺式-3-己烯醇甲酸酯0.07±0.040.06±0.030.39
35141-78-62080.83乙酸乙酯0.40±0.07*0.19±0.011.17
36111-11-510261.26辛酸甲酯0.05±0.010.03±0.010.79
37112-12-920761.282-十一酮0.01±0.00ND0.81
3818641-70-813141.232,4-二甲基-3-己酮0.02±0.010.01±0.000.87
3920426-12-421480.614-羟基查耳酮0.03±0.010.03±0.010.61
40110-93-07561.66甲基庚烯酮0.34±0.19*0.22±0.010.62
4198-86-29140.31苯乙酮0.03±0.010.04±0.020.22
423796-70-115541.79香叶基丙酮0.19±0.110.26±0.020.58
4353137-27-221100.062,4-二甲基-1,3-噻唑-5-羧酸0.04±0.010.03±0.010.53
44123-35-37621.58月桂烯0.04±0.010.05±0.010.64
4525377-72-41521.78戊烯0.03±0.02ND0.98
465989-54-88541.13(S)-(-)-柠檬烯0.01±0.000.01±0.000.84
4718794-84-816381.58(E)-β-金合欢烯0.11±0.010.11±0.010.89
484282-42-218961.511-碘壬烷0.03±0.000.02±0.001.26
49294-62-215841.58环十二烷0.01±0.000.01±0.000.24
5062108-21-813281.026-乙基-2-甲基癸烷0.04±0.020.01±0.011.09
51629-78-716201.28正十七烷0.14±0.02*0.08±0.021.16
52544-76-317761.05正十六烷0.22±0.01*0.09±0.011.27
5375-09-22340.96二氯甲烷0.01±0.000.01±0.000.17
54111-84-27940.91正壬烷0.02±0.000.02±0.001.23
551072-16-814260.242,7-二甲基辛烷0.03±0.010.03±0.011.28
56629-50-59001.12正十三烷0.02±0.010.02±0.011.28
5762108-27-416921.482,4,6-三甲基癸烷0.01±0.000.01±0.000.79
581002-17-115661.252,9-二甲基-癸烷0.01±0.020.01±0.011.15
5917453-93-915520.255-甲基-十二烷0.01±0.010.01±0.001.15
), ArticleFig(id=1320880562756236038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

OAV of differential aroma compounds in 'Shine Muscat' grapes under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号香气成分阈值
(mg/L)[31,36−41]
OAV香气描述[31,36−41]
CP处理CK
1正己醇80.23*0.11青草香、果香
21-壬醇600<0.10<0.10蜂蜜香、甜香
3正辛醇12<0.10<0.10玫瑰花香、浓郁的
柑橘香
43-辛醇80<0.10<0.10坚果香
5橙花醇40<0.10<0.10玫瑰花香、甜木香
6反式-2-己烯-1-醇150.16*0.10青草香
7顺-2-戊烯-1-醇72<0.10<0.10青草香
83-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇−−−浓酯香
9苯乙醇1400.52*0.15玫瑰香、蜂蜜香
10芳樟醇250.22*0.13玫瑰花香、薰衣草香
11香茅醇40<0.10−玫瑰花香
12(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛−−−青草香
13反-2-庚烯醛13<0.10<0.10果香、甜香
142-己烯醛88<0.100青香
15反式-2-己烯醛171.95*1.44青香
16反式-2-戊烯醛−−−青草香、果香
17反-2-己烯-4-氧代-醛−−−青香
18正庚醛10<0.10<0.10青香
19正己醛700.190.18青草香、苹果香
20正壬醛150.20*0.12青草香
21乙酸乙酯750<0.10<0.10果香、甜香
), ArticleFig(id=1320880562840122119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880548101337755, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同处理下‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄的差异香气成分OAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号香气成分阈值
(mg/L)[31,36−41]
OAV香气描述[31,36−41]
CP处理CK
1正己醇80.23*0.11青草香、果香
21-壬醇600<0.10<0.10蜂蜜香、甜香
3正辛醇12<0.10<0.10玫瑰花香、浓郁的
柑橘香
43-辛醇80<0.10<0.10坚果香
5橙花醇40<0.10<0.10玫瑰花香、甜木香
6反式-2-己烯-1-醇150.16*0.10青草香
7顺-2-戊烯-1-醇72<0.10<0.10青草香
83-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇−−−浓酯香
9苯乙醇1400.52*0.15玫瑰香、蜂蜜香
10芳樟醇250.22*0.13玫瑰花香、薰衣草香
11香茅醇40<0.10−玫瑰花香
12(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛−−−青草香
13反-2-庚烯醛13<0.10<0.10果香、甜香
142-己烯醛88<0.100青香
15反式-2-己烯醛171.95*1.44青香
16反式-2-戊烯醛−−−青草香、果香
17反-2-己烯-4-氧代-醛−−−青香
18正庚醛10<0.10<0.10青香
19正己醛700.190.18青草香、苹果香
20正壬醛150.20*0.12青草香
21乙酸乙酯750<0.10<0.10果香、甜香
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李晓琪 1, 2 , 赵彤 2 , 刘平香 2 , 马骧骏 2 , 毕京秀 2 , 苑学霞 2 , 高瑞 2 , 郝海宁 2 , 王永霞 1, * , 王玉涛 2, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺创新与智能制造 2026,47(18): 232-242
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冷等离子体处理‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄工艺优化及其对挥发性物质的影响
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李晓琪(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工,E-mail:

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李晓琪1, 2 , 赵彤2, 刘平香2, 马骧骏2, 毕京秀2, 苑学霞2, 高瑞2, 郝海宁2, 王永霞1, * , 王玉涛2, *
作者信息
  • 1河北工程大学生命科学与食品工程学院,河北邯郸 056000
  • 2山东省农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所,山东济南 250100
通讯作者:
王永霞(1972−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:功能性食品研究与开发,E-mail:。
王玉涛(1980−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:农产品质量安全与营养品质评价,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李晓琪(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工,E-mail:

Optimization of Cold Plasma Treatment for 'Shine Muscat' Grapes and Its Effect on Volatile Compounds
Xiaoqi LI1, 2 , Tong ZHAO2, Pingxiang LIU2, Xiangjun MA2, Jingxiu BI2, Xuexia YUAN2, Rui GAO2, Haining HAO2, Yongxia WANG1, * , Yutao WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056000, China
  • 2Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080305
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为探究冷等离子体(Cold Plasma,CP)处理‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄的最佳工艺参数及其对挥发性物质的影响,本研究以‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄为研究对象,以处理时间和处理电压为因素,抑菌率和色差(∆E)为评价指标,采用响应面法优化CP处理条件,并结合全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法,系统评估CP处理前后‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄挥发性风味的变化。结果表明,处理时间和处理电压对葡萄的∆E值和抑菌率均具有显著影响。优化后获得最佳工艺参数为处理时间252 s、电压24 kV,此条件下葡萄的抑菌率达84.8%,∆E为1.94。进一步测定葡萄果实的香气成分,共检测到59种挥发性物质,其中醇类、醛类和萜烯类化合物含量在CP处理后显著增加,挥发性物质总量提升43.99%。通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析,对CP处理前后的葡萄样品进行了有效区分。气味活性值分析显示,正己醇、反式-2-己烯-1-醇、苯乙醇、芳樟醇及正己醛等关键香气物质含量均上升,赋予果实更为浓郁的香气特征。综上,CP处理可有效保持‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄的香气品质。该研究为CP技术在葡萄果实采后风味调控中的应用提供了理论依据与实践参考。

‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄  /  冷等离子体  /  响应面法  /  挥发性物质  /  正交偏最小二乘判别分析  /  气味活性值

To investigate the optimal processing parameters of cold plasma (CP) treatment for 'Shine Muscat' grapes and its effects on volatile compounds, 'Shine Muscat' grapes were treated with CP using processing time and voltage as experimental factors, while bacteriostatic rate and color difference (∆E) were used as evaluation indices. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the CP conditions, and comprehensive volatile profiling was conducted using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). The results showed that both processing time and voltage had significant effects on ∆E and bacteriostatic rate. The optimized parameters (252 s and 24 kV) yielded a bacteriostatic rate of 84.8% and a ∆E value of 1.94. A total of 59 volatile compounds were identified in grape berries, and the contents of alcohols, aldehydes, and terpenes increased significantly after CP treatment, resulting in a 43.99% increase in total volatile abundance. Orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis effectively distinguished grape samples before and after CP treatment. Odor activity value analysis further revealed increases in key aroma compounds, including 1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, phenethyl alcohol, linalool, and hexanal, which contributed to a more pronounced aromatic profile. Overall, CP treatment effectively preserved and enhanced the aroma quality of 'Shine Muscat' grapes. This study provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the application of CP technology in postharvest flavor modulation of table grapes.

'Shine Muscat' grapes  /  cold plasma (CP)  /  response surface methodology  /  volatile compounds  /  orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA)  /  odor activity value (OAV)
李晓琪, 赵彤, 刘平香, 马骧骏, 毕京秀, 苑学霞, 高瑞, 郝海宁, 王永霞, 王玉涛. 冷等离子体处理‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄工艺优化及其对挥发性物质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 232 -242 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080305
Xiaoqi LI, Tong ZHAO, Pingxiang LIU, Xiangjun MA, Jingxiu BI, Xuexia YUAN, Rui GAO, Haining HAO, Yongxia WANG, Yutao WANG. Optimization of Cold Plasma Treatment for 'Shine Muscat' Grapes and Its Effect on Volatile Compounds[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 232 -242 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080305
葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)作为全球广泛栽培的水果之一[1],因丰富的营养价值及独特的风味特征而备受关注。其中,‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄('Shine Muscat' grapes)是日本农业与食品研究机构以‘安芸津21号’('Steuben'×'Muscat of Alexandria')为母本,‘白南’('Katta Kurgan'×'Neo Muscat')为父本杂交选育出的葡萄品种[2]。该品种引入我国后,凭借浓郁的玫瑰花香、清脆的果肉和优异的外观品质[3−4]迅速赢得消费者青睐,已成为我国乃至东亚地区高端鲜食葡萄的代表品种之一[5]。
‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄的香气是决定其风味品质的关键因素之一,其形成主要依赖于葡萄果实中多种挥发性化合物(Volatile Organic Compounds,VOC)的协同作用,包括醇类、醛类、酯类、萜烯类、酮类及部分含氮化合物等[6]。但‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄因为高糖度、果皮薄、果实紧密和采后生理活动旺盛[7−9]等特性,易受到微生物侵染,导致变质,从而影响风味。冷等离子体(Cold Plasma,CP)作为一种新兴非热物理处理技术,通过对气体施加高压电场产生富含活性粒子的等离子体(如臭氧、羟基自由基、一氧化氮等)[10],可以在保持水果的原有风味品质的前提下,实现对微生物的破坏与酶活性的调控[11]。研究表明,适度CP处理能延缓哈密瓜成熟进程并保持风味平衡[12];另有研究指出,CP可通过调控脂质氧化、氨基酸降解及萜烯生物合成等途径,间接影响芳香化合物的生成[13−15]。此外,LI等[16]通过CP处理诱导酚类积累并增强鲜切火龙果的抗氧化活性,激活植物次生代谢途径,促进芳香化合物的合成与释放。
然而,当前针对CP处理对‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄挥发性风味物质代谢网络的影响尚未明确,且缺乏基于工艺优化处理的参数探讨。因此,本研究采用响应面法优化CP处理‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄的工艺参数,并结合全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法(Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry,GC×GC-TOFMS)、正交偏最小二乘判别分析(Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA)与气味活性值(Odor Activity Value,OAV)评价,系统探讨CP处理对‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄VOC的调控效应,明确其对葡萄关键香气化合物的影响机制,为CP技术在葡萄果实采后风味调控中的应用提供理论依据与实践参考。
‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄 于2024年12月采自云南宾川产区;2-壬酮 天津阿尔塔科技有限公司;氯化钠 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;平板计数琼脂培养基 青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司;所有试剂均为分析纯。
冷等离子体设备 中国农业科学院(北京)自主研制,装置示意图如图1所示。本研究采用的等离子体系统由常规电压、等离子体发生器和反应器组成。反应器包含正负两个电极,示波器用来控制电压和频率。工作气体是环境空气,电极间距固定为20 mm,输出频率固定为10 kHz;SQP电子天平 赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司;LDZX-75L立式高压蒸汽灭菌器 上海申安医疗器械厂;LS173色差仪 深圳市林上科技有限公司;SW-CJ-1FD型单人超净工作台 苏州安泰空气技术有限公司;PEGASUS4D GC×GC-TOFMS全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用仪 美国Leco公司;顶空固相微萃取(Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction,HS-SPME)装置 青岛贞正分析仪器有限公司;50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头 美国Supelco公司。
以‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄为研究对象,在15~35 kV处理电压及120~360 s处理时间的范围内进行了预实验,结果表明,在该参数区间内,葡萄的可溶性固形物含量为16.3%~17.2%,可滴定酸含量为1.65%~1.78%,糖酸比为9.25~9.89,CP处理组与对照组均无显著差异(P>0.05),且未观察到明显外观损伤,表明适宜的CP处理不会引起‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄基本理化指标与外观品质的劣变,证实了CP技术在‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄采后处理中具有良好的应用潜力。
基于预实验结果,本研究选取果形均匀、无机械损伤及病变斑块且成熟度一致的葡萄样品,进一步开展优化试验。固定处理时间为240 s,调节处理电压(15、20、25、30、35 kV);固定处理电压为25 kV,调节处理时间(120、180、240、300、360 s),进行CP处理,测定色差和菌落总数,并计算其抑菌率。
在单因素实验的基础上,选取CP处理时间和处理电压两因素,以抑菌率和色差∆E为评价指标,进行中心复合设计,试验因素和水平见表1。
菌落总数的测定参照GB 4789.2-2016,称取25 g‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄样品表皮置于盛有225 mL无菌生理盐水的均质杯内,8000 r/min均质2 min,制成1:10的样品匀液。随后依次制备10倍系列样品稀释液。将20 mL冷却至46~50 ℃的平板计数琼脂培养基倾注培养皿,待琼脂凝固后将平板翻转,36±1 ℃培养48±2 h。抑菌率按照式(1)计算。
$ \rm 抑菌率(\text{%})= \frac{{处理前菌落总数-处理后菌落总数}}{\text{处理前菌落总数}}\times 100 $
采用LS173色差仪测量‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄的L*、a*、b*值,选取整粒葡萄果实中心赤道面上两个相互对称的点为测定点,将仪器测量口径垂直紧贴在葡萄表面,保持仪器稳定至测量完成,并记录测量数据。L*值表示样品的明度,a*值表示样品红绿值,b*值表示样品黄蓝值,色差∆E按式(2)计算。
$ \Delta E= \sqrt{{({{{{L}_{0}}}^{\text{*}}}-{{L}^{\text{*}}})}^{2}+{({{{{a}_{0}}}^{\text{*}}}-{{a}^{\text{*}}})}^{2}+{({{{{b}_{0}}}^{\text{*}}}-{{b}^{\text{*}}})}^{2}} $
式中:L0*表示新鲜未处理葡萄的明度;L*表示CP处理葡萄的明度;a0*表示新鲜未处理葡萄的红绿值,a*表示CP处理葡萄的红绿值;b0*表示新鲜未处理葡萄的黄蓝值,b*表示CP处理葡萄的黄蓝值。
参照王颖[17]的方法并进行修改,将‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄清洗干净,随机选取不同侧面的葡萄样品,带皮切成0.5 cm的厚片,随后切成0.5 cm×0.5 cm的小块,混合均匀。随后,取3.0 g样品放入15 mL顶空瓶中,加入50 μL的2-壬酮内标溶液(200 mg/kg)。盖紧盖子静置10 min后于固相微萃取装置上,在50 ℃下吸附40 min后进行GC×GC-TOFMS分析,每个样品进行3次分析。
色谱柱:一维色谱柱为Rxi-5MS(30 m×250 μm×0.25 μm),二维色谱柱为Rxi-17Sil MS(2 m×250 μm×0.25 μm);升温程序:一维柱温箱初温40 ℃保持2 min,以5 ℃/min升至200 ℃,再以20 ℃/min升至280 ℃,并恒温2 min;二维柱箱温度始终高于一维柱箱5 ℃,调制补偿温度设为15 ℃;载气(He),流速1.4 mL/min,压力2.4 kPa,分流比5:1。
电子轰击离子源;电子能量70 eV;传输线温度280 ℃;离子源温度250 ℃;采集电压1550 V;扫描速率100 spectra/s;扫描范围m/z 35~550;调制周期2 s。
采用NIST2017对每个色谱峰对应的质谱片段进行检索,选择相似度>700的挥发性香气化合物进一步分析。
采用内标法定量‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄中的挥发性风味物质含量,通过与内标物的峰面积比较,得到香气成分的含量,即:
香气成分含量(μg/g)=香气成分物质峰面积×内标物含量/内标物峰面积。
通过气味活性值(OAV)来判断不同挥发性化合物对‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄的贡献。OAV是挥发性风味物质的质量浓度与其阈值的比值,按式(3)计算:
$ {\text{OAV}}_{\text{i}}=\frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{i}}}{{\text{OT}}_{\text{i}}} $
式中:OAVi为风味物质的气味活性值;Ci为挥发性风味物质的质量浓度,μg/g;OTi为各挥发性风味化合物在水中的气味阈值,mg/L。
试验数据通过Excel 2010进行整理与统计,响应面试验设计与分析应用Design-Expert 13.0软件进行,显著性差异检验采用SPSS 20.0软件,图表绘制使用Graphpad Prism 10.1.2,所有试验均重复三次。
如图2a所示,固定处理电压25 kV,伴随CP处理时间的增加,∆E呈现不断上升的趋势。处理时间为120 s时,∆E最小,为4.23;当处理时间为360 s时,∆E最大,为8.19。当处理时间为180、240和300 s时,三组‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄的∆E无显著差异(P>0.05)。但处理时间过长,在360 s时,表皮颜色肉眼可见的褐变,可能导致细胞膜完整性受损,使多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol Oxidase,PPO)等酶类与底物(酚类化合物)接触[18],发生酶促褐变反应。此外,处理过程中等离子体的化学作用会削弱表皮的蜡质保护层[19],使氧气更易渗入细胞组织内部,加剧PPO反应。
处理时间是影响微生物灭活的主要因素之一。CP处理时长与鲜食葡萄抑菌率呈显著正相关(P<0.05),抑菌效果随处理时间延长而增强(图2b)。处理时间从120 s增加至180 s时,葡萄表面的菌落总数显著降低(P<0.05),抑菌率达到74.91%;当处理时间为180~300 s时,抑菌率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。当处理时间增加至360 s时抑菌率达到最高,为86.89%,相比之下,崔偲旻等[20]采用中药提取物处理鲜食葡萄,需浸泡1 h才能达到约85%的抑菌率。宁密密[21]采用SO2保鲜剂处理‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄可达到约64%的抑菌率。但处理时间为360 s时∆E较大,为8.41。此时葡萄表皮损伤严重,造成肉眼可见的褐变。综合上述研究结果,最终选择处理时间为180、240、300 s进一步进行响应面试验。
如图3a所示,固定处理时间240 s,伴随CP处理电压的增加,∆E呈现不断上升的趋势。研究表明,高电压条件下,冷等离子体会产生更多的高能活性粒子[22],这些粒子对葡萄表皮中的天然色素(如类黄酮、花青素、叶绿素等)具有较强的氧化作用[23],进而影响表皮颜色的变化。
如图3b所示,CP处理‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄的抑菌率随着处理电压的增加表现出先上升后下降的趋势。处理电压从15 kV增加至20 kV时,葡萄表面的菌落总数显著降低(P<0.05),抑菌率达到最高,为64.58%;当处理电压为25 kV时,抑菌率发生下降。通过施加较高的电压,含氧活性物质激发的速度加快,自由电子能量升高,产生的自由基和活性粒子增多,对菌体细胞的损伤速度加快,可实现更强的灭菌效果[24]。但当处理电压上升到某一时间节点时,处理电压与抑菌率可能会失去线性关系[25],所以在处理电压达到35 kV时,抑菌率反而呈下降趋势。该现象可能由于电压升高到一定阈值后,等离子体内部会产生过高浓度的活性物种,自由基之间易发生二次反应[26],反而降低了自由基浓度。综合考虑处理电压对色差和抑菌率的影响,选择20、25、30 kV进一步进行响应面试验。
在单因素实验的基础上以∆E和抑菌率为指标,采用Design-Expert 13.0软件进行试验设计,确定冷等离子体处理的最佳条件,试验设计及结果见表2。
对表2试验数据进行回归分析,得到∆E(Y1)和抑菌率(Y2)的回归方程如下。
Y1=1.82+0.36A+0.42B+0.21AB+0.28A2+0.25B2
Y2=90.03+14.18A+6.21B−2.91AB+11.15A2−5.91B2
∆E回归方程的方差分析结果见表3。模型检验显示P<0.001,极显著;而失拟项P>0.05,说明无显著失拟;该方程的拟合优度较高(R2=0.9355,R2Adj=0.8894,R2pred=0.6185),可用于冷等离子体处理‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄杀菌工艺的分析与预测。因素分析表明,处理时间(A)和处理电压(B)均对∆E产生极显著影响(P<0.001),且电压(B)的作用强于时间(A)。
抑菌率回归方程的方差分析结果见表4。模型检验显示P<0.001,极显著;而失拟项P>0.05,说明无显著失拟;该方程的拟合优度较高(R2=0.9678,R2Adj=0.9448,R2pred=0.8012),可用于冷等离子体处理‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄杀菌工艺的分析与预测。因素分析表明,处理时间(A)和处理电压(B)均对抑菌率产生极显著影响(P<0.01),且时间(A)的作用强于电压(B)。
图4a和图4b分别为响应值(∆E和抑菌率)和试验因子(处理时间和处理电压)构成的三维响应曲面图展示了其交互作用对∆E和抑菌率的影响。由图4a可知,当电压保持恒定时,随着处理时间延长,∆E呈现平稳上升趋势;而固定处理时间不变,处理电压升高导致∆E呈现逐渐上升的变化趋势。比较两因素的曲面斜率可以看出,电压的影响幅度大于时间,说明电压是影响∆E的主要因素,这一结果与Carbonell等[27]的研究结论相符。随着电压的升高和时间的延长,产生的含氧活性物质数量增多,引发葡萄表面发生酶促褐变,使∆E增大。由图4b可知,冷等离子体的处理时间不变,随着处理电压的增加,抑菌率呈现上升趋势;处理电压不变,随着处理时间的延长,抑菌率也不断升高。处理时间的曲面斜率比电压的曲面斜率大,说明处理时间对抑菌率的影响大于处理电压对抑菌率的影响,这与乔维维等[28]的研究结果一致。
通过Design-Expert 13.0对模型优化,得到冷等离子体处理工艺的最佳工艺条件为:处理时间251.835 s、处理电压23.799 kV,预测此时的色差改变量为1.808,抑菌率为88.702%。为了验证该模型的准确性,结合实际操作情况,将处理工艺修改为处理时间252 s、处理电压24 kV。在此条件下进行3组验证试验,所得∆E为1.94,抑菌率为84.8%,与预测值接近(P>0.05),表明该模型优化得到的工艺条件可靠,具有可行性。
为研究CP处理前后‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄果实的香气变化,利用HS-SPME与GC×GC-TOFMS联用的方法分别对葡萄样品的香气成分及相对含量进行分析鉴定。由表5可知,共检测到59种香气成分,其中醇类化合物14种、醛类化合物19种、酮类化合物6种、酯类化合物3种、酸类化合物1种、萜烯类化合物4种、烃类化合物12种。与CK组相比,CP处理组葡萄果实中挥发性物质的总量提升了43.99%。其中,醇类、醛类和酯类物质的含量在CP处理后均显著增加(P<0.05)(图5)。
醇类物质中,正己醇(青草香、果香)、反式-2-己烯-1-醇(青草香)和苯乙醇(玫瑰花香)的含量分别增加了1.13倍、0.68倍和2.45倍。具有典型玫瑰花香气的芳樟醇含量提升0.74倍。这些化合物含量的增加,可能与CP诱导的脂质氧化和苯丙氨酸代谢增强有关[29−30]。此外,与未处理组相比,CP处理后检测出香茅醇和2-己烯醛等香气物质,为‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄果实提供了更多的玫瑰花香、果香与青草香。
作为脂质氧化的直接产物,醛类物质在CP处理后的总量也显著上升(P<0.05)。正己醛(青草香、苹果香)、(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛(花香)和反式-2-己烯醛(青香)作为含量最高的醛类,在CP处理后含量均显著(P<0.05)高于CK组。乙酸乙酯(果香、甜香)的含量也在CP处理后显著(P<0.05)增加,相对含量提升1.11倍。酯类通常由醇和酰基辅酶在酯基转移酶作用下生成,其含量的增加间接反映了CP处理增强了合成通路中酯基转移酶的活性[31]。
萜烯类物质作为‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄的特征玫瑰香气的关键物质,除芳樟醇和香茅醇的增加外,月桂烯、(S)-(-)-柠檬烯和(E)-β-金合欢烯的含量在处理前后未发生显著变化。这表明CP处理可能特异性激活了部分萜烯的合成途径,并非对所有萜类物质都有影响。这与李靖靖等[32]关于壳聚糖与臭氧处理可特异性提升‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄中萜烯类化合物含量的研究结果相一致。
以59种香气组分作为因变量,是否CP处理作为自变量,通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)(图6a),可以实现不同处理组别葡萄样品的有效区分。本次分析中的自变量拟合指数(R2x)为0.605,因变量拟合指数(R2y)为0.987,模型预测指数(Q2)为0.959,R2和Q2超过0.5表示模型拟合结果可接受[33]。经过200次置换检验,如图6b所示,Q2的回归线与纵轴的相交点小于0,说明模型不存在过拟合[34],即模型验证有效,该结果可用于不同处理组别葡萄的香气鉴别分析。为了进一步分析CP处理对‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄挥发性物质的影响,根据VIP>1的标准,筛选出21种差异香气物质,其中醇类11种、醛类9种、酯类1种(表5)。
香气成分含量的高低并不能够作为准确判定‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄香气特征依据,通常赋予葡萄果实香气特征的是具有较高OAV的香气成分[35]。VIP>1的21种差异香气成分中,有17种可计算OAV。结果显示,CP处理后的葡萄中正己醇、苯乙醇、芳樟醇等香气物质的OAV存在显著差异(P<0.05)。单个香气成分对葡萄果实整体香气的贡献取决于其浓度和气味阈值。结果表明(表6),这些差异香气物质可能对判别处理前后葡萄果实的香气特征具有重要作用。与未处理组相比,CP处理后的葡萄果实中OAV较为突出的是正己醇、反式-2-己烯-1-醇、苯乙醇、芳樟醇、反式-2-己烯醛、正己醛、正壬醛等,多具有玫瑰花香、青草香特征。处理组中正己醇、苯乙醇、芳樟醇的OAV超过未处理组的1.5倍以上。此外,正己醇、反式-2-己烯-1-醇、苯乙醇、正己醛、正壬醛、反式-2-己烯醛以及芳樟醇等关键香气物质含量均有明显增加,并出现香茅醇、2-己烯醛等新生成的香气成分。
研究表明,冷等离子体中的高能活性物种(如臭氧、羟基自由基、过氧化氢以及一氧化氮等),会在果皮表面诱导轻度氧化胁迫,激活果实的信号转导系统[42],从而上调次生代谢通路活性。尤其是在脂氧合酶代谢途径中,亚油酸和亚麻酸被氧化生成醛类[29],如正己醛、反式-2-己烯醛等,再经醛还原酶作用转化为相应醇类,赋予果实青草香等特征气味[43]。此外,通过CP处理可增强苯丙氨酸的代谢转化,进而合成苯乙醇,该化合物具有明显的玫瑰花香[30],是‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄典型香气的重要来源之一。同时,CP可诱导萜烯类物质的积累,以芳樟醇和香茅醇为代表的萜烯类物质来源于甲羟戊酸和甲基赤藓糖磷酸代谢通路[44]。并且,CP处理能够诱导果实中β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的增强,促进结合态风味物质的水解释放[45],使原本潜伏的芳香前体以游离状态释放。
CP处理引起的细胞膜通透性增强也是风味物质释放的关键因素。处理过程中,活性粒子对果实表皮细胞结构造成轻度损伤,原本被包裹在细胞器中的底物得以释放[46],与游离态酶类接触反应,从而促进风味物质的合成和释放。例如,细胞质中的脂肪酶与脂肪酸底物反应生成C6醇醛类,叶绿体中前体物质释放也有助于萜类风味物质的积累。更有研究表明,CP处理不仅影响已有风味物质的含量,还可能通过调控相关基因的表达,如萜烯合酶基因、脂氧合酶、醇脱氢酶等,间接增强原本不活跃或低活性的代谢通路[47−48],进一步增强果实合成芳香物质的能力,促进新的风味代谢物的产生。通过调节果实中氧化还原状态,使抗氧化物质浓度下降,间接促进挥发性物质氧化生成新的风味成分。这一过程中,2-己烯醛等氧化裂解产物可能正是由冷等离子体诱导形成的。这类新物质的产生可能与非酶促氧化反应、游离脂肪酸自动氧化及次生代谢信号的激活有关,进一步拓展葡萄果实的风味维度,改善果实的芳香品质,也为采后风味调控和高品质果实供应提供了新的理论依据和技术路径。
本研究通过响应面法对CP处理‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄的工艺参数进行优化,获得的最优条件为处理时间252 s、处理电压24 kV,此条件下葡萄果实的抑菌率达到84.8%,∆E为1.94,能有效保障葡萄果实的外观品质,并起到较好的抑菌效果。在此基础上,利用HS-SPME结合GC×GC-TOFMS对其挥发性风味物质进行分析。结果表明,CP处理使葡萄中挥发性物质的总量提升了43.99%,其中芳樟醇、苯乙醇、正己醇、反式-2-己烯-1-醇、正己醛等关键风味物质的含量和OAV值显著上升,使葡萄香气更加浓郁。冷等离子体所释放的活性物种可能在果皮细胞中诱导轻度氧化胁迫,同时提高糖苷酶活性,促进糖苷结合态风味前体的释放。CP处理更能增强细胞膜通透性,促进风味前体物质与相关酶的接触反应,生成更多具有感官价值的挥发性物质,进而提升葡萄整体的香气表现。综上所述,适度CP处理不仅具有良好的杀菌效果,还可显著改善‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄的挥发性风味品质,为无残留、非热物理保鲜技术在葡萄果实采后处理中的应用提供新路径。后续研究将进一步结合代谢组学与转录组技术,从分子层面揭示冷等离子体调控香气代谢的关键基因与信号网络,推动该技术在果蔬风味保持与品质提升中的深入发展。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080305
  • 接收时间:2025-08-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-29
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    1河北工程大学生命科学与食品工程学院,河北邯郸 056000
    2山东省农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所,山东济南 250100

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王永霞(1972−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:功能性食品研究与开发,E-mail:。
王玉涛(1980−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:农产品质量安全与营养品质评价,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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