Article(id=1320880647778972112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080272, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756224000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852087206, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852087206, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852087206, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852087206, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=297, endPage=306, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880649599300049, articleId=1320880647778972112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation, Structure Characterization and Stability of Adlay Bran Peptide-Iron Chelate, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to fully utilize adlay bran resources and reduce the waste of protein resources, we prepared adlay bran peptides through alkaline protease hydrolysis of adlay bran protein, which was extracted from adlay bran. The preparation of adlay bran peptides-iron chelate (ABP-Fe) was optimized based on univariate analysis and orthogonal tests. The ABP-Fe was characterized using UV spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Also, its stability was explored and its Fe2+ release characteristics were investigated through in vitro gastrointestinal digestion simulations. The results showed that the optimized conditions for the preparation of ABP-Fe were pH5.0, peptide-to-iron mass ratio 3:1, reaction temperature 40 ℃ and reaction time 20 min. Under the optimized conditions, the chelation rate of Fe2+ in the ABP-Fe reached 76.33%. Characterization using UV and FTIR spectroscopy indicated that Fe2+ chelated with the carboxyl oxygen and amino nitrogen on the ABP peptide chains to form a new substance. Characterization using SEM and AFM revealed that the adlay bran peptides transform from smooth fragments into rough particles after chelation with Fe2+, with significant morphological differences. Additionally, the ABP-Fe exhibited good stability under varying pH and temperatures, and its Fe2+ release rate was higher than that of ferrous sulfate in the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion simulations. The as-prepared adlay bran peptide-derived iron supplement exhibited excellent chelation capability, good stability, and high release rate. This study provides insights for efficient utilization of adlay processing by-products and development of novel dietary iron supplements.

, authors=Bin DU1, Anqi HUANG1, Shujing LIN1, Shiqi WANG2, Wenlang LI1, Haiyang LU1, Zhoubing HUANG3, Dali SUN3, *, authorsList=Bin DU, Anqi HUANG, Shujing LIN, Shiqi WANG, Wenlang LI, Haiyang LU, Zhoubing HUANG, Dali SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dali SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880651855835624, articleId=1320880647778972112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=薏仁米糠多肽-亚铁螯合物的制备、结构表征及稳定性研究, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了充分利用薏仁米糠资源,减少蛋白质资源的浪费,该研究以薏仁米糠为原料提取薏仁米糠蛋白,经碱性蛋白酶酶解制备薏仁米糠多肽,采用单因素实验结合正交试验优化制备了薏仁米糠多肽-铁螯合物,通过扫描紫外光谱、傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电镜和原子力显微镜等分析方法,对制备的薏仁米糠多肽-铁螯合物(Adlay Bran Peptides-Iron Chelate,ABP-Fe)进行结构表征,同时评价其稳定性,并通过体外模拟胃肠道消化试验探究其Fe2+释放特性。结果表明:薏仁米糠多肽-铁螯合物的最佳制备条件为pH5.0,肽铁质量比为3:1,温度为40 ℃,反应20 min。在此条件下,螯合物中 Fe2+ 螯合率可达 76.33%。紫外光谱和傅里叶红外光谱结果显示,Fe2+与 ABP 肽链上的羧基氧和氨基氮发生螯合反应生成了新物质;扫描电镜以及原子力显微镜结果显示,薏仁米糠多肽与铁离子螯合后从表面光滑的碎片状变为表面粗糙的颗粒状,两者存在明显差异。此外,ABP-Fe螯合物对不同pH和温度表现出良好的稳定性,其在体外模拟胃肠道消化试验中也表现出比硫酸亚铁更高的Fe2+ 释放率。本实验制备的薏仁米糠多肽源性补铁剂螯合力强、稳定性好且具有更高的释放率,可为薏仁米加工副产物的高效利用和新型膳食铁补充剂的开发提供建设性参考。

, authors=杜斌1, 黄安琪1, 林舒婧1, 王诗琦2, 李文浪1, 鲁海洋1, 黄周兵3, 孙大利3, *, authorsList=杜斌, 黄安琪, 林舒婧, 王诗琦, 李文浪, 鲁海洋, 黄周兵, 孙大利, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙大利, authorNote=

杜斌(1983−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品安全与功能性食品开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙大利(1985−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能性食品开发,E-mail: 。
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杜斌(1983−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品安全与功能性食品开发,E-mail:

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注:图中不同小写字母表示同一指标不同数据差异显著(P<0.05)。

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注:*表示差异性显著,P<0.05。

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注:图中不同字母代表数据之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),图10~图11同。

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Factors and levels of orthogonal experiment

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水平因素
A pHB肽铁质量比(w/w)C反应温度 (℃)
142:140
253:150
364:160
), ArticleFig(id=1320880908794704490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880647778972112, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

正交试验因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A pHB肽铁质量比(w/w)C反应温度 (℃)
142:140
253:150
364:160
), ArticleFig(id=1320880908874396267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880647778972112, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Orthogonal experimental results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A pHB肽铁质量比(w/w)C螯合温度 (℃)螯合率(%)
142:14057.46
243:15068.62
344:16055.53
452:15064.16
553:16066.97
654:14073.76
762:16072.4
863:14067.69
964:15060.20
k160.5464.6766.30
k268.9667.7664.33
k366.7663.1664.97
R7.764.601.98
最优组合A2B2C176.33
), ArticleFig(id=1320880908945699436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880647778972112, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正交试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A pHB肽铁质量比(w/w)C螯合温度 (℃)螯合率(%)
142:14057.46
243:15068.62
344:16055.53
452:15064.16
553:16066.97
654:14073.76
762:16072.4
863:14067.69
964:15060.20
k160.5464.6766.30
k268.9667.7664.33
k366.7663.1664.97
R7.764.601.98
最优组合A2B2C176.33
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薏仁米糠多肽-亚铁螯合物的制备、结构表征及稳定性研究
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杜斌 1 , 黄安琪 1 , 林舒婧 1 , 王诗琦 2 , 李文浪 1 , 鲁海洋 1 , 黄周兵 3 , 孙大利 3, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(17): 297-306
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (17) : 297 -306
薏仁米糠多肽-亚铁螯合物的制备、结构表征及稳定性研究
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杜斌1 , 黄安琪1, 林舒婧1, 王诗琦2, 李文浪1, 鲁海洋1, 黄周兵3, 孙大利3, *
作者信息
  • 1贵阳学院食品科学与工程学院,贵州贵阳 550005
  • 2锦州海关综合技术服务中心,辽宁锦州 121013
  • 3贵州医科大学公共卫生和健康学院,贵州贵阳 561113
通讯作者:
孙大利(1985−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能性食品开发,E-mail: 。
作者简介:

杜斌(1983−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品安全与功能性食品开发,E-mail:

Preparation, Structure Characterization and Stability of Adlay Bran Peptide-Iron Chelate
Bin DU1 , Anqi HUANG1, Shujing LIN1, Shiqi WANG2, Wenlang LI1, Haiyang LU1, Zhoubing HUANG3, Dali SUN3, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
  • 2Jinzhou Customs Integrated Technical Service Center, Jinzhou 121013, China
  • 3School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080272
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为了充分利用薏仁米糠资源,减少蛋白质资源的浪费,该研究以薏仁米糠为原料提取薏仁米糠蛋白,经碱性蛋白酶酶解制备薏仁米糠多肽,采用单因素实验结合正交试验优化制备了薏仁米糠多肽-铁螯合物,通过扫描紫外光谱、傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电镜和原子力显微镜等分析方法,对制备的薏仁米糠多肽-铁螯合物(Adlay Bran Peptides-Iron Chelate,ABP-Fe)进行结构表征,同时评价其稳定性,并通过体外模拟胃肠道消化试验探究其Fe2+释放特性。结果表明:薏仁米糠多肽-铁螯合物的最佳制备条件为pH5.0,肽铁质量比为3:1,温度为40 ℃,反应20 min。在此条件下,螯合物中 Fe2+ 螯合率可达 76.33%。紫外光谱和傅里叶红外光谱结果显示,Fe2+与 ABP 肽链上的羧基氧和氨基氮发生螯合反应生成了新物质;扫描电镜以及原子力显微镜结果显示,薏仁米糠多肽与铁离子螯合后从表面光滑的碎片状变为表面粗糙的颗粒状,两者存在明显差异。此外,ABP-Fe螯合物对不同pH和温度表现出良好的稳定性,其在体外模拟胃肠道消化试验中也表现出比硫酸亚铁更高的Fe2+ 释放率。本实验制备的薏仁米糠多肽源性补铁剂螯合力强、稳定性好且具有更高的释放率,可为薏仁米加工副产物的高效利用和新型膳食铁补充剂的开发提供建设性参考。

薏仁米糠  /  肽铁螯合物  /  铁补充剂  /  结构表征  /  体外稳定性

In order to fully utilize adlay bran resources and reduce the waste of protein resources, we prepared adlay bran peptides through alkaline protease hydrolysis of adlay bran protein, which was extracted from adlay bran. The preparation of adlay bran peptides-iron chelate (ABP-Fe) was optimized based on univariate analysis and orthogonal tests. The ABP-Fe was characterized using UV spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Also, its stability was explored and its Fe2+ release characteristics were investigated through in vitro gastrointestinal digestion simulations. The results showed that the optimized conditions for the preparation of ABP-Fe were pH5.0, peptide-to-iron mass ratio 3:1, reaction temperature 40 ℃ and reaction time 20 min. Under the optimized conditions, the chelation rate of Fe2+ in the ABP-Fe reached 76.33%. Characterization using UV and FTIR spectroscopy indicated that Fe2+ chelated with the carboxyl oxygen and amino nitrogen on the ABP peptide chains to form a new substance. Characterization using SEM and AFM revealed that the adlay bran peptides transform from smooth fragments into rough particles after chelation with Fe2+, with significant morphological differences. Additionally, the ABP-Fe exhibited good stability under varying pH and temperatures, and its Fe2+ release rate was higher than that of ferrous sulfate in the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion simulations. The as-prepared adlay bran peptide-derived iron supplement exhibited excellent chelation capability, good stability, and high release rate. This study provides insights for efficient utilization of adlay processing by-products and development of novel dietary iron supplements.

adlay rice bran  /  peptides-iron chelate  /  iron supplement  /  structural characterization  /  in vitro stability
杜斌, 黄安琪, 林舒婧, 王诗琦, 李文浪, 鲁海洋, 黄周兵, 孙大利. 薏仁米糠多肽-亚铁螯合物的制备、结构表征及稳定性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 297 -306 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080272
Bin DU, Anqi HUANG, Shujing LIN, Shiqi WANG, Wenlang LI, Haiyang LU, Zhoubing HUANG, Dali SUN. Preparation, Structure Characterization and Stability of Adlay Bran Peptide-Iron Chelate[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 297 -306 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080272
薏仁米(Coix chinensis Tod)作为一种功能性食品,因其兼具营养、保健与美容等多种功效,被广泛应用于各类产品的加工中[1]。薏仁米糠是薏仁米加工过程中的主要副产品,其营养成分与普通米糠相似,富含多种营养因子[2−3],其中蛋白质含量可达18%[4]。然而,长期以来薏仁米糠未得到充分开发与利用,通常仅被作为廉价动物饲料使用,既造成了资源浪费,也显著降低了薏仁米的整体经济价值[5]。研究表明,杨华连等[6]以薏仁米糠为原料,采用双酶分步酶解法制备的薏仁米糠多肽具有良好的功能特性,提示薏仁米糠可作为一种具有巨大开发潜力的功能性多肽来源。
铁是人体必需的微量元素,在氧气运输、维持正常造血功能及机体免疫调节等生理过程中发挥重要作用[7]。人体所需铁元素只能通过膳食摄取,但肠道对膳食铁的吸收率较低,仅为5%~15%[8],且易受植酸、磷酸等抗营养因子的干扰[9],因此铁缺乏较为普遍,尤其在婴幼儿、育龄妇女及孕妇等人群中更为突出[10−11]。为改善这一状况,市面上已有四类铁补充剂,但均存在不同程度的局限性:以氯化亚铁为代表的无机铁盐吸收率低且易刺激胃肠道[12];乳酸亚铁等有机铁稳定性差、保存性不足[13];氨基酸亚铁与血红素铁价格高昂,而多糖铁复合物则可能引发副作用[14]。因此,开发高效、安全且稳定的新型铁补充剂已成为迫切需求。
与传统铁补充剂相比,以蛋白肽为载体制备的肽铁螯合物具有更高的生物利用度,且无胃肠刺激或毒副作用等问题[15]。此外,肽-铁螯合物仍能保留活性肽的固有生物活性,具备营养与功能双重效应,因而应用前景广阔[16]。目前,已有研究报道并成功应用鹰嘴豆肽-亚铁螯合物[17]、花生肽-亚铁螯合物[13]、牛血红蛋白肽-亚铁螯合物[18]等多种肽铁螯合物用于新型铁补充剂的开发。然而,利用来源丰富且具有良好功能特性的薏仁米糠肽作为原料制备肽铁螯合物的研究尚未见报道。鉴于此,本研究以薏仁米糠为原料提取薏仁米糠蛋白,经碱性蛋白酶酶解制备薏仁米糠多肽(ABP),进而合成其亚铁螯合物ABP-Fe,并对产物进行结构表征与体外稳定性评价,旨在为开发源自薏仁米糠的高效补铁剂提供理论依据,同时推动薏仁米糠的高值化利用,提升其经济价值与应用潜力。
新鲜薏仁米糠 贵州泛亚实业(集团)有限公司,经石油醚脱脂处理后,粉碎过20目筛,−18 ℃保存备用;碱性蛋白酶(2×105 U/g) 购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司;柠檬酸钠、硫酸亚铁 均为分析纯,购自国药集团。
UV1601型紫外可见分光光度计 北京北分瑞利分析仪器(集团)有限责任公司;F-280 荧光分光光度计 天津港东有限公司;D/Max-2200型X射线衍射仪(X-Ray Diffractometer, XRD) 日本理学公司;Zetasizer Nano ZS90粒度仪 英国马尔文仪器有限公司;JSM-5510 扫描电镜 日本电子株式会社;Multimode 8原子力显微镜(Atomic Force Microscopy,AFM) 德国布鲁克集团公司;H1750R 型高速冷冻离心机 湖南湘仪离心机仪器有限公司;LGJ-18 真空冷冻干燥机 北京松源华兴科技发展有限公司;YL0814-40型超声波清洗机 云奕超声(深圳)有限公司。
根据实验室前期优化条件,采用超声辅助碱提法制备薏仁米糠蛋白[19]。具体如下:使用磷酸盐缓冲液将脱脂薏仁米糠按1:10(w/v)的固液比进行混匀,调整pH为9.0,温度为50 ℃,超声功率400 W,超声频率40 kHz作用40 min后,6000 r/min离心10 min,取沉淀物。用蒸馏水溶解沉淀物,调节pH至7.0,0.45 μm滤膜过滤除杂,经真空冷冻干燥最终得到薏仁米糠蛋白。
薏仁米糠多肽采用酶解法参照实验室先前优化的方法进行制备,具体为:用蒸馏水制备10%薏仁米糠蛋白溶液,碱性蛋白酶加酶量为2%(w/v),pH9.5,50 ℃条件下,酶解150 min。85 ℃ 灭酶10 min后,12000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液浓缩并冷冻干燥,最终可得薏仁米糠多肽(ABP)[19]。
将上述制得的薏仁米糠多肽与亚铁离子进行螯合,以pH4、肽铁质量比(ABP/FeSO4)为3:1、螯合温度40 ℃、螯合时间30 min为基础条件,亚铁螯合率为考察指标,探究螯合pH(2、3、4、5、6)、肽铁质量比(1:2、1:1、2:1、3:1、4:1、5:1)、螯合温度(30、40、50、60、70 ℃)、螯合时间(20、30、40、50、60 min)各因素对螯合率的影响。
参照尹乐斌等[20]的实验步骤,采用邻菲啰啉比色法测定Fe2+含量,通过公式(1)计算螯合率:
$ \mathrm{Fe}^{ \mathrm{2+}} \mathrm{螯合率(\text{%})=m}_{ \mathrm{1}} \mathrm{/m}_{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{\times 100} $
式中:m1为螯合物中Fe2+含量,μg;m0为加入螯合体系的Fe2+总量,μg。
在单因素实验结果的基础上,以Fe2+螯合率为指标,分别选取pH、螯合温度和肽铁质量比进行三因素三水平正交试验,实验设计方案见表1。结合极差分析,获得ABP-Fe的最佳制备工艺,并加以验证。
使用紫外-可见分光光度计测定浓度为0.4 mg/mL的ABP和ABP-Fe溶液(波长范围为200~400 nm)。扫描速度设为中速,采样间隔设为1 nm。
使用荧光光谱仪测定ABP(100 μg/mL)和ABP-Fe(100 μg/mL)的荧光光谱。测定样品在280 nm激发波长、300~500 nm发射波长、10 nm激发/发射狭缝宽度和450 V光电倍增管(PMT)电压下的荧光强度。
使用衍射仪测定ABP或ABP-Fe粉末的XRD光谱,扫描角度(2θ)和扫描速率分别为5°~90°和0.02°/min。
使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测定ABP或ABP-Fe粉末的红外光谱。粉末与KBr的比例为1:100。在4000~400 cm−1的波数范围内记录光谱,分辨率为4 cm−1,扫描次数为32次。
将ABP-Fe和ABP粉末放置在SEM设备上,通过双面胶带固定。样品溅射金后,在3 kV加速电压和2000倍放大倍率下观察并拍摄。使用EDS点扫描确定样品的元素组成。
将ABP或ABP-Fe溶解在去离子水中,在37 ℃下平衡5 min,测定粒径以及Zeta电位。
将浓度为100 μg/mL的ABP-Fe和20 μL的ABP溶液分别滴加在无气泡和裂纹的云母片上,在25 ℃下干燥12 h。将云母片粘贴在圆形磁性片(15×0.3 mm)上。使用原子力显微镜观察并拍摄样品表面的拓扑图像,并在峰值力QNM模式下,在5 μm扫描范围内拍摄图像。
配制浓度为5 mg/mL的ABP-Fe溶液,并将其pH分别调整至2、4、6、8和10,在室温下放置2 h,然后以5000 r/min离心15 min。将上清液与体积为其3倍的无水乙醇混合,沉淀1 h后,再以5000 r/min离心15 min。使用第1.2.2中的方法测定沉淀中的亚铁离子质量,并根据公式(2)计算亚铁离子的保留率:
$ \mathrm{保留率(\text{%})=M}_{ \mathrm{1}} \mathrm{/M}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{\times 100} $
式中:M1为沉淀中的Fe2+质量(μg),M2为溶液中的Fe2+质量(μg)。
配制浓度为5 mg/mL的ABP-Fe溶液,分别在25、40、55、70和85 ℃下加热2 h,对上清液进行与第1.2.5.1相同的操作,并使用相同的方法测定Fe2+的保留率。
参照Fu等[21]的体外模拟消化方法,研究了ABP-Fe螯合物在模拟胃肠消化过程中的稳定性。模拟胃液的制备如下:将0.2 g NaCl和0.32 g胃蛋白酶分别溶解在100 mL蒸馏水中,并将pH调至2,从而形成模拟胃液。模拟肠液的制备方法是将1 g胰蛋白酶溶解在100 mL蒸馏水中,并用0.2 mmol/L NaOH将pH调至7.4。首先,ABP-Fe在37 ℃下进行120 min的模拟胃消化。然后,将螯合物转移到模拟肠液中,并在37 ℃下处理120 min。在模拟胃肠消化过程中,反应液在0、30、60、90、120、150、180、210和240 min的时间点收集。通过在沸水中孵育样品10 min来终止酶的活性。样品冷却后,进行离心处理15 min,转速为5000 r/min,并收集上清液。使用第1.2.2中的方法,通过公式(3)计算Fe2+释放率。此外,使用100 μg/mL的FeSO4作为对比。
$ \mathrm{Fe}^{ \mathrm{2+}} \mathrm{释放率(\text{%})=N}_{ \mathrm{s}} \mathrm{/N}_{ \mathrm{t}} \mathrm{\times 100} $
式中:Ns 为上清液中Fe2+质量,μg;Nt为消化溶液中总Fe2+质量,μg。
所有实验均重复测定3次,结果以平均值±标准偏差表示。使用Origin 2022软件绘制图片,使用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析。单因素方差分析和Duncan多重范围检验用于均值多重比较。P<0.05时,认为有显著差异。
为了提高ABP-Fe制备的效率,研究了pH、时间、ABP/FeSO4的质量比和螯合温度对ABP-Fe螯合物中铁含量的影响。由于在碱性条件下,反应体系呈碱性,含较高的OH−浓度,此时Fe2+更容易与反应系统中的OH−结合,导致Fe(OH)2沉淀的形成,从而降低螯合效率[22],因此主要分析了在酸性条件下pH对螯合反应的影响。如图1A所示,pH较低时,ABP螯合铁的能力较弱,出现这一现象的原因是,当螯合系统中的pH较低时,H+会与Fe2+竞争电子供体基团,阻碍螯合物的形成。随着pH的逐渐增加,H+浓度开始下降,改善了潜在金属离子螯合位点的电子供给能力,从而提高ABP与Fe2+的结合能力,在pH 5时螯合率达到最大值71.77%,之后pH6时螯合率为71.58%,与其无显著差异(P>0.05),因此选择pH 4~6进行后续优化实验。螯合温度对螯合率的影响如图1B所示,当温度从30 ℃升高到50 ℃时,ABP-Fe螯合物中的铁含量逐渐增加,从61.95%增加到最大值71.41%。多肽与金属离子的结合是一种吸热反应,温度的升高增加了与Fe2+与多肽之间的碰撞频率,从而促进了螯合反应的进行。然而,当温度升高到60 ℃时,ABP-Fe螯合物中的铁含量下降,这可能是由于过高的温度导致ABP结构被破坏,阻碍了螯合反应的进行[23]。因此,后续优化实验在40~60 ℃下进行。如图1C所示,随着ABP与Fe2+质量比的增加,ABP的亚铁离子螯合能力呈现先增加后下降的趋势。当质量比达到3:1时,Fe2+螯合能力达到最大值71.18%。随后,随着ABP与Fe2+质量比的进一步增加,螯合能力开始下降。这种现象可能是由于当ABP与Fe2+质量比过低时,多肽无法为Fe2+提供足够的反应基团,导致大量Fe2+未参与螯合反应,螯合率较低。然而,当肽与亚铁离子的比例过高时,溶液中发生聚集,导致肽的有效利用率降低,阻碍其与金属离子的结合,所以,螯合肽铁质量比选择2:1、3:1、4:1。如图1D所示,螯合率在20~60 min内保持稳定,这表明反应时间对ABP的螯合能力没有显著影响。这可能是由于ABP能够在较短时间内与Fe2+离子发生反应,并迅速达到平衡。因此选择20 min作为鳌合反应时间。
在单因素实验基础上,选择对Fe2+螯合率有显著影响的三个因素(pH、螯合温度和肽铁质量比)进行螯合条件的正交试验优化。如表2所示,通过极差分析,发现单因素工艺条件对ABP-Fe螯合率的影响顺序为pH>肽铁质量比>螯合温度。确定的最佳螯合反应条件为A2B2C1,对应pH为5.0,肽铁质量比为3:1,螯合温度为40 ℃。在这些最佳条件下进行验证,得到的螯合率为76.33%,高于正交试验各组别的结果。螯合率提高表明ABP-Fe的制备条件已成功优化。在这些条件下制备的螯合物可用于后续实验。
ABP和ABP-Fe螯合物的紫外吸收光谱如图2所示,ABP的最大吸收峰出现在202 nm处,对应于肽键中C=O的n→π跃迁[24]。而ABP-Fe的最大吸收峰出现在205 nm,出现了明显的红移,其吸收强度相比于ABP显著增加。峰值红移的原因在于铁离子与肽中C=O螯合后,C=O的原始结构发生了变化,从而增强了ABP-Fe螯合物中的n→π跃迁。此外,ABP在与Fe2+螯合后,原来在272 nm处的吸收峰也红移至274 nm且吸收强度相比于ABP有所增加。其原因是铁螯合增加了肽中芳香族氨基酸残基的π→π*跃迁,导致ABP和ABP-Fe螯合物在紫外吸收上存在显著差异。类似地,祝超智等[18]发现,与亚铁离子螯合后,牛血红蛋白肽在225 nm处的吸收峰红移至231 nm处,并且吸收强度增加;林栋等[25]研究显示核桃多肽WP在螯合Fe2+后,随着Fe2+浓度的增加,其紫外吸收发生红移,逐步从276 nm移动至281 nm,吸收强度也逐渐上升。紫外光谱中吸收峰的位移和强度变化表明,ABP通过金属结合位点(如–CO–NH–、–NH–、–COOH等)与铁离子相互作用,形成了ABP-Fe螯合物的新结构。
蛋白或多肽中含有芳香族氨基酸,如苯丙氨酸和色氨酸,在特定波长光的激发下,易发生π-π*跃迁,从而产生荧光[26]。因此,荧光强度的变化是功能基团与金属离子相互作用的有效指示器。如图3所示,螯合物ABP-Fe的荧光强度低于ABP。这种降低可能归因于铁离子与ABP中的活性基团(特别是羧基和氨基)的螯合,引发氨基酸残基的聚集和肽链的空间折叠,从而导致荧光强度的降低。此外,ABP在354 nm处的荧光峰(由Trp生成)在螯合后蓝移至350 nm。先前研究表明,金属离子通过与特定氨基酸如Tyr、Trp和Asp结合,可以改变肽的荧光峰波长[27]。本研究结果与Li等[28]关于小米麸皮蛋白水解产物肽与锌离子螯合反应中荧光光谱变化的结果相似。总之,荧光光谱中发射峰位置和强度的变化表明,由于铁离子的结合导致ABP空间结构发生变化,从而生成了一种区别于ABP的新物质。
X射线衍射(XRD)通常用于确定物质的晶体性质,是通过晶体变化研究材料结构的公认分析方法[29]。当晶体材料暴露在X射线下时,由于晶体内部原子或离子的规则排列,X射线会发生散射,在某些方向上产生相位增强,从而展现出特征性衍射图谱[30]。图4显示了ABP和ABP-Fe的XRD图谱。如图中所示,ABP在2θ约为22.34°处出现衍射峰,但吸收峰的背景较高且峰强度较低,表明ABP具有无定形和不规则结构。相反,当ABP与铁离子形成螯合物时,XRD图谱发生了显著变化。ABP-Fe在2θ值为15.0°、25.38°、26.84°、30.82°、34.02°、42.08°、46.10°、57.96°等位置表现出多个尖锐的衍射峰。图谱背景较低,衍射峰高且尖锐,表明其具有明确的晶体结构。这表明ABP与铁的结合产生了新物质。
多肽与金属离子间的配位反应可引起氨基与羧酸基团吸收峰位的变化。因此,傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)技术被广泛应用于鉴定肽活性基团与金属离子间的螯合位点[19,31]。图5展示了ABP及其铁螯合物(ABP-Fe)的红外特征谱:ABP光谱中3381 cm−1处的吸收峰归属于酰胺A带,表征羟基伸缩振动与N-H伸缩振动的复合吸收峰。当与Fe2+发生螯合作用后,该吸收峰红移至3368 cm−1处。此位移现象的产生机制可归结于两方面:一方面源于N-H键中N原子孤对电子与Fe2+形成配位键导致的N-H键长延伸;另一方面则表明Fe2+的结合影响了肽分子间的氢键作用体系,证实ABP的氨基末端(NH3)参与了Fe2+的螯合反应[32]。
酰胺Ⅰ带(1656 cm−1)的吸收峰对应于酰胺基团(-NH-CO-)中C=O键的伸缩振动模式,而肩峰酰胺Ⅱ带(1550 cm−1)则主要与肽骨架中N-H弯曲振动及C-N伸缩振动相关[33−34]。与Fe2+结合后,酰胺Ⅰ带(C=O)在1656 cm−1处的吸收峰强度明显降低,峰位发生5 cm−1的蓝移(1656→1661 cm−1),同时酰胺Ⅱ带吸收峰基本消失,这表明肽键中的氨基与羰基是Fe2+的重要结合位点。此外,螯合铁离子后,归属于-COOH的1413 cm−1吸收峰红移至1399 cm−1处且相对强度明显降低,提示COO−可能与Fe2+发生共价结合[20]。1128 cm−1与618 cm−1处新出现的尖锐特征峰,暗示样品中可能生成大量C-O-Fe结构。
综上可知,ABP通过羧酸基团与氨基与Fe2+发生化学键合作用,其中羧酸基与氨基是Fe2+的关键结合位点,且Fe2+的结合作用显著改变了肽分子间的氢键作用力(即影响肽的二级结构)。
扫描电子显微镜(SEM)广泛应用于分析生物材料的表面微观结构[35]。如图6A和图6B所示,ABP-Fe的微观结构与ABP存在明显差异。ABP呈现平坦且光滑的表面结构,没有裂缝。相反,经过铁离子螯合后,ABP-Fe表现出粗糙的颗粒状聚集形态。这主要归因于ABP与铁之间的桥接形成。此外,活性肽在与金属离子螯合过程中,促进了肽的快速聚集,导致寡聚体的形成。铁离子的存在加速了肽二聚体的形成并稳定了形成的二聚体,从而促进了聚集。铁离子还可能影响分子间作用力、表面张力和各向异性,从而进一步促进聚集过程[36]。肽-铁螯合物的SEM图像揭示了ABP与铁离子之间的共价和离子相互作用,表明了紧密且复杂的结合。这些发现与Qu等[32]研究玉米ACE抑制肽-铁螯合物聚集状态的观察结果一致。
通过能量色散光谱(EDS)分析了ABP和ABP-Fe螯合物的表面元素组成,结果如图6C和图6D所示。ABP主要由三种元素组成:C(52.12%)、N(6.6%)和O(41.28%)。然而,与铁离子反应后,相较于原肽,出现了铁的三个特征吸收峰。此外,主要表面元素组成也发生了显著变化,涉及四种元素:C(62.32%)、N(1.6%)、O(27.24%)和Fe(8.84%)。铁元素信号的存在表明铁离子成功与ABP结合[32,37]。
粒径是表征金属螯合肽的重要物理参数,直接决定样品的应用范围[38]。ABP及其铁螯合物(ABP-Fe)的粒径分布如图7A所示。ABP-Fe的粒径(825.22±3.38 nm)显著大于ABP(255.21±4.36 nm),说明ABP与Fe2+的分子间相互作用促进了不同肽段间的连接[39],使复合粒径增大。此外,ABP和ABP-Fe的多分散指数(PDI)均低于0.5(ABP=0.421±0.06;ABP-Fe=0.416±0.03),表明两者分布密集且均匀。与本研究类似,绿豆肽的粒径为224.25±18.04 nm,而螯合钙后的肽粒径升高至384.67±9.92 nm[40]。此外,这些结果也与SEM结果相吻合,证明ABP与Fe离子的反应促进了肽链的聚集与折叠。
为了进一步研究静电作用,本研究对ABP和ABP-Fe进行了Zeta电位分析,结果如图7B所示。与ABP相比,ABP-Fe的Zeta电位显著从−16.76 mV变化为−4.18 mV(P<0.05),表明螯合物颗粒表面负电荷减少。该趋势与Sun等[41]关于南极磷虾肽-锌螯合物Zeta电位由−29.20 mV升至−10.20 mV的报道一致。研究表明,蛋白质表面电荷与多肽链中不同氨基酸残基的电离状态密切相关[42]。ABP-Fe Zeta电位的升高提示在螯合反应过程中,部分含羧基的酸性氨基酸残基与亚铁离子结合,导致表面负电荷被中和[43]。此外,较低的Zeta电位意味着颗粒间静电斥力减弱,从而促进分子间聚集,从而使ABP-Fe形成更大粒径的聚集体。
通过原子力显微镜(AFM)获得的肽和肽-铁螯合物的二维和三维相位图,分别如图8A和图8B所示。使用Nanoscope分析软件的粒子分析功能对其高度和直径进行了分析。ABP的算术平均粗糙度(Ra)在与铁结合后从0.415 nm增加到0.773 nm。此外,高度传感器图像和三维(3D)图像显示,ABP呈现聚集特性,粒子高度在约1~2.4 nm之间(图8A)。这种现象与ABP的羧基有关,羧基可能通过分子间氢键诱导聚集[19]。然而,ABP-Fe螯合物更容易形成较小的聚集体或单一分散状态(图8B)。粒子总数量显著增加,分子尺寸显著增大,粒子高度范围为1~5.1 nm。粒子高度分布的变化可以解释在SEM结果中观察到的ABP-Fe粗糙度的增加。
图9展示了ABP-Fe螯合物在酸碱条件下的稳定性。在不同pH下,ABP-Fe中铁离子的保持率反映了其在酸性和碱性条件下的明显稳定性差异。在弱酸性和碱性环境(pH6~10)中,ABP-Fe表现出优异的稳定性,留率均保持在90%左右。然而,ABP-Fe螯合物在强酸性环境(pH2)中稳定性降低,铁离子保持率仅为34.00%±2.54 %。Qu等[32]同样报道了玉米ACE抑制肽-铁螯合物在pH10时的铁保持率为95.71%,但在pH2时下降至10.18%。这是因为在酸性环境中,铁离子带正电荷,而H+也带正电荷,它们会与Fe2+竞争超声处理的CP上的螯合位点,导致部分螯合的Fe2+流失[44]。总体而言,ABP-Fe在酸性和碱性条件下(pH6~10)表现出较高的稳定性,铁离子保持率较高。大多数常见食物的pH系统在5~9之间,对ABP-Fe的稳定性影响较小。因此,本研究中的ABP-Fe适合作为铁补充剂和功能性食品使用。
图10显示了ABP-Fe在不同温度下的稳定性。在25~55 ℃范围内,ABP-Fe螯合物表现出优异的稳定性,铁的保持率高于90%。即使在70 ℃的高温下,ABP-Fe仍能保持87.93%±1.13%的螯合铁含量。这一稳定性变化趋势与肖怀秋等[45]在花生肽-铁螯合物中的结果相似,该螯合物在10~60 ℃范围内具有良好的热稳定性,而在60 ℃以上温度下其铁螯合率显著降低。这是因为在极高温度下,ABP-Fe结构被破坏,导致肽与铁的结合位点受到损害,稳定性变差。上述结果表明,ABP-Fe螯合物具有较强的热稳定性,在25~70 ℃范围内亚铁离子保留率在85%以上。
口服铁膳食补充剂的生物利用度显著受到各种胃肠消化酶作用的影响,这会极大影响铁的生物利用度。如图11所示,ABP-Fe和FeSO4在胃消化阶段(0~120 min)的铁溶解度显著高于肠消化阶段(120~240 min)(P<0.05)。当铁离子从胃进入肠道时,随着pH的升高,一部分Fe2+可能会转化为不溶性铁盐[22]。对于ABP-Fe,尽管胃肠道消化导致肽链降解,铁溶解度下降,但在碱性环境中获得的小肽可以形成新的肽-铁螯合物,从而保护Fe2+免于形成沉淀[45]。因此,在整个肠道消化阶段,ABP-Fe的铁溶解度显著高于FeSO4(P<0.05)。以上结果显示,ABP-Fe在模拟消化过程中表现出持续且较高的铁溶出率,具有良好的溶解性与生物可及性,提示ABP-Fe螯合物作为一种新型铁补充剂,具有提高人体胃肠道铁吸收的潜力。
本文通过酶解薏仁米糠蛋白制备了薏仁米糠多肽ABP,并利用其开发了一种新型铁膳食补充剂。在pH为5.0,肽铁质量比为3:1,螯合温度为40 ℃条件下,ABP-Fe复合物的Fe2+螯合率可达76.33%。紫外吸收光谱、荧光光谱及X射线衍射分析表明,ABP-Fe是一种区别于ABP的新型化合物。原子力显微镜、扫描电镜和粒径分布分析显示,Fe2+参与的分子间及分子内相互作用导致ABP空间结构发生显著改变,引发后续的多肽聚集与折叠,从而使ABP-Fe螯合物呈现独特的形态特征。红外光谱分析进一步证实,ABP中羧基的氧原子和氨基的氮原子是主要的螯合位点。在稳定性方面,ABP-Fe复合物对不同pH和温度均表现出良好的稳定性。体外胃肠模拟消化试验结果证实,ABP-Fe具有比FeSO4更高的Fe2+释放率。综合实验结果表明,源于薏仁米糠多肽的ABP-Fe复合物作为铁膳食补充剂和生物活性肽具有广阔的应用前景。未来需进一步探究该多肽螯合物的体内吸收特性,并系统解析其潜在的新型生物活性。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080272
  • 接收时间:2025-08-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-27
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    1贵阳学院食品科学与工程学院,贵州贵阳 550005
    2锦州海关综合技术服务中心,辽宁锦州 121013
    3贵州医科大学公共卫生和健康学院,贵州贵阳 561113

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孙大利(1985−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能性食品开发,E-mail: 。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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