Article(id=1320175749387108442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080263, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756224000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684026333, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684026333, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684026333, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684026333, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=37, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320175749823316059, articleId=1320175749387108442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation of Enzymatic Co-modified Cyperus esculentus Starch and Its Effect on the Construction of Starch-based Double Emulsion System, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To overcome the application limitations of natural jatropha starch, such as susceptibility to aging and poor solubility and stability, this study employed composite enzyme (EMD) synergistic medium grinding treatment (M-EMD), high-pressure homogenization treatment (H-EMD), nano-precipitation (N-EMD) modification techniques to enhance oilseed starch. The modified starch was then incorporated into starch-based double emulsion systems to evaluate its effects on interfacial tension, stability, and the in vitro digestion of lycopene-loaded emulsions. Results indicated that the modification effects of different synergistic modification methods on starch were significantly different. N-EMD treatment demonstrated optimal performance, yielding starch particles with the smallest size (0.797 μm), the most uniform distribution (PDI=0.19), the highest surface negative charge (Zeta potential=−70 mV), and the strongest hydrophilicity (contact angle=23.1°). Structural analysis revealed that both H-EMD and N-EMD treatments effectively induced starch molecular restructuring. The double emulsion droplets constructed from N-EMD starch were fine, uniform, and structurally regular, exhibiting the highest lycopene encapsulation efficiency (88%) and loading capacity (66%). During storage, this emulsion exhibited the optimal physical stability and minimal lipid oxidation. In simulated in vitro digestion, its free fatty acid release rate (45%) and Lyc bioavailability (48%) significantly surpassed other groups. In conclusion, enzyme-assisted nano-precipitation (N-EMD) represented the most effective strategy for optimizing oil palm starch properties and constructing efficient starch-based delivery systems. This study pioneers new pathways for high-value utilization of jatropha starch and provides theoretical foundations and technical references for developing high-performance food-grade delivery carriers for bioactive compounds.

, authors=Zhanxia LIU1, Hongbin WU1, Yashu CHEN2, Shan ZHANG2, Xinwen JIN1, *, Wenting JIA1, *, authorsList=Zhanxia LIU, Hongbin WU, Yashu CHEN, Shan ZHANG, Xinwen JIN, Wenting JIA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xinwen JIN, Wenting JIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320175755254939759, articleId=1320175749387108442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=酶法协同改性油莎豆淀粉的制备及其在构建淀粉基双乳液体系中的影响, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为克服天然油莎豆淀粉易老化、溶解性与稳定性差等应用缺陷,本研究采用复合酶(Enzyme modification,EMD)协同介质研磨处理(Medium grinding,M-EMD)、高压均质处理(High-pressure homogenization,H-EMD)、纳米沉淀(Nanoprecipitation,N-EMD)处理改性技术对油莎豆淀粉改性处理,应用于构建淀粉基双乳液体系,分析其对双乳液体系界面张力、稳定性及负载番茄红素的体外消化的影响。结果表明,不同协同改性方式对淀粉的改性效果差异显著。其中,N-EMD处理表现最优,制备的淀粉颗粒粒径最小(0.797 μm)、分布最均一(PDI=0.19),且具有最高的表面负电荷(Zeta电位=−70 mV)和最强的亲水性(接触角=23.1°)。结构分析表明,H-EMD与N-EMD处理能有效诱导淀粉分子结构重组。由N-EMD淀粉构建的双乳液液滴细小均一,结构规整,对番茄红素(Lycopene,Lyc)的包埋效率(88%)和装载能力(66%)最高。在储存过程中,该乳液物理稳定性最佳,且脂质氧化程度最低;在体外模拟消化中,其游离脂肪酸释放率(45%)与Lyc的生物利用度(48%)均显著高于其他组。综上,酶法协同纳米沉淀(N-EMD)是优化油莎豆淀粉性能及构建高效淀粉基递送体系的最有效策略。该研究为油莎豆淀粉的高值化利用开辟了新路径,并为开发性能优良的食品级活性成分递送载体提供了理论依据与技术参考。

, authors=刘战霞1, 吴洪斌1, 陈亚淑2, 张珊2, 金新文1, *, 贾文婷1, *, authorsList=刘战霞, 吴洪斌, 陈亚淑, 张珊, 金新文, 贾文婷, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=金新文, 贾文婷, authorNote=

刘战霞(1992−),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:农产品加工及副产物综合利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
金新文(1970−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工及副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
贾文婷(1987−),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工与副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
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Food Hydrocolloids, 2022, 133: 107983., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175777337950431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175749387108442, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU F. Starch based Pickering emulsions: Fabrication, properties, and applications[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2019, 85: 129−137., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175777405059296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175749387108442, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Z Y, DENG D, PEI X, et al. Chemical modification of starch-based nanoparticles for Pickering emulsions: A review[J]. Journal of Polymer Research, 2025, 32(4): 1−17., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175777484751073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175749387108442, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG M, LIU X F, LIU Y F, et al. Effects of interface generation, droplet size and antioxidant partitioning on the oxidation rate and oxidative stability of water–in–oil emulsions: A comparison of coarse emulsions and nanoemulsions[J]. 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注:相同指标、不同组别字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05);图2、图4、图7同。

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注:A.脂质氢过氧化物;B. MDA。

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Preparation methods of enzymatically synergistically modified starch

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
酶法协同改性淀粉组酶法协同改性淀粉的制备方法
未改性淀粉CE−
复合酶改性EMD分别加入3%(w/w,淀粉干基)的复合酶溶液,35 ℃下磁力搅拌2 h,随后添加400 mL无水乙醇,醇沉、抽滤并收集固形物,预冻12 h,冷冻干燥24 h,干燥后粉碎,过100目筛,将获得的改性油莎豆淀粉储存在干燥器中。
介质研磨-复合酶改性M-EMD将上述制备得到的0.05 g/mL淀粉乳加入到球磨机中,同时加入适量的陶瓷球研磨,设置转速通常在300 r/min,研磨时间为2 h。
高压均质-复合酶改性H-EMD将0.05 g/mL淀粉乳倒入高压均质机的进料罐中,设定均质压力200 MPa,均质次数为2次。
纳米沉淀-复合酶改性N-EMD向0.05 g/mL淀粉乳加入体积5倍的无水乙醇,醇沉反应后以 5000 r/min离心5 min,然后进行洗涤,并在40 ℃干燥箱中干燥,得到油莎豆淀粉纳米颗粒。
), ArticleFig(id=1320175767783325875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175749387108442, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

酶法协同改性淀粉的制备方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
酶法协同改性淀粉组酶法协同改性淀粉的制备方法
未改性淀粉CE−
复合酶改性EMD分别加入3%(w/w,淀粉干基)的复合酶溶液,35 ℃下磁力搅拌2 h,随后添加400 mL无水乙醇,醇沉、抽滤并收集固形物,预冻12 h,冷冻干燥24 h,干燥后粉碎,过100目筛,将获得的改性油莎豆淀粉储存在干燥器中。
介质研磨-复合酶改性M-EMD将上述制备得到的0.05 g/mL淀粉乳加入到球磨机中,同时加入适量的陶瓷球研磨,设置转速通常在300 r/min,研磨时间为2 h。
高压均质-复合酶改性H-EMD将0.05 g/mL淀粉乳倒入高压均质机的进料罐中,设定均质压力200 MPa,均质次数为2次。
纳米沉淀-复合酶改性N-EMD向0.05 g/mL淀粉乳加入体积5倍的无水乙醇,醇沉反应后以 5000 r/min离心5 min,然后进行洗涤,并在40 ℃干燥箱中干燥,得到油莎豆淀粉纳米颗粒。
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酶法协同改性油莎豆淀粉的制备及其在构建淀粉基双乳液体系中的影响
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刘战霞 1 , 吴洪斌 1 , 陈亚淑 2 , 张珊 2 , 金新文 1, * , 贾文婷 1, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(12): 37-45
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (12) : 37 -45
酶法协同改性油莎豆淀粉的制备及其在构建淀粉基双乳液体系中的影响
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刘战霞1 , 吴洪斌1, 陈亚淑2, 张珊2, 金新文1, * , 贾文婷1, *
作者信息
  • 1新疆农垦科学院农产品加工研究所,新疆石河子 832000
  • 2中国农业科学院油料作物研究所,油料脂质化学与营养湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉 430062
通讯作者:
金新文(1970−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工及副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
贾文婷(1987−),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工与副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘战霞(1992−),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:农产品加工及副产物综合利用,E-mail:

Preparation of Enzymatic Co-modified Cyperus esculentus Starch and Its Effect on the Construction of Starch-based Double Emulsion System
Zhanxia LIU1 , Hongbin WU1, Yashu CHEN2, Shan ZHANG2, Xinwen JIN1, * , Wenting JIA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China
  • 2Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080263
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为克服天然油莎豆淀粉易老化、溶解性与稳定性差等应用缺陷,本研究采用复合酶(Enzyme modification,EMD)协同介质研磨处理(Medium grinding,M-EMD)、高压均质处理(High-pressure homogenization,H-EMD)、纳米沉淀(Nanoprecipitation,N-EMD)处理改性技术对油莎豆淀粉改性处理,应用于构建淀粉基双乳液体系,分析其对双乳液体系界面张力、稳定性及负载番茄红素的体外消化的影响。结果表明,不同协同改性方式对淀粉的改性效果差异显著。其中,N-EMD处理表现最优,制备的淀粉颗粒粒径最小(0.797 μm)、分布最均一(PDI=0.19),且具有最高的表面负电荷(Zeta电位=−70 mV)和最强的亲水性(接触角=23.1°)。结构分析表明,H-EMD与N-EMD处理能有效诱导淀粉分子结构重组。由N-EMD淀粉构建的双乳液液滴细小均一,结构规整,对番茄红素(Lycopene,Lyc)的包埋效率(88%)和装载能力(66%)最高。在储存过程中,该乳液物理稳定性最佳,且脂质氧化程度最低;在体外模拟消化中,其游离脂肪酸释放率(45%)与Lyc的生物利用度(48%)均显著高于其他组。综上,酶法协同纳米沉淀(N-EMD)是优化油莎豆淀粉性能及构建高效淀粉基递送体系的最有效策略。该研究为油莎豆淀粉的高值化利用开辟了新路径,并为开发性能优良的食品级活性成分递送载体提供了理论依据与技术参考。

油莎豆淀粉  /  酶法协同改性  /  淀粉基双乳液体系  /  理化性质  /  稳定性

To overcome the application limitations of natural jatropha starch, such as susceptibility to aging and poor solubility and stability, this study employed composite enzyme (EMD) synergistic medium grinding treatment (M-EMD), high-pressure homogenization treatment (H-EMD), nano-precipitation (N-EMD) modification techniques to enhance oilseed starch. The modified starch was then incorporated into starch-based double emulsion systems to evaluate its effects on interfacial tension, stability, and the in vitro digestion of lycopene-loaded emulsions. Results indicated that the modification effects of different synergistic modification methods on starch were significantly different. N-EMD treatment demonstrated optimal performance, yielding starch particles with the smallest size (0.797 μm), the most uniform distribution (PDI=0.19), the highest surface negative charge (Zeta potential=−70 mV), and the strongest hydrophilicity (contact angle=23.1°). Structural analysis revealed that both H-EMD and N-EMD treatments effectively induced starch molecular restructuring. The double emulsion droplets constructed from N-EMD starch were fine, uniform, and structurally regular, exhibiting the highest lycopene encapsulation efficiency (88%) and loading capacity (66%). During storage, this emulsion exhibited the optimal physical stability and minimal lipid oxidation. In simulated in vitro digestion, its free fatty acid release rate (45%) and Lyc bioavailability (48%) significantly surpassed other groups. In conclusion, enzyme-assisted nano-precipitation (N-EMD) represented the most effective strategy for optimizing oil palm starch properties and constructing efficient starch-based delivery systems. This study pioneers new pathways for high-value utilization of jatropha starch and provides theoretical foundations and technical references for developing high-performance food-grade delivery carriers for bioactive compounds.

Cyperus esculentus starch  /  enzymatic synergistic modification  /  starch-based double emulsion system  /  physicochemical properties  /  stability
刘战霞, 吴洪斌, 陈亚淑, 张珊, 金新文, 贾文婷. 酶法协同改性油莎豆淀粉的制备及其在构建淀粉基双乳液体系中的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 37 -45 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080263
Zhanxia LIU, Hongbin WU, Yashu CHEN, Shan ZHANG, Xinwen JIN, Wenting JIA. Preparation of Enzymatic Co-modified Cyperus esculentus Starch and Its Effect on the Construction of Starch-based Double Emulsion System[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 37 -45 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080263
油莎豆(Cyperus esculentus L.)又名油莎草,作为一种可替代大豆进口的新型潜在油源作物,是目前唯一的高淀粉基油料作物[1]。研究发现,油莎豆淀粉与玉米及藜麦淀粉具有相似的理化和功能特性,且具有价格低廉、生物相容性好和可降解等优点,是构建绿色、安全的食品级运载体系的理想载体材料[2−3]。但天然油莎豆淀粉易老化,不易溶于冷水,抗剪切性低,热稳定性较差也限制其在工业上的应用,通过有效的技术手段对油莎豆淀粉进行改性,使淀粉应用到更广泛的领域[4−5]。
目前,油莎豆淀粉的改性方法主要包括物理法、化学法、酶法以及协同法[6]。酶法改性(EMD)虽绿色高效,却受限于酶分子渗透难、对淀粉微观结构调控不足,故需结合辅助技术。酶法协同改性淀粉是一种通过两种或多种改性方法获得的淀粉,它结合了两种或多种改性淀粉的优点,在淀粉的实际生产中,可实现更优的改性效果、降低生产成本[7]。
改性淀粉经酶法协同改性后,颗粒结构与表面活性显著优化,既能作为优良乳化剂吸附于油水界面,降低界面张力以稳定乳液,又具备良好的生物相容性、可降解性及包埋能力,可有效包裹脂溶性活性成分(如番茄红素、功能性油脂)并减少其在加工储存中的流失,适配食品、医药领域的安全递送需求[8];Qiu等[9]研究了普鲁兰酶和α-淀粉酶改性高直链淀粉增加了抗性淀粉含量,与白藜芦醇之间的有利CH-π相互作用有助于V6型晶体结构,可提高消化抵抗力。Fan等[10]研究了超声辅助酶促淀粉酯化制备OSA淀粉/壳聚糖复合颗粒,超声处理缩短了酯化时间,并增强了淀粉表面羟乙酸酯基团的均匀性,羟乙酸酯淀粉/壳聚糖复合颗粒是性能优良的皮克林乳液稳定剂。研究学者们发现,双乳液作为一种乳液运载体系可有效控制功能因子在胃肠道特定环境下缓慢且持续释放,有利于功能因子被吸收利用。然而,目前关于以淀粉为载体材料的双乳液研究较少,特别是粉基双乳液对功能因子的生物利用度的可行性尚未探究。
本研究构建复合酶分别与研磨(M)、高压均质(H)、纳米沉淀(N)的协同改性体系(M-EMD、H-EMD、N-EMD),其中M-EMD借研磨机械力破坏淀粉结构、提升酶解效率且避免颗粒团聚,H-EMD 靠高压均质细化颗粒、促进酶与淀粉接触,制备出均一稳定的改性淀粉适配工业化生产,N-EMD先经酶解降解淀粉为低分子量片段,再通过纳米沉淀精准制备纳米颗粒并赋予其更多活性位点以拓展高端应用,并研究不同酶的协同改性的油莎豆淀粉微观结构、流变性质及其稳定双乳液的界面性质,旨在为构建食品级淀粉基双乳液和生物活性物质递送载体提供新思路。
油莎豆 采自第三师图木舒克市新疆三礼粮油有限公司,挑选成熟度良好、个体大小均匀的油莎豆,经过机械摩擦脱皮后置于自封袋中4 ℃下备用;氢氧化钠、盐酸、无水乙醇、氯化钠、柠檬酸、磷酸二氢钾溶液 分析纯,新疆宏道仪器有限公司;普鲁兰酶(1000 μ/g)、α-淀粉酶(40000 μ/g) 食品级,维克奇生物有限公司;尼罗红染料 西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司;异硫氰酸荧光素酯(Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Isomer I,FITC) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;非酯化脂肪酸试剂盒 苏州科铭生物技术有限公司;甲醇、正己烷、二氯甲烷等 色谱纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;番茄红素(Lyc)标准品(纯度≥99.46%) 德斯特生物公司;所有实验均使用蒸馏水;实验中使用的所有化学试剂均为分析纯。
CIENTZ-30ND冷冻干燥机、SINDINSDC-100光学接触角测量装置 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;DF-101S磁力搅拌器 上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司;JY92-IINe超声波细胞粉碎机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;PHS-3Ce酸度计 上海仪电科学仪器有限公司;Winner2005e激光粒度分析仪 济南微纳颗粒仪器股份有限公司;JS94H型Zeta电位仪 上海中晨数字技术设备有限公司;VERTEX 70v傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 德国布鲁克仪器公司;AXRP激光共聚焦显微镜 日本Nikon公司。
采用吕程龙等[11]的方法,略作修改。取洁净饱满的脱皮油莎豆破碎,过100目分样筛,取25 g 筛下物于烧杯中,按料液比1:6(g:mL)加入0.3%的NaOH溶液,并在50 ℃温度下以300 r/min的转速持续搅拌30 min,使物料中蛋白质及可溶性杂质充分溶解于碱液中,以5000 r/min的转速离心15 min,分离得到沉淀(粗淀粉)与上清液(含蛋白质、杂质),弃去上清液,向离心所得沉淀中加入80 mL蒸馏水,用玻璃棒搅拌至均匀悬浮状,过100目筛去除未溶解的粗纤维杂质,收集筛下悬浮液再次以5000 r/min离心15 min;重复此洗涤-筛分-离心操作3次,直至洗液pH接近中性(pH6.8~7.2),将最终纯化后的淀粉沉淀转移至冻干托盘,先在−20 ℃冰箱预冻4 h,再放入冷冻干燥机中(真空度0.1 MPa,冷阱温度−50 ℃)干燥24 h,取出后粉碎过80目筛,即得油莎豆淀粉。
油莎豆油采用低温压榨方法制备[12]:油莎豆烘烤(120 ℃、20 min)破碎后,置于微波炉内,微波真空膨化处理5 min, 低温压榨(温度<60 ℃),收集毛油,在6000 r/min下离心10 min去除沉淀,得油莎豆油,置于4 ℃冰箱备用。
根据Zhang等[13]的方法制备,并适当修改。将2 g α-淀粉酶与8 mL磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH6.5,0.02 mol/L)涡旋混合5 s。酶溶液在40 ℃下在水浴振荡器中振动20 min(200 r/min)。以3075×g离心10 min,获得α-淀粉酶上清液。将α-淀粉酶与普鲁兰酶上清液按1:3(w/w)的比例混合,得到复合酶溶液。
称取10 g油莎豆淀粉,分别加入至200 mL磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH6.5,0.02 mol/L)缓冲液中,配制成0.05 g/mL淀粉乳,先分别采用介质研磨处理、高压均质处理、纳米沉淀处理后,再分别加入3%(w/w,淀粉干基)的复合酶溶液,具体制备方法如表1所示。将复合酶改性EMD、介质研磨-复合酶改性M-EMD、高压均质-复合酶改性H-EMD、纳米沉淀-复合酶改性N-EMD得到的复合酶改性油莎豆淀粉,分别命名为EMD、M-EMD、H-EMD和N-EMD。以未改性油莎豆淀粉为对照,记为CE。
根据Saechio等[14]的方法,将淀粉样品(100 mg)分散在10 mL超纯水中并匀浆。将淀粉分散体逐滴添加到预装有超纯水试管中。在分散装置中,搅拌速率设置为2500 r/min。测量淀粉粒径并记录。利用动态光散射仪测定多分散性指数(PDI)。使用Zeta电位分析仪测量Zeta电位,在分析之前,将样品用超纯水稀释100倍,以避免多重散射效应。结果采用每个粒子的5次测量值的平均值。
根据Qin等[15]的方法,测量不同酶法协同改性处理的油莎豆淀粉的三相接触角。将淀粉粉末在一定压力下压制在载玻片上,制成表面平整的样品。使用微量注射器将去离子水缓慢滴在样品表面,形成一个稳定的液滴。通过配备图像分析软件的接触角测量仪拍摄液滴图像,软件自动分析图像,测量接触角。
酶法协同改性淀粉经过真空冷冻干燥处理,干燥后的样品与KBr粉末以1:100(w/w)的比例混合,研磨至细粉并压制成薄片。使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对样品进行扫描,光谱扫描范围为4000~400 cm−1,分辨率为4 cm−1。
根据Yang等[16]的方法,以不同方法改性的油莎豆淀粉为水相(将淀粉溶解于磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS,5 mmol/L,pH7.0)中并以300 r/min的速度搅拌2 h,制备含有2.0wt%的水相),油莎豆油为油相(将0.1 mg/mL Lyc溶解在10 mL油莎豆油中),司班80和吐温80为乳化剂。第一步乳化将Lyc(0.1 mg/mL)溶解在10 mL油莎豆油中,以7:3体积比将制备得到的2.0wt%的水相(含吐温20)与将得到的油相溶液(含司班80)混合,使用高速分散器在16000 r/min下剪切1 min,制备O/W型单乳液。其中,两种乳化剂在整个单乳液体系中总浓度为2%(v/v),吐温20和司班80体积比为3:2。第二步乳化以3:2体积比将O/W型单乳液缓慢滴加到油莎豆油(含司班80,浓度为2%,v/v)中,利用磁力搅拌器在25 ℃以2000 r/min转速高速磁力搅拌5 min,获得O/W/O乳液,制备得到淀粉基双乳液。得到的样品分别命名为负载Lyc的EM-DEs、M-DEs、H-DEs、N-DEs。
通过采用激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)观察样品的形貌。分别将标记大豆油的尼罗红和标记淀粉的FITC溶于丙酮,配制成0.1%(w/v)尼罗红溶液和0.1%(w/v)FITC溶液,将尼罗红、FITC和乳液以1:1:5体积比混合均匀。然后将染色的乳液于25 ℃避光静置过夜。尼罗红和FITC的激发波长分别设为543 nm和488 nm。双乳液需稀释100倍后将其置于显微镜载玻片上,盖上盖玻片,观察并拍照[17]。
采用梅钰琪等[18]的方法,准确称取一定量的番茄红素标准品,用正己烷溶解并配制成浓度为0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 mg/mL的标准溶液。在波长为472 nm处读取吸光度,得到番茄红素标准曲线。稀释后的油莎豆淀粉基双乳液(体积分数1%)在25 ℃下,以9000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液,在472 nm处测定吸光度。Lyc充分溶出后适当稀释,Lyc的含量按其标准曲线(y=0.2725x+0.0137,R2=0.9976)计算。包埋率(Encapsulation Efficiency,EE)、装载能力(Loading Capacity,LC)分别采用式(1)、式(2)计算:
$\rm EE(\text{%})=\frac{{V}_{0}-{V}_{1}}{{V}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:V0为包埋时番茄红素的质量浓度,为250 µg/mL;V1为所得乳液中番茄红素的质量浓度(µg/mL)。
$\rm LC(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{1}}{{M}_{}}\times 100 $
式中:m1为包埋时番茄红素的质量;M为包埋材料总质量。
采用Qin等[15]的方法,略作修改。不同改性后的淀粉基双乳液均质后立即将酶法协同改性油莎豆淀粉基淀粉双乳液转移到试管中,进行拍照,为了评估乳液的稳定性,在初始测定后,设置一个静置时间间隔(10 min),然后再次测定。用乳化指数(EI)确定乳化剂的乳化能力,并根据式(3)计算。
$\rm \mathrm{EI(\text{%})=HE/HT\times 100} $
式中,HE是上部乳化层的高度;HT是液体的总高度。
脂质氢过氧化物(ROOH)测定采用分光光度法[19],1 mL乳液加入酸性缓冲液(1 mL 0.25 mol/L硫酸溶液)混匀,再加入2 mL含Fe2+和显色剂(二甲酚橙)的FOX试剂,避光反应10~15 min,于560 nm波长处测定吸光度。
硫代巴比妥酸值(Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)的测定参考王思妤等[20]的方法,1 mL乳液样品加入10 mL 7.5%三氯乙酸(Trichloroaceticacid,TCA)溶液(含有0.1%没食子酸丙酯、0.1% EDTA-2Na),均质后过滤,取5 mL上清液加入5 mL 0.02 mol/L的硫代巴比妥酸(Thiobarbituric acid,TBA)溶液,置于90 ℃加热30 min,冷却后于波长532 nm和600 nm处测定吸光值。TBARS以每千克油中丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的微摩尔数表示(μmol MDA/kg oil)。
采用口腔、胃和小肠三阶段模型评估封装番茄红素的酶法协同改性油莎豆淀粉基淀粉双乳液体外消化动力学[21]。配制模拟唾液(Simulated saliva fluid,SSF)、模拟胃液(Simulated gastric fluid,SGF)及模拟肠液(Simulated intestinal fluid,SIF)。
口腔阶段:将含5 mg/mL黏蛋白的SSF(9 mL)、3.6 g乳液与1.4 mL PBS(pH7.0,10 mmol/L)混合。调节混合液pH至6.8后,置于37 ℃、100 r/min的摇床中孵育10 min。
胃阶段:取15 mL口腔阶段样本与含3.2 mg/mL胃蛋白酶的15 mL SGF混合。调节混合液pH至2.5后,于37 ℃、100 r/min条件下持续振荡孵育1 h。
小肠阶段:将胃阶段产生的30 mL样本pH调至7.0,与1.5 mL SIF混合,在持续搅拌下加入3.5 mL胆汁盐溶液(5 mg/mL)。调节pH至7.0后加入2.5 mL 1.6 mg/mL脂肪酶溶液。随后将混合液置于37 ℃、100 r/min的振荡培养箱中反应2 h,期间通过添加NaOH溶液维持体系pH在7.0。
使用pH-stat自动电位滴定仪监测肠道消化过程中KOH的消耗量[21]。游离脂肪酸的释放量根据肠道中0.1 mol/L KOH溶液的消耗量,按以下公式计算:
$ \text{FFA(\%)=}\frac{{\text{V}}_{\text{NaoH}}\text{×}{\mathrm{C}}_{\text{NaoH}}\text{×Mlipid}}{\text{mlipid×2}}\text{×1} 00 $
式中,VNaOH和CNaOH分别表示0.1 mol/L NaOH的消耗体积(L)和浓度(mol/L);Mlipid代表甘油三酯的质量(g/mol);mlipid代表反应中甘油三酯质量(g)。
参考Hao等[22]所述方法稍作修改进行。取模拟胃肠液消化样品,以10000 r/min离心30 min,取上清液测定番茄红素含量,测定方法同1.2.8。生物可及性按以下公式计算:
$ \text{生物利用度}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{M}}_{\text{R}}}{{\text{M}}_{\text{b}}}\text{×1} 00 $
式中,MR表示消化后上清液中的番茄红素含量(已释放的量),μg;Mb为消化前样品溶液中的番茄红素总含量(原始总量),μg。
所有实验均进行三次独立重复测定。采用SPSS26.0软件进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)和LSD检验(P<0.05)评估组间差异显著性,结果以平均值±标准差形式呈现,不同字母的数据表示显著不同(P<0.05)。
淀粉粒径直接反映了淀粉颗粒的大小。PDI是衡量颗粒尺寸分布均匀程度的重要指标。PDI的值越小(≤0.25),颗粒尺寸分布越均匀[15]。如图1(A)所示,与未改性油莎豆淀粉颗粒(CE)相比,不同酶法协同改性处理(EMD、M-EMD、H-EMD、N-EMD)对油莎豆淀粉的粒径分布和多分散指数(PDI)具有显著(P<0.05)调控作用,其中N-EMD处理表现出最显著的改性效果,其淀粉粒径最小(0.797 μm)且PDI值最低,为0.13,表明N-EMD改性处理方式能有效提高淀粉的均一性和分散性,主要是由于纳米沉淀过程制备出的淀粉颗粒具有较大的比表面积和较高的表面能,这使得淀粉颗粒表面的活性位点增多,更易于与复合酶接触和反应[23];相比之下,EMD处理的改性效果最弱,其淀粉粒径最大(约9.126 μm)且PDI值大于0.25,而M-EMD、H-EMD处理虽然较EMD有所改善,但仍不及N-EMD的效果。综上所述,说明酶改性处理和协同方式对淀粉改性效果具有决定性影响,N-EMD处理因其独特的协同作用表现出较好的粒径。
Zeta电位是反映淀粉颗粒表面电荷性质和电荷密度的重要指标[5]。图1B展示了不同酶法协同改性对油莎豆淀粉Zeta电位值的影响。从图1B中可以看出,与未改性油莎豆淀粉颗粒(CE)相比,各处理组间的Zeta电位存在显著差异(P<0.05)。其中,N-EMD处理表现出最高的Zeta电位值(绝对值为68.0 mV),显著(P<0.05)高于其他处理组,这表明其淀粉颗粒表面净负电荷最高,静电排斥作用最强,可能具有最佳的胶体稳定性;H-EMD处理次之(绝对值为58.0 mV),而EMD和M-EMD处理(绝对值为25.6 mV和42.5 mV)的Zeta电位绝对值相对较小。N-EMD处理产生的显著高负电位现象,可归因于其协同改性机制所引发的淀粉表面化学组成变化。这些结果证实,酶法协同改性类型通过改变淀粉的表面化学特性,显著影响其电荷特性,而N-EMD处理在提升淀粉分散体系稳定性方面最具潜力。
测定油莎豆改性淀粉接触角可了解其表面润湿性,评估改性效果。图2A展示了不同酶法协同改性处理的油莎豆淀粉接触角,系统评估了酶法协同改性对淀粉表面润湿性的影响。结果表明,与未改性油莎豆淀粉颗粒(CE)相比,不同酶法协同改性处理组间接触角存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中EMD处理表现出最大的接触角,为48.7°,表明其表面亲水性最弱;而N-EMD处理接触角最小,为23.1°,表现出最优的亲水性能。表明酶法协同改性可有效调控淀粉表面特性,N-EMD处理则因其优异的亲水性在需要快速润湿的应用中更具潜力。
图2B展示了通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析不同酶法协同改性对油莎豆淀粉结构的影响。结果显示,与未改性油莎豆淀粉颗粒(CE)相比,各处理组在特征吸收峰位置和强度上均表现出明显差异:O-H伸缩振动(约3414 cm−1):改性后样品的O-H峰位置发生了移动(从CE的3413.6 cm−1移至N-EMD的3432.4 cm−1),表明酶法协同改性显著改变了淀粉分子中的氢键网络[17]。C-H伸缩振动(2910~2936 cm−1):不同改性处理导致C-H峰位置出现显著差异,其中N-EMD处理的最大(至2918.9 cm−1),而CE处理则位于较高波数(2990.5 cm−1),说明改性影响了淀粉的疏水微环境。指纹区(800~1200 cm−1):各处理组在1018 cm−1左右(C-O伸缩振动)和1156 cm−1左右(C-O-C glycosidic linkage)等峰处的强度也存在差异,证实了分子结构的改变。这些结果证实酶法协同改性能有效调控淀粉的分子结构。
通过共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(Confocal laser scanning microscope,CLSM)观察了不同酶法协同改性处理的油莎豆淀粉双乳液(EMD、M-EMD、H-EMD、N-EMD)的分布,结果如图3所示。淀粉水相用异硫氰酸荧光素(Fluorescein isothiocyanate,FITC)标记,油莎豆油相用尼罗红标记。从图3的CLSM图像可见,经FITC和尼罗红标记的不同改性油莎豆淀粉双乳液呈现出差异化的微观结构。EMD处理组的乳液存在部分大尺寸液滴团聚现象,分散性欠佳;M-EMD处理组的液滴尺寸较EMD明显减小,但粒径分布仍不均一;H-EMD处理组的液滴尺寸进一步减小,均一性有所改善;而N-EMD处理组展现出明显优势,其形成的双乳液液滴直径最小且分布高度均一,内部水包油包水(W/O/W)结构清晰规整,FITC标记的内层水相被尼罗红标记的油相紧密包裹,外层水相则完整包覆,形成稳定的核-壳-外层三级结构,这表明纳米沉淀-复合酶改性技术在优化双乳液微观结构、提升乳液稳定性方面效果卓越[24]。
包埋率(EE)和装载能力可衡量酶法协同改性油莎豆淀粉对脂质的包埋效率及承载潜力[25],为优化淀粉基双乳液体系的载药/载脂性能及应用稳定性提供数据支撑[26]。不同酶法协同改性处理的油莎豆淀粉双乳液中番茄红素的包埋率如图4所示。结果显示各处理组在包埋率和装载能力方面均显著(P<0.05)优于对照组(CE,包埋率25%,装载能力57.55%)。其中N-EMD处理表现出最优异的性能,其包埋率(88%)和装载能力(66%)均显著(P<0.05)高于其他处理组(EMD、M-EMD、H-EMD)。这些结果证实酶法协同改性可有效改善淀粉的包埋特性,且改性效果与酶的种类和协同方式密切相关,其中N-EMD处理因其独特的协同作用机制在构建高效包埋系统方面最具应用潜力。Souza等[27]研究了改性淀粉与麦芽糊精复配作为乳化剂,制备的番茄红素乳液经喷雾干燥后,微胶囊中番茄红素含量达333~494 μg/g,储存期降解速率较麦芽糊精单体系降低15%。改性淀粉形成的多孔球状结构可容纳油相核心,虽界面膜的致密性不足会导致初始包埋率偏低,但能减缓热加工中的番茄红素降解。
乳液若能在实际使用时间内保持稳定,通常被视为具有良好的稳定性。如图5所示,通过测量0~480 h储存时间内乳化指数的变化评估了其稳定性[28],结果表明CE组的乳化指数从初始的78.6%显著(P<0.05)降至480 h时的12.6%,而酶法协同改性处理的乳化指数在储存期间均保持相对稳定,其中N-EMD处理的表现尤为突出,其乳化指数始终接近100%且几乎无变化,其余酶法协同改性处理的乳化指数虽略低但同样显著(P<0.05)优于对照组。Zhang等[29]采用复合酶(α-淀粉酶与糖化酶)协同改性藜麦淀粉,形成兼具多孔结构与表面亲水 - 疏水平衡的颗粒,作为 Pickering 乳液稳定剂时,其复杂的颗粒形态可紧密吸附于油水界面,抑制液滴聚结,乳液静置 30 d无明显分层。Wang等[4]通过酶法制备油莎豆多孔淀粉(PS),其表面形成的孔洞结构使乳化能力提升至22.6 mL/g(天然淀粉仅4.2 mL/g);进一步经植酸钠交联后,复杂的网络结构显著增强乳液储存稳定性,解决了单一酶改性淀粉热稳定性不足的问题。
脂质氧化稳定性可评估淀粉基双乳液体系中脂质抵抗氧化降解的能力,为体系抗氧化性能优化及应用稳定性提供关键依据[30]。如图6所示,本研究测定了不同改性淀粉基双乳液在0至14 d内的脂质过氧化物含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果显示,所有样品的脂质过氧化物含量、MDA含量均随贮藏时间延长而增加(P<0.05),其中CE-DEs的氧化程度最高(14 d时达200 nmol/g oil,MDA为35 μmol/kg oil),而N-DEs的氧化程度最低(14 d时为120 nmol/g oil,MDA为19.4 μmol/kg oil),且增长幅度最小;其余样品中,EM-DEs、M-DEs、H-DEs的氧化程度介于两者之间,14 d时脂质过氧化物分别约为180、160和140 nmol/g oil,MDA含量分别为29、19和18 μmol/kg oil。结果表明,酶法协同改性处理能有效抑制油莎豆淀粉双乳液的脂质氧化,N-DEs之所以能表现出最优的抗氧化效果(其MDA含量较CE-DEs降低74.3%),主要归因于N-EMD改性淀粉所形成的独特界面结构。N-EMD淀粉具有最小的粒径、最高的表面负电荷(Zeta电位为−70 mV)和最强的亲水性,这使其能在油水界面更紧密地排列,形成一层更厚、更致密的物理屏障界面膜[31]。这层膜能更有效地阻隔氧气、金属离子等促氧化因子的渗透与接触,从而从源头上减缓脂质氧化链式反应的引发。N-EMD处理诱导了淀粉分子的结构重组,可能暴露了更多的羟基等活性基团,这些基团本身可通过氢键作用或轻微的自由基清除能力,进一步协同稳定界面、抑制过氧化物形成[32]。综上所述,N-EMD改性通过优化淀粉的界面性质,构建了稳定性更高的乳液体系,这是其显著增强脂质氧化稳定性的核心机制。
游离脂肪酸(FFA)释放百分比变化可通过量化体系中脂质水解程度,揭示酶法协同改性油莎豆淀粉对双乳液体系中脂质稳定性及酶解敏感性的调控作用[33]。如图7A所示,测定了不同改性淀粉基双乳液在模拟消化条件下(0~120 min)的游离脂肪酸(FFA)释放百分比变化。结果显示,所有样品的FFA释放百分比均随时间显著(P<0.05)增加,其中N-DEs的最终释放率最高(45%),显著(P<0.05)高于其他组别(CE-DEs 25%、EM-DEs 35%、M-DEs 40%、H-DEs 42%),且其释放速率最快;而CE-DEs的FFA释放率最低且增加最缓慢。结果表明酶法协同改性处理能显著改善油莎豆淀粉双乳液的消化特性,其中纳米沉淀-复合酶改性(N-DEs)表现出最优的消化性能,其较高的FFA释放率表明该处理方式更有利于脂肪酶接触和分解乳液中脂质。图7B比较了不同改性淀粉基双乳液的生物利用度。结果显示,酶法协同改性显著(P<0.05)提高了油莎豆淀粉双乳液的生物利用度,其中CE-DEs的生物利用度最低(30%),而经过改性的样品生物利用度依次升高,EM-DEs、M-DEs、H-DEs和N-DEs分别达到40%、42%、45%和48%。结果表明,酶法协同改性处理能有效改善油莎豆淀粉双乳液的生物可及性,且改性程度越高效果越显著,其中纳米沉淀-复合酶改性(N-DEs)的处理生物利用度较未改性样品提高了60%。
本研究基于对油莎豆淀粉的复合酶协同介质研磨、高压均质与纳米沉淀等改性处理,系统分析了改性淀粉在构建淀粉基双乳液体系中的作用,并对乳液相关性质进行了综合评价。研究结果表明,不同酶法协同改性处理可显著改变油莎豆淀粉的理化特性。在粒径分布与Zeta电位方面,各处理组间差异显著(P<0.05),其中纳米沉淀处理(N-EMD)效果最为突出,其颗粒粒径最小、分布最均一,Zeta电位显著(P<0.05)降低,接触角最小,表明该处理有效改善了淀粉颗粒的表面电荷特性并增强了其亲水性。结构分析显示,高压均质(H-EMD)与N-EMD处理均能显著(P<0.05)促进淀粉结构重组。在作为番茄红素(Lyc)载体的应用中,N-EMD处理所构建的双乳液体系包埋率与装载能力分别达到88%与66%,并在储存过程中表现出良好的物理稳定性与氧化稳定性,体外消化中游离脂肪酸释放率最高,Lyc生物利用度达48%,表明该处理能有效提升Lyc的稳定性和生物可利用性。本研究明确了酶法协同纳米沉淀在淀粉改性与乳液构建中的优势,拓展了油莎豆淀粉在功能成分包埋与递送体系中的应用潜力,为淀粉基乳液在食品与医药领域的开发提供了理论依据与实践参考。然而,关于改性淀粉在复杂食品基质中的长期稳定性及其规模化生产中的工艺适应性等问题仍需进一步探究。未来研究可围绕改性淀粉-乳液界面行为的调控机制,以及在不同环境条件下的释放动力学开展深入探索,以推动该技术的实际应用。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080263
  • 接收时间:2025-08-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-27
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    1新疆农垦科学院农产品加工研究所,新疆石河子 832000
    2中国农业科学院油料作物研究所,油料脂质化学与营养湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉 430062

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金新文(1970−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工及副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
贾文婷(1987−),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工与副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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