Article(id=1320880669111210940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080240, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755792000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852092291, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852092291, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852092291, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852092291, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=587, endPage=596, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880669417395133, articleId=1320880669111210940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Lactoferrin-Protein Interaction Complexes and Their Impact on Immune Regulation, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Milk serves as a crucial medium of nutrition and immune protection for newborns. Its proteins exhibit a holistic mechanism of action: rather than functioning in isolation, they assemble into complexes through mutual interactions. These complexes demonstrate superior efficacy in nutrient delivery and immune protection compared to their isolated counterparts. This paper reviews advances in understanding the interaction mechanisms of milk-derived proteins, encompassing forms such as charge interaction, domain-specific binding, and cofactor-mediated association. It further examines the immunoregulatory effects of these protein complexes, including direct antimicrobial and antiviral activities, regulation of immune cell function and inflammatory responses, enhancement of intestinal barrier integrity and flora balance, and promotion of immune system maturation. The analysis of current research challenges and future directions provides a new perspective for developing novel functional foods and immunomodulators.

, authors=Ruilan CHAI1, Haoming WANG2, Cong HAN1, Gaoping ZHAO3, 4, Rifu XUE4, Dong ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Ruilan CHAI, Haoming WANG, Cong HAN, Gaoping ZHAO, Rifu XUE, Dong ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880672026252230, articleId=1320880669111210940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=乳源蛋白互作复合体及其影响免疫调节的研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

乳作为新生动物获取营养、获得免疫保护的重要介质,其成分中的乳蛋白存在特殊作用机制:它们并非单独发挥效能,而是通过彼此间的相互作用构建成复合体,而这种复合体在营养供给效率与免疫保护能力上,均比孤立存在的乳蛋白更具优势。本文综述乳源蛋白互作机制研究进展,阐述基于电荷相互作用、结构域特异性结合、辅助因子介导等互作形式及研究方法,深入探讨互作复合体在直接抗菌抗病毒、调节免疫细胞功能和炎症反应、促进肠道屏障功能与菌群平衡、推动免疫系统成熟发育等免疫调节方面的影响,同时分析当前研究存在的问题并展望未来方向,为新型功能性食品和免疫调节剂的开发提供新视角。

, authors=柴瑞兰1, 王浩名2, 韩聪1, 赵高平3, 4, 薛日夫4, 张东1, *, authorsList=柴瑞兰, 王浩名, 韩聪, 赵高平, 薛日夫, 张东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张东, authorNote=

柴瑞兰(1996−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:生物适应机理研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张东(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:生物适应机理与草地保护,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=SVrn2Aqkv0ExLlh0X71/MQ==, magXml=ZUv6/WCK85QEOevc7WQiKQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hJwTb0jXlXq9MjZ3LjtD6A==, pdfFileSize=1832012, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=YQu7WQMqJpF0mndGLU560g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=4+FsbENrWm6/AJ3gJoW0EA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320880910929608738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880669111210940, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1943343773@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320880911013494820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880669111210940, authorId=1320880910929608738, language=EN, stringName=Ruilan CHAI, firstName=Ruilan, middleName=null, lastName=CHAI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Grass Industry College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320880911076409381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880669111210940, authorId=1320880910929608738, language=CN, stringName=柴瑞兰, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1内蒙古农业大学草业学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010000, bio={"content":"

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柴瑞兰(1996−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:生物适应机理研究,E-mail:

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注:A. LF溶液滴定OPN溶液;B. OPN溶液滴定LF溶液。

, figureFileSmall=zRo5i8nyLLIwPS0Hdr4A8A==, figureFileBig=vmrFeKGV1Fjc7n1XU5mlZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880917606940754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880669111210940, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Content of α-LA in different milk[22]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乳源类型α-LA(g/L)
母乳1.9~3.4
牛乳1.2~1.3
山羊乳0.7~2.3
绵羊乳1.0~1.9
水牛乳1.4
牦牛乳1.7
马乳2.37
骆驼乳0.8~3.5
驴乳1.9
), ArticleFig(id=1320880917682438227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880669111210940, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同乳中α-LA的含量[22]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乳源类型α-LA(g/L)
母乳1.9~3.4
牛乳1.2~1.3
山羊乳0.7~2.3
绵羊乳1.0~1.9
水牛乳1.4
牦牛乳1.7
马乳2.37
骆驼乳0.8~3.5
驴乳1.9
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乳源蛋白互作复合体及其影响免疫调节的研究进展
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柴瑞兰 1 , 王浩名 2 , 韩聪 1 , 赵高平 3, 4 , 薛日夫 4 , 张东 1, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(17): 587-596
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (17) : 587 -596
乳源蛋白互作复合体及其影响免疫调节的研究进展
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柴瑞兰1 , 王浩名2, 韩聪1, 赵高平3, 4, 薛日夫4, 张东1, *
作者信息
  • 1内蒙古农业大学草业学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010000
  • 2内蒙古农业大学生命科学学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010000
  • 3国家乳业技术创新中心,内蒙古呼和浩特 010000
  • 4内蒙古赛科星家畜种业与繁育生物技术研究院有限公司,内蒙古呼和浩特 010000
通讯作者:
张东(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:生物适应机理与草地保护,E-mail:。
作者简介:

柴瑞兰(1996−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:生物适应机理研究,E-mail:

Research Progress on Lactoferrin-Protein Interaction Complexes and Their Impact on Immune Regulation
Ruilan CHAI1 , Haoming WANG2, Cong HAN1, Gaoping ZHAO3, 4, Rifu XUE4, Dong ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Grass Industry College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
  • 2College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
  • 3National Dairy Technology Innovation Center, Hohhot 010000, China
  • 4Inner Mongolia Saikexing Livestock Seed Industry and Breeding Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010000, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080240
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乳作为新生动物获取营养、获得免疫保护的重要介质,其成分中的乳蛋白存在特殊作用机制:它们并非单独发挥效能,而是通过彼此间的相互作用构建成复合体,而这种复合体在营养供给效率与免疫保护能力上,均比孤立存在的乳蛋白更具优势。本文综述乳源蛋白互作机制研究进展,阐述基于电荷相互作用、结构域特异性结合、辅助因子介导等互作形式及研究方法,深入探讨互作复合体在直接抗菌抗病毒、调节免疫细胞功能和炎症反应、促进肠道屏障功能与菌群平衡、推动免疫系统成熟发育等免疫调节方面的影响,同时分析当前研究存在的问题并展望未来方向,为新型功能性食品和免疫调节剂的开发提供新视角。

乳源蛋白  /  相互作用  /  机制  /  互作复合体  /  免疫调节

Milk serves as a crucial medium of nutrition and immune protection for newborns. Its proteins exhibit a holistic mechanism of action: rather than functioning in isolation, they assemble into complexes through mutual interactions. These complexes demonstrate superior efficacy in nutrient delivery and immune protection compared to their isolated counterparts. This paper reviews advances in understanding the interaction mechanisms of milk-derived proteins, encompassing forms such as charge interaction, domain-specific binding, and cofactor-mediated association. It further examines the immunoregulatory effects of these protein complexes, including direct antimicrobial and antiviral activities, regulation of immune cell function and inflammatory responses, enhancement of intestinal barrier integrity and flora balance, and promotion of immune system maturation. The analysis of current research challenges and future directions provides a new perspective for developing novel functional foods and immunomodulators.

milk protein  /  interaction  /  mechanism  /  interactive composite  /  immunoregulation
柴瑞兰, 王浩名, 韩聪, 赵高平, 薛日夫, 张东. 乳源蛋白互作复合体及其影响免疫调节的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 587 -596 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080240
Ruilan CHAI, Haoming WANG, Cong HAN, Gaoping ZHAO, Rifu XUE, Dong ZHANG. Research Progress on Lactoferrin-Protein Interaction Complexes and Their Impact on Immune Regulation[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 587 -596 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080240
乳是生命延续的 “生物资本”,核心价值在于将母体能量、免疫信息封装为生物活性物质载体,为新生动物提供营养、促进生长并强化免疫防御[1]。而乳蛋白作为乳中承载这一核心价值的核心生物活性组分,其功能正是对这一价值的具体落地与延伸——乳蛋白不仅可为机体补充全部必需氨基酸,还能通过多种活性成分实现免疫保护功能,且对肠道微生物菌群的结构与平衡具有重要调控作用[2];其衍生产物如酪蛋白酶解活性肽、酪蛋白糖巨肽等,还具有促生长、抗氧化、改善肠道健康等作用[3]。这些乳源蛋白并非孤立发挥作用,而是通过分子间特异性识别与互作(如氢键、疏水作用、静电结合等)形成结构稳定、功能互补的复合体系,与单一乳蛋白相比,这类复合体在核心生理功能上活性更强、更持久,且能通过靶向调控减少非特异性损耗;其凭借组分协同实现精准识别生理信号、参与关键生理过程的特性,既弥补了单一蛋白的短板,又拓宽了作用维度,最终为机体生长发育、免疫防御及内环境稳态提供全面支撑。基于此,本文综述乳源蛋白互作机制研究进展,阐述常见互作形式,并探讨互作复合体的免疫调节作用及应用潜力,为新型功能性食品、免疫调节剂研发提供理论支撑,为活性乳蛋白的配比优化与功能增强开辟新视角。
不同乳源的蛋白质成分差异显著,尤其酪蛋白与乳清蛋白的含量及比例不同,例如牛乳中二者占比约为 4:1。乳中的活性成分主要包括乳蛋白和乳磷脂等,其中活性乳蛋白及相关功能组分可分为两类:一是酪蛋白衍生物(如酪蛋白糖巨肽,casein glycomacropeptide,GMP);二是天然乳清蛋白(如α-乳白蛋白,α-lactalbumin,α-LA;乳铁蛋白,lactoferrin,LF;骨桥蛋白,osteopontin,OPN)[4];此外,乳脂肪球膜(milk fat globule membrane,MFGM)作为含活性蛋白的复合功能结构,其膜结合蛋白(如嗜乳脂蛋白、黄嘌呤氧化酶)也具备重要生理活性[5],这些活性组分多以完整蛋白质或酶解肽段形式存在,在机体内发挥特异性生物学功能。
免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobulin A,IgA)是机体免疫防御体系的核心组分,其血清含量仅次于IgG,约占血清免疫球蛋白总量的10%~20%[6]。依据结构形态与分布特征,IgA可分为血清型与分泌型两类:血清型IgA以单体形式存在,免疫活性较弱;分泌型IgA(SIgA)则以双体或三体为主,是黏膜防御系统的关键功能分子[7]。SIgA广泛分布于消化道、呼吸道、泌尿生殖道等黏膜组织的分泌液中,同时在唾液、泪液,尤其是初乳中含量异常丰富。这类抗体主要由黏膜层淋巴组织合成,通过特异性机制发挥免疫屏障作用:一方面可抑制病原微生物(细菌、病毒等)在黏膜上皮细胞的附着与定植,减缓病原体繁殖扩散;另一方面能直接识别结合抗原,发挥抗体活性,成为抵御外源病原体入侵机体的第一道防线。IgA无法通过胎盘屏障,导致新生儿自身合成SIgA的能力极低[8]。而母乳(尤其是初乳)中富含的SIgA,成为新生儿获取被动免疫、构建早期黏膜防御体系的重要途径,这也凸显了乳源SIgA的独特生理价值。
乳铁蛋白(lactoferrin,LF)是转铁蛋白家族中的一种铁结合糖蛋白,存在于母乳(占总蛋白质的10%~15%)和各种黏膜分泌物中[9]。乳铁蛋白在人初乳中的浓度约700 mg/100 mL,人常乳中浓度约100 mg/100 mL,牛初乳中约150 mg/100 mL,牛常乳中约5 mg/100 mL[10]。牛乳铁蛋白(BLF)分子量约为80 kDa,其结构如图1所示[11])。N叶和C叶的作用不同,前者抗菌性能更强,后者则与胃病、糖尿病及角膜损伤的治疗相关[12]。
乳铁蛋白具备抑菌、抗病毒、疾病预防[13]、免疫调节、肠道菌群调控、促铁吸收及抗氧化等多元生物学功能[14]。具体表现为:可提升幼年猪仔血液中微量元素(尤其铁)含量[15];能广谱抑制需铁革兰氏阴/阳性菌(如大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等),对低铁需求的乳酸菌无影响[16];口服可在小鼠模型中抑制甲型流感病毒引发的肺炎[17];在婴幼儿中能显著促进双歧杆菌生长,维持肠道菌群平衡[18];还可抑制婴幼儿奶粉中脂肪氧化,且抗氧化作用与自身浓度呈线性量效关系[19−20],其多功能特性使其在营养与健康领域具有重要应用价值。
α-乳白蛋白(alpha-lactalbumin,α-LA)广泛存在于各种哺乳动物的乳汁中,在五大洲共9个国家的452 个母乳样品中测定α-LA的浓度,其平均含量约为2.44 g/L[21], 在不同乳源中的具体含量如表1[22]所示。α-LA 是母乳中重要的生物活性蛋白,占母乳总蛋白质的20%~25%,其分子量为14.07 kDa,是一种相对较小的蛋白质,是研究生理和病理条件下物质吸收的合适标志物[23]。天然α-LA分子的三级结构呈椭圆形,如图2所示[24]。研究表明,牛α-LA中含有C螺旋,而人的α-LA中不含,牛α-LA的α-亚结构体的稳定性要低于人α-LA的α亚结构体稳定性[25]。
α-LA中促进大脑发育、调节肠道菌群并增强肠道免疫的成分主要是色氨酸和胱氨酸/半胱氨酸。色氨酸是神经递质5-羟色胺(5-HT)和褪黑素的前体。松果体细胞白天分泌的5-羟色胺可调节情绪、食欲与行为,黑夜分泌的褪黑素能助婴儿睡眠并促进大脑发育[26],而胱氨酸/半胱氨酸作为谷胱甘肽组成部分可抗氧化、增强肠道免疫,还能作为牛磺酸前体助力相关生理过程,同时增加婴儿肠道双歧杆菌浓度、调节菌群平衡并抑制致病菌生长[27−28]。Dumrongwongsiri等[29]、Yi等[30]证实,含α-乳清蛋白(α-LA)的婴幼儿配方乳粉可促进铁、锌吸收,满足婴幼儿对色氨酸与锌的需求,而锌对中枢神经系统发育至关重要[31]。Izumi等[32]研究发现,给7~14日龄大鼠灌胃α-LA水解物,可增加小肠长度、增多隐窝上皮细胞,且双糖酶活性变化提示小肠黏膜成熟。此外,α-LA经消化道水解产生的活性肽,具有免疫、抗病毒、抑高血压等活性,还能抑制革兰氏阳性菌、刺激有益菌繁殖[33]。
酪蛋白糖巨肽(CGMP)是κ-酪蛋白经凝乳酶水解产生的多肽[34],由Alais等[35]于1953年首次发现,其碳水化合物结构域是功能发挥的关键[36],兼具抗病毒、促益生菌生长等多种活性[37]。CGMP对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的改善作用尤为突出:灌胃5 mg/kg CGMP可减轻DSS诱导大鼠的结肠损伤,降低TNF-α、IL-6等炎症因子水平,恢复肠道通透性[37];其机制与调节肠道菌群、增加异丁酸等短链脂肪酸相关——UC发病与产丁酸菌缺乏、肠黏膜屏障受损及NF-κB通路激活密切相关[38−39],CGMP可通过上述途径修复肠黏膜屏障[37]。此外,CGMP能改善小鼠实验性肠炎[40],在淋巴细胞移植模型中可通过降低髓过氧化物酶活性及CD4+IFN-γ细胞比例发挥抗炎作用[41],且其安全性与人体耐受性已获临床试验证实[42]。
骨桥蛋白(OPN)是脊椎动物体内的多功能磷酸化糖蛋白[43],含有可以结合多种细胞表面受体的功能区域,能通过激活细胞信号通路发挥作用[44]。消化吸收方面,OPN具有抗胃酸、胃蛋白酶及肠道消化的特性,其磷酸化、糖基化位点可调控消化稳定性与活性;人体干预研究证实,喂养富含牛奶OPN配方乳粉的婴儿血浆中可检测到全长或片段化OPN,表明其或大片段能通过肠道屏障[45]。功能上,OPN的完整蛋白、水解片段及活性肽可结合肠上皮细胞受体或入血,发挥多元作用:既能与巨噬细胞表面整合素及分化簇44(cluster of differentiation 44,CD44)受体结合,激活巨噬细胞分泌炎症因子与抗微生物分子,调控免疫功能[46];还能促进大脑发育,研究显示OPN基因敲除小鼠幼崽学习记忆受损,而野生型小鼠幼仔大脑中髓鞘形成相关蛋白表达更高,神经胶质细胞分化增殖更活跃[47],同时OPN还可以维护肠道健康、改善骨健康[46]。
乳脂以乳脂肪球(milk fat globule,MFG)的形式存在于水中,直径为0.1~15 μm,MFG主要由具有3 层结构[48](如图3所示)、厚度为10~50 nm[49]的乳脂肪球膜(MFGM)包裹。MFGM内层环绕着蛋白质和极性脂质,外膜双分子层包含内部蛋白衣壳、外周蛋白和整体蛋白,MFGM内膜和外膜均来自乳腺上皮细胞质膜[50]。该层纳米级表面活性材料是乳脂在乳液中保持稳定性并免受酶降解和聚结的关键[51]。MFGM含有多种生物活性成分,其中蛋白质可达25%~70%,是其主要活性成分之一[52],占总乳蛋白含量的1%~2%。尽管在乳中含量极低,但其生物学意义重大,可以促进神经发育、降低炎症感染和调节代谢稳态等[53]。
MFGM兼具多重生理功能与加工价值:神经方面,可促进小鼠突触发生、减少神经元凋亡,通过调控含有Sorbin同源结构域和SH3结构域的蛋白2(sorbin and SH3 domain containing 2,SORBS2)等相关基因增强学习记忆与认知[54−55];抗炎领域,其磷脂级分能缓解风湿大鼠关节肿胀,还可抑制TNF-α、上调TGF-β1表达减轻小鼠神经炎症[56];同时能抑制结肠癌细胞增殖[57],并通过上调解偶联蛋白1(UCP1)表达抑制高脂饮食诱导的体重增加[58]。肠道保护上,MFGM可借助保护黏膜屏障、调节菌群等减轻小鼠结肠炎与肝损伤[59],其含有的黄嘌呤脱氢酶(XO/XDH)还能抑制金黄色葡萄球菌等致病菌[60]。加工中,MFGM可维持乳制品胶体特性、泡沫性及离子矿物质结构稳定性[61]。
乳源蛋白互作复合体较单个蛋白优势显著,兼具功能覆盖广、抗酶解与耐热性强、信号级联放大及多通路整合能力。其互作机制与形成过程的解析需多维度技术支撑,如体外验证含免疫共沉淀(Co-IP)、pull-down、免疫荧光共定位(IF)、双分子荧光互补(BiFC)、结构表征依赖冷冻电镜(cryo-EM)、AI辅助预测等实现。而乳源蛋白形成互作复合体的核心路径,主要通过三类互作方式实现:电荷互作、结构域互作及辅助因子介导的互作,具体机制如下。
氨基酸残基电性质是乳源蛋白互作的关键影响因素,带相反电荷残基间的静电吸引与相同电荷间的排斥作用调控互作过程。骨桥蛋白(OPN)作为分子量36 kD、等电点约pH3.6的酸性分泌型磷酸化糖蛋白,在牛乳中带负电;乳铁蛋白(LF)为分子量约80 kDa、等电点8.0~9.0的碱性球状糖蛋白,二者可通过静电作用形成复合物[62],且结合存在特定位点与滴定顺序差异。等温滴定量热法(ITC)结果(图4)显示:LF“正向滴定”到OPN时,依次结合位点 A、B、C;OPN“反向滴定”到LF时,初始阶段LF同步结合A、B、C位点,高摩尔比时从B、C位点解离并结合新滴定OPN的位点A[63]。两种滴定顺序均证实二者存在互作,且OPN上含3个LF结合位点。
β-乳球蛋白(β-Lg)与乳铁蛋白(LF)可通过静电作用形成复合物。电位滴定实验[63]显示,向β-Lg溶液中逐步加入LF,体系电势从负变为零再转为正,证实二者静电复合物的形成,该复合物主要以LF(BLG2)2形式存在。其核心功能优势体现在黏膜防御与活性维持:一方面,复合物借助静电作用稳定吸附于带负电的黏膜上皮表面,形成致密“蛋白防护屏障”,通过物理阻隔减少病原体与上皮细胞的黏附结合,降低入侵概率;另一方面,β-Lg与LF的结合可诱导LF构象稳定,增强其对黏膜微环境中蛋白酶降解的抗性,延长滞留时效。同时,复合物形成后LF仍保留铁螯合、病原靶标结合等核心活性,可抑制病原增殖,而β-Lg的疏水结构域能特异性捕获疏水性病原分子或毒性因子,与LF形成协同防御[64]。此外,复合物还可依托LF的广谱抗菌、抗病毒及免疫调节功能,激活黏膜局部免疫应答,协同强化宿主黏膜防御体系的整体效能。
乳源蛋白通过结构域特异性结合形成复合体,发挥单一组分不具备的优势:LF的N-lobe插入β-乳球蛋白(β-Lg)疏水口袋形成1:1复合物,粒径缩小、电位改变,提升黏液穿透力,使Fe-LF在小鼠小肠的生物利用度提高[65];κ-酪蛋白(κ-CN)的O-糖链与LF的C-lobe形成多位点氢键,复合体在黏膜表面形成纳米级“网格”,对大肠杆菌O157:H7的黏附抑制率达78%(单独LF仅32%)[66]。OPN的N端RGD序列(Ser磷酸化可增强亲和力)[67]、MFGM中乳凝集素的EGF样结构域(含RGD/RGF序列),均可结合整合素(αvβ3、αvβ5等)。半乳凝集素-3蛋白(Galectin-3)与α5β1整合素的糖依赖寡聚化[68],佐证乳凝集素的结合能力,二者可通过整合素介导形成“MFGM-整合素-OPN”三元复合物,借助空间位阻与协同作用提升稳定性[69]。
乳源蛋白之间通过“辅助因子介导”形成的互作复合体,是指Ca2+、磷酸根、Fe3+、乳脂肪球膜磷脂(MFGM-PL)或低聚糖等“非蛋白小分子”充当桥梁,通过配位键、氢键或疏水作用,把特定结构域精确“扣合”,不仅增强了复合体的结构稳定性,还赋予其递送、稳态、抗菌或免疫调控等新功能。
乳铁蛋白(LF)与IgA的互作依赖Fe3+调控:LF的N-叶结合Fe3+后构象改变,暴露疏水区域与IgA的Fc段互补结合,在母乳中形成稳定LF-sIgA复合物,通过双重机制增强黏膜免疫。一方面,复合物在黏膜表面形成更致密的保护层,提升黏附性与分布均匀性,物理阻断病原体黏附入侵,如大肠杆菌感染模型中二者联合使用可降低细菌存活率[70];另一方面,LF可调节免疫细胞活性与细胞因子分泌,复合物能增强sIgA与巨噬细胞等免疫细胞表面受体的结合,激活吞噬清除功能,强化黏膜免疫应答[71]。
Ca2+作为乳源蛋白互作的“核心调节器”,可通过配位结合和构象调控等机制,在乳源蛋白互作中发挥不可替代的作用。α-LA含典型的EF-hand结构域(由29~35位和75~81位氨基酸组成的螺旋-环-螺旋motif),当Ca2+结合到该结构域的天冬氨酸(Asp)和谷氨酸(Glu)残基时,构象从松散态转为紧密态,疏水核心(如Trp60、Trp104)暴露,增强与β-半乳糖苷转移酶的结合,参与乳糖合成[72],进而影响乳的物理性质与营养功能。
2′-FL可作为“分子桥”介导κ-酪蛋白糖基化巨肽(f106–169)的GlcNAc与sIgA重链CH2域的Tyr319形成疏水结合,组装为“2′-FL-κ-CN糖基化巨肽-sIgA”三元复合体,精准调控sIgA的结构稳定性与黏膜靶向性。具体机制包括:一是疏水结合填补sIgA结构空隙,遮蔽蛋白酶降解位点,抵御肠道环境波动,延长其功能半衰期[73];二是介导结合后糖链与肽段重新排列,形成互补拓扑结构,通过糖链-受体结合及疏水作用增强肠上皮黏附效率,减少肠道蠕动冲刷流失[74];三是sIgA高效黏附后形成“免疫防护膜”,既物理阻断病原体入侵,又能激活黏膜相关淋巴组织(MALT),扩大免疫覆盖范围、提升防御效能[75]。
乳源蛋白互作复合体通过多元机制发挥显著免疫调节作用,其功能覆盖免疫防御、屏障维护及系统发育调控等多个维度,较单一蛋白更具协同优势。这类复合体依托静电结合、结构域互作及辅助因子介导等方式形成,不仅能直接参与病原体清除,还能调控免疫细胞活性、平衡炎症反应,同时强化肠道黏膜屏障完整性与菌群稳态,为免疫系统成熟发育提供支撑。
本节将进一步阐明复合体在下文中四大核心维度的作用机制:一是直接抗菌作用,通过物理阻隔与活性抑制抵御致病菌侵袭;二是抗病毒作用,阻断病毒吸附与复制过程;三是促进肠道屏障功能与菌群平衡,筑牢免疫防御第一道防线;四是调节炎症反应、优化免疫细胞功能并推动免疫系统成熟发育,全面解析其免疫调节的分子机制与应用潜力。
乳源蛋白互作复合体可通过物理破坏细菌细胞膜、抑制细菌酶活性或竞争性结合营养物质等方式,直接杀灭或抑制细菌生长,其协同作用能增强单一蛋白抗菌效率或拓宽抗菌谱。例如,酪蛋白巨肽(CMP)与乳铁蛋白(LF)形成的复合物,通过“阻断定植+削弱运动能力”双重机制降低肠道感染风险[66]:CMP可特异性结合大肠杆菌等致病菌表面黏附素,占据活性位点阻止其与肠上皮细胞受体结合,从源头阻断致病菌定植繁殖;LF则靶向抑制致病菌鞭毛运动所需关键酶活性,阻碍其侵袭肠道深层组织。二者协同作用下,致病菌既无法定植也难以扩散,防御效果远优于单一成分,显著降低肠道感染发生率[66]。
乳源蛋白互作复合体可通过干扰病毒吸附宿主细胞、阻止病毒脱壳或抑制病毒核酸复制等关键步骤直接抗病毒,在肠道、呼吸道等黏膜表面效果尤为显著。乳铁蛋白(LF)与IgA(尤其分泌型sIgA)形成的复合物,通过“物理阻断+免疫激活+病毒结构破坏”协同机制发挥作用:sIgA可特异性识别病毒表面抗原,形成抗原-抗体结合,直接阻断病毒与宿主细胞受体的结合;LF则通过N-叶结构域结合病毒包膜或宿主细胞表面分子,进一步占据入侵位点,形成双重“物理屏障”,抑制病毒内化[76]。同时,LF的强阳离子特性[77]可结合流感病毒、轮状病毒等的磷脂双分子层,改变膜通透性与完整性[78],导致病毒核酸泄露,而sIgA的抗原结合特异性可引导LF精准作用于病毒,提升破坏效率。此外,复合物可被黏膜组织中的巨噬细胞、树突状细胞识别,通过激活Fc受体信号通路促进抗病毒细胞因子分泌,抑制病毒复制并招募免疫细胞清除[79],还能诱导黏膜上皮细胞表达抗菌肽、黏蛋白,强化黏膜屏障功能,形成“直接抗病毒+免疫放大”的协同效应。
乳源蛋白可通过特定结构(如活性肽段、糖基化修饰)或代谢产物,与肠道上皮细胞、免疫细胞及菌群直接互作,增强肠道屏障完整性与防御能力,而肠道屏障功能的维持对肠道内稳态至关重要[80]。多种乳源蛋白互作复合体通过调控关键信号通路,发挥屏障保护作用:OPN-α-LA复合物经疏水作用形成后,可抑制糖原合酶激酶3(GSK-3β)基因表达,阻断连环蛋白β(β-catenin)降解复合物的磷酸化作用,使β-catenin在细胞质中积累并进入细胞核,与T细胞因子/淋巴增强因子家族(T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor family,TCF/LEF)转录因子结合形成转录激活复合体,激活经典Wnt/β-连环蛋白信号通路(Wingless/Integrated-β-catenin信号通路,Wnt/β-catenin信号通路)[81−82],进而显著上调密蛋白1(claudin-1)、闭合蛋白(occludin)及闭锁小带蛋白-1(Zonula Occludens-1,ZO-1)等紧密连接蛋白的基因表达,修复LPS损伤的肠上皮屏障,维持肠道完整性[83−84];LF-OPN复合物可激活Notch信号通路,精准调控肠道干细胞分化,优化肠道上皮结构[85];MFGM中的膜联蛋白A2与OPN结合后,通过调节肌动蛋白细胞骨架重组,促进ZO-1向细胞膜迁移形成稳定紧密连接,增强肠道屏障功能[86]。实验证实,OPN-LF复合体对肠道发育的促进作用优于二者单独使用[86],凸显了乳源蛋白互作复合体在肠道屏障保护中的协同优势。
乳源蛋白互作复合体可通过调控肠道微生物群落结构、维持微生态平衡,间接影响肠道免疫功能。借助 3D肠类器官模型与离体结肠发酵实验证实,质量比1:5的乳铁蛋白-骨桥蛋白(LF-OPN)复合体能够显著富集共生梭菌等产丁酸盐菌,提升肠道丁酸盐浓度,同时促进脆弱拟杆菌等抗炎菌定植[87]。这种菌群结构优化不仅可增强肠道屏障功能,还能降低病原体移位风险[87]。此外,该复合体可通过上调抗炎因子IL-10、抑制NF-κB通路,减少炎症对肠道菌群的扰动——在LPS诱导的肠道炎症模型中,IL-10的表达增加可降低变形菌门等促炎菌丰度,同时维持共生菌群落稳定性[87],进一步巩固肠道微生态平衡与免疫防御稳态。
现有研究表明,乳铁蛋白(LF)与乳脂肪球膜(MFGM)可通过静电作用形成复合体,发挥多元协同功能。其一,MFGM的磷脂/唾液酸层能为LF提供胃酸环境下的“物理屏障”,降低胃蛋白酶水解速率,增强其胃肠道结构稳定性与吸收效率,使其在小肠发挥更强免疫调节作用[62];其二,婴儿配方奶粉中添加二者可显著增加肠道拟杆菌属丰度,降低粪便中短链脂肪酸及脱氧肉碱水平,协同调节早期肠道菌群与代谢物谱[88];其三,MFGM含有的黏蛋白MUC1、乳黏附蛋白MFG-E8等与LF结合后,形成“糖蛋白-LF”网状层,阻断轮状病毒、致病性大肠杆菌黏附,强化黏膜免疫与抗菌防御[89];其四,该复合体可抑制小胶质细胞NF-κB通路,在体外LPS刺激下减少TNF-α、IL-6释放,展现抗神经炎症及促进神经发育的潜力[90]。
乳源蛋白互作复合体通过精准调控免疫细胞功能与炎症反应,实现“促防御-控损伤-促修复”的有序平衡,既增强抗感染免疫,又避免免疫过度激活。正常状态下OPN少量分泌维持生理功能,受刺激时大量释放;LF则通过高亲和力结合游离Fe3+,抑制需铁细菌生长,二者形成的复合物通过多层次机制调控免疫。 复合物借助OPN的RGD序列与巨噬细胞整合素αvβ3结合,激活磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶和蛋白激酶B(Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT signaling pathway,PI3K/Akt)信号通路,促进M2巨噬细胞标志物(Arg-1、IL-10)表达,抑制M1型促炎因子(iNOS、IL-12)释放[91];同时激活树突状细胞(DCs)TLR4受体,促进IL-12分泌诱导Th1分化以增强细胞免疫,通过OPN糖基化位点抑制Th2型IL-4产生,避免过敏过度激活[92]。M2与Th1的动态平衡由免疫微环境细胞因子调控:感染初期IFN-γ主导,启动Th1极化并抑制M2;病原体清除后IL-10、TGF-β占优,诱导M2并抑制Th1,失衡可能引发疾病。
炎症状态下,复合体通过多重途径抑制炎症信号通路:LF与LPS结合形成复合物,阻止其与CD14/TLR4结合,抑制NF-κB通路激活[93];OPN酸性结构域竞争性结合NF-κB p65亚基,阻断炎症基因转录[62];复合物激活肠上皮细胞PI3K/Akt通路,抑制p38 MAPK活性,减少炎症介质水平[80]。研究证实,LF-OPN复合体可降低IL-6、TNF-α等促炎因子分泌,上调抗炎因子IL-10表达[94],通过免疫细胞调控与炎症通路抑制的协同作用,维持免疫系统稳态。
MFGM中的鞘磷脂与OPN形成的复合体,可激活Wnt/β-catenin通路促进肠上皮M细胞分化,增强抗原摄取能力[62]。该复合体作为“M细胞分化启动信号”,先结合肠上皮干细胞/未成熟肠细胞表面整合素启动信号转导,通过抑制GSK-3β活性阻止β-catenin降解,使其入核结合TCF/LEF转录因子,启动M细胞特异性基因转录,最终分化为具高效抗原摄取功能的成熟M细胞,启动黏膜免疫应答。MFGM中的PS与OPN形成的复合体,经巨噬细胞表面αvβ3、αvβ5整合素识别,激活PI3K/Akt通路促进PPARγ磷酸化,其活性二聚体入核结合靶基因PPRE元件,启动IL-10等M2相关基因转录,同时抑制NF-κB/AP-1通路,促进M2分化、抑制M1促炎反应,维持免疫微环境平衡[95]。LF与IgG经静电结合形成的复合体,可调节免疫细胞活性、增强巨噬细胞功能与抗体生成[96],还能促进B细胞向浆细胞分化及抗体类别转换,维持长期免疫记忆,延长抗原在淋巴结滞留时间并促进生发中心形成,使记忆B细胞数量加倍[62]。
乳源蛋白复合体可多维度调控炎症与免疫:通过抑制NF-κB、p38 MAPK等通路减少促炎因子释放,上调IL-10等抗炎因子平衡炎症反应;同时激活免疫细胞功能,诱导M2巨噬细胞极化、Th1细胞分化,还能借助肠道菌群调节与屏障强化,间接推动免疫系统成熟发育,为机体免疫稳态提供支撑。
在乳源蛋白及互作复合体研究中,虽在互作机制、免疫调节领域取得一定进展,但仍存在三大待解问题。其一,互作网络与调控机制不明,当前研究多集中于常见蛋白两两作用,对乳汁中其他生物活性物质的协同作用、复杂微环境的影响及菌群调节作用探索不足。且冷冻电镜虽能解析酪蛋白纳米胶束框架,但无法获取部分柔性区域原子坐标,核磁共振受乳样高黏度限制信号衰减快,可借助AlphaFold-Multimer v3.0[97]与cryo-ET断层扫描技术突破瓶颈,同时整合多组学、单细胞测序等技术,构建“互作复合体-细胞-菌群”三维网络。
其二,功能性研究存在局限,现有功能评价多依赖体外细胞或小动物实验,体外重组复合体难以模拟天然结构与功能,大型哺乳动物研究则面临周期长、成本高、难高通量筛选等问题,未来可利用类器官技术构建贴近生理的体外评估体系,提升功能评价准确性。
其三,加工过程存在不稳定性,乳源蛋白复合物对温度、pH敏感,现有工艺易破坏其结构,冷配料技术无法解决长期储存活性衰减问题。可通过超高压均质结合微囊包埋、pH响应性纳米载体等靶向加工技术优化,但该技术面临工艺复杂、设备与原料成本高、质控难度大、环保压力等限制,需通过自动化技术应用、工艺简化、成本控制、质控体系建立及绿色工艺开发等多维度破解。
乳源蛋白互作复合体(MPIC)对免疫调节的影响研究将迎来技术革新与应用突破。技术融合上,AI结构预测与类器官表达技术的结合,将构建“乳源互作组-结构-功能”闭环平台,实现从单滴乳样筛选免疫相关MPIC到功能验证的一站式流程,精准定位调控免疫的核心复合体。动态解析层面,时间分辨冷冻电子断层扫描(cryo-ET)与深度学习技术的联用,将绘制毫秒级MPIC动态图谱,以分子级“微电影”直观呈现泌乳启动、炎症反应中MPIC参与免疫调节的动态机制。精准应用领域,CRISPR-off-switch技术可按需调节奶牛乳腺中MPIC成分比例,定制生产低致敏性、强化免疫调节肽活性的功能性牛奶,实现从“成分标注”到“免疫功能定制”的跨越。原位捕获、AI结构解析与合成生物学的深度耦合,将彻底重塑乳科学研究范式与产业边界,为新型免疫调节类功能性食品和免疫调节剂的开发提供坚实科学依据。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080240
  • 接收时间:2025-08-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-22
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作者信息
    1内蒙古农业大学草业学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010000
    2内蒙古农业大学生命科学学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010000
    3国家乳业技术创新中心,内蒙古呼和浩特 010000
    4内蒙古赛科星家畜种业与繁育生物技术研究院有限公司,内蒙古呼和浩特 010000

通讯作者:

张东(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:生物适应机理与草地保护,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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