Article(id=1320881123815703250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080220, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755792000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852200702, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852200702, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852200702, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852200702, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=131, endPage=140, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881124008641235, articleId=1320881123815703250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of the Emulsifying Properties of Water-soluble Myofibrillar Proteins Based on Non-covalent Modification with High-charge Density Polysaccharides, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the effects of non-covalent modification of polysaccharides with different charge density on the emulsifying properties of myofibrillar proteins (MP). Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with degree of substitution values of 0.7, 0.9, and 1.2 (correspond to low, medium, and high charge density) was selected to construct protein-polysaccharide complexes with salt-free MP. The emulsification behavior, rheological characteristics, and stability of CMC-modified MP emulsions were systematically investigated. Results indicated that CMC significantly enhanced the emulsifying activity of MP (P<0.05), with an emulsion activity index reaching 188.53%, representing a 3.83-fold increase. Furthermore, CMC also induced emulsion droplets to exhibit reduced size and narrower distribution. Rheological analysis revealed that high charge density CMC enhanced the elastic and strain-resistant properties of the emulsions. Meanwhile, it strengthened emulsion stability by increasing the apparent viscosity and critical strain levels while inhibiting protein aggregation. This study offers a scientific approach to enhancing the emulsifying properties of MP in low-sodium systems. This approach lays a foundation for the development of low-salt emulsion-based meat products and promoting the application of polysaccharides in novel low-salt meat formulations.

, authors=Jingjie WANG1, 2, 3, Jiale CHAI1, 2, 3, Xinglian XU1, 2, 3, Lingyun LI4, Xue ZHAO1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Jingjie WANG, Jiale CHAI, Xinglian XU, Lingyun LI, Xue ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xue ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881127808680680, articleId=1320881123815703250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于高电荷密度多糖非共价修饰的水溶性肌原纤维蛋白乳化特性分析, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文研究了不同电荷密度多糖非共价修饰对肌原纤维蛋白乳化特性的影响。研究选取不同取代度羧甲基纤维素钠(Carboxymethyl cellulose,CMC)(取代度为0.7、0.9和1.2,分别对应低、中、高电荷密度)与无盐肌原纤维蛋白(Myofibrillar protein,MP)构建蛋白质-多糖复合物,系统分析了CMC非共价修饰MP乳液的乳化特性、流变特性及稳定性。结果表明,在无盐体系下,CMC显著(P<0.05)提升了肌原纤维蛋白乳化性,乳化活性指数最高达188.53%,较MP提升了3.83倍,且使乳液油滴粒径减小、分布更均匀。流变学特性表明,高电荷密度CMC能够增强乳液弹性和抗应变能力,提升乳液表观黏度及临界应变,同时减少蛋白质的聚集行为,提升乳液稳定性。该研究为低盐体系下MP乳化特性改良提供了科学的技术路径,为开发低盐乳化肉制品奠定基础,有助于推动多糖在新型低盐肉制品中的应用。

, authors=汪静洁1, 2, 3, 柴家乐1, 2, 3, 徐幸莲1, 2, 3, 李凌云4, 赵雪1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=汪静洁, 柴家乐, 徐幸莲, 李凌云, 赵雪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵雪, authorNote=

汪静洁(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:肉品加工与质量控制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
赵雪(1992−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉品加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=tdH1zIuZFoZ/c/8JPwUqBQ==, magXml=5KY4PU7pwUpg4ee53gWJxw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=AVZFKKokj5o8Eu1tI2uEfw==, pdfFileSize=4779488, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=s+Cca2rMF76kJLN+FjxMNg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=iSS0nWACq94TUVSGYaKG+Q==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320881485360513410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881123815703250, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=3379942525@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320881485436010886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881123815703250, authorId=1320881485360513410, language=EN, stringName=Jingjie WANG, firstName=Jingjie, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1Key Lab of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, Nanjing 211800, China
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注:不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

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注:标尺为200 μm。

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注:大写字母表示同一样品在不同时间内存在显著性差异(P<0.05);小写字母表示在相同时间内不同样品间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

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Zeta-potential of MP, CMC and MP/CMC complexes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别Zeta-电位(mV)
MP溶液−22.68±0.54a
LCMC溶液−39.77±1.32c
MCMC溶液−54.13±1.27d
HCMC溶液−60.50±0.87e
MP/LCMC溶液−35.06±0.12b
MP/MCMC溶液−34.94±0.45b
MP/HCMC溶液−33.5±0.31b
MP乳液−21.74±0.16a
MP/LCMC乳液−38.16±0.31b
MP/MCMC乳液−40.28±0.23c
MP/HCMC乳液−38.60±0.37b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881490985075137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881123815703250, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MP、CMC和MP/CMC复合物的Zeta-电位

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别Zeta-电位(mV)
MP溶液−22.68±0.54a
LCMC溶液−39.77±1.32c
MCMC溶液−54.13±1.27d
HCMC溶液−60.50±0.87e
MP/LCMC溶液−35.06±0.12b
MP/MCMC溶液−34.94±0.45b
MP/HCMC溶液−33.5±0.31b
MP乳液−21.74±0.16a
MP/LCMC乳液−38.16±0.31b
MP/MCMC乳液−40.28±0.23c
MP/HCMC乳液−38.60±0.37b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881491089932738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881123815703250, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Particle size of MP and MP/CMC composite emulsion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别D[4,3](μm)D[3,2](μm)
MP16.30±0.41a5.11±0.05a
MP/LCMC15.84±0.59ab3.79±0.01d
MP/MCMC15.14±0.02b4.00±0.00c
MP/HCMC16.38±0.04a4.37±0.05b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881491161235907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881123815703250, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

MP乳液和MP/CMC复合物乳液的粒径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别D[4,3](μm)D[3,2](μm)
MP16.30±0.41a5.11±0.05a
MP/LCMC15.84±0.59ab3.79±0.01d
MP/MCMC15.14±0.02b4.00±0.00c
MP/HCMC16.38±0.04a4.37±0.05b
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基于高电荷密度多糖非共价修饰的水溶性肌原纤维蛋白乳化特性分析
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汪静洁 1, 2, 3 , 柴家乐 1, 2, 3 , 徐幸莲 1, 2, 3 , 李凌云 4 , 赵雪 1, 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(17): 131-140
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (17) : 131 -140
基于高电荷密度多糖非共价修饰的水溶性肌原纤维蛋白乳化特性分析
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汪静洁1, 2, 3 , 柴家乐1, 2, 3, 徐幸莲1, 2, 3, 李凌云4, 赵雪1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1肉品质量控制与新资源创制全国重点实验室,江苏南京 211800
  • 2农业农村部肉品加工重点实验室,江苏南京 211800
  • 3南京农业大学食品科技学院,江苏南京 211800
  • 4广东温氏佳味食品有限公司,广东云浮 527400
通讯作者:
赵雪(1992−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉品加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

汪静洁(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:肉品加工与质量控制,E-mail:

Analysis of the Emulsifying Properties of Water-soluble Myofibrillar Proteins Based on Non-covalent Modification with High-charge Density Polysaccharides
Jingjie WANG1, 2, 3 , Jiale CHAI1, 2, 3, Xinglian XU1, 2, 3, Lingyun LI4, Xue ZHAO1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Lab of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, Nanjing 211800, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Nanjing 211800, China
  • 3College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China
  • 4Guangdong Wen's Jiawei Food Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527400, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080220
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本文研究了不同电荷密度多糖非共价修饰对肌原纤维蛋白乳化特性的影响。研究选取不同取代度羧甲基纤维素钠(Carboxymethyl cellulose,CMC)(取代度为0.7、0.9和1.2,分别对应低、中、高电荷密度)与无盐肌原纤维蛋白(Myofibrillar protein,MP)构建蛋白质-多糖复合物,系统分析了CMC非共价修饰MP乳液的乳化特性、流变特性及稳定性。结果表明,在无盐体系下,CMC显著(P<0.05)提升了肌原纤维蛋白乳化性,乳化活性指数最高达188.53%,较MP提升了3.83倍,且使乳液油滴粒径减小、分布更均匀。流变学特性表明,高电荷密度CMC能够增强乳液弹性和抗应变能力,提升乳液表观黏度及临界应变,同时减少蛋白质的聚集行为,提升乳液稳定性。该研究为低盐体系下MP乳化特性改良提供了科学的技术路径,为开发低盐乳化肉制品奠定基础,有助于推动多糖在新型低盐肉制品中的应用。

肌原纤维蛋白  /  羧甲基纤维素钠  /  非共价修饰  /  乳化特性  /  乳液稳定性

This study investigated the effects of non-covalent modification of polysaccharides with different charge density on the emulsifying properties of myofibrillar proteins (MP). Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with degree of substitution values of 0.7, 0.9, and 1.2 (correspond to low, medium, and high charge density) was selected to construct protein-polysaccharide complexes with salt-free MP. The emulsification behavior, rheological characteristics, and stability of CMC-modified MP emulsions were systematically investigated. Results indicated that CMC significantly enhanced the emulsifying activity of MP (P<0.05), with an emulsion activity index reaching 188.53%, representing a 3.83-fold increase. Furthermore, CMC also induced emulsion droplets to exhibit reduced size and narrower distribution. Rheological analysis revealed that high charge density CMC enhanced the elastic and strain-resistant properties of the emulsions. Meanwhile, it strengthened emulsion stability by increasing the apparent viscosity and critical strain levels while inhibiting protein aggregation. This study offers a scientific approach to enhancing the emulsifying properties of MP in low-sodium systems. This approach lays a foundation for the development of low-salt emulsion-based meat products and promoting the application of polysaccharides in novel low-salt meat formulations.

myofibrillar protein  /  carboxymethyl cellulose  /  non-covalent modification  /  emulsifying properties  /  emulsion stability
汪静洁, 柴家乐, 徐幸莲, 李凌云, 赵雪. 基于高电荷密度多糖非共价修饰的水溶性肌原纤维蛋白乳化特性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 131 -140 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080220
Jingjie WANG, Jiale CHAI, Xinglian XU, Lingyun LI, Xue ZHAO. Analysis of the Emulsifying Properties of Water-soluble Myofibrillar Proteins Based on Non-covalent Modification with High-charge Density Polysaccharides[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 131 -140 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080220
乳化肉制品具有独特风味,口感鲜嫩多汁、蛋白质含量高,兼顾便利性和营养性,逐渐成为消费者喜爱的肉制品之一[1]。肌原纤维蛋白(Myofibrillar protein,MP)是对乳化肉制品质量起决定性作用的主要蛋白质,占总量的50%~60%,是一种盐溶性功能蛋白[2],因此加工过程中需要添加大量的盐(0.6 mol/L)使其充分溶解并发挥优异的乳化性和凝胶性,从而保障产品的优良质地[3]。然而过高的盐分摄入给消费者带来了健康风险,包括心血管疾病、高血压和糖尿病[4]。为了实现健康饮食的目标,需要降低肉制品中的盐分含量,但是MP在低盐环境下溶解性和稳定性较差,限制了健康肉制品的开发[5]。因此,寻找一种合适的减盐方法以保证MP在低盐条件下也可保持优异的乳化和凝胶特性至关重要,这对制备健康的乳化肉制品也具有重要意义[6]。
多糖作为食品基质中的关键成分,因其能有效改善蛋白质的功能特性而受到广泛关注。多糖与蛋白质之间可以通过氢键和疏水相互作用发生非共价结合形成蛋白-多糖复合物[7],该复合物具有良好的功能特性,已被成功应用于改善蛋白质的溶解性、起泡性、乳化性、凝胶性和热稳定性等关键性质[8]。有研究表明,添加多糖极大提高了大豆分离蛋白乳液体系的流变特性及乳化稳定性,与纯蛋白乳液相比蛋白-多糖复合物体系储能模量提高了3倍,离心稳定性高达93%[9]。余函[10]研究也表明,果胶添加可以使肌原纤维蛋白凝胶持水性提高25.12%。将复合凝胶体系应用于鱼糜乳化香肠后,明显改善乳化香肠的保水性,同时优化了水分分布的构成并增大了其冻融稳定性。
羧甲基纤维素(Carboxymethyl cellulose,CMC),是一种纤维素羧甲基化后得到的阴离子多糖[11],具有凝胶、增稠等作用,被广泛用于食品加工行业[12]。前期研究发现,不同电荷密度的羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)可提升肌原纤维蛋白的溶解性和物理稳定性,高电荷密度CMC以强静电作用与氢键结合于MP表面,诱导MP构象重排并稳定其二级结构,同时CMC可屏蔽MP的疏水基团与巯基、增强分子间静电斥力,进而提升MP的水分子亲和力[13],随着CMC电荷密度的增加,MP/CMC复合物在水中的溶解度显著增加,高电荷密度MP/CMC复合物在无盐体系中的溶解度达到55.47%,接近高盐体系下(0.6 mol/L NaCl)的水平[14]。上述研究形成的高稳定MP/CMC复合物为突破传统高盐肉制品加工对高盐环境的依赖提供了潜力。基于此,本研究聚焦于利用CMC非共价修饰MP制得的水溶性蛋白-多糖复合物构建乳液体系,探究不同电荷密度多糖修饰对MP乳液特性改善的影响规律,为开发高品质、健康的乳化型肉制品奠定基础并提供有效的技术路径。
新鲜鸡胸肉、食用大豆油 南京市苏果超市;标准牛血清蛋白(Bovine serum albumin,BSA) 上海源叶生物有限公司;羧甲基纤维素钠CMC(取代度分别为 0.7、0.9、1.2,分子量为250 kDa,根据取代度从低到高分别名为LCMC、MCMC、HCMC) 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;实验中使用的所有试剂均为分析纯。
SIM-F124制冰机 日本SANYO公司;GM200斩拌机 德国Retsch公司;Shimadzu AUY 120分析天平 日本岛津公司;C-MAG HS4磁力搅拌机、Ultra Turrax T25高速匀浆机 德国IKA公司;Avanti J-E型离心机 美国Beckman Coulter公司;Fiveeasy台式pH计 美国Mettler公司;Spectra Max M2酶标仪 美国Molecular公司;Mastersizer 3000激光粒度仪 英国马尔文公司;Zetasizer Nano ZS 90 Zeta电位仪 英国Malvern公司;Scope A1光学显微镜 德国Carl Zeiss有限公司;Physical MCR 301动态流变仪 奥地利Anton Paar公司;Rheolaser Master微流变仪、Turbiscan多重光散射仪 法国Formulaction I’Union公司。
将冷鲜的鸡胸肉在冷藏室(4 ℃)解冻至少12 h,MP的提取参考李亚丽[15]的方法并稍加改进,整个过程保持在4 ℃条件下进行,所使用到的仪器与设备均提前进行预冷。具体步骤如下:首先将解冻的鸡胸肉剔除表面脂肪和结缔组织,切成1 cm3左右的小块斩拌成肉糜(3000 r/min,10 s),将所得肉糜与标准盐溶液(0.1 mol/L KCl,20 mmol/L K2HPO4/KH2PO4,1 mmol/L EGTA和2 mmol/L MgCl2)按1:4比例混合(w/v),接着在冰浴环境下匀浆(6700 r/min,30 s)两次,然后用双层纱布过滤,将滤液在4 ℃,2000×g转速下离心10 min,收集下层MP沉淀,重复上述匀浆-过滤-离心步骤两次。随后将第三次离心所得沉淀与0.1 mol/L KCl按1:4比例混合(w/v),匀浆(6700 r/min,30 s)两次后用双层纱布过滤,将滤液在4 ℃,2000 g转速下离心10 min,收集沉淀再重复上述匀浆-过滤-离心步骤一次。随后将所得沉淀与二级水按1:4比例混合(w/v),匀浆过滤后将滤液在4 ℃,3500×g转速下离心10 min,收集沉淀,重复上述匀浆-过滤步骤,最终将滤液在4 ℃,5000×g转速下离心10 min,所得膏状沉淀即为实验所需的MP,保存在4 ℃冷藏室以待后续分析。以BSA为标准蛋白,采用双缩脲法测定蛋白浓度。
将提取收集并测定浓度的MP用蒸馏水稀释到10 mg/mL,稀释后的MP等分为四组并保持4 ℃于磁力搅拌器上搅拌均匀,第一组作为对照组,标记为MP;其余三组在磁力搅拌(4 ℃,1000 r/min)条件下分别缓慢加入羧基取代度为0.7、0.9、1.2的羧甲基纤维素钠,CMC浓度为1 mg/mL,分别标记为MP/LCMC、MP/MCMC、MP/HCMC(分别对应低、中、高电荷密度),保持磁力搅拌30 min使多糖充分修饰MP,最终获得所需不同电荷密度多糖非共价修饰的MP溶液。同时制备不同电荷密度CMC溶液,浓度为1 mg/mL。
在上述制备得到溶液的基础上,将MP以及不同电荷密度修饰的MP溶液(10 mg/mL)和新鲜大豆油按4:1的体积比进行混合,用高速匀浆机以15000 r/min匀浆2次,每次30 s,制得乳液。
参考赵燕等[16]的方法测定乳化活性指数(Emulsifying activity index,EAI)与乳化稳定性指数(Emulsifying stability index,ESI),并稍作修改。制备好的新鲜乳液立即从管底吸取50 μL乳液,加入5 mL SDS溶液(0.1%,w/v),混合均匀后在500 nm处测定吸光度。随后将乳液静置30 min,再以上述同样的方法测定吸光度。EAI和ESI的计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{EAI(m}^{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{/g)=(2\times 2.303\times n\times A}_{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{)/[C\times (1-} \mathit{\varphi } \mathrm{)\times 10000]} $
$ \mathrm{ESI(\text{%})=A}_{ \mathrm{30}} \mathrm{/A}_{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{\times 100} $
式中,A0为0 min时测定的吸光度值;A30为静置30 min后测定的吸光度值;C为蛋白质浓度(mg/mL);n为稀释倍数;φ为乳液中油相体积占比(v/v)。
参考Chen等[17]的方法,使用电位仪测定MP、不同电荷密度修饰的MP溶液与乳液,以及不同电荷密度CMC溶液的Zeta-电位,仪器的平衡温度为25 ℃,选择带有电极的样品池,在90°和25 ℃参数条件下进行电位的测定,利用仪器自带软件的Smoulokowski模型由蛋白粒子的电泳迁移率计算出Zeta-电位。
使用电位仪测定乳液的粒径,仪器的平衡温度为25 ℃。测定粒径时,将样品稀释至0.5 mg/mL,装入1 cm路径长度的石英比色皿进行测定,检测角度设置为90°。
利用光学显微镜观察乳液的微观结构,参考祁悦[18]的方法并稍作修改,取样新鲜乳液100 μL滴在显微镜载玻片上后立即用盖玻片完全覆盖,随后使用20倍物镜及40倍物镜观察样品微观结构并拍照。
利用动态流变仪测定乳液的表观黏度,仪器的平衡温度设置为25 ℃。先将乳液样品均匀涂抹于半径为50 mm的平板探头上平衡30 s,平板间距设置为1 mm,然后记录剪切速率从0.1~100 s−1线性增加过程中样品的表观黏度值变化情况[19]。
使用频率扫描测试来测定乳液的黏弹性。首先通过应变扫描测试获得了乳液样品的线性黏弹区间(LVR),随后在1%(LVR内)的剪切应变下进行频率扫描测试,记录扫描频率从0.1~10 rad/s线性增加过程中储能模量G'和损耗模量G''的变化。
实验过程选用50 mm的平板,开始前先将样品置于流变仪载物台上平衡10 min,首先进行应变扫描测试以确定样品线性黏弹区,动态黏弹性测试的频率扫描范围为0.01~10 Hz, 温度设定为25 ℃。
乳液的宏观物理稳定性指数(Turbiscan stability index,TSI)的测定参考Yuan等[20]的方法。将20 mL新鲜乳液转移至玻璃小瓶中。然后,用近红外光(880 nm)在25 ℃下扫描3 h,得到宏观物理稳定性指数和背散射光强度变化情况。TSI按照下式进行计算:
$\rm T S I=\sum_{i} \frac{\Sigma_{h}\left|S_{i}(h)-S_{i-1}(h)\right|}{H} $
式中,Si(h)为第i次扫描高度h处的光强信号;Si-1(h)为第i-1次扫描高度h处的光强信号;H为样品总高度。
在扩散波光谱的基础上,参考Zhu等[21]的方法利用微流变仪对乳液的微流变行为进行测定。首先将20 mL新鲜制备的乳液转移至玻璃小瓶中,然后立即放至仪器的腔室。每组样品在25 ℃(±0.5 ℃)运行程序测定14 h,根据激光信号的变化采集黏弹性模量。测定数据由内部软件(Rheosoft Master 1.4.0.0)计算,并以均方位移(Mean square displacement,MSD)、弹性指数(Elasticity index,EI)、宏观黏度指数(Macroscopic viscosity index,MVI)和固液平衡指数(Solid-liquid balance,SLB)进行表征。
将20 mL新鲜制备的乳液转移至单独的玻璃小瓶中进行保存,用于贮藏期间(室温,22±0.5 ℃)乳析指数(Creaming index,CI)的测定。每24 h记录1次乳清层高度(Hs)和总溶液高度(H0)并持续168 h,CI按照下式表示:
$ \mathrm{CI(\text{%})=H}_{ \mathrm{s}} \mathrm{/H}_{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{\times 100} $
本实验设计所有指标至少进行3次独立重复实验,数据处理采用SPSS软件进行单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),并采用Duncan's多重比较分析处理组间的显著性差异水平,差异显著性设置为P<0.05。另外,采用Origin软件进行作图。
乳化活性指数EAI是指在水包油体系中每单位质量的蛋白质(g)能够乳化的油-水界面面积(m2),该指标反映了乳化过程中蛋白质在油-水界面吸附能力;乳化稳定性指数ESI表征了蛋白质在乳液储藏过程中稳定乳液体系的能力[22]。
如图1所示,在无盐体系中,与MP乳液相比,MP/LCMC和MP/MCMC复合物乳液的EAI及ESI均显著升高(P<0.05),其中MP/LCMC复合物最为突出,其EAI和ESI分别达20.21±0.40 m2/g和188.53%±3.76%,较MP乳液依次提升了38.90%和383.78%。研究指出蛋白质吸附在油滴表面是一个物理吸附过程,其吸附能力受蛋白质结构及表面疏水性变化的影响。经多糖非共价修饰后,蛋白质分子柔韧性增强[23],从而提升了其乳化活性,表现为更高的EAI值。此外,多糖的添加通常可提高界面膜的黏弹性能,预先形成的蛋白质-多糖复合物能有效作用于裸露的油水界面以稳定乳液[24];同时,蛋白质-多糖复合物间的静电排斥作用可降低界面负载[25],从而提高乳液稳定性,这些机制可对MP/CMC复合物乳液表征乳化稳定性的ESI均显著高于纯MP乳液的现象进行阐述。
各电荷密度多糖非共价修饰对各组样品的Zeta-电位的影响如表1所示。所有样品的Zeta-电位均为负值,这是由于MP等电点在5.5左右[15],而溶液体系的pH高于MP等电点,MP表面负电氨基酸更多,此时与CMC静电络合形成的蛋白质-多糖复合物同样带负电。结果显示,LCMC、MCMC、HCMC溶液的Zeta-电位依次为−39.77±1.32、−54.13±1.27、−60.50±0.87 mV,随着电荷密度升高,CMC溶液Zeta-电位绝对值逐渐增大,说明电荷密度越高,溶液中粒子表面电荷越多。MP溶液呈较弱负电性,与CMC结合后,溶液Zeta-电位绝对值显著增大(P<0.05),但不同电荷密度MP/CMC溶液的Zeta-电位绝对值无显著性差异,在乳液体系中也表现出类似的规律。这可能是因为单一CMC体系中,电荷密度升高使可解离阴离子基团增加,Zeta-电位绝对值随之增大;而MP/CMC复合体系中,MP易与CMC阴离子基团结合,低电荷密度CMC因其与MP的作用较弱,有较多游离负电荷,电荷密度升高导致CMC在MP分子表面的吸附作用增强,游离负电荷较少,从而缩小了因电荷密度不同导致的MP/CMC复合物间Zeta-电位差异[26]。结果表明CMC非共价修饰能够增强MP的电负性,强化蛋白质分子间的静电斥力,从而抑制乳液油滴发生聚集,提高乳液稳定性,这与MP/CMC复合物乳液ESI显著高于MP乳液的结果一致。Qiu等[27]研究结果也表明蛋白质-多糖复合物乳液的Zeta-电位绝对值同样高于纯蛋白乳液,添加多糖后乳液电位从−10 mV变为−35 mV。
乳液油滴的粒径大小是乳液的重要属性之一,可以反映蛋白质吸附和稳定在油-水界面上的能力[28]。D[4,3]值和D[3,2]值如表2所示,纯MP乳液D[4,3]值为16.30±0.41 μm。与MP乳液相比,MP/LCMC乳液和MP/MCMC乳液粒径减小(D[4,3]值分别降至15.84±0.59 μm和15.14±0.02 μm,D[3,2]值也同步显著降低(P<0.05),而MP/HCMC复合物乳液粒径回升。此结果可能是因为LCMC和MCMC通过与MP的协同作用增强乳液稳定性,乳液粒径减小。而MP/HCMC复合物乳液中,高电荷密度CMC因其分子链上的结合位点较多可附着更多的MP,可能导致界面吸附量增加,造成MP和CMC在乳滴表面的分布不均匀,这种MP或CMC在界面层内的不均匀分布削弱了油相的包裹作用,进而成为乳液粒径增大的主导因素[29]。光学显微镜下乳液的微观结构如图2所示,相比纯MP乳液,MP/CMC复合物乳液油滴更小,液滴分布也更加密集均匀。通常情况下,乳液的液滴粒径越小、分散越均匀,则说明乳化剂的表面活性越优良,乳化的效果越好[30]。综上,蛋白质-多糖复合物具有优于纯蛋白的表面活性,所制乳液具有更好的均一性,其在一定程度上解释了MP/CMC复合物乳液EAI高于纯MP乳液的原因。
通过表观黏度随剪切速率的变化可以反映溶液的稳态剪切特性,也常用来表征蛋白质分子之间的相互作用。如图3所示,随着剪切速率的增加,各组样品的表观黏度都随之降低,表现出非牛顿流体典型的剪切稀化行为。与纯MP乳液相比,MP/CMC复合物乳液具有更高的表观黏度,这表明多糖修饰能有效提高蛋白溶液的黏度。此外,随着CMC电荷密度的提高,MP/CMC复合物乳液表观黏度也随之提高。
乳液的黏度在很大程度上受到蛋白分子的大小、构象和分子之间的相互作用以及外来添加物性质的影响[31]。由于CMC存在许多羟基和羧基,其表现出优异的水结合能力和增稠能力,同时其可以通过各种非共价作用与蛋白质分子发生反应,从而提高蛋白溶液的表观黏度,这很好地解释了MP/CMC复合物乳液较纯MP乳液的黏度高。高电荷密度的CMC通常携带更多负电荷和亲水基团,其静电排斥及水化作用更强,且链高度伸展形成空间位阻,从而提高乳液黏度。已有研究证实,未添加CMC的蛋清蛋白溶液黏度显著低于含CMC体系[14],这一现象在本实验中得到一致性验证。而针对乳液体系的研究亦表明,CMC的引入可通过增强体系内的静电排斥效应与水化作用,促使分子链高度伸展形成空间位阻网络,最终导致乳液黏度的显著提升[32]。进一步研究发现,高电荷密度CMC参与构建的蛋白-多糖复合物表现出更强的黏性行为[33],这一结论与本实验中观察到的高电荷密度体系黏度增幅更为显著的现象形成互证。
频率扫描测试是表征乳液黏弹性特性的一种有效方法,储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')分别代表MP乳液的弹性和粘性。如图4所示,在线性黏弹区间范围内,所有乳液的G'值均高于G''值,且两条线没有相交。这表明乳液中存在弱凝胶体系,即液滴之间通过非共价物理交联形成了弹性的网络结构,使得乳液中弹性行为占主导而不是粘性行为。整体上看,MP/CMC复合物乳液G'值较纯MP乳液低,G''值比纯MP乳液高。
多糖与蛋白分子间形成物理交联节点,使得MP与CMC分子相互连接形成三维网状结构,当乳液受外力作用时,网络结构通过弹性形变储存能量,外力撤去后网络恢复原状,表现出弹性行为。研究表明,CMC的加入促进了蛋白质的聚集导致其凝胶结构改变,且在一定浓度下CMC的加入降低了大豆酸奶的G'和G''对振荡频率的敏感性[11],这一现象与本实验中观察到的网络弹性调控规律具有一致性。对于高电荷密度CMC,其链高度伸展,多点交联形成致密网络,使体系表现出更强的弹性特性。熊文飞[33]的研究结果表明,卵白蛋白(OVA)/CMC凝聚层形成了高度分子间交联的凝胶样网络结构,高电荷密度CMC具有更高的电泳迁移率,从而产生了更紧密的分子间交联结构,并表现出更高的弹性模量,这一结论与本研究中高电荷密度CMC体系呈现出的高弹性响应特征形成互证。
动态振荡扫描测试表征了乳液在不同振荡幅度下的样品黏弹性。如图5所示,在线性黏弹区域中,乳液的黏弹性无显著变化,输入的应变幅值为可恢复应变,乳液保持稳定。此时,MP/CMC复合物乳液G'和G''值均高于纯MP乳液,且随着CMC电荷密度的增加,G'值和G''值均增加。当达到临界应变时,乳液开始进入非线性黏弹区域。之后,G'开始急剧下降,G'与G''出现了交叉点,G''先上升后下降,形成非线性黏弹区的局部宽峰。临界应变定义为G'急剧下降开始时的应变,反映了乳液抵抗应变的能力。MP/CMC复合物乳液临界应变高于纯MP乳液,MP/CMC复合物乳液中,MP/HCMC临界应变最高,MP/LCMC临界应变最低。这表明多糖非共价修饰增强蛋白质网络结构,形成了凝胶强度较高的复合乳液[34],进而增强了蛋白乳液抗应变能力,提高了乳液的稳定性。
乳液是一种热力学不稳定体系,在静置贮藏过程中,液滴在重力作用及布朗运动的影响下,会发生分层、沉降、絮凝、聚集等多种失稳现象,导致较大油滴的形成[35]。ΔBS的值与油滴的大小和数量呈正相关,该值可以用于反映乳液体系的均一性和稳定性[36]。图6展示了不同电荷密度CMC修饰的MP乳液的平均背散射光强度ΔBS变化情况。通过比较6 h内乳液底部、中部和顶部背散射光强度的变化来反映整体乳液体系中液滴的运动及分散情况,进而说明乳液的稳定状况[37]。随着时间的延长,MP组样品ΔBS由负峰急剧转为正峰,说明纯MP乳液底部发生明显的液滴上浮现象,乳液分层现象明显,同时在顶部液滴聚集,表现为光强上升,而MP/CMC复合物乳液样品均未发生明显相分离,乳清层高度远远小于纯MP乳液,该结果表明蛋白质-多糖复合物具有更强的动态稳定性。同时,如图6所示,MP/CMC复合物乳液ΔBS表现出不同的变化幅度,其中MP/HCMC的ΔBS变化幅度最小,其次为MP/MCMC,而MP/LCMC变化幅度最大。结合Zeta-电位结果分析,一般来说,高的Zeta-电位绝对值意味着良好的稳定性,而聚结、絮凝或聚集通常在较低的Zeta-电位绝对值下发生[38]。高电荷密度的MP/CMC复合物由于强空间位阻效应,具有更优良的乳液稳定性。于鑫等[39]的研究亦证实,蛋白质与多糖的复合作用能够有效改善乳液的稳定性,且随着多糖分子质量的增大,其空间位阻显著增强,进一步提升乳液的稳定性。
TSI是监测乳液失稳过程(即分层、聚结和絮凝)的重要指标之一,通过多重光散射技术来量化乳液的物理稳定性[40]。TSI值越低,代表乳液的宏观物理稳定性越好[21]。如图7所示,随着测试时间的增加,四种乳液的动态不稳定性逐渐增大,MP/MCMC和MP/HCMC的TSI值后段趋于平缓,而MP和MP/LCMC的TSI值一直缓慢上升,TSI的最终值为MP>MP/LCMC>MP/MCMC>MP/HCMC,说明MP/CMC复合物乳液具有更强的乳液稳定性,且随着CMC电荷密度的增加,乳液稳定性也增强。任思等[41]也报道了相似的研究结果,他们发现添加一定量的CMC可以增强绿豆分离蛋白乳液稳定性,乳液未出现分层,水析现象得到抑制。
均方位移(MSD)是指运动颗粒在解相关时间内位移的统计平均值[42],由于乳液的液滴存在较为强烈的布朗运动,微流变可以通过跟踪液滴的布朗运动获得MSD值以此测定乳液样品的黏弹性特性[43]。如图8a所示,乳液样品的MSD随解相关时间增加而增大,且乳液MSD曲线分为开始阶段、平台区及结束阶段,出现平台区表明为黏弹性流体,在弹性平台区MP/LCMC、MP/MCMC、MP/HCMC曲线的斜率几乎为0,而MP平台区不明显。在突破平台区后各组MSD曲线斜率明显升高,且与解相关时间呈线性关系,说明乳液颗粒的运动速度变大,同时因颗粒的迁移MSD曲线随着时间逐渐变宽,表明了颗粒的黏弹性行为[44],与纯MP乳液相比,MP/CMC复合物乳液具有更高的黏弹性行为,说明高电荷密度CMC可以显著提升体系黏弹性,进而有效抑制油滴聚集与迁移,强化乳液稳定性,与ΔBS中MP/CMC复合物乳液样品均未发生明显相分离的结果相互印证。
EI可以表示样品弹性随时间的变化过程,其值对应于MSD平台值的倒数。如图8b所示,MP/CMC复合物乳液EI曲线随着储存时间的增加趋于平稳,说明多糖非共价修饰增加了乳液的弹性。EI值的增大表明乳液形成了致密的结构。较MP及MP/MCMC相比,高电荷密度CMC具有较高的EI值归因于其空间位阻和静电排斥导致较高的表面蛋白浓度和较厚的界面层[45],可以防止液滴的破坏和聚集,乳液相对稳定,与频率扫描结果相互印证。而纯MP乳液出现先急剧下降后上升的现象,这可能是由于纯MP乳液在较短的储存时间内发生了相分离[46]。
MVI为平台区域后MSD曲线的斜率,其值与宏观黏度具有相关性,能够反映乳液体系的流动性。粒子移动到一定距离的时间越长,表示液滴运动速度越低,MVI值越高。同时,粒子移动的越慢,乳液样品的黏度越强。MVI与零剪切黏度(η0)相关,能够表征体系结构承受低剪切效应的能力,通常结构较强的体系具有更大的MVI值。如图8c所示,MP/LCMC乳液MVI值最大,其最终值为0.153,黏度最大,其次是MP/HCMC和MP/MCMC,最小的是MP,与表观黏度结果基本一致。MP/CMC复合物乳液MVI值与纯MP乳液相比呈现升高的趋势,同时宏观黏度更高说明粒子需要更多的时间移动,粒子速度较低,这可能会提高乳液的稳定性[43]。
SLB值代表样品固体性质和液体性质的比率,能够反映固液特性。0<SLB<0.5时,体系中主要为固体行为;SLB=0.5时,体系中的固液行为同等;SLB>0.5时,体系中液体行为占主导。在较短的去相关时间内,SLB值对应了MSD平台区的斜率,该斜率数组越高则反映粒子移动速度越快,说明样品更趋向于液体。如图8d所示,起初各组乳液的SLB值都较大,而随时间延长SLB值逐渐降低,最后趋于稳定(未修饰的MP乳液除外),MP/LCMC、MP/MCMC、MP/HCMC乳液的SLB最终值小于0.5,说明体系中固体行为占主导作用,即弹性行为,这是因为高电荷密度CMC使样品黏度增加,导致乳液流动性降低,脂滴运动速率降低,固体行为更加明显[46]。MP乳液的SLB最终值约为0.5,表明体系中固液行为等同,纯MP乳液的SLB最终值高于MP/CMC复合物乳液,表明纯MP乳液具有相对更偏向液体主导的行为[47]。
乳析指数(CI)是衡量乳液稳定性的核心指标,CI值越小,表明乳浊液的分层程度越低、稳定性越好[48]。如图9、图10所示,随着储藏时间延长,乳液CI值不断增大,乳液发生分层,说明乳液存在乳析现象。第1~3 d时,MP/HCMC组乳液稳定性最佳,当贮藏至第7 d,该组乳析指数较其他实验组有所提升。具体数据显示,第7 d时纯MP 乳液的CI值为44.19%±1.07%,而MP/CMC复合物乳液的CI值均低于纯MP乳液,其中MP/LCMC组乳液CI值最低,仅为37.55%±1.34%。这可能是因为贮藏初期高电荷密度CMC可以显著降低界面张力,并借助空间位阻效应形成界面膜,从而稳定乳液[49];但随着时间的延长,界面膜遭到破坏,导致乳析指数快速升高。结果表明添加CMC能有效提高MP乳液的贮藏稳定性,这可能是因为多糖通过静电相互作用或氢键与界面上吸附的蛋白质形成复合物,增强了液滴间的静电排斥和空间位阻效应。已有研究结果表明,增加CMC浓度可通过提升乳浊液黏度限制液滴流动,从而抑制乳析现象的发生[48];而CMC稳定的蛋白乳液体系中,液滴间增强的静电排斥与空间位阻效应,能显著抑制液滴絮凝及析水现象[50]。这些结论与本实验中观察到的MP/CMC复合物乳液稳定性提升的结果高度吻合。
本研究系统探究了不同电荷密度多糖非共价修饰对肌原纤维蛋白(MP)乳化特性的影响。结果表明,CMC显著提高体系Zeta-电位绝对值,有效抑制油滴聚集和絮凝,使乳液油滴粒径减小且分布更均匀,从而显著提升乳化活性指数(EAI)和乳化稳定性指数(ESI),其中MP/LCMC复合物乳液EAI和ESI与MP乳液相比提升分别达38.90%和383.78%,MP与羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)通过静电相互作用形成蛋白质-多糖复合物,该复合物吸附于油-水界面后,其表面相同电荷产生静电斥力。同时,MP与CMC分子相互缠结形成三维网状结构,赋予体系弹性行为,增强了乳液抗应变能力与稳定性;高电荷密度CMC链高度伸展,可通过多点交联构建致密网络,使体系呈现更强的弹性特性,且MP/CMC复合物乳液表观黏度及临界应变随CMC电荷密度升高而增加。动力学稳定性实验、微流变及贮藏稳定性测试进一步证实:MP/CMC复合物形成的稳定三维微观网络可增强体系黏弹性,有效抑制乳析进程,且CMC电荷密度越高,网络结构稳定性越强,乳液贮藏性能越优异。该研究可为高品质低盐/无盐乳化型健康肉制品的定制化开发与工业化应用提供可行技术路径,有望推动低盐健康肉制品加工领域的技术创新与产品升级。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080220
  • 接收时间:2025-08-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-22
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    1肉品质量控制与新资源创制全国重点实验室,江苏南京 211800
    2农业农村部肉品加工重点实验室,江苏南京 211800
    3南京农业大学食品科技学院,江苏南京 211800
    4广东温氏佳味食品有限公司,广东云浮 527400

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赵雪(1992−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉品加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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