Article(id=1320886628202173195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080218, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755792000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853513049, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853513049, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853513049, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853513049, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=242, endPage=253, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886628462220044, articleId=1320886628202173195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Total Flavonoid Production from Chenpi via Solid-state Fermentation with Bacillus subtilis and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, we investigated solid-state fermentation (SSF) as a bioprocessing strategy to improve the total flavonoid yield and systematically evaluate the quality enhancement of Chenpi. Bacillus subtilis was selected as the optimal fermentation strain based on total flavonoid yield. The SSF process was systematically optimized through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology using a Box–Behnken design. Subsequently, the total flavonoid content, levels of four major flavonoid compounds (hesperidin, hesperetin, nobiletin, and tangeretin), and in vitro antioxidant activity, as evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, were compared between fermented and non-fermented Chenpi. Results showed that the optimized fermentation conditions were as follows: Inoculation volume of 20%, liquid-to-solid ratio of 0.8:1 mL/g, temperature of 34 ℃, and fermentation time of 25 h. Under these conditions, the total flavonoid yield reached 2.22%. Compared with the non-fermented control, the total flavonoid content in fermented Chenpi increased significantly by 21.08% (22.17±1.01 vs 18.31±1.02 mg RE/g, P<0.05). The contents of all four major flavonoid compounds were significantly elevated: hesperidin (9.15% enhancement, P<0.05), hesperetin (12.43% enhancement, P<0.05), nobiletin (13.21% enhancement, P<0.01), and tangeretin (12.15% enhancement, P<0.01). Furthermore, fermentation markedly enhanced antioxidant activity, as evidenced by the significant decrease in IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS+ radicals from 1.17 and 1.15 mg/mL to 0.83 and 0.69 mg/mL, respectively. In summary, SSF with B. subtilis is an effective method for simultaneously improving total flavonoid yield, enhancing individual flavonoid contents, and boosting antioxidant activity in Chenpi. This method provides a technical basis and shows great application potential for developing high-value Chenpi-based products.

, authors=Bei LIU*, Juan XU, Panpan FENG, Wenting JIANG, Huixiang JIN, Jinzhong HU, Hui REN, Huawei WEI, authorsList=Bei LIU, Juan XU, Panpan FENG, Wenting JIANG, Huixiang JIN, Jinzhong HU, Hui REN, Huawei WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bei LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886635009528599, articleId=1320886628202173195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=响应面法优化枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵陈皮总黄酮工艺及其抗氧化活性研究, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为优化陈皮固态发酵工艺,提升陈皮总黄酮含量及其抗氧化活性,本研究以总黄酮得率为指标筛选最佳发酵菌种(枯草芽孢杆菌),采用单因素实验和响应面法中Box-Behnken设计(Box-Behnken design,BBD)对枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵工艺进行优化,并对总黄酮的体外抗氧化活性进行研究。结果表明,最佳固态发酵工艺条件为接种量20%、液料比0.8:1 mL/g、发酵温度34 ℃、发酵时间25 h,此时总黄酮得率为2.22%。与未发酵陈皮(总黄酮含量为18.31±1.02 mg RE/g)相比,发酵陈皮总黄酮含量显著提升至22.17±1.01 mg RE/g(增加21.08%,P<0.05)。此外,发酵陈皮中橙皮苷(增幅9.15%,P<0.05)、橙皮素(增幅12.43%,P<0.05)、川陈皮素(增幅13.21%,P<0.01)和橘皮素(增幅12.15%,P<0.01)含量显著增加。抗氧化活性研究表明,发酵增强了总黄酮对DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的清除率,归因于发酵后川陈皮素和橘皮素等高活性黄酮含量增加。本研究证实枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵能有效提升陈皮中总黄酮含量并显著增强其抗氧化活性,该工艺在提升陈皮附加值方面具有应用潜力。

, authors=刘贝*, 徐娟, 冯盼盼, 姜文婷, 金慧翔, 胡进忠, 任辉, 魏华伟, authorsList=刘贝, 徐娟, 冯盼盼, 姜文婷, 金慧翔, 胡进忠, 任辉, 魏华伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘贝, authorNote=

刘贝(1991−),女,硕士,助教,研究方向:微生物生理,E-mail:

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刘贝(1991−),女,硕士,助教,研究方向:微生物生理,E-mail:。
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RSC Advances, 2020, 10(29): 16928−16941., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886662335419298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=62, rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李晓华, 徐玉娟, 欧国良, 等. 葡萄牙棒孢酵母转化对陈皮提取物及抗氧化活性的影响[J]. 食品与发酵工业, 2024, 50(21): 25−35. [LI X H, XU Y J, OU G L, et al. Effects of transformation of Clavispora lusitaniae CP-1 on the extract and antioxidant activity of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium[J]. Food and Fermentation Industries, 2024, 50(21): 25−35.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886662415111075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=62, rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI X H, XU Y J, OU G L, et al. Effects of transformation of Clavispora lusitaniae CP-1 on the extract and antioxidant activity of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium[J]. Food and Fermentation Industries, 2024, 50(21): 25−35., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886662503191460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=63, rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FU M Q, AN K J, XU Y J, et al. Effects of different temperature and humidity on bioactive flavonoids and antioxidant activity in Pericarpium Citri Reticulata (Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’)[J]. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 2018: 167-173., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886662582883237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=64, rfOrder=68, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO X, FAN R F, TAN L, et al. Recent advances in the applications of Bacillus subtilis in the fermentation of food: improving product quality and enhancing biological activity[J]. Food Research International, 2025, 117427., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886662679352230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=65, rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LONG X Y, ZENG X G, YAN H T, et al. Flavonoids composition and antioxidant potential assessment of extracts from Gannanzao navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv. Gannanzao) peel[J]. Natural Product Research, 2019, 35(4): 702−706., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886662763238311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=66, rfOrder=70, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO C, SHAN Y X, YANG Z Q, et al. Chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial and tyrosinase inhibition activities of extracts from Newhall navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv. Newhall) peel[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2020, 100(6): 2664−2674., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320886635487679256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886635500262169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, companyId=1320886635487679256, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Bozhou University, Bozhou 236800, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886635508650778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, companyId=1320886635487679256, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=亳州学院生物与食品工程系,安徽亳州 236800)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320886648867509069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Growth curves of four microorganisms (A) and impact of single-strain fermentation on the total flavonoid yield from Chenpi, figureFileSmall=WjhKnjAmTkh69X/AbftA8Q==, figureFileBig=+Pjdi0h4rYUtJkqAuHEclQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886648938812238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=CN, label=图1, caption=四种菌的生长曲线(A)及单一菌种发酵对陈皮总黄酮得率的影响(B)

注:MRS培养基有颜色,0 h时OD600 nm为0.4;不同字母表示差异显著(Tukey检验,P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=WjhKnjAmTkh69X/AbftA8Q==, figureFileBig=+Pjdi0h4rYUtJkqAuHEclQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886649584735055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of inoculation volume (A), liquid-to-solid ratio (B), fermentation temperature (C), and fermentation time (D) on the total flavonoid yield, figureFileSmall=zwntlJCvR5zyzTp3F2BFDg==, figureFileBig=WqrZgbpMmksrprlZ1NFiCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886649660232528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=CN, label=图2, caption=接种量(A)、液料比(B)、发酵温度(C)和发酵时间(D)对总黄酮得率的影响

注:不同字母表示各组间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=zwntlJCvR5zyzTp3F2BFDg==, figureFileBig=WqrZgbpMmksrprlZ1NFiCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886649735730001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Response surface plots and contour plots of the interactions between various factors on total flavonoid yield, figureFileSmall=1k54lp4d35w00gg/80Ra2Q==, figureFileBig=Z6USOo6nRZ8GJiTrGN4EZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886649844781906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各因素交互作用对总黄酮得率的响应面图与等高线图, figureFileSmall=1k54lp4d35w00gg/80Ra2Q==, figureFileBig=Z6USOo6nRZ8GJiTrGN4EZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886649932862291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of UHPLC chromatograms for the four main flavonoids in unfermented and fermented Chenpi, figureFileSmall=/nCVw9MPBbn886b3g1JywQ==, figureFileBig=oikqZEtECVpQMPaaPx+8CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886650025136980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=CN, label=图4, caption=未发酵与发酵陈皮中四种主要黄酮类化合物的UHPLC色谱图对比

注:A为标准品;B为未发酵;C为发酵陈皮中四种主要黄酮类化合物;1:川陈皮素,MRM:403.0→373.0;2:橘皮素,MRM:373.0→343.0;3:橙皮苷,MRM:609.0→301.0;4:橙皮素,MRM:301.2→164.0。

, figureFileSmall=/nCVw9MPBbn886b3g1JywQ==, figureFileBig=oikqZEtECVpQMPaaPx+8CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886650104828757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Scavenging rates of total flavonoids from dried tangerine peel on DPPH (A) and ABTS+ (B) free radicals, figureFileSmall=hRJQDy15XamrCyIVcPoZuw==, figureFileBig=h7XAabD03OIqnlIG/+3KvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886650192909142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=CN, label=图5, caption=陈皮总黄酮对DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的清除率

注:未发酵陈皮总黄酮的清除率在测试浓度范围内未达50%,故未计算其IC50,而VC在最低测试浓度的清除率已高于50%,其IC50值经外推估算得出;不同小写字母表示不同浓度数据间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=hRJQDy15XamrCyIVcPoZuw==, figureFileBig=h7XAabD03OIqnlIG/+3KvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886650285183831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factor level of BBD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平A:接种量
(%)
B:液料比
(mL/g)
C:发酵温度
(℃)
D:发酵时间
(h)
−1150.5:13112
0200.75:13424
1251:13736
), ArticleFig(id=1320886650369069912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

BBD试验因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平A:接种量
(%)
B:液料比
(mL/g)
C:发酵温度
(℃)
D:发酵时间
(h)
−1150.5:13112
0200.75:13424
1251:13736
), ArticleFig(id=1320886650448761689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Response surface BBD and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A:接种量
(%)
B:液料比
(mL/g)
C:发酵温度
(℃)
D:发酵时间
(h)
总黄酮得率
(%)
1200.5:134361.29
2200.75:134242.28
3150.5:134241.19
4250.5:134241.44
5200.75:131121.66
6200.5:137241.41
7250.75:131241.51
8250.75:137241.38
9150.75:137241.25
10201:131241.61
11200.75:131361.71
12201:134361.68
13150.75:134121.25
14150.75:134361.49
15150.75:131241.33
16200.75:137361.40
17250.75:134361.61
18200.75:134241.98
19200.75:137121.49
20200.75:134242.07
21251:134241.35
22200.5:134121.42
23201:137241.54
24200.75:134242.13
25151:134241.65
26250.75:134121.70
27200.75:134242.03
28200.5:131241.53
29201:134121.42
), ArticleFig(id=1320886650532647770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面Box-Behnken设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A:接种量
(%)
B:液料比
(mL/g)
C:发酵温度
(℃)
D:发酵时间
(h)
总黄酮得率
(%)
1200.5:134361.29
2200.75:134242.28
3150.5:134241.19
4250.5:134241.44
5200.75:131121.66
6200.5:137241.41
7250.75:131241.51
8250.75:137241.38
9150.75:137241.25
10201:131241.61
11200.75:131361.71
12201:134361.68
13150.75:134121.25
14150.75:134361.49
15150.75:131241.33
16200.75:137361.40
17250.75:134361.61
18200.75:134241.98
19200.75:137121.49
20200.75:134242.07
21251:134241.35
22200.5:134121.42
23201:137241.54
24200.75:134242.13
25151:134241.65
26250.75:134121.70
27200.75:134242.03
28200.5:131241.53
29201:134121.42
), ArticleFig(id=1320886650599756635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ANOVA results obtained by BBD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型2.0400140.145811.71<0.0001***
A-接种量0.057410.05744.610.0498*
B-液料比0.078410.07846.300.0250*
C-发酵温度0.064510.06455.180.0390*
D-发酵时间0.004810.00480.390.5446不显著
AB0.075610.07566.070.0273*
AC0.000610.00060.050.8260不显著
AD0.027210.02722.190.1614不显著
BC0.000610.00060.050.8260不显著
BD0.038010.03803.050.1024不显著
CD0.004910.00490.390.5405不显著
A²0.919510.919573.85<0.0001***
B²0.702110.702156.39<0.0001***
C²0.555910.555944.65<0.0001***
D²0.422610.422633.94<0.0001***
残差0.1743140.0125
失拟项0.1208100.01210.900.5944不显著
纯误差0.053540.0134
总误差2.220028
), ArticleFig(id=1320886650679448412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Box-Behnken设计方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型2.0400140.145811.71<0.0001***
A-接种量0.057410.05744.610.0498*
B-液料比0.078410.07846.300.0250*
C-发酵温度0.064510.06455.180.0390*
D-发酵时间0.004810.00480.390.5446不显著
AB0.075610.07566.070.0273*
AC0.000610.00060.050.8260不显著
AD0.027210.02722.190.1614不显著
BC0.000610.00060.050.8260不显著
BD0.038010.03803.050.1024不显著
CD0.004910.00490.390.5405不显著
A²0.919510.919573.85<0.0001***
B²0.702110.702156.39<0.0001***
C²0.555910.555944.65<0.0001***
D²0.422610.422633.94<0.0001***
残差0.1743140.0125
失拟项0.1208100.01210.900.5944不显著
纯误差0.053540.0134
总误差2.220028
), ArticleFig(id=1320886650759140189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Changes in total flavonoids and four predominant flavonoid compounds in Chenpi during solid-state fermentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数未发酵发酵P值显著性增幅(%)
总黄酮(mg RE/g)18.31±1.0222.17±1.010.049*21.08
橙皮苷(mg/g)6.56±0.077.16±0.090.022*9.15
橙皮素(μg/g)45.60±0.8051.27±0.760.023*12.43
川陈皮素(mg/g)9.31±0.0610.54±0.170.007**13.21
橘皮素(mg/g)7.82±0.088.77±0.120.002**12.15
), ArticleFig(id=1320886650838831966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886628202173195, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

未发酵、发酵陈皮中总黄酮及四种主要黄酮类化合物含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数未发酵发酵P值显著性增幅(%)
总黄酮(mg RE/g)18.31±1.0222.17±1.010.049*21.08
橙皮苷(mg/g)6.56±0.077.16±0.090.022*9.15
橙皮素(μg/g)45.60±0.8051.27±0.760.023*12.43
川陈皮素(mg/g)9.31±0.0610.54±0.170.007**13.21
橘皮素(mg/g)7.82±0.088.77±0.120.002**12.15
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响应面法优化枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵陈皮总黄酮工艺及其抗氧化活性研究
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刘贝 * , 徐娟 , 冯盼盼 , 姜文婷 , 金慧翔 , 胡进忠 , 任辉 , 魏华伟
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(6): 242-253
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (6) : 242 -253
响应面法优化枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵陈皮总黄酮工艺及其抗氧化活性研究
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刘贝* , 徐娟, 冯盼盼, 姜文婷, 金慧翔, 胡进忠, 任辉, 魏华伟
作者信息
  • 亳州学院生物与食品工程系,安徽亳州 236800
通讯作者:
刘贝(1991−),女,硕士,助教,研究方向:微生物生理,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘贝(1991−),女,硕士,助教,研究方向:微生物生理,E-mail:

Optimization of Total Flavonoid Production from Chenpi via Solid-state Fermentation with Bacillus subtilis and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity
Bei LIU* , Juan XU, Panpan FENG, Wenting JIANG, Huixiang JIN, Jinzhong HU, Hui REN, Huawei WEI
Affiliations
  • Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Bozhou University, Bozhou 236800, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080218
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为优化陈皮固态发酵工艺,提升陈皮总黄酮含量及其抗氧化活性,本研究以总黄酮得率为指标筛选最佳发酵菌种(枯草芽孢杆菌),采用单因素实验和响应面法中Box-Behnken设计(Box-Behnken design,BBD)对枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵工艺进行优化,并对总黄酮的体外抗氧化活性进行研究。结果表明,最佳固态发酵工艺条件为接种量20%、液料比0.8:1 mL/g、发酵温度34 ℃、发酵时间25 h,此时总黄酮得率为2.22%。与未发酵陈皮(总黄酮含量为18.31±1.02 mg RE/g)相比,发酵陈皮总黄酮含量显著提升至22.17±1.01 mg RE/g(增加21.08%,P<0.05)。此外,发酵陈皮中橙皮苷(增幅9.15%,P<0.05)、橙皮素(增幅12.43%,P<0.05)、川陈皮素(增幅13.21%,P<0.01)和橘皮素(增幅12.15%,P<0.01)含量显著增加。抗氧化活性研究表明,发酵增强了总黄酮对DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的清除率,归因于发酵后川陈皮素和橘皮素等高活性黄酮含量增加。本研究证实枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵能有效提升陈皮中总黄酮含量并显著增强其抗氧化活性,该工艺在提升陈皮附加值方面具有应用潜力。

陈皮  /  固态发酵  /  响应面法  /  总黄酮  /  抗氧化活性

In this study, we investigated solid-state fermentation (SSF) as a bioprocessing strategy to improve the total flavonoid yield and systematically evaluate the quality enhancement of Chenpi. Bacillus subtilis was selected as the optimal fermentation strain based on total flavonoid yield. The SSF process was systematically optimized through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology using a Box–Behnken design. Subsequently, the total flavonoid content, levels of four major flavonoid compounds (hesperidin, hesperetin, nobiletin, and tangeretin), and in vitro antioxidant activity, as evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, were compared between fermented and non-fermented Chenpi. Results showed that the optimized fermentation conditions were as follows: Inoculation volume of 20%, liquid-to-solid ratio of 0.8:1 mL/g, temperature of 34 ℃, and fermentation time of 25 h. Under these conditions, the total flavonoid yield reached 2.22%. Compared with the non-fermented control, the total flavonoid content in fermented Chenpi increased significantly by 21.08% (22.17±1.01 vs 18.31±1.02 mg RE/g, P<0.05). The contents of all four major flavonoid compounds were significantly elevated: hesperidin (9.15% enhancement, P<0.05), hesperetin (12.43% enhancement, P<0.05), nobiletin (13.21% enhancement, P<0.01), and tangeretin (12.15% enhancement, P<0.01). Furthermore, fermentation markedly enhanced antioxidant activity, as evidenced by the significant decrease in IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS+ radicals from 1.17 and 1.15 mg/mL to 0.83 and 0.69 mg/mL, respectively. In summary, SSF with B. subtilis is an effective method for simultaneously improving total flavonoid yield, enhancing individual flavonoid contents, and boosting antioxidant activity in Chenpi. This method provides a technical basis and shows great application potential for developing high-value Chenpi-based products.

Chenpi  /  solid-state fermentation  /  response surface methodology  /  total flavonoids  /  antioxidant activity
刘贝, 徐娟, 冯盼盼, 姜文婷, 金慧翔, 胡进忠, 任辉, 魏华伟. 响应面法优化枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵陈皮总黄酮工艺及其抗氧化活性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 242 -253 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080218
Bei LIU, Juan XU, Panpan FENG, Wenting JIANG, Huixiang JIN, Jinzhong HU, Hui REN, Huawei WEI. Optimization of Total Flavonoid Production from Chenpi via Solid-state Fermentation with Bacillus subtilis and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 242 -253 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080218
陈皮(Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium)主产于中国新会地区,作为药食两用资源,以其独特香气和卓越保健功效著称,具有理气健脾、燥湿化痰等功效,常用于缓解消化不良、腹泻呕吐以及痰多咳嗽等症[1−2]。研究表明,陈皮中含有黄酮类化合物、挥发油、多糖、酚酸及生物碱等活性成分[3−4],这些成分具有抗氧化[5]、抗炎[6]和免疫调节[7]等药理活性。其中黄酮类化合物作为陈皮中关键功能因子,在人体营养与健康方面发挥重要作用。陈皮中黄酮类化合物的生物活性与其存在形式和含量密切相关,研究表明黄酮类化合物多以糖苷形式存在,且其含量往往受贮藏年限影响[8]。因此,提高黄酮类化合物含量及实现黄酮苷的高效转化成为关键科学问题。
微生物固态发酵作为一种环境友好的生物转化技术,微生物在无游离水的非溶性基质上生长[9],目前已广泛用于酶制剂生产、饲料加工[10]、农业废弃物处理[11]及植物活性成分提取[12]等领域。固态发酵通过微生物的次级代谢合成活性成分及产生胞外酶分解植物基质中的活性物质,实现植物活性成分的定向转化与富集[13−14]。陈皮中的主要真菌为青霉属和曲霉属,随着陈化时间延长,曲霉属逐渐成为优势菌属[15]。研究表明,采用黑曲霉发酵可促进陈皮中橙皮苷转化并激发内源性化学反应[16],但受发酵时间和温度影响。红曲霉与酿酒酵母共发酵12 d使陈皮中游离黄酮含量增加48.12%,同时降低橙皮苷、柚皮苷等黄酮苷含量,提高黄酮苷元水平,从而增强抗氧化活性[17]。值得注意的是,黄酮苷元的抗氧化活性显著高于其糖苷形式,这是因为黄酮苷中3-位羟基被糖基取代后,其糖基化程度越高,抗氧化能力越弱[18]。
相较于真菌,陈皮中的细菌资源尤以芽孢杆菌属和乳酸球菌属最为丰富[19−20]。其中枯草芽孢杆菌不仅被美国食品药品监督管理局认定为“公认安全”,而且分泌用于黄酮转化与修饰的丰富酶系[21−22],因而在食品工业中得到广泛应用。其转化潜力已被多项研究证实:Zhang等[23]发现枯草芽孢杆菌LK和解淀粉芽孢杆菌M2显著提高刺五加叶中总多酚和黄酮含量以及抗氧化活性,同时β-葡萄糖苷酶和内切葡聚糖酶的活性也显著增强;大豆异黄酮只有在芽孢杆菌发酵过程中通过β-葡萄糖苷酶水解为游离苷元后才具备生物活性[24]。尽管上述研究凸显了枯草芽孢杆菌在黄酮转化方面的巨大潜力,但不同菌种乃至菌株间的代谢特性存在显著差异。因此,高效且安全的益生菌筛选及新型食品发酵策略的开发具有重要意义。
为此,本研究基于功能特性、安全性及与陈皮基质的适配性,选取产朊假丝酵母、植物乳杆菌、巴氏醋杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌作为候选菌种。通过初步实验比较其发酵性能,筛选出最佳发酵菌种。针对该最佳菌种,通过单因素实验和响应面法建立接种量、液料比、发酵温度、发酵时间的四维优化模型。采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术(Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS,UHPLC-MS/MS)定量分析未发酵和发酵陈皮中橙皮苷、橙皮素、川陈皮素和橘皮素含量变化。测定总黄酮对DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的清除率以评价其抗氧化活性。本研究旨在通过响应面法优化陈皮总黄酮固态发酵工艺,实现总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性的协同提升,为陈皮资源高值化利用提供技术支持。
陈皮(陈化三年) 安徽省亳州市中药材市场;枯草芽孢杆菌ATCC 6633、植物乳杆菌ATCC 8014、巴氏醋杆菌AS 1.41、产朊假丝酵母ACCC 20060 上海保藏微生物有限公司;无水乙醇、L-(+)-抗坏血酸(VC)、氢氧化钠、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)、葡萄糖、氯化钠、过硫酸钾、硝酸铝、亚硝酸钠 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;芦丁标准品、橙皮苷标准品、橙皮素标准品、川陈皮素标准品和橘皮素标准品 纯度≥98%,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(Potato dextrose agar,PDA)、马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基(Potato dextrose broth,PDB)、MRS肉汤培养基(De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe broth) 杭州百思生物技术有限公司;酵母浸粉、胰蛋白胨 生物试剂,天津市众联化学试剂有限公司;琼脂粉  BR级,南京全隆生物技术有限公司。
ZHWY-200D恒温培养振荡器、ZSPR-0430全自动新型生化培养箱 上海智城分析仪器制造有限公司;UV-6100紫外可见分光光度计 上海元析仪器有限公司;SW-CJ-1D超净工作台 上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司;101-AS数显式电热恒温干燥箱 上海琅玕实验设备有限公司;H1850R高速台式冷冻离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;YXQ-50A立式压力蒸汽灭菌器 上海博讯医疗生物科技股份有限公司;Tecan infinite M1000酶标仪 上海爱仪通网络科技有限公司;WB400US智能超声波清洗机 上海望标仪器有限公司;Bioscreen C Pro全自动生长曲线分析仪 芬兰Oy Growth Curves Ab公司;Nexera X2 LC-30AD超高效液相色谱仪 日本岛津公司;AB 5500 QTRAP质谱仪 美国Sciex公司。
将干燥陈皮粉碎成粉末,过100目筛,备用。
取1接种环产朊假丝酵母、巴氏醋杆菌、植物乳杆菌分别划线接种至PDA、GYE(3%葡萄糖、1.5%酵母浸粉、3.5%乙醇和2%琼脂)和MRS斜面培养基,30 ℃培养至长出菌落。另取1接种环枯草芽孢杆菌划线接种至LB斜面培养基,37 ℃培养至长出菌落。将上述活化菌种按2%(V/V)接种量,分别接入50 mL PDB、GYE、MRS和LB液体培养基中,制备种子培养物。其中植物乳杆菌静置培养,其余菌株在上述活化温度下培养12 h,转速为180 r/min。用紫外可见分光光度计测定菌体OD600 nm,吸光度值为0.6~0.8。
采用比浊法测定枯草芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌、巴氏醋杆菌、产朊假丝酵母四种菌的生长曲线。分别将活化的种子液以0.1%(V/V)接种量接入新鲜液体培养基,充分混匀。取400 μL菌液加入全自动生长曲线分析仪的专用微孔板,培养温度和转速详见1.2.2节。为保证读数稳定,测定前将微孔板静置3 min,随后在600 nm处读取吸光度值。每小时测定一次,所有实验均重复3次。
陈皮固态发酵参考张学鹏等[25]的方法并稍作修改:称取1 g陈皮粉,紫外线灭菌2 h[26]后置于50 mL灭菌离心管中,按照接种量10%(V/M)和液料比1:1 mL/g加入活化菌液,充分混匀,30 ℃静置培养48 h。发酵后将发酵产物置于40 ℃恒温干燥箱中烘干至恒重。取0.5 g样品,加入50%乙醇超声提取,每组3个重复。通过综合分析四种菌的生长特性及其固态发酵陈皮后总黄酮得率,筛选出最优发酵菌种。
采用筛选得到的最优菌种,以陈皮粉为发酵基质进行单因素实验。实验组均以发酵菌种筛选阶段采用的条件为基准:接种量10%、液料比1:1 mL/g、发酵温度30 ℃、发酵时间48 h,另设不接菌的陈皮粉为空白对照(未发酵组)。在此基准上,分别优化以下四个因素:接种量(5%、10%、15%、20%、25%)、液料比(0.5:1、0.75:1、1:1、1.25:1、1.5:1 mL/g)、发酵温度(25、28、31、34、37 ℃)和发酵时间(12、24、36、48、60 h)。改变以上某种因素,其他条件不变,分别考察不同因素对总黄酮得率的影响,确定最佳的单因素水平。
基于单因素实验结果,运用响应面法中Box-Behnken试验设计,探究接种量、液料比、发酵温度和发酵时间对陈皮总黄酮得率的影响,采用二次多项式回归方程优化固态工艺参数,重复试验验证,每个样品平行测定3次。BBD试验因素水平见表1。
称取芦丁5.0 mg,用50%乙醇溶解,定容至50 mL,即得0.1 mg/mL芦丁标准溶液。配制0.01、0.02、0.03、0.04、0.05 mg/mL芦丁系列标准溶液。分别取1 mL不同浓度的芦丁标准溶液,依次加入4.0 mL 30%乙醇、0.3 mL 5%亚硝酸钠溶液(静置6 min)、0.3 mL 10%硝酸铝溶液(静置6 min)以及4.0 mL 4%氢氧化钠溶液,用30%乙醇定容至10 mL,摇匀,静置15 min。以50%乙醇为空白对照,在510 nm处测定吸光度。以芦丁质量浓度(mg/mL)为横坐标、吸光度为纵坐标,拟合标准曲线方程为y=3.56x+0.0088(R2=0.9989)。
陈皮总黄酮提取参考Jiang等[27]的方法并稍作修改。称取0.5 g烘干至恒重的发酵陈皮粉,加入10 mL 50%乙醇,60 ℃水浴1 h后200 W超声处理30 min,抽滤后收集上清液并定容至50 mL,−20 ℃保存待测。移取1 mL粗取液至10 mL容量瓶中,依次加入0.3 mL 5%亚硝酸钠溶液(静置6 min)、0.3 mL 10%硝酸铝溶液(静置6 min)及4 mL 4%氢氧化钠溶液,用30%乙醇定容,静置15 min,于510 nm测吸光度。总黄酮得率计算公式如下:
$ \rm{总}黄酮得率(\text{%})=\frac{C\times V_3\times V_2}{M\times V_1\times1000}\times100 $
式中,C为总黄酮质量浓度,mg/mL;M为样品质量,g;V1为提取液测定时体积,mL;V2为样品提取液的总体积,mL;V3为测定样品时定容体积,mL。
采用UHPLC-MS/MS定量测定黄酮类化合物含量。岛津Nexera X2 LC-30AD超高效液相色谱仪采用Waters BEH C18色谱柱(2.1×100 mm,1.7 µm)进行分离。流动相A液为水含0.1% FA溶液,B液为乙腈含0.1% FA溶液。进样温度4 ℃,柱温40 ℃,流速300 μL/min,进样量5 μL。液相洗脱梯度程序设定:0~17.5 min,B液从3%线性变化至70%;17.5~18 min,B液从70%线性变化至95%;18~20 min,B液维持在95%;20~20.5 min,B液从95%线性变化至3%;20.5~23 min,B液维持在3%。
采用AB 5500 QTRAP 质谱仪在正(负)离子模式下进行质谱分析。离子源温度 550℃;离子源气体1(GS1)55;离子源气体2(GS2)55;气帘气(CUR)35;离子喷雾电压(IS)5500 V;采用MRM模式检测:橙皮素和橙皮苷在负离子模式下检测,川陈皮素和橘皮素在正离子模式下检测。检测离子对为橙皮素:301.2>164.0*(定量离子对)和301.2>151.0(定性离子对);橙皮苷:609.0>301.0*(定量离子对)和609.0>325.0(定性离子对);川陈皮素:403.0>373.0*(定量离子对)和403.0>388.0(定性离子对);橘皮素373.0>343.0*(定量离子对)和373.0>358.0(定性离子对)。
参考Wang等[28]的方法测定DPPH自由基清除率并稍作修改。制备0.8、0.4、0.2、0.1、0.05 mg/mL陈皮总黄酮溶液,分别取100 μL总黄酮溶液,加入100 μL 0.1 mmol/L DPPH溶液,充分振荡并摇匀,在室温条件下避光反应30 min,用酶标仪测定517 nm处的吸光度A1;100 μL无水乙醇代替100 μL DPPH溶液,测定吸光度A2;100 μL无水乙醇代替100 μL样品溶液,测定吸光度A0,VC为阳性对照。DPPH自由基清除率的计算公式如下:
$ \rm{\mathrm{DPPH}}自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{A_1-A_2}{A_0}\right)\times100 $
式中,A0为无水乙醇加DPPH溶液的吸光度;A1为样品溶液加DPPH溶液的吸光度;A2为样品溶液加无水乙醇的吸光度。
ABTS+自由基清除率测定参考Jiang等[29]的方法并稍作修改。将7.4 mmol/L ABTS溶液与2.6 mmol/L过硫酸钾溶液等体积混合,4 ℃避光反应12 h,用无水乙醇调整吸光度为0.7±0.02,即ABTS+自由基工作液。制备0.8、0.4、0.2、0.1、0.05 mg/mL陈皮总黄酮溶液,分别取100 μL不同浓度的总黄酮溶液,加入100 μL ABTS+自由基工作液,混匀后在黑暗条件下静置10 min,于734 nm处测定吸光度A1;无水乙醇替代样品溶液,测定吸光度A0;无水乙醇替代ABTS自由基工作液,测定吸光度A2,VC为阳性对照。ABTS+自由基清除率的计算公式如下:
$ \rm{\mathrm{ABTS}}^+自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{A_1-A_2}{A_0}\right)\times100 $
式中,A0为无水乙醇加ABTS+自由基工作液的吸光度;A1为样品溶液加ABTS+自由基工作液的吸光度;A2为样品溶液加无水乙醇的吸光度。
采用Design Expert 13软件进行回归分析与固态发酵工艺优化。每个样品平行测定3次,结果用均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示。对三组及以上独立样本进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),组间多重比较采用Tukey事后检验(Tukey's test),分析工具为OriginPro 2024;对两组相关样本采用配对t检验(paired t-test),分析工具为SPSSAU。P<0.05具有统计学意义。所有图均使用OriginPro 2024绘制。
本研究基于菌种的功能特性、安全性及与陈皮或柑橘基质的潜在适配性,选取枯草芽孢杆菌(陈皮陈化过程中的优势功能菌)、植物乳杆菌与产朊假丝酵母(已证实可在柑橘基质中良好生长[30])以及巴氏醋杆菌(柑橘发酵产品风味的关键菌种[31])进行菌种筛选。
四种菌的生长曲线(图1A)揭示了其显著的生长动力学差异,这些差异归因于其独特的代谢特性。枯草芽孢杆菌因其快速的环境适应能力,表现出最短的延滞期,且其指数生长趋势稳定;虽然产朊假丝酵母与植物乳杆菌的延滞期相当(<12 h),但前者因其高效的代谢能力,在培养72 h达到最高生物量,而后者则因产酸导致培养基酸化,在约26 h生长受到抑制而进入稳定期;相比之下,巴氏醋杆菌因其产酸代谢过程中产能效率低且受乙酸积累的强烈抑制,表现出最长的延滞期、最短的指数生长期和最低的生物量。
四种菌发酵陈皮后总黄酮得率如图1B所示。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌发酵陈皮后总黄酮得率最高(1.97%),其次为植物乳杆菌(1.78%)、产朊假丝酵母(1.44%)和巴氏醋杆菌(1.16%)。枯草芽孢杆菌的高效性主要归因于其分泌β-葡萄糖苷酶的能力[32],该酶可裂解黄酮糖苷键释放活性苷元(如橙皮素)。相比之下,植物乳杆菌同样具有分泌β-葡萄糖苷酶的能力,但在持续发酵过程中pH降至4.0以下会抑制该酶活性[33],并可降解部分黄酮。产朊假丝酵母在固态发酵中表现出良好的蛋白富集与纤维降解潜力,但产生的纤维素酶对陈皮纤维结构的影响可能有限。巴氏醋杆菌可能通过产酸促进黄酮溶出。
综合生长曲线与发酵效果,选择枯草芽孢杆菌作为最佳发酵菌种。本研究进一步凸显了枯草芽孢杆菌的独特优势。已有研究指出,黑曲霉发酵导致陈皮粉中橙皮苷、川陈皮素等关键黄酮损失[34],而植物乳杆菌中β-葡萄糖苷酶活性存在底物依赖性[35]。枯草芽孢杆菌无需在复杂优化条件下即可实现总黄酮含量提升及黄酮糖苷向苷元的转化,同步激活异黄酮生物合成通路,并赋予陈皮更丰富的果香与草本香气[36]。这种特性使枯草芽孢杆菌成为陈皮发酵的理想菌种。
接种量直接影响菌体生长和底物代谢速率。由图2A可知,陈皮总黄酮得率随接种量的增加呈先升后降趋势。当接种量从5%增加至20%时,总黄酮得率由1.55%显著增至2.09%(P<0.01)。过低接种量导致菌体生长缓慢,进而降低次级代谢产物的合成效率;适当提高接种量可确保充足的菌群快速建立代谢优势,其协同分泌的β-葡萄糖苷酶高效催化黄酮糖苷转化为苷元,从而显著提高总黄酮得率。当接种量继续增加至25%时,总黄酮得率显著降至1.93%(P<0.01)。这一现象表明,在陈皮这一特定固态基质中,过高的接种量会引发枯草芽孢杆菌的代谢瓶颈,可能是由于过量接种增加体系湿度与营养物质消耗,降低溶氧量进而影响代谢物质积累[37−38],导致枯草芽孢杆菌从催化转化转向生存竞争的代谢模式。因此,本研究确定最佳接种量为20%。该值高于枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵豆粕的接种量(12%)[39],但低于枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵菜籽粕所需的接种量(40%)[40],这表明在优化接种量时需综合考虑底物特性与发酵目标。
液料比直接影响固态发酵的传质效率与微生物代谢。如图2B所示,当液料比从0.5:1 mL/g增至0.75:1 mL/g时,总黄酮得率从1.76%增加至2.02%。适宜的液料比维持最佳湿度,在保障营养物质扩散的同时,优化了发酵基质的氧传递效率[41],为枯草芽孢杆菌合成β-葡萄糖苷酶提供了理想的有氧代谢环境,最终总黄酮得率提高了14.77%(P<0.01)。但液料比增加至1.5:1 mL/g时,总黄酮得率下降至1.49%(与0.75:1 mL/g相比,P<0.01),可能是由于液料比大于1:1 mL/g(湿度>50%)导致物料粘稠,阻碍氧传递,进而降低黄酮产量[23,42]。为实现菌体生长与黄酮积累的最佳平衡,确定0.75:1 mL/g(湿度42.86%)为最佳液料比。该结果与Mamy等[43]采用黑曲霉发酵陈皮的液料比(最适湿度80%)存在显著差异,这主要源于菌种的特异性:枯草芽孢杆菌需较高的溶氧量,湿度过大导致微生物缺氧;而黑曲霉耐低氧且菌丝穿透力强,更适应高湿环境。这表明在优化液料比时需充分考虑微生物的生理特性。
发酵温度是调控枯草芽孢杆菌酶活性与代谢效率的关键环境因子。如图2C所示,随着发酵温度升高,总黄酮得率呈现先增后降趋势。在发酵温度为34 ℃时总黄酮得率达到峰值2.30%(与25 ℃相比,P<0.01),而当温度升至37 ℃时总黄酮得率降至1.97%(与34 ℃相比,P<0.01)。这一现象表明枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵陈皮过程中存在一个明确的代谢最适温度,温度调控发酵进程的内在原因涉及其对细胞膜流动性等因素的影响[43−44]。不适宜的发酵温度会降低酶活性并影响代谢产物含量:低温导致微生物细胞膜的流动性下降,抑制菌体生长[45];高温降低发酵速率,减少总黄酮积累,可能是由于黄酮合成关键酶活性下降或黄酮类物质降解。因此,本研究确定34 ℃为枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵陈皮中实现黄酮高效生物转化的最适温度,与Zhu等[46]报道的枯草芽孢杆菌发酵黑豆的最适温度(34 ℃)一致。这表明枯草芽孢杆菌关键酶系的最适温度在不同发酵体系中可能保持一致。
发酵时间是影响微生物代谢产物积累的关键动态参数。如图2D所示,在发酵12~24 h时,总黄酮得率从2.04%升至2.18%,并在发酵24 h时达到峰值(P>0.05)。发酵初期微生物快速降解纤维素、蛋白质和果胶等成分,促进黄酮释放[47]。随着发酵进行,尤其是发酵时间延长至60 h,总黄酮得率降至1.90%(与24 h相比,P<0.05),这可能归因于:在营养物质耗竭条件下,前期产生的黄酮类物质被微生物消耗转化[48],以及枯草芽孢杆菌分泌β-葡萄糖苷酶对黄酮糖苷的水解作用,导致苷元含量增加[36],从而引起总黄酮含量下降。因此,本研究确定固态发酵陈皮的最佳时间为24 h,与Keong等[49]报道的枯草芽孢杆菌和凝结芽孢杆菌发酵豆渣的最适时间(24 h)一致。这表明24 h可能是枯草芽孢杆菌在多种固态发酵体系中完成关键生物转化的一个共性时间窗口。
在单因素实验基础上选取接种量、液料比、发酵温度和发酵时间为自变量,以总黄酮得率为响应值,共29组试验(含5组中心点),具体结果见表2。数据显示,枯草芽孢杆菌发酵陈皮总黄酮得率为1.19%~2.28%,表明各因素水平设置有效引发了响应值的显著变化,为模型构建与优化提供了基础。
通过Design Expert 13软件对表2数据分析得二次回归方程:Y=2.10+0.07A+0.08B−0.07C+0.02D−0.14AB−0.01AC−0.08AD+0.01BC+0.10BD−0.04CD−0.38A2−0.33B2−0.29C2−0.26D2。由表3可知,回归模型的P值小于0.0001,具有高度显著性;失拟项的P值为0.5944(不显著),表明该模型可以较好地反映试验的真实情况。模型决定系数R2=0.9213,表明实验值与预测值相关性良好。调整决定系数(R2Adj=0.8427)与预测决定系数(R2Pred=0.6483)差值小于0.2,信噪比(12.3740)大于4,证实模型具有良好预测能力与可靠性且符合响应面的精度要求。模型显著性分析表明,接种量(A)、液料比(B)和发酵温度(C)对总黄酮得率的影响显著(P<0.05),发酵时间(D)影响不显著(P>0.05)。发酵时间影响不显著主要归因于枯草芽孢杆菌固有的代谢特性:关键酶活性与总黄酮得率均在0~24 h快速上升并达到峰值[30];25~72 h,因菌种代谢能力下降及黄酮可能被消耗而降低。这种先增后降的趋势使发酵时间与总黄酮得率间难以建立稳定的线性关系,从而削弱了其在模型中的主效应。交互项中,仅接种量(A)与液料比(B)对总黄酮得率有显著影响(P<0.05),其余交互作用均不显著(P>0.05),表明液料比与接种量的组合共同调控发酵体系中有效生物量及其催化效率。二次项中,A2、B2、C2、D2的P值小于0.001。各因素对总黄酮得率的影响大小为液料比(B)>发酵温度(C)>接种量(A)>发酵时间(D)。回归模型的有效性得益于因素水平的合理设置,各因素水平覆盖总黄酮得率的关键响应区域。响应面优化的最佳工艺参数均位于设计空间内部,结合模型显著和失拟项不显著,表明各因素水平包含区域内的最优极值。
各因素交互作用对总黄酮得率的影响如图3所示。结果表明,接种量(A)和液料比(B)的交互作用对总黄酮得率的影响显著,表现为响应面曲率变化陡峭且等高线呈椭圆形。交互项中,两因素交互作用对陈皮总黄酮得率的影响大小顺序为AB>BD>AD>CD>BC=AC,该结论与表3的方差分析结果一致。从趋势上看,总黄酮得率随接种量(A)和液料比(B)的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势。值得注意的是,液料比的增加会提高总黄酮得率,但过高的接种量则会降低总黄酮得率。
通过响应面回归模型预测枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵陈皮工艺参数为接种量20.333%、液料比0.779:1 mL/g、发酵温度33.618 ℃、发酵时间24.703 h,此时总黄酮得率的预测值为2.11%。为了便于实验操作,将工艺参数调整为接种量20%、液料比0.8:1:1 mL/g、发酵温度34 ℃、发酵时间25 h,在此条件下总黄酮得率为2.22%,与预测值高度吻合,证实模型可靠性。该工艺条件下总黄酮得率相较于王慧芳等[50]报道的微波辅助提取陈皮总黄酮得率(1.35%±0.01%)高,表明微生物发酵法可作为传统提取方法的一种高效替代方案。其增效机制可能源于枯草芽孢杆菌分泌的纤维素酶、果胶酶等胞外酶系对陈皮致密结构的生物降解作用,从而促进结合态黄酮的溶出与转化。该菌种在发酵大麦[51]及与嗜酸乳杆菌共发酵提升金银花-决明子黄酮含量[52]等方面的应用,也体现了其功能酶系在转化植物活性成分的广泛适应性。不同研究间的黄酮含量差异,可能归因于提取原理、基质特性及关键工艺参数等变量的综合影响。
固态发酵通过微生物代谢促进药用植物中黄酮类化合物的释放或合成,从而提升其活性价值[53]。在陈皮发酵过程中,这一增效作用尤为突出。由表4可知,未发酵陈皮中总黄酮含量为18.31±1.02 mg RE/g,经枯草芽孢杆菌发酵后陈皮总黄酮含量显著增加至22.17±1.01 mg RE/g(增幅21.08%,P<0.05)。这一结果优于此前报道的黑曲霉固态发酵工艺:黑曲霉固态发酵橙皮24~48 h总黄酮含量从4.68±0.04 mg RE/g增至8.32±0.15 mg RE/g[54],黑曲霉发酵茶枝柑(Citrus reticulata 'Chachi')果皮中总黄酮含量由4.78±0.07 mg QE/g增加至6.06±0.11 mg QE/g(增加26.8%)[43]。这种差异可能源于:菌种特异性,枯草芽孢杆菌表现出更高的细胞壁降解酶活性[55];发酵底物的显著异质性,包括原料和加工状态的差异;工艺优化可进一步提升固态发酵效率。
UHPLC-MS/MS分析表明,枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵显著改变了陈皮中四种主要黄酮类化合物(川陈皮素、橘皮素、橙皮素、橙皮苷)的含量(表4,图4)。具体而言,橙皮苷(增幅9.15%,P<0.05)和橙皮素(增幅12.43%,P<0.05)的含量显著提高,川陈皮素(增幅13.21%,P<0.01)和橘皮素(增幅12.15%,P<0.01)的含量极显著提高。橙皮苷增幅较低主要受其双糖苷结构特性及菌体代谢的双重影响。橙皮苷的芸香糖苷结构依赖α-L-鼠李糖苷酶和β-D-葡萄糖苷酶的序贯水解。枯草芽孢杆菌若缺乏高效的初始水解酶,则限制橙皮苷释放,导致橙皮苷在发酵体系中相对积累。部分橙皮苷被水解为橙皮素,后者也可能作为碳源被菌体快速消耗[56],共同导致橙皮苷的净积累增幅相对较低。
值得注意的是,川陈皮素含量在未发酵和发酵陈皮中均最高,这与陈皮本身富含多甲氧基黄酮而含非甲基化黄酮苷较少有关[57],微生物发酵还可能通过甲基转移酶催化进一步增强这一趋势[17]。未发酵和发酵陈皮中橙皮素含量始终最低,这与其在植物体内含量较低有关。Liu等[58]发现解淀粉芽孢杆菌发酵陈皮后橘皮素和川陈皮素等含量显著上升,而橙皮苷含量无显著变化。这一变化趋势与陈皮自然陈化过程不同,Chen等[59]发现陈化过程中橙皮苷因微生物利用、酶促水解导致其含量降低,而川陈皮素和橘皮素可能通过甲基转移酶对黄酮糖苷键的催化作用显著增加其含量(增幅分别为298.36%、44.97%)。因此,黄酮转化差异反映了微生物发酵与自然陈化在作用机制上的根本区别,微生物发酵具有对多种黄酮成分更为全面和协同的转化能力。
DPPH自由基测定法是体外抗氧化能力评估的常用方法。DPPH自由基清除率结果显示(图5A),陈皮总黄酮浓度为0.05~0.8 mg/mL时,发酵组的清除率显著高于未发酵组(paired t-test,P<0.05),仅在浓度为0.2 mg/mL时未观察到显著差异(P=0.08)。具体而言,随着陈皮总黄酮浓度升高,未发酵组的清除率由1.85%增至39.37%(P<0.01),发酵组的清除率由3.90%增至50.33%(P<0.01)。值得注意的是,本研究中发酵陈皮总黄酮的IC50值远低于Jeon等[60]报道的枯草芽孢杆菌发酵大豆提取物的IC50值(3.16 mg/mL),表明本研究的发酵策略在提升陈皮抗氧化活性方面具有独特优势。固态发酵显著增强了陈皮中总黄酮对DPPH自由基的清除活性,可能是由于发酵过程中微生物的代谢活动促进了陈皮中抗氧化物质的生成和释放,如多酚和黄酮类化合物等[61]。
ABTS+自由基清除率结果如图5B所示,发酵陈皮与未发酵陈皮总黄酮对ABTS+自由基清除率均随浓度增加而增加。陈皮总黄酮浓度为0.05~0.8 mg/mL时,未发酵组的清除率由3.82%增加至40.82%(P<0.01),发酵组的清除率由6.56%增加至52.22%(P<0.01)。组间统计分析表明,发酵处理使陈皮中总黄酮对ABTS+自由基的清除活性提高了48.35%(paired t-test,P<0.01)。与Jeon等[60]报道的枯草芽孢杆菌发酵大豆提取物的(ABTS+自由基 IC50=1.69 mg/mL)相比,本研究中发酵陈皮黄酮显示出更强的清除能力。该结果与葡萄牙棒孢酵母发酵陈皮提升ABTS+自由基清除能力的研究相符[62]。这表明枯草芽孢杆菌发酵是提升植物基质抗氧化活性的有效策略,且对陈皮的转化效果尤为显著。
固态发酵后陈皮中川陈皮素和橘皮素含量极显著增加(P<0.01)。这些化合物B环上含有多个甲氧基,甲氧基引入影响黄酮分子与自由基间的反应效率,提示二者在增强抗氧化活性方面起关键作用。这与Fu等[63]关于陈皮储藏期间多甲氧基黄酮含量增加使抗氧化活性增强的结论一致。枯草芽孢杆菌通过分泌水解酶将结合态黄酮苷转化为苷元形式,同时释放功能性肽与多种小分子抗氧化物质,激活宿主内源性抗氧化防御系统[64],也可能与黄酮类化合物产生协同增效作用有关。Mamy等[43]在茶枝柑果皮发酵研究中同样观察到,固态发酵产物对ABTS+自由基和DPPH自由基的清除能力与总黄酮、橙皮苷、橙皮素及川陈皮素含量呈正相关,与本研究结论一致。Long等[65]和Guo等[66]也在柑橘类提取物研究中报道过类似规律。这表明枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵通过协同驱动高活性多甲氧基黄酮的富集与糖苷向苷元转化,增强了陈皮黄酮的抗氧化活性。
本研究通过响应面法优化了枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵陈皮总黄酮工艺,确定了最佳固态发酵工艺为接种量20%、液料比0.8:1 mL/g、发酵温度34 ℃、发酵时间25 h。在此条件下,陈皮总黄酮得率为2.22%,其含量由未发酵的18.31±1.02 mg RE/g显著提升至22.17±1.01 mg RE/g(增幅21.08%,P<0.05)。UHPLC-MS/MS分析表明,该工艺有效富集了橙皮苷、橙皮素、川陈皮素和橘皮素含量,其中川陈皮素与橘皮素含量增加尤为显著,分别增加了13.21%(P<0.01)和12.15%(P<0.01)。抗氧化活性研究表明,枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵增强了总黄酮对DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的清除率,这归因于发酵后川陈皮素和橘皮素等高活性成分的富集。本研究证实优化枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵工艺可同步提升陈皮总黄酮含量及其抗氧化活性,为陈皮黄酮的高值化利用及功能食品开发提供了科学依据。后续研究可聚焦于混合菌种发酵、发酵陈皮黄酮的体内生物活性、作用机制及其在具体产品中的应用。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080218
  • 接收时间:2025-08-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-22
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    亳州学院生物与食品工程系,安徽亳州 236800

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刘贝(1991−),女,硕士,助教,研究方向:微生物生理,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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