Article(id=1320882502961582514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080211, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755619200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852529516, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852529516, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852529516, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852529516, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=365, endPage=378, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882504316342708, articleId=1320882502961582514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Evaluation of Quality Differences and Processing Suitability of Yunnan Phyllanthus emblica L. Based on Intelligent Sensory Techniques and Multivariate Statistics, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the quality diversity and processing suitability of six representative Phyllanthus emblica L. varieties from Yunnan. Comprehensive analyses were conducted to determine appearance quality, physicochemical properties, bioactive components, antioxidant capacity, and flavor profiles using electronic tongue and electronic nose. Multivariate statistical techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and cluster analysis (CA), were employed to analyze the indicators and classify the varieties. The results revealed significant diversity among the varieties, with coefficients of variation exceeding 20% for 15 indicators, including a* value, single fruit weight, firmness, flavonoid content, and sugar-acid ratio. Distinct flavor profiles among the six varieties were effectively differentiated by a PCA model. PCA and PLS-DA identified 14 key indicators, such as total acidity, sourness, and sweet aftertaste, as core determinants of fruit quality. Cluster analysis based on these core indicators classified the varieties into four groups: 'Zaofeng' (Group Ⅰ), characterized by high levels of total acidity, flavonoids, and crude fiber, exhibiting strong responses to sourness, astringency, sweetness, sulfur compounds, nitrogen-containing substances, and aldehydes/ketones, contributing to a rich and complex flavor profile, suitable for processing fermented drinks or functional tablets; 'Yesheng' (Group Ⅱ), notable for its high ascorbic acid and total phenolic content, demonstrated excellent antioxidant properties and a pronounced sweet aftertaste, which could be processed as healthcare beverages. 'Yingyu' (Group Ⅲ), distinguished by bright and translucent fruit color, high firmness and flesh-to-seed ratio, minimal astringency, and low coarse fiber content, which were suitable for fresh consumption or processing ready-to-eat recreational products. 'Nuoganlan' 'Boligan', and 'Bingtian' (Group Ⅳ), featuring higher moisture content and juice yield, lower astringency and sourness, and prominent sulfur and aldehyde-ketone aromas, which could be processed as flavor-oriented beverages. Furthermore, pearson correlation analysis validated the effectiveness of these core indicators for comprehensive quality evaluation and established linear relationships among them. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the efficient screening of Phyllanthus emblica L. varieties and establishes a systematic framework for quality evaluation in targeted processing applications.

, authors=Huayan WANG1, Liyue QIN1, Xin HU1, Daiqin HE1, Haidan WANG1, Qiongling ZHAO2, Yuting HUANG3, Feifei MA1, *, authorsList=Huayan WANG, Liyue QIN, Xin HU, Daiqin HE, Haidan WANG, Qiongling ZHAO, Yuting HUANG, Feifei MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Feifei MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882506484797895, articleId=1320882502961582514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于智能感官与多元统计学的云南余甘子品质差异及加工适宜性评价, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究云南余甘子品种间的品质差异和加工适宜性,以云南6种代表性余甘子为研究对象,测定其外观品质、理化特性、活性成分与抗氧化能力等指标,利用电子舌和电子鼻进行滋味、气味指纹分析,并采用主成分分析、偏最小二乘判别分析和聚类分析等方法进行指标分析与品种分类研究。结果表明:a*值、单果重、硬度、黄酮、糖酸比等15项指标的变异系数均大于20%,品种间存在差异性;6种余甘子的风味指纹显著分化,主成分模型能有效区分品种间的差异。主成分分析和偏最小二乘法判别分析,确定总酸、酸味、甘味回味等14项指标是决定余甘子品质的核心指标。利用核心指标进行品种聚类,将余甘子分为四类,‘早丰’为第一类,总酸、黄酮和粗纤维含量高,在酸味、涩味、甘味、对硫化物、对含氮类物质和对醛酮类物质上具有强响应,风味层次丰富,适宜加工发酵饮品或功能含片;‘野生’为第二类,抗坏血酸、总酚含量突出,抗氧化性能优异,甘味回味明显,可开发保健饮品;‘盈玉’为第三类,果色鲜亮通透、硬度和果肉占比高、涩味不明显、粗纤维含量低,适宜鲜食或加工即食休闲产品;‘糯橄榄’‘玻璃甘’和‘丙甜’为第四类,水分含量和出汁率较高,酸涩味较低,硫化物和醛酮类香气突出,可开发风味导向型饮品。Pearson 相关性分析进一步验证了核心指标对余甘子品质的综合评价效果并构建了核心指标间的线性关系。本研究可为余甘子加工品种的高效筛选及系统性品质评价提供理论支撑。

, authors=王华艳1, 秦力悦1, 胡昕1, 何代琴1, 王海丹1, 赵琼玲2, 黄钰婷3, 马菲菲1, *, authorsList=王华艳, 秦力悦, 胡昕, 何代琴, 王海丹, 赵琼玲, 黄钰婷, 马菲菲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马菲菲, authorNote=

王华艳(1998−),女,硕士,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
马菲菲(1988−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
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Food Science and Biotechnology, 2023, 32(8): 1039−1047., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882531965194878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882502961582514, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=54, rfOrder=89, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUONG T T P, PAUL K, CAROLIEN B, et al. Influence of pH and composition on nonenzymatic browning of shelf-stable orange juice during storage[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2020, 68(19): 5402−5411., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882532053275263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882502961582514, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=55, rfOrder=90, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陆礼和, 梁建平, 田素梅, 等. HPLC指纹图谱结合4种指标含量测定的余甘子质量评价研究[J]. 化学试剂, 2024, 46(11): 81−89. [LU L H, LIANG J P, TIAN S M, et al. Study on quality evaluation of Phyllanthus emblica L. by HPLC fingerprint combined with content determination of four indicators[J]. Chemical Reagent, 2024, 46(11): 81−89.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882532137161344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882502961582514, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=55, rfOrder=91, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LU L H, LIANG J P, TIAN S M, et al. Study on quality evaluation of Phyllanthus emblica L. by HPLC fingerprint combined with content determination of four indicators[J]. Chemical Reagent, 2024, 46(11): 81−89., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882532225241729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882502961582514, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=56, rfOrder=92, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SITTHISAK I, KOBKIAT S. Transient production of H2O2 and NO induced by ascorbic acid coincides with promotion of antioxidant enzyme activity and reduction of pericarp browning of harvested longan fruit[J]. 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注:A. 水分、可溶性固形物;B. 总糖、还原糖;C. 总酸、pH;D. 粗纤维、糖酸比;不同小写字母表示不同组别间的显著性差异(P<0.05),图3同。

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注:A. 抗坏血酸、总酚、黄酮;B. 自由基清除率。

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注:*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001。

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Performance description of electronic nose sensor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号传感器名称响应物质性能描述
1S1短链烷烃对丙烷、烟雾敏感
2S2含碳物质对酒精、烟雾、异丁烷、甲醛敏感
3S3氢气对氢气、含氢气体敏感
4S4对硫化物对硫化氢、硫化物敏感
5S5对含氮类物质对氨气、胺类敏感
6S6对醛酮类对甲苯、丙酮、乙醇、氢气敏感
7S7短链烷烃类可燃气体等对甲烷、天然气、沼气敏感
8S8液化气对液化气敏感
9S9对烷烃、醇类、酮类等对甲苯、甲醛、苯、酒精、丙酮敏感
10S10对含氢、氢气等对氢气敏感
11S11对烷烃、一氧化碳等对液化气、烷烃敏感
12S12对部分有机溶剂对液化气、甲烷类敏感
13S13短链烷烃类对甲烷敏感
14S14对短链烷烃类对甲烷、燃气、烟雾敏感
15S15含碳类物质、醇类、醛类等对酒精、烟雾、异丁烷、甲醛敏感
16S16对硫化物对硫化氢、硫化物敏感
17S17对含氮类物质对氨气、胺类敏感
18S18对醛酮有机类对甲苯、丙酮、乙醇敏感
), ArticleFig(id=1320882517700366875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882502961582514, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电子鼻传感器性能描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号传感器名称响应物质性能描述
1S1短链烷烃对丙烷、烟雾敏感
2S2含碳物质对酒精、烟雾、异丁烷、甲醛敏感
3S3氢气对氢气、含氢气体敏感
4S4对硫化物对硫化氢、硫化物敏感
5S5对含氮类物质对氨气、胺类敏感
6S6对醛酮类对甲苯、丙酮、乙醇、氢气敏感
7S7短链烷烃类可燃气体等对甲烷、天然气、沼气敏感
8S8液化气对液化气敏感
9S9对烷烃、醇类、酮类等对甲苯、甲醛、苯、酒精、丙酮敏感
10S10对含氢、氢气等对氢气敏感
11S11对烷烃、一氧化碳等对液化气、烷烃敏感
12S12对部分有机溶剂对液化气、甲烷类敏感
13S13短链烷烃类对甲烷敏感
14S14对短链烷烃类对甲烷、燃气、烟雾敏感
15S15含碳类物质、醇类、醛类等对酒精、烟雾、异丁烷、甲醛敏感
16S16对硫化物对硫化氢、硫化物敏感
17S17对含氮类物质对氨气、胺类敏感
18S18对醛酮有机类对甲苯、丙酮、乙醇敏感
), ArticleFig(id=1320882517784252956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882502961582514, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria of Phyllanthus emblica L.

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指标评价标准评分参考
外观
(20分)
黄绿色,色泽均匀,有光泽,果形饱满,无褶皱15~20
浅黄绿色,色泽较均匀,光泽度适中,果形基本规整,轻微凹凸10~14
有黄褐色斑块,色泽不均匀,暗淡无光,果形不规则或褶皱5~9
深褐色/黑斑,有杂色,无光泽,果形干瘪或破裂1~4
质地
(20分)
果皮薄韧易咬破,果肉脆嫩多汁,无纤维感15~20
果皮硬度适中,果肉脆嫩,汁液适中10~14
果皮过厚或韧性不足,果肉干涩/绵软,汁液少5~9
果皮木质化或易破碎,果肉粗韧或汁液流失1~4
回甘度
(20分)
回甘强且持久,化渣15~20
回甘明显,较化渣10~14
回甘强度弱,轻微化渣5~9
无回甘或有异味,不化渣1~4
涩味度
(20分)
微涩且涩味消失快15~20
涩味稍明显10~14
酸涩且涩味残留时间长5~9
苦涩且强烈涩感难消退1~4
甜香感
(20分)
酸甜平衡,层次清晰,甜香味浓郁15~20
酸甜基本协调,有甜香感10~14
余甘子果味过酸/过淡,甜香感一般5~9
酸味掩盖风味,无甜香感1~4
), ArticleFig(id=1320882517889110557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882502961582514, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

余甘子感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标评价标准评分参考
外观
(20分)
黄绿色,色泽均匀,有光泽,果形饱满,无褶皱15~20
浅黄绿色,色泽较均匀,光泽度适中,果形基本规整,轻微凹凸10~14
有黄褐色斑块,色泽不均匀,暗淡无光,果形不规则或褶皱5~9
深褐色/黑斑,有杂色,无光泽,果形干瘪或破裂1~4
质地
(20分)
果皮薄韧易咬破,果肉脆嫩多汁,无纤维感15~20
果皮硬度适中,果肉脆嫩,汁液适中10~14
果皮过厚或韧性不足,果肉干涩/绵软,汁液少5~9
果皮木质化或易破碎,果肉粗韧或汁液流失1~4
回甘度
(20分)
回甘强且持久,化渣15~20
回甘明显,较化渣10~14
回甘强度弱,轻微化渣5~9
无回甘或有异味,不化渣1~4
涩味度
(20分)
微涩且涩味消失快15~20
涩味稍明显10~14
酸涩且涩味残留时间长5~9
苦涩且强烈涩感难消退1~4
甜香感
(20分)
酸甜平衡,层次清晰,甜香味浓郁15~20
酸甜基本协调,有甜香感10~14
余甘子果味过酸/过淡,甜香感一般5~9
酸味掩盖风味,无甜香感1~4
), ArticleFig(id=1320882517977190942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882502961582514, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Appearance characteristics and quality characteristics of Phyllanthus emblica L.

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品种单果重量(g)纵径(mm)横径(mm)果形指数肉厚(mm)可食率(%)出汁率(%)L*a*b*
BT13.96±1.35c24.65±0.75c30.56±0.45d0.80±0.03c1.00±0.10d88.64±0.89ab39.40±0.05d46.05±0.83e4.99±0.41a27.62±0.31b
YY44.24±2.68a39.26±1.48a45.35±0.47a0.87±0.04b1.55±0.05a89.67±0.3ab68.89±0.09a52.55±0.13b2.34±0.16b30.49±1.86a
BLG10.90±0.57d23.81±0.35c27.50±0.34e0.86±0.02b0.88±0.03e85.47±0.76d46.01±0.10c47.86±0.67d−1.47±0.45c24.37±1.22c
NGL17.73±1.22b26.52±0.17b32.68±0.20c0.81±0.01c1.30±0.05b88.08±0.98bc52.18±0.23b46.79±1.25de4.82±0.12a25.72±0.21bc
ZF18.07±1.68b27.01±0.43b33.80±0.17b0.80±0.01c1.15±0.05c86.89±1.15cd39.43±0.08d49.57±0.68c3.05±0.44b27.54±1.85b
YS4.53±0.20e17.89±0.76d19.66±0.17f0.91±0.04a0.68±0.03f79.38±0.76e33.66±0.10e58.38±1.35a−3.11±0.71d16.28±1.17d
平均值18.2426.5231.590.841.0986.3646.6050.261.7725.34
变异系数(%)68.8424.3524.385.316.164.0124.768.73173.6018.11
), ArticleFig(id=1320882518082048543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882502961582514, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

余甘子外观品质特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种单果重量(g)纵径(mm)横径(mm)果形指数肉厚(mm)可食率(%)出汁率(%)L*a*b*
BT13.96±1.35c24.65±0.75c30.56±0.45d0.80±0.03c1.00±0.10d88.64±0.89ab39.40±0.05d46.05±0.83e4.99±0.41a27.62±0.31b
YY44.24±2.68a39.26±1.48a45.35±0.47a0.87±0.04b1.55±0.05a89.67±0.3ab68.89±0.09a52.55±0.13b2.34±0.16b30.49±1.86a
BLG10.90±0.57d23.81±0.35c27.50±0.34e0.86±0.02b0.88±0.03e85.47±0.76d46.01±0.10c47.86±0.67d−1.47±0.45c24.37±1.22c
NGL17.73±1.22b26.52±0.17b32.68±0.20c0.81±0.01c1.30±0.05b88.08±0.98bc52.18±0.23b46.79±1.25de4.82±0.12a25.72±0.21bc
ZF18.07±1.68b27.01±0.43b33.80±0.17b0.80±0.01c1.15±0.05c86.89±1.15cd39.43±0.08d49.57±0.68c3.05±0.44b27.54±1.85b
YS4.53±0.20e17.89±0.76d19.66±0.17f0.91±0.04a0.68±0.03f79.38±0.76e33.66±0.10e58.38±1.35a−3.11±0.71d16.28±1.17d
平均值18.2426.5231.590.841.0986.3646.6050.261.7725.34
变异系数(%)68.8424.3524.385.316.164.0124.768.73173.6018.11
), ArticleFig(id=1320882518170128928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882502961582514, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Texture characteristics of Phyllanthus emblica L.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种硬度(N)粘附性(N·mm)内聚性弹性(mm)咀嚼性(mJ)
BT21.95±0.40e0.01±0.00b0.80±0.04a0.97±0.08c16.11±0.38e
YY99.02±0.38a0.04±0.01a0.70±0.02c1.63±0.09a112.23±0.37a
BLG30.42±0.25d0.01±0.00b0.79±0.06ab0.98±0.04c23.35±0.58d
NGL33.67±0.46c0.01±0.00b0.79±0.01ab1.13±0.04b30.33±0.37c
ZF64.92±0.83b0.02±0.01b0.72±0.05bc1.17±0.04b56.34±0.50b
YS21.64±0.74e0.01±0.00b0.70±0.03c0.76±0.07d12.18±0.20f
平均值45.270.020.751.1141.76
变异系数(%)78.727.1924.7862.0582.86
), ArticleFig(id=1320882518291763745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882502961582514, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

余甘子质构特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种硬度(N)粘附性(N·mm)内聚性弹性(mm)咀嚼性(mJ)
BT21.95±0.40e0.01±0.00b0.80±0.04a0.97±0.08c16.11±0.38e
YY99.02±0.38a0.04±0.01a0.70±0.02c1.63±0.09a112.23±0.37a
BLG30.42±0.25d0.01±0.00b0.79±0.06ab0.98±0.04c23.35±0.58d
NGL33.67±0.46c0.01±0.00b0.79±0.01ab1.13±0.04b30.33±0.37c
ZF64.92±0.83b0.02±0.01b0.72±0.05bc1.17±0.04b56.34±0.50b
YS21.64±0.74e0.01±0.00b0.70±0.03c0.76±0.07d12.18±0.20f
平均值45.270.020.751.1141.76
变异系数(%)78.727.1924.7862.0582.86
), ArticleFig(id=1320882518396621346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882502961582514, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Core value and variance contribution rate of principal component analysis of Phyllanthus emblica L. quality index

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指标PC1PC2PC3PC4PC5
水分含量(X1)−0.77−0.18−0.09−0.130.01
粗纤维含量(X2)0.910.400.36−0.10−0.19
可溶性固形物(X3)0.940.230.100.21−0.12
pH(X4)−0.540.68−0.180.410.15
横径(X5)−0.370.070.73−0.29−0.01
纵径(X6)−0.32−0.100.70−0.270.02
肉厚(X7)−0.330.110.85−0.34−0.28
单果重量(X8)−0.26−0.150.95−0.19−0.03
果形指数(X9)0.40−0.72−0.030.190.10
可食率(X10)0.48−0.04−0.430.750.06
出汁率(X11)−0.330.340.37−0.360.78
L*值(X12)0.48−0.04−0.430.750.06
a*值(X13)−0.330.440.37−0.360.76
b*值(X14)0.360.34−0.900.330.08
硬度(X15)0.09−0.040.94−0.290.14
粘附性(X16)−0.02−0.270.60−0.070.12
内聚性(X17)−0.630.19−0.29−0.19−0.10
弹性(X18)−0.24−0.050.79−0.33−0.03
咀嚼性(X19)−0.01−0.120.95−0.250.09
总糖含量(X20)−0.390.01−0.450.80−0.09
还原糖含量(X21)−0.34−0.35−0.610.48−0.40
总酸含量(X22)0.420.250.40−0.810.30
糖酸比(X23)−0.26−0.02−0.220.92−0.15
抗坏血酸含量(X24)0.96−0.08−0.07−0.130.35
总酚含量(X25)0.960.07−0.21−0.20−0.26
黄酮含量(X26)0.910.370.21−0.30−0.11
ABTS+自由基清除率(X27)0.940.22−0.15−0.11−0.15
DPPH自由基清除率(X28)0.690.06−0.42−0.47−0.20
羟自由基清除率(X29)0.940.11−0.210.21−0.14
甜味(X30)−0.31−0.08−0.510.75−0.29
酸味(X31)0.62−0.080.31−0.890.08
苦味(X32)0.66−0.080.170.18−0.04
涩味(X33)0.96−0.13−0.31−0.110.07
甘味(X34)0.980.24−0.34−0.220.13
咸味(X35)0.670.33−0.09−0.14−0.02
苦味回味(X36)0.510.41−0.23−0.060.10
涩味回味(X37)0.79−0.06−0.33−0.140.07
甘味回味(X38)0.980.11−0.43−0.33−0.06
S1(X39)0.690.57−0.040.340.33
S2(X40)0.410.36−0.240.790.13
S3(X41)−0.19−0.38−0.070.50−0.27
S4(X42)0.370.97−0.090.09−0.05
S5(X43)0.350.94−0.100.02−0.05
S6(X44)−0.020.970.03−0.130.07
S7(X45)0.150.51−0.02−0.010.28
S8(X46)0.470.78−0.060.080.25
S9(X47)0.300.74−0.020.450.02
S10(X48)0.170.770.59−0.150.21
S11(X49)0.500.75−0.100.090.01
S12(X50)0.240.79−0.02−0.060.10
S13(X51)0.120.740.04−0.200.01
S14(X52)−0.320.970.10−0.49−0.03
S15(X53)0.320.91−0.180.250.36
S16(X54)0.340.94−0.010.020.05
S17(X55)−0.220.93−0.200.170.12
S18(X56)−0.270.770.03−0.33−0.22
感官评分(X57)0.410.380.090.160.93
初始核心值17.7614.7011.398.492.74
方差贡献率(%)31.1625.7919.9814.894.80
累积方差贡献率(%)31.1656.9576.9391.8196.61
), ArticleFig(id=1320882518535033379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882502961582514, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

余甘子品质指标主成分分析核心值及方差贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标PC1PC2PC3PC4PC5
水分含量(X1)−0.77−0.18−0.09−0.130.01
粗纤维含量(X2)0.910.400.36−0.10−0.19
可溶性固形物(X3)0.940.230.100.21−0.12
pH(X4)−0.540.68−0.180.410.15
横径(X5)−0.370.070.73−0.29−0.01
纵径(X6)−0.32−0.100.70−0.270.02
肉厚(X7)−0.330.110.85−0.34−0.28
单果重量(X8)−0.26−0.150.95−0.19−0.03
果形指数(X9)0.40−0.72−0.030.190.10
可食率(X10)0.48−0.04−0.430.750.06
出汁率(X11)−0.330.340.37−0.360.78
L*值(X12)0.48−0.04−0.430.750.06
a*值(X13)−0.330.440.37−0.360.76
b*值(X14)0.360.34−0.900.330.08
硬度(X15)0.09−0.040.94−0.290.14
粘附性(X16)−0.02−0.270.60−0.070.12
内聚性(X17)−0.630.19−0.29−0.19−0.10
弹性(X18)−0.24−0.050.79−0.33−0.03
咀嚼性(X19)−0.01−0.120.95−0.250.09
总糖含量(X20)−0.390.01−0.450.80−0.09
还原糖含量(X21)−0.34−0.35−0.610.48−0.40
总酸含量(X22)0.420.250.40−0.810.30
糖酸比(X23)−0.26−0.02−0.220.92−0.15
抗坏血酸含量(X24)0.96−0.08−0.07−0.130.35
总酚含量(X25)0.960.07−0.21−0.20−0.26
黄酮含量(X26)0.910.370.21−0.30−0.11
ABTS+自由基清除率(X27)0.940.22−0.15−0.11−0.15
DPPH自由基清除率(X28)0.690.06−0.42−0.47−0.20
羟自由基清除率(X29)0.940.11−0.210.21−0.14
甜味(X30)−0.31−0.08−0.510.75−0.29
酸味(X31)0.62−0.080.31−0.890.08
苦味(X32)0.66−0.080.170.18−0.04
涩味(X33)0.96−0.13−0.31−0.110.07
甘味(X34)0.980.24−0.34−0.220.13
咸味(X35)0.670.33−0.09−0.14−0.02
苦味回味(X36)0.510.41−0.23−0.060.10
涩味回味(X37)0.79−0.06−0.33−0.140.07
甘味回味(X38)0.980.11−0.43−0.33−0.06
S1(X39)0.690.57−0.040.340.33
S2(X40)0.410.36−0.240.790.13
S3(X41)−0.19−0.38−0.070.50−0.27
S4(X42)0.370.97−0.090.09−0.05
S5(X43)0.350.94−0.100.02−0.05
S6(X44)−0.020.970.03−0.130.07
S7(X45)0.150.51−0.02−0.010.28
S8(X46)0.470.78−0.060.080.25
S9(X47)0.300.74−0.020.450.02
S10(X48)0.170.770.59−0.150.21
S11(X49)0.500.75−0.100.090.01
S12(X50)0.240.79−0.02−0.060.10
S13(X51)0.120.740.04−0.200.01
S14(X52)−0.320.970.10−0.49−0.03
S15(X53)0.320.91−0.180.250.36
S16(X54)0.340.94−0.010.020.05
S17(X55)−0.220.93−0.200.170.12
S18(X56)−0.270.770.03−0.33−0.22
感官评分(X57)0.410.380.090.160.93
初始核心值17.7614.7011.398.492.74
方差贡献率(%)31.1625.7919.9814.894.80
累积方差贡献率(%)31.1656.9576.9391.8196.61
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基于智能感官与多元统计学的云南余甘子品质差异及加工适宜性评价
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王华艳 1 , 秦力悦 1 , 胡昕 1 , 何代琴 1 , 王海丹 1 , 赵琼玲 2 , 黄钰婷 3 , 马菲菲 1, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(15): 365-378
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (15) : 365 -378
基于智能感官与多元统计学的云南余甘子品质差异及加工适宜性评价
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王华艳1 , 秦力悦1, 胡昕1, 何代琴1, 王海丹1, 赵琼玲2, 黄钰婷3, 马菲菲1, *
作者信息
  • 1云南省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,云南昆明 650221
  • 2云南省农业科学院热区生态农业研究所,云南楚雄 651300
  • 3元谋艾莱克食品有限责任公司,云南楚雄 651300
通讯作者:
马菲菲(1988−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王华艳(1998−),女,硕士,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

Evaluation of Quality Differences and Processing Suitability of Yunnan Phyllanthus emblica L. Based on Intelligent Sensory Techniques and Multivariate Statistics
Huayan WANG1 , Liyue QIN1, Xin HU1, Daiqin HE1, Haidan WANG1, Qiongling ZHAO2, Yuting HUANG3, Feifei MA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Kunming 650221, China
  • 2Institute of Tropical Eco-agriculture Sciences, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chuxiong 651300, China
  • 3Yuanmou Alec Food Co., Ltd., Chuxiong 651300, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080211
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为探究云南余甘子品种间的品质差异和加工适宜性,以云南6种代表性余甘子为研究对象,测定其外观品质、理化特性、活性成分与抗氧化能力等指标,利用电子舌和电子鼻进行滋味、气味指纹分析,并采用主成分分析、偏最小二乘判别分析和聚类分析等方法进行指标分析与品种分类研究。结果表明:a*值、单果重、硬度、黄酮、糖酸比等15项指标的变异系数均大于20%,品种间存在差异性;6种余甘子的风味指纹显著分化,主成分模型能有效区分品种间的差异。主成分分析和偏最小二乘法判别分析,确定总酸、酸味、甘味回味等14项指标是决定余甘子品质的核心指标。利用核心指标进行品种聚类,将余甘子分为四类,‘早丰’为第一类,总酸、黄酮和粗纤维含量高,在酸味、涩味、甘味、对硫化物、对含氮类物质和对醛酮类物质上具有强响应,风味层次丰富,适宜加工发酵饮品或功能含片;‘野生’为第二类,抗坏血酸、总酚含量突出,抗氧化性能优异,甘味回味明显,可开发保健饮品;‘盈玉’为第三类,果色鲜亮通透、硬度和果肉占比高、涩味不明显、粗纤维含量低,适宜鲜食或加工即食休闲产品;‘糯橄榄’‘玻璃甘’和‘丙甜’为第四类,水分含量和出汁率较高,酸涩味较低,硫化物和醛酮类香气突出,可开发风味导向型饮品。Pearson 相关性分析进一步验证了核心指标对余甘子品质的综合评价效果并构建了核心指标间的线性关系。本研究可为余甘子加工品种的高效筛选及系统性品质评价提供理论支撑。

余甘子  /  智能感官分析  /  主成分分析  /  偏最小二乘判别分析  /  聚类分析  /  相关性分析  /  加工适宜性

This study investigated the quality diversity and processing suitability of six representative Phyllanthus emblica L. varieties from Yunnan. Comprehensive analyses were conducted to determine appearance quality, physicochemical properties, bioactive components, antioxidant capacity, and flavor profiles using electronic tongue and electronic nose. Multivariate statistical techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and cluster analysis (CA), were employed to analyze the indicators and classify the varieties. The results revealed significant diversity among the varieties, with coefficients of variation exceeding 20% for 15 indicators, including a* value, single fruit weight, firmness, flavonoid content, and sugar-acid ratio. Distinct flavor profiles among the six varieties were effectively differentiated by a PCA model. PCA and PLS-DA identified 14 key indicators, such as total acidity, sourness, and sweet aftertaste, as core determinants of fruit quality. Cluster analysis based on these core indicators classified the varieties into four groups: 'Zaofeng' (Group Ⅰ), characterized by high levels of total acidity, flavonoids, and crude fiber, exhibiting strong responses to sourness, astringency, sweetness, sulfur compounds, nitrogen-containing substances, and aldehydes/ketones, contributing to a rich and complex flavor profile, suitable for processing fermented drinks or functional tablets; 'Yesheng' (Group Ⅱ), notable for its high ascorbic acid and total phenolic content, demonstrated excellent antioxidant properties and a pronounced sweet aftertaste, which could be processed as healthcare beverages. 'Yingyu' (Group Ⅲ), distinguished by bright and translucent fruit color, high firmness and flesh-to-seed ratio, minimal astringency, and low coarse fiber content, which were suitable for fresh consumption or processing ready-to-eat recreational products. 'Nuoganlan' 'Boligan', and 'Bingtian' (Group Ⅳ), featuring higher moisture content and juice yield, lower astringency and sourness, and prominent sulfur and aldehyde-ketone aromas, which could be processed as flavor-oriented beverages. Furthermore, pearson correlation analysis validated the effectiveness of these core indicators for comprehensive quality evaluation and established linear relationships among them. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the efficient screening of Phyllanthus emblica L. varieties and establishes a systematic framework for quality evaluation in targeted processing applications.

Phyllanthus emblica L.  /  intelligent sensory analysis  /  principal component analysis  /  partial least squares discriminant analysis  /  cluster analysis  /  correlation analysis  /  processing suitability
王华艳, 秦力悦, 胡昕, 何代琴, 王海丹, 赵琼玲, 黄钰婷, 马菲菲. 基于智能感官与多元统计学的云南余甘子品质差异及加工适宜性评价. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 365 -378 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080211
Huayan WANG, Liyue QIN, Xin HU, Daiqin HE, Haidan WANG, Qiongling ZHAO, Yuting HUANG, Feifei MA. Evaluation of Quality Differences and Processing Suitability of Yunnan Phyllanthus emblica L. Based on Intelligent Sensory Techniques and Multivariate Statistics[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 365 -378 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080211
余甘子(Phyllanthus emblica L.)又名橄榄,系大戟科叶下珠属植物,在我国云南、广东、广西、福建、贵州等地广泛分布[1],其中,以云南的野生余甘子资源最为丰富。作为传统药食同源水果,余甘子在中医上被用于治疗血热[2]、消化不良及腹胀[3]等症。现代研究进一步表明,余甘子富含膳食纤维、维生素、多酚及黄酮等多种生物活性成分[4],因此具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、免疫调节[5]、抗炎[6]及抗癌[7]等多种生理功效,开发前景广阔。近年来,以余甘子为原料的果脯蜜饯、果汁饮品、功能含片等加工产品不断涌现[8−10],通过加工可有效改善余甘子酸涩口感,提升产品附加值。
云南作为我国余甘子的核心产区,种质资源丰富[4],但受遗传背景、气候与土壤等因素的影响,不同品种间果实品质差异显著[1]。加工适宜性研究是实现原料精准选用、优化加工工艺的基础,有助于提升产品品质与市场竞争力。但当前研究多聚焦于单一维度的成分分析[11−13]或特定产品的滋味评价上[14],尚缺乏针对加工适宜性的系统研究。因此,有必要系统评估不同品种余甘子的加工适宜性,建立科学评价体系,指导品种选育与加工筛选。智能感官分析技术能够精准捕捉产品的质地与风味信息,电子鼻和电子舌已广泛用于苹果、柑橘等水果的风味评价[15−16],但在余甘子领域的应用较少。主成分分析、偏最小二乘判别分析等多元统计方法已在陈醋[17]、茶叶[18]和中药材[19]等领域实现品种分类与品质判别,可借鉴用于余甘子的品质分析评价上。
总体而言,当前研究多聚焦于单一维度的指标、成分分析或活性评价上,缺乏多维度品质指标与多元统计学方法相结合的加工适宜性综合研究。因此,本研究以产自云南主要产区的6种代表性余甘子为研究对象,系统分析其外观品质、理化特性、活性成分与抗氧化能力、风味特性、感官评价等多维指标;利用主成分分析、偏最小二乘法判别分析、相关性分析和聚类分析方法明确不同品种余甘子的品质差异及加工适宜性,并构建核心指标集之间的关联性,可为余甘子原料筛选提供精准依据。
选取‘丙甜’‘盈玉’‘玻璃甘’‘糯橄榄’‘早丰’‘野生’6个代表性加工原料品种 采摘2024年12月中旬至下旬均在最佳食用成熟期的果实进行试验[20]。‘丙甜’(BT)产自云南红河;‘盈玉’(YY)和‘早丰’(ZF)产自云南大理;‘玻璃甘’(BLG)产自云南玉溪;‘糯橄榄’(NGL)产自云南保山;‘野生’(YS)产自云南楚雄。选择管理、长势、成熟度一致且果树生长良好、无病虫害的6个品种植株(树龄6年),每个品种采摘10株,每株分东南西北4个方向分别采集,每个方向采摘50颗成熟果实,混匀后用保鲜盒分装并放于4 ℃保温箱中,当天运回实验室。选择大小、色泽均匀的新鲜果实,洗净晾干,单果重量、纵径、横径、果肉厚、可食率、出汁率、色泽、质构指标用新鲜果实测定;其余指标去核,果肉经液氮冷冻后于−80 ℃超低温冰箱保存备用;蒽酮、邻苯二甲酸氢钾、亚硝酸钠、碳酸钠、盐酸、醋酸、硫酸、偏磷酸、过氧化氢 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;葡萄糖标准品、抗坏血酸标准品、没食子酸标准品、芦丁标准品(以上标准品纯度≥99%)、福林酚、ABTS+自由基清除率试剂盒、DPPH自由基清除率试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;2,6-二氯靛酚、3,5-二硝基水杨酸、硝酸铝、草酸 天津市风船化学试剂有限公司;氢氧化钠 成都金山化学试剂有限公司;无水乙醇 云南景锐科技有限公司;过硫酸钾 天津致远化学试剂有限公司;上述试剂均为分析纯。
ME204电子分析天平、pH计 梅特勒托利多仪器有限公司;BPG-9140A精密鼓风干燥箱、BWS-5恒温水槽与水浴锅 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;TGL-16M冷冻离心机、Multiskan GO酶标仪 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;CM-5台式色差仪 日本柯尼卡美能达公司;TM-Touch食品质构测定仪 美国Food Technology Corporation公司;IP54电子数显卡尺 成都成量工具集团有限公司;PR-32型数显折射仪 ATAGO爱拓仪器有限公司;FSJ-A03E1型粉碎机 小浣熊电器有限公司;KQ-700DE数控超声波清洗器 昆山市超声仪器有限公司;SA402B Plus味觉分析系统 日本Insent;C-Nose型电子鼻 上海保圣科技有限公司。
单果重、横径、纵径、果肉厚参照DB/T 1295-2024《余甘子种质资源描述规范》方法测定。单果重和可食率测定:每个品种随机挑选5颗果实,用电子天平测定质量,剥离果肉与果核,并计算可食率(可食率=果肉质量/单果质量)。横径、纵径和果形指数测定:电子数显卡尺测定横截面最大处为横径,果蒂至果脐处为纵径,并计算果形指数(果形指数=果实纵径/果实横径)。果肉厚测定:于果实赤道部横径最大处,使用数显游标卡尺垂直插入果肉,避开果核,测量两侧果皮至果核表面的垂直距离。出汁率测定:去核后的余甘子果实,果肉用粉碎机破碎,用一层100目纱布滤出果汁,称取果汁质量,并计算出汁率(出汁率=果汁重量/鲜果重量)。采用CM-5型台式色差仪测定果皮色泽,每组样品测定5次,每次测定果实的3个面,取平均值,色泽用L*值(亮度)、a*值(红/绿度)及b*值(黄/蓝度)表示[21]。
采用食品质构仪对余甘子的质构特性进行测定。硬度的测定采用穿刺法[22],测试参数为:P/2探头(直径2 mm)、测前速率1 mm/s、贯入速率1 mm/s、测后速率10 mm/s、触发力5 N、穿刺深度5.0 mm。粘附性、内聚性、弹性和咀嚼性实验参数设置参照胡翔等[23]的方法稍作修改:TPA模式,探头P/0.5R,感应元件50 N,测试高度50 mm,检测速率90 mm/min,起始力0.15 N,触发力1 N,形变量25%。余甘子中水分、总酸和粗纤维参照GB/T 5009.3-2016《食品中水分的测定 直接干燥法》、GB/T 12456-2021《食品中总酸的测定 酸碱指示剂滴定法》,结果以柠檬酸计、GB/T 5009.10-2003《植物类食品中粗纤维的测定》中所述的方法进行测定。采用pH计测定pH;采用数显折射仪测定可溶性固形物含量。可溶性固形物含量与可滴定酸含量的比值即为糖酸比。
总糖和还原糖的提取参照王丽等[24]的方法并加以改进。称取1.0 g样品粉末,加入10 mL体积分数60%乙醇溶液,200 W超声提取30 min,8000 r/min离心15 min,上清液为提取液。总糖采用苯酚-硫酸法测定[25],还原糖采用二硝基水杨酸法测定[24]。
抗坏血酸的测定参照GB/T 5009.86-2016《食品中抗坏血酸的测定 2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法》。总酚和黄酮的提取参照刘祚祚等[26]的方法并加以改进。称取1 g样品粉末,加入10 mL体积分数60%的乙醇溶液,60 ℃、200 W超声提取40 min,12000 r/min离心15 min,上清液为提取液。总酚含量的测定参照Rambaran[27]的方法并加以改进。取1 mL提取液,依次加入1 mL福林酚与5 mL蒸馏水,室温避光静置6 min,再加入3 mL 20%碳酸钠溶液,45 ℃水浴15 min,在760 nm波长处测定吸光度。黄酮含量的测定参照陈洪彬等[28]的方法并加以改进。取0.6 mL提取液,依次加入0.2 mL 5%亚硝酸钠溶液和0.2 mL 10%硝酸铝溶液,混匀后避光静置6 min,随后加入0.2 mL 4%氢氧化钠溶液和0.8 mL 60%的乙醇溶液,充分混匀后避光反应15 min,于510 nm波长处测定吸光度。ABTS+自由基清除能力、DPPH自由基清除能力采用试剂盒微量法测定,羟自由基清除能力的测定采用水杨酸比色法[29]。
样品制备参考谢倩等[30]的方法并加以改进。取10.0 g经液氮速冻后粉碎的样品与100 mL蒸馏水混合,用50 Hz超声波浸提30 min后,取上清液抽滤,取80 mL滤液分别倒入样品杯中编号待检。传感器最初需在30 mmol/L KCl溶液和0.3 mmol/L酒石酸溶液中浸泡90 s进行清洗,再在参比溶液中浸泡120 s,最后将传感器浸入样品溶液中进行测定,每个样品重复测定6次。
采用C-Nose型电子鼻对余甘子香气轮廓进行测定,电子鼻由18根金属氧化传感器组成,每根传感器对应一类或几类敏感性物质,如表1所示。参考Liu等[31]的方法并加以改进,准确称取3.0 g样品于20 mL顶空瓶中,用聚四氟乙烯硅塞密封,30 ℃平衡30 min后进行分析。样品测定间隔时间1 s,传感器冲洗持续60 s,自动调零时间10 s,预采样时间5 s,样品测试时间180 s,操作环境温度25 ℃,载气流量、进样流量均为1 L/min,每个样品重复测定6次。
评价指标参照NY/T 2667.16-2020《热带作物品种审定规范 第16部分:橄榄》、许长同[32]、谢倩等[30]的鲜食品质评价方法稍作修改。选择外观、质地、回甘度、涩味度、甜香感5个影响鲜食和加工的品质因素进行品质评价,具体评价标准如表2所示。
本实验外观及质构指标测定为5次重复,电子舌和电子鼻测定为6次重复,其余所有测定指标均为3次重复,结果以平均值±标准差表示,采用IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0软件进行方差分析、主成分分析、皮尔逊相关性分析和聚类分析,采用Duncan多重比较法进行显著性检验,显著水平为P<0.05,采用SIMCA 14.1软件进行偏最小二乘法分析,采用Origin 2021软件进行绘图。
不同品种余甘子外观如图1所示,外观品质特性如表3所示。结果表明,单果重量范围为4.53~44.24 g,YY单果重量最大,YS单果重量最小,变异系数为68.84%。横径和纵径范围分别为19.66~45.35 mm和17.89~39.26 mm,变异系数分别为24.38%和24.35%。可食率范围为79.38%~89.67%,YY可食率最高,YS可食率最低,变异系数为4.01%。果形指数是描述果实形状的量化指标[33],YS果形指数为0.91,显著高于其他品种(P<0.05),果实呈圆形,而其余5种果形指数均在0.80~0.90之间,果实呈扁圆形。余甘子果肉厚度是决定加工产品类型的重要指标,果肉较厚的品种,加工后口感丰富,具有良好的咀嚼性,肉厚范围为0.68~1.55 mm,YY肉厚最大,YS肉厚最小,变异系数为6.16%。出汁率是决定水果适宜制汁的重要指标之一,高出汁率可有效降低果汁生产成本。出汁率范围为33.66%~68.89%,YY出汁率最高,YS出汁率最低,变异系数为24.76%,本研究中YY和YS出汁率相差接近2.05倍,高于张雯雯等[34]1.5倍的研究结果,可能是产地和采收期不同导致的。不同品种余甘子色值差异显著(P<0.05),L*值范围为46.05~58.38,YS的L*值最大,BT的L*值最小,变异系数为8.73%。a*值范围为−3.11~4.99,BT的a*值最大,YS的a*值最小,变异系数尤为突出,为173.60%。b*值范围为16.28~30.49,YY的b*值最大,YS的b*值最小,变异系数为18.11%。
余甘子的质构特性是评价其加工适宜性和产品口感的重要指标[35]。如表4所示,硬度和咀嚼性范围分别为21.64~99.02 N、12.18~112.23 mJ,变异系数分别高达78.72%、82.86%,其中YY和ZF的硬度和咀嚼性显著高于其他品种(P<0.05),适合如果脯、蜜饯等需保持形态的加工方式。余甘子的弹性和内聚性会影响产品的成型性与咀嚼回弹性,弹性和内聚性范围分别为0.76~1.63 mm和0.70~0.80,变异系数分别为62.05%、24.78%。粘附性范围为0.01~0.04 N·mm,变异系数为7.19%。
余甘子的基础理化特性是决定其加工方向及产品品质的关键因素。如图2A所示,6种余甘子果实水分含量范围为81.77%~86.33%,BT最高,YS最低,变异系数为3.67%。可溶性固形物含量范围为7.25°Brix~14.17°Brix,BT最高,BLG最低,变异系数为26.20%。如图2B所示,总糖含量范围为23.52~44.51 mg/g,BT最高,ZF最低,变异系数为22.55%;还原糖含量范围为13.03~25.47 mg/g,BT最高,ZF最低,变异系数为19.99%,余甘子总糖含量与还原糖含量呈正相关,且不同品种余甘子糖含量存在显著差异[13]。余甘子果实总酸含量范围为12.91~22.48 mg/g,ZF最高,BT最低,变异系数为17.63%。pH范围为2.50~2.90,BT最高,YS最低,变异系数为5.26%。余甘子果肉中含有大量的膳食纤维[36],高纤维品种可增强产品的成型性,低纤维品种利于制汁,粗纤维含量范围为1.22%~2.66%,ZF最高,BT最低,变异系数为27.64%,说明不同品种余甘子之间存在差异性[37]。糖酸比是反映余甘子风味与加工适宜性的重要指标,不同品种余甘子的糖酸比存在显著性差异(P<0.05),变化范围为3.33~10.97,ZF最低,BT最高,变异系数高达44.36%。低糖酸比品种因其酸性环境有助于抑制抗坏血酸的氧化降解、多酚类物质的褐变,能更好地保留活性成分[38],高糖酸比品种因其酸甜协调,风味更易被消费者接受。
抗坏血酸、总酚与黄酮是余甘子中重要的生物活性物质,其含量直接影响产品的营养品质、加工稳定性与风味特征[39−40]。根据营养活性差异筛选品种并匹配加工工艺,可实现余甘子资源的高效增值利用,这些活性成分的强抗氧化性有助于抑制加工过程中的褐变反应,从而提升产品色泽的稳定性[41]。
如图3A所示,不同品种余甘子中抗坏血酸、总酚和黄酮含量存在显著差异(P<0.05)。抗坏血酸含量范围为37.22~73.77 mg/g,YS最高,BT最低,变异系数为23.90%。总酚含量范围为37.12~65.77 mg/g,YS最高,BT最低,变异系数为17.97%。黄酮含量范围为5.56~33.94 mg/g,ZF最高,YS次之,BT最低,变异系数高达46.66%。用DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基和羟自由基清除能力来评估余甘子的综合抗氧化能力,自由基清除率越高,抗氧化能力越强。如图3B所示,ABTS+自由基清除率范围为95.33%~98.34%,YS最高,BT最低,变异系数为2.44%。DPPH自由基清除率范围为71.22%~97.14%,YS最高,BT最低,变异系数为12.40%。羟自由基清除率范围为68.92%~98.01%,YS最高,BT最低,变异系数为13.54%。综上,YS品种抗坏血酸、总酚含量均最高,黄酮含量仅次于ZF,自由基的清除率也最强,综合抗氧化能力最为突出;BT品种抗坏血酸、总酚、黄酮含量均最低,综合抗氧化能力最差。
采用SA402B Plus电子味觉分析系统可规避传统感官评价的主观局限,通过量化味觉特征,可快速区分品种间的滋味差异,精准匹配加工工艺与配方设计[42]。负值响应源于电子舌的差分测量机制,当样品味觉物质浓度低于参比液浓度时,电位差记为负值,此区域对应人类不可感知的味觉强度[43]。如图4A所示,6种余甘子的甜味(−19.34~−10.26)与苦味(−9.39~−5.98)均为负值,表明可溶性糖不足及苦味物质未达感官阈值。酸味、甘味、苦味回味、涩味回味和甘味回味,是余甘子重要的滋味特征,这与余甘子富含有机酸和多酚类物质的生物学特性相符,与李瑞婷等[14]发现的余甘子汁以酸味、甘味、涩味为主导滋味的研究结果相似。酸味值范围为11.18~36.54,BT最低,ZF最高,这与总酸含量分析结果一致;甘味值范围为0.12~8.93,BT最低,ZF最高。回味指味道的持久性和丰富程度,与呈味物质含量和余甘子品种密切相关。苦味回味值范围为0.02~0.46,BLG最低,ZF最高;涩味回味值范围为0.06~3.21,YS最低,NGL最高。甘味回味值范围为0.40~4.87,BT最低,ZF最高;ZF在酸味、甘味和甘味回味上响应值显著高于其他品种(P<0.05),BT在酸味、甘味和甘味回味上的响应值显著低于其他品种。
为明确各品种之间的相似性和差异性,基于电子舌不同传感器响应值结果进一步进行主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA),如图4B所示,PCA1和PC2的贡献率分别为56.60%和31.20%,累计贡献率达87.80%,可以有效反映各组样品绝大多数滋味信息特征[42]。6种余甘子样品分布于不同区域,图形距离的远近代表样品间滋味差异的大小。从PCA图可以看出,ZF、YS、BLG、BT无交叉区域,区分明显,说明4个品种间感官滋味存在一定差异性;YY、NGL有重叠,说明其在感官滋味上有一定的相似性,NGL和YY苦涩味不突出,整体滋味协调。
余甘子的挥发性气味特征是决定其加工方向及产品风味品质的关键指标。电子鼻又称气味扫描仪,具有快速检测分析样品特定气味的传感器列阵,在生产实践中得到了广泛的应用[44]。如图5A所示,电子鼻雷达图揭示了不同品种余甘子香气轮廓的显著差异(P<0.05)。鲜果雷达图呈多峰不规则形态,峰值集中在对硫化物(S4,S16)、对含氮物(S5,S17)、对醛酮类(S6,S18)、对短链烷烃类(S14)、含碳类物质/醇类/醛类(S15)上,表明余甘子鲜果气味复杂度高,含有硫化氢等核心挥发性硫化物及甲醛、丙酮等醛酮类花果香气[45],香气成分主要以“酯-醛-醇-酮”为核心骨架[46−47]。ZF香气值最突出,尤其在对硫化物(S4,S16)、对含氮类物质(S5,S17)、对醛酮类(S6)上有强响应,表明其含硫/氮挥发性物质及醛酮类物质含量显著高于其他品种。YY整体响应值最低,尤其在含碳物质(S2,S15)、对硫化物(S4,S16)、对含氮类(S5,S17)、对烷烃(S11)上响应值较弱。BT、BLG、NGL、YS响应类别相似但强度分层,BT在对含氮类(S5)、对硫化物(S16)、对含氮类物质(S17)传感器上响应值较强;BLG在对短链烷烃(S14)、对含氮类物质(S17)上响应值较强;NGL在对含氮类物质(S5,S17)、对醛酮类(S6)、对硫化物(S16)上响应值较强;YS在含碳物质(S2)上响应值较强。6种余甘子的硫化物及含氮化合物较为突出,这与余甘子富含硫苷类及生物碱的特性直接相关,加工中应控制温度,防止含硫物质分解产生不良风味[12,47]。
如图5B所示,PC1和PC2贡献率分别为68.40%和15.50%,累计贡献率达83.90%,可以有效反映各组样品绝大多数气味信息特征[48]。从PCA图可以看出,ZF、YS、NGL、BT与其他2种余甘子之间无交叉区域,区分明显,说明鲜果中挥发性成分存在显著差异性;YY和BLG之间有重叠,说明香气特征轮廓较为接近。
6种余甘子的感官评分结果如图6所示。不同品种余甘子在外观、质地、回甘度、涩味度和甜香感五个维度上存在差异。感官评分结果与上文理化指标、电子舌和电子鼻分析存在一定关联。BT甜香味浓郁,微涩且涩味消失快,层次清晰,在甜香感和涩味度维度分数均为最高;果皮有杂色,在外观维度分数为最低,与L*值较低,a*值高,水分、总糖含量高,在对硫化物、对含氮类物质传感器上响应值较强,在涩味传感器上响应值弱的分析结果相互关联。YY果皮薄韧易咬破,果肉脆嫩多汁,纤维感不明显,在外观和质地维度分数高,与L*值、硬度较高,粗纤维含量较低相互关联。ZF涩味稍明显,但回甘强且持久,化渣,香气浓郁,在涩味度方面分数为最低,在回甘度维度分数为最高,与总糖含量低,总酸含量高,对涩味、甘味回味响应值强,在对硫化物、对含氮类物质、对醛酮类上响应值突出有关。余甘子感官评价综合得分排序为:ZF>YY>YS>BT>NGL>BLG。
为克服多指标评价的复杂性并构建核心因子评价体系,本研究采用主成分分析(PCA)对57项品质指标进行数据降维。数据经标准化处理后,采用凯撒正态化最大方差法进行正交旋转,依据特征值大于1且累积方差贡献率大于85%的标准[49],提取出5个主成分,结果如表5所示,累积方差贡献率达96.61%,表明可以反映余甘子品质评价的主要信息[50]。
PC1的方差贡献率为31.16%,主要综合了粗纤维、可溶性固形物、抗坏血酸、总酚、黄酮、ABTS+自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率及甘味、涩味、甘味回味指标,这些指标是影响余甘子营养活性与风味特征的重要因素,因此将其定义为“营养风味因子”。PC2的方差贡献率为25.79%,其大小主要由对硫化物(S4, S16)、对醛酮类(S6)、对含氮类(S5, S17)、对短链烷烃(S14)、含碳类物质/醇类/醛类(S15)决定,集中反映了果实的挥发性气味轮廓,因此将其定义为“香气因子”。PC3的方差贡献率为19.98%,其大小主要由肉厚、单果重、b*值,以及硬度、咀嚼性决定,这些指标是评价其商品外观与食用口感的重要因素,因此将其定义为“外观与质构因子”。PC4的方差贡献率为14.89%,其大小主要由总糖、总酸、糖酸比及酸味决定,这些指标是影响余甘子口感协调性与酸甜风味导向的重要因素,因此,将其定义为“糖酸风味因子”。PC5的方差贡献率为4.80%,其大小主要由感官评分决定,因此,将其定义为“感官评价因子”。根据余甘子果实主成分得分和载荷值,发现5个综合因子的正向增长分别有利于提高余甘子果实的营养、香气、外观、质构、糖酸风味及感官评分,该方法规避了人为赋权的主观影响,PCA模型提取出的5个综合因子适用于对余甘子品质进行全局性、系统性的综合评价。
通过主成分分析实现了品质特性的有效降维与综合表征,采用偏最小二乘判别分析(Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis,PLS-DA)进一步精准识别用于区分不同余甘子品种的关键指标。PLS-DA能按照预先定义的分类最大化组间的差异,消除指标间的重叠性,获得比PCA更好的分离效果,提升综合评价的精确性,特别适合多变量的统计分析[51]。以主成分分析中对变量贡献度>0.80的28项品质指标为变量X,将不同余甘子的品种信息转换为变量Y,通过偏最小二乘回归法建立X与Y之间的线性模型,在降维的同时最大化组间指标的区分度[18]。变量重要性投影(Variable Important for the Projection,VIP)的大小可以表示品质指标对于区分6种余甘子样品差异性的强弱能力,VIP值>1.00的变量在指标判别中视为发挥重要作用的指标[52]。如图7所示,影响余甘子品质差异的主要指标有14项,分别为总酸、酸味、甘味回味、抗坏血酸、总酚、S4(对硫化物)、硬度、可溶性固形物、S6(对醛酮类)、S14(对短链烷烃)、咀嚼性、肉厚、粗纤维、b*值。
聚类分析是研究样本与指标分类问题的一种多元分析工具[53−54],已成功应用于不同产地余甘子化学成分的差异性研究[55]。用PLS-DA筛选出的14项核心指标绘制聚类热图,验证其对余甘子品种的聚类分析效果。基于欧氏距离和层次聚类法构建热图,颜色梯度直观反映指标的差异[56−57],树状图明确品种和指标间的聚类关系。如图8所示,对6种余甘子进行系统分类,可分为四类,ZF为第一类,YS为第二类,YY为第三类,NGL、BLG和BT为第四类。ZF粗纤维、甘味回味、抗坏血酸、酸味、总酸含量高,在S4(对硫化物)、S6(对醛酮类)、S14(对短链烷烃)上响应值突出。YS总酚、抗坏血酸、可溶性固形物含量相对较高。YY肉厚、b*值、硬度和咀嚼相对较高。NGL、BLG和BT酸味和粗纤维较低,对硫化物、对醛酮类、对短链烷烃类物质相对较高,整体风味口感好,但硬度和咀嚼性相对较差。上述结果验证了由肉厚、硬度、咀嚼性、b*值、粗纤维、可溶性固形物、总酸、酸味、甘味回味、抗坏血酸、总酚、S4(对硫化物)、S6(对醛酮类)和S14(对短链烷烃)组成的核心指标集对余甘子品种的分类效果。
为进一步探究核心指标对余甘子品质的评价效果并构建核心指标间的线性关系,利用14项核心指标进行Pearson相关性分析,如图9所示,余甘子核心指标之间存在较强相关性,一个指标可以制约或促进几个指标的变化。肉厚与b*值(r=−0.85)呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.001),与硬度(r=0.79)、咀嚼性(r=0.83)呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.001),与甘味回味(r=0.65)呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。b*值与硬度(r=−0.79)、咀嚼性(r=−0.85)呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.001),与酸味(r=−0.48)、甘味回味(r=−0.54)呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05),与S4-对硫化物(r=0.52)呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。硬度与咀嚼性(r=0.99)呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.001),与酸味(r=0.63)、总酸(r=0.48)呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。粗纤维与可溶性固形物(r=0.89)、总酚(r=0.77)呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.001),与总酸(r=0.54)、抗坏血酸(r=0.64)、S4-对硫化物(r=0.57)呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。可溶性固形物与抗坏血酸(r=0.77)、总酚(r=0.85)呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.001),与S4-对硫化物(r=0.48)呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),与甘味回味(r=−0.67)呈显著负相关关系(P<0.01),反映余甘子中糖类与酚类物质的味觉拮抗效应,高酚含量虽提升抗氧化活性,但鞣质与唾液蛋白结合产生的涩感会削弱甘味感知[58]。总酸与酸味(r=0.90)呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.001),与抗坏血酸(r=0.56)、S14-对短链烷烃(r=0.47)呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。抗坏血酸与总酚(r=0.79)呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.001),与甘味回味(r=−0.76)呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.001),这可能与抗坏血酸的高酸性抑制甜味受体敏感性有关,高浓度抗坏血酸通过降低pH,干扰甜味信号传导[54],同时,余甘子中多酚-抗坏血酸复合物的形成可能掩蔽甜味物质[40]。甘味回味与S14-对短链烷烃(r=0.52)呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。S4-对硫化物与S6-对醛酮类(r=0.91)呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.001),与S14-对短链烷烃(r=0.61)呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。S6-对醛酮类与S14-对短链烷烃(r=0.85)呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.001)。上述结果验证了14项核心指标集对余甘子品质的评价效果,肉厚与硬度、咀嚼性呈极显著正相关;粗纤维与可溶性固形物、总酚同步升高,解释了高纤维品种的药用优势;抗坏血酸抑制甘味回味,反映了高活性品种的适口性局限;硫化物(S4)、醛酮类(S6)、短链烷烃(S14)响应值强相关,揭示了余甘子的特征香气指纹,香气成分在形成与释放上具有明显协同性。
基于不同品种余甘子的风味特征与理化性质,其加工适宜性存在明显差异。ZF在酸味、涩味、甘味回味及硫化物、醛酮类物质方面响应较强,风味层次丰富,适于开发发酵饮品、功能性含片;同时其总酚、黄酮含量高,抗氧化能力突出,也具备作为活性成分提取原料的潜力。YS富含抗坏血酸、总酚与黄酮,抗氧化性能优异,甘味回味明显,适合用于非热加工保健饮品,建议采用冷冻干燥等工艺以最大限度保留热敏性活性成分。YY果色鲜亮通透、果皮光滑干净,果肉占比高、涩味与纤维含量低,在鲜食及果脯、果汁等加工中均表现出良好适用性。NGL、BLG与BT水分含量与出汁率较高,酸涩味较低,硫化物和醛酮类香气响应突出;其中NGL与BLG适于开发风味导向型饮品,BT因糖酸比高、酸甜协调,可作为鲜食品种或用于果脯蜜饯类产品开发。综上,余甘子加工品种的选择应综合多维品质指标。从功效成分角度,YS与ZF更具药用开发价值,在实际加工中可考虑将其中的抗坏血酸、总酚与黄酮等成分进行富集,或作为天然添加剂与其他品种复配,以实现余甘子加工产品在风味与功能方面的平衡。
本研究采用传统检测方法与智能感官技术,结合多元统计学分析方法对云南地区6种代表性余甘子进行了加工适宜性分析与核心评价指标的筛选。结果表明:不同品种余甘子在多维品质指标上存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中,a*值(173.60%)、咀嚼性(82.86%)、硬度(78.72%)、单果重(68.84%)、弹性(62.05%)、黄酮(46.66%)、糖酸比(44.36%)的变异系数尤为突出。6种余甘子的风味指纹显著分化,酸味、甘味、苦味回味、涩味回味和甘味回味是余甘子重要的滋味特征;余甘子鲜果气味复杂度高,含有硫化氢等核心性挥发性硫化物、丙酮等醛酮类花果香气。‘早丰’在酸味、甘味和甘味回味上响应值高,含硫/氮挥发性物质及醛酮类物质含量明显高于其他品种。
主成分分析将57项指标降维至5个主成分,累积方差贡献率为96.61%,分别代表了“营养风味”“香气”“外观与质构”“糖酸风味”及“感官评分”因子;进一步结合偏最小二乘判别分析,筛选出总酸、酸味、甘味回味、抗坏血酸等14项核心指标,构建了一套简化的余甘子品质评价体系,有效克服了多指标评价的复杂性。利用核心指标进行品种聚类分析,可将余甘子分为四类,‘早丰’为第一类,适合开发功能性及发酵饮品、提取活性成分;‘野生’为第二类,适合加工非热产品,开发保健饮品;‘盈玉’为第三类,适合开发果汁、果脯、脆片;‘糯橄榄’‘玻璃甘’和‘丙甜’为第四类,可以开发风味导向型饮品、果脯、蜜饯。Pearson相关性分析验证了核心指标对余甘子品质的综合评价效果并构建了核心指标间的线性关系。本研究明确了不同品种余甘子的多维品质差异及加工适宜性,为余甘子加工专用品种筛选和生产育种领域提供了理论依据。本研究后续还需丰富余甘子样本容量,如结合不同成熟度及不同加工产品探究品质动态变化;此外,可整合基因组学、代谢组学深入解析品质差异的分子机制,以建立更加科学、合理的加工适宜性评价体系。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080211
  • 接收时间:2025-08-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-20
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    1云南省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,云南昆明 650221
    2云南省农业科学院热区生态农业研究所,云南楚雄 651300
    3元谋艾莱克食品有限责任公司,云南楚雄 651300

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马菲菲(1988−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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