Article(id=1320884026567676337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080186, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755446400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852892772, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852892772, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852892772, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852892772, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=347, endPage=358, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884028266369458, articleId=1320884026567676337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Characterization and Discrimination of Characteristic Flavor Compounds in Three Types of Cascara Tea by GC-IMS Combined with HS-SPME-GC-MS and Chemometrics, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the characteristic flavor profiles of cascara tea produced via different initial processing methods, the volatile compounds of three primary-processed samples were analyzed using gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The relative odor activity value (ROAV), in combination with chemometric analyses, was employed to evaluate differences in flavor quality among the samples. The results showed that a total of 104 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified in the three Cascara Tea samples using GC-IMS, mainly including alcohols, ketones, esters, and aldehydes. Using HS-SPME-GC-MS, a total of 55 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified. Specifically, 45 VOCs were detected in the dry processing sample (CX), 48 in the honey processing sample (FY), and 48 in the wet processing sample (GT). Ketones and aldehydes were the predominant aroma compounds, followed by alcohols and esters. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed that the three Cascara Tea samples produced by different primary processing methods exhibited distinct differences in their compositions and concentrations of volatile compounds. The flavor profile of the CX sample was primarily associated with methyl propanoate, 2-butanone, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one and 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one. In contrast, the FY sample showed strong correlations with compounds such as (E)-2-decenal, butyl propanoate, furfural and 5-(acetoxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde. Meanwhile, GT sample was most strongly correlated with hexyl acetate, 2-octanone, geranyl acetone and dodecanoic acid. Based on the variable importance in projection (VIP) values from the PLS-DA model and the relative odor activity value (ROAV), seven key aroma markers were identified: (E)-2-decenal, 1-hexanol, 3-methylbutanal, butyl acetate, ethyl heptanoate, 2-furfurylthiol and 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one. Aroma profile analysis indicated that the aroma characteristics of cascara tea varied among different primary processing methods. The GT sample was characterized by more pronounced acidic, spicy, nutty, and roasted notes, whereas the FY sample displayed a distinctive floral aroma. The CX sample, on the other hand, exhibited stronger nutty and roasted characteristics. This study provides a scientific reference for raw material selection and evaluation and optimization of the flavor quality of cascara tea during primary processing.

, authors=Congyan MENG1, Jianwei LI1, Jie WU1, Haochun FENG2, Weixiang CHEN2, Zhilin LI3, Juan XU1, Ying HOU1, *, authorsList=Congyan MENG, Jianwei LI, Jie WU, Haochun FENG, Weixiang CHEN, Zhilin LI, Juan XU, Ying HOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ying HOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884033685410255, articleId=1320884026567676337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=GC-IMS联合HS-SPME-GC-MS及化学计量学对3种咖啡果皮茶特征风味物质的表征与鉴别, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同初加工咖啡果皮茶中特征风味物质的差异,采用气相-离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)技术和顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)联用技术测定3种不同初加工咖啡果皮茶的挥发性成分,并进一步结合相对气味活性值(relative odor activity value,ROAV)和化学计量学方法探究不同咖啡果皮茶风味品质的差异性。结果表明:采用GC-IMS法共定性出3种果皮茶104种挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs),以醇类、酮类、酯类和醛类等香气物质为主。采用HS-SPME-GC-MS法鉴定出55种VOCs,干法处理样品(CX)中共鉴定出45种VOCs,蜜处理样品(FY)48种,湿法处理样品(GT)48种,以酮类、醛类香气物质为主,醇类、酯类香气物质次之。主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和偏最小二乘回归分析(partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)结果表明,不同初加工三种果皮茶在组成成分和含量上均具有一定的差异。CX样品的风味物质主要与丙酸甲酯、2-丁酮、2,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-6-甲基-4H-吡喃-4-酮和2,4-二羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃-3-酮相关联,FY样品主要与(E)-2-癸烯醛、丙酸丁酯、糠醛和5-乙酰氧基甲基-2-呋喃甲醛物质呈现出较强的相关性,与GT样品相关性较强的风味物质则是乙酸己酯、仲辛酮、香叶基丙酮和月桂酸。通过PLS-DA中的变量重要性投影(variable importance in projection,VIP)和ROAV共筛选出(E)-2-癸烯醛、1-己醇、3-甲基丁醛、乙酸丁酯、庚酸乙酯、2-呋喃甲硫醇、2,4-二羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃-3-酮7种关键气味标志物。香气轮廓剖析结果表明不同初加工咖啡果皮茶的香气特征存在差异,GT样品呈现出更浓郁的酸香、辛香、坚果香与烤香;FY样品则呈现出最为突出的花香特征;而CX样品则表现出较为浓郁的坚果香与烤香。本研究为咖啡果皮茶初加工工艺过程中原料筛选和风味品质评价提供参考。

, authors=孟从燕1, 李建伟1, 吴杰1, 冯浩春2, 陈伟祥2, 李治林3, 徐娟1, 侯英1, *, authorsList=孟从燕, 李建伟, 吴杰, 冯浩春, 陈伟祥, 李治林, 徐娟, 侯英, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=侯英, authorNote=

孟从燕(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物化学成分分析,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
侯英(1973−),女,硕士,正高级工程师,研究方向:天然产物分析研究,E-mail:。
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孟从燕(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物化学成分分析,E-mail:

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Huizen, the Netherlands: Oliemans Punter & Partners, 2003., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884047589528160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王道科, 吴正鹏, 王墨阳, 等. 毕赤酵母降解发酵对沙棘汁品质及风味的影响[J/OL]. 食品与发酵工业, 1−11[2025-07-22]. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.042500. [WANG D K, WU Z P, WANG M Y, et al. Effect of acid reducing fermentation by Pichia terricola on the quality and flavor of sea buckthorn juice[J/OL]. 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Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 1−13[2025-07-22]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/62.1055.S.20241216.1646.002.html.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884047799243363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHANG S Y, HAN J Y, CAO S, et al. Comparative study of aroma characteristic of Yirgacheffe coffee with different roasting degrees by SAFE and GC-O-MS[J/OL]. 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articleId=1320884026567676337, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Relative content diagrams of VOCs in three types of cascara tea, figureFileSmall=WgXQqnlMVvEPzBZMV2Hybw==, figureFileBig=yGz0TEXvmpbEUz7IxIijoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884038647271950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, language=CN, label=图3, caption=3种咖啡果皮茶VOCs的相对含量图, figureFileSmall=WgXQqnlMVvEPzBZMV2Hybw==, figureFileBig=yGz0TEXvmpbEUz7IxIijoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884038714380815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Cluster heat map of VOCs in three types of cascara tea, figureFileSmall=uGKIt8W2EsniO5DNkQpX/Q==, figureFileBig=M77LQC/631V1wR30+F0JNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884038815044112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, language=CN, label=图4, caption=3种咖啡果皮茶VOCs的聚类热图, figureFileSmall=uGKIt8W2EsniO5DNkQpX/Q==, figureFileBig=M77LQC/631V1wR30+F0JNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884038882152977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Relative content diagrams of VOCs in three types of cascara tea, figureFileSmall=O7jg0DTbwxN9pZJETQS+Pw==, figureFileBig=T8aQrk2V30yiyN8bUsAANw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884038957650450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, language=CN, label=图5, caption=3种咖啡果皮茶VOCs的相对含量图, figureFileSmall=O7jg0DTbwxN9pZJETQS+Pw==, figureFileBig=T8aQrk2V30yiyN8bUsAANw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884039020565011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Venn diagram of VOCs in three types of cascara tea, figureFileSmall=l+mJWaqvp+Hbk6FlqLOQSA==, 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journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Venn diagram of VOCs from two analytical techniques, figureFileSmall=9Hh2Fz8uwE7apWdPy9p07g==, figureFileBig=ABQJHOu4Sva8e63wkYmCiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884039377080856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, language=CN, label=图8, caption=两种分析技术VOCs韦恩图, figureFileSmall=9Hh2Fz8uwE7apWdPy9p07g==, figureFileBig=ABQJHOu4Sva8e63wkYmCiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884039431606809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=PCA plot of VOCs in three types of cascara tea by GC-IMS, figureFileSmall=rhpsvMqn56QZFEhOI/OLKw==, figureFileBig=t2ntF9mcN/1eeljRx/eaKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884039494521370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, language=CN, label=图9, 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figureFileSmall=z0WUqGgX8AcR2w/PMeV25w==, figureFileBig=kaMXPYwL+L4TOvgyNqV78w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884039771345438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, language=CN, label=图11, caption=3种咖啡果皮茶VOCs PLS-DA分析

注:(a)GC-IMS;(b)HS-SPME-GC-MS。

, figureFileSmall=z0WUqGgX8AcR2w/PMeV25w==, figureFileBig=kaMXPYwL+L4TOvgyNqV78w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884039830065695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Replacement test of VOCs in three types of cascara tea, figureFileSmall=APPotNz5bxTBemOggw/ueA==, figureFileBig=lbync2OkK87FwR4EOYrhCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884041465844256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, language=CN, label=图12, caption=3种咖啡果皮茶VOCs置换检验

注:(a)GC-IMS;(b)HS-SPME-GC-MS。

, figureFileSmall=APPotNz5bxTBemOggw/ueA==, figureFileBig=lbync2OkK87FwR4EOYrhCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884041545536033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=VIP plot of VOCs in three types of cascara tea, figureFileSmall=oiIPh6YfwgVJKB6rsG7HGA==, figureFileBig=vN0k71A3eRTDIDJf4NvYeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884041629422114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, language=CN, label=图13, caption=3种咖啡果皮茶VOCs VIP图

注:(a)GC-IMS;(b)HS-SPME-GC-MS。

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ROAV of aroma compounds in three types of cascara tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物气味阈值(mg/kg)香气属性ROAV(%)
CXFYGT
1-己醇0.0056酸香6.863.916.87
3-甲基丁醇(M)0.004酸香0.270.400.39
3-甲基丁醇(D)0.004酸香0.050.180.10
2-甲基异莰醇0.016酚香0.480.310.52
仲辛酮0.0502酚香0.120.070.19
2,3-丁二酮0.00774焦糖香1.040.430.93
1-戊烯-3-酮(D)0.023辛香0.060.060.14
3-戊酮0.04酸香0.110.090.15
壬醛0.0011花香0.340.330.49
(E)-2-癸烯醛0.0003酚香100.00100.00100.00
3-甲基丁醛0.0011坚果香5.523.854.47
庚醛(M)0.0028酸香0.840.620.80
己醛0.005酚香0.440.850.83
2-甲基丙醛0.0015坚果香1.260.801.22
戊醛0.012坚果香0.160.100.14
丙醛0.0151坚果香0.380.230.41
正丁醛0.000182坚果香46.4125.9455.45
乙酸丁酯0.000176酸香38.6726.4460.98
3-甲基丁酸乙酯0.00022酸香11.869.4420.10
丙酸乙酯0.01酸香0.050.040.10
乙酸仲丁酯0.006酸香0.100.040.07
丁酸乙酯0.001酸香0.850.672.26
庚酸乙酯0.0019酸香1.031.502.34
己酸乙酯0.005酸香0.130.220.33
2-甲基丁酸乙酯0.000063酸香3.623.096.56
二甲基二硫醚0.0011烤香1.170.741.55
二甲基硫醚0.00012辛香11.728.8623.42
2-呋喃甲硫醇0.00008烤香54.9636.2785.68
苯乙烯0.065花香0.140.100.11
α-蒎烯0.041辛香0.210.140.25
苯甲醇0.0001酸香100.00100.00100.00
芳樟醇0.00022酸香20.8610.393.22
2,4-二羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃-3-酮0.0223烤香4.197.451.71
大马酮0.000126酸香11.3018.968.34
5-甲基-2-呋喃甲醛1.11焦糖香0.280.790.16
壬醛0.0011花香17.4822.0912.10
(E)-2-壬烯醛0.00019酸香−38.2613.41
癸醛0.003酸香2.814.572.29
壬酸甲酯0.04酸香0.140.290.10
月桂酸0.004酚香0.210.510.26
3-甲基苯酚0.031酚香−−0.23
2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪0.016坚果香−−0.34
), ArticleFig(id=1320884041893663270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884026567676337, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3种咖啡果皮茶香气组分相对气味活性值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物气味阈值(mg/kg)香气属性ROAV(%)
CXFYGT
1-己醇0.0056酸香6.863.916.87
3-甲基丁醇(M)0.004酸香0.270.400.39
3-甲基丁醇(D)0.004酸香0.050.180.10
2-甲基异莰醇0.016酚香0.480.310.52
仲辛酮0.0502酚香0.120.070.19
2,3-丁二酮0.00774焦糖香1.040.430.93
1-戊烯-3-酮(D)0.023辛香0.060.060.14
3-戊酮0.04酸香0.110.090.15
壬醛0.0011花香0.340.330.49
(E)-2-癸烯醛0.0003酚香100.00100.00100.00
3-甲基丁醛0.0011坚果香5.523.854.47
庚醛(M)0.0028酸香0.840.620.80
己醛0.005酚香0.440.850.83
2-甲基丙醛0.0015坚果香1.260.801.22
戊醛0.012坚果香0.160.100.14
丙醛0.0151坚果香0.380.230.41
正丁醛0.000182坚果香46.4125.9455.45
乙酸丁酯0.000176酸香38.6726.4460.98
3-甲基丁酸乙酯0.00022酸香11.869.4420.10
丙酸乙酯0.01酸香0.050.040.10
乙酸仲丁酯0.006酸香0.100.040.07
丁酸乙酯0.001酸香0.850.672.26
庚酸乙酯0.0019酸香1.031.502.34
己酸乙酯0.005酸香0.130.220.33
2-甲基丁酸乙酯0.000063酸香3.623.096.56
二甲基二硫醚0.0011烤香1.170.741.55
二甲基硫醚0.00012辛香11.728.8623.42
2-呋喃甲硫醇0.00008烤香54.9636.2785.68
苯乙烯0.065花香0.140.100.11
α-蒎烯0.041辛香0.210.140.25
苯甲醇0.0001酸香100.00100.00100.00
芳樟醇0.00022酸香20.8610.393.22
2,4-二羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃-3-酮0.0223烤香4.197.451.71
大马酮0.000126酸香11.3018.968.34
5-甲基-2-呋喃甲醛1.11焦糖香0.280.790.16
壬醛0.0011花香17.4822.0912.10
(E)-2-壬烯醛0.00019酸香−38.2613.41
癸醛0.003酸香2.814.572.29
壬酸甲酯0.04酸香0.140.290.10
月桂酸0.004酚香0.210.510.26
3-甲基苯酚0.031酚香−−0.23
2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪0.016坚果香−−0.34
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GC-IMS联合HS-SPME-GC-MS及化学计量学对3种咖啡果皮茶特征风味物质的表征与鉴别
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孟从燕 1 , 李建伟 1 , 吴杰 1 , 冯浩春 2 , 陈伟祥 2 , 李治林 3 , 徐娟 1 , 侯英 1, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(8): 347-358
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (8) : 347 -358
GC-IMS联合HS-SPME-GC-MS及化学计量学对3种咖啡果皮茶特征风味物质的表征与鉴别
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孟从燕1 , 李建伟1, 吴杰1, 冯浩春2, 陈伟祥2, 李治林3, 徐娟1, 侯英1, *
作者信息
  • 1西南林业大学材料与化学工程学院,云南昆明 650224
  • 2云南佳汇检测技术有限公司,云南昆明 650220
  • 3云南咖啡厂有限公司,云南昆明 650217
通讯作者:
侯英(1973−),女,硕士,正高级工程师,研究方向:天然产物分析研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

孟从燕(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物化学成分分析,E-mail:

Characterization and Discrimination of Characteristic Flavor Compounds in Three Types of Cascara Tea by GC-IMS Combined with HS-SPME-GC-MS and Chemometrics
Congyan MENG1 , Jianwei LI1, Jie WU1, Haochun FENG2, Weixiang CHEN2, Zhilin LI3, Juan XU1, Ying HOU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
  • 2Yunnan Jiahui Detection Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming 650220, China
  • 3Yunnan Coffee Processing Plant Co., Ltd., Kunming 650217, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080186
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为探究不同初加工咖啡果皮茶中特征风味物质的差异,采用气相-离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)技术和顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)联用技术测定3种不同初加工咖啡果皮茶的挥发性成分,并进一步结合相对气味活性值(relative odor activity value,ROAV)和化学计量学方法探究不同咖啡果皮茶风味品质的差异性。结果表明:采用GC-IMS法共定性出3种果皮茶104种挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs),以醇类、酮类、酯类和醛类等香气物质为主。采用HS-SPME-GC-MS法鉴定出55种VOCs,干法处理样品(CX)中共鉴定出45种VOCs,蜜处理样品(FY)48种,湿法处理样品(GT)48种,以酮类、醛类香气物质为主,醇类、酯类香气物质次之。主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和偏最小二乘回归分析(partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)结果表明,不同初加工三种果皮茶在组成成分和含量上均具有一定的差异。CX样品的风味物质主要与丙酸甲酯、2-丁酮、2,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-6-甲基-4H-吡喃-4-酮和2,4-二羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃-3-酮相关联,FY样品主要与(E)-2-癸烯醛、丙酸丁酯、糠醛和5-乙酰氧基甲基-2-呋喃甲醛物质呈现出较强的相关性,与GT样品相关性较强的风味物质则是乙酸己酯、仲辛酮、香叶基丙酮和月桂酸。通过PLS-DA中的变量重要性投影(variable importance in projection,VIP)和ROAV共筛选出(E)-2-癸烯醛、1-己醇、3-甲基丁醛、乙酸丁酯、庚酸乙酯、2-呋喃甲硫醇、2,4-二羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃-3-酮7种关键气味标志物。香气轮廓剖析结果表明不同初加工咖啡果皮茶的香气特征存在差异,GT样品呈现出更浓郁的酸香、辛香、坚果香与烤香;FY样品则呈现出最为突出的花香特征;而CX样品则表现出较为浓郁的坚果香与烤香。本研究为咖啡果皮茶初加工工艺过程中原料筛选和风味品质评价提供参考。

咖啡果皮茶  /  气相离子迁移谱  /  顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用  /  挥发性有机化合物

To investigate the characteristic flavor profiles of cascara tea produced via different initial processing methods, the volatile compounds of three primary-processed samples were analyzed using gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The relative odor activity value (ROAV), in combination with chemometric analyses, was employed to evaluate differences in flavor quality among the samples. The results showed that a total of 104 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified in the three Cascara Tea samples using GC-IMS, mainly including alcohols, ketones, esters, and aldehydes. Using HS-SPME-GC-MS, a total of 55 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified. Specifically, 45 VOCs were detected in the dry processing sample (CX), 48 in the honey processing sample (FY), and 48 in the wet processing sample (GT). Ketones and aldehydes were the predominant aroma compounds, followed by alcohols and esters. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed that the three Cascara Tea samples produced by different primary processing methods exhibited distinct differences in their compositions and concentrations of volatile compounds. The flavor profile of the CX sample was primarily associated with methyl propanoate, 2-butanone, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one and 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one. In contrast, the FY sample showed strong correlations with compounds such as (E)-2-decenal, butyl propanoate, furfural and 5-(acetoxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde. Meanwhile, GT sample was most strongly correlated with hexyl acetate, 2-octanone, geranyl acetone and dodecanoic acid. Based on the variable importance in projection (VIP) values from the PLS-DA model and the relative odor activity value (ROAV), seven key aroma markers were identified: (E)-2-decenal, 1-hexanol, 3-methylbutanal, butyl acetate, ethyl heptanoate, 2-furfurylthiol and 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one. Aroma profile analysis indicated that the aroma characteristics of cascara tea varied among different primary processing methods. The GT sample was characterized by more pronounced acidic, spicy, nutty, and roasted notes, whereas the FY sample displayed a distinctive floral aroma. The CX sample, on the other hand, exhibited stronger nutty and roasted characteristics. This study provides a scientific reference for raw material selection and evaluation and optimization of the flavor quality of cascara tea during primary processing.

cascara tea  /  gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS)  /  headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS)  /  volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
孟从燕, 李建伟, 吴杰, 冯浩春, 陈伟祥, 李治林, 徐娟, 侯英. GC-IMS联合HS-SPME-GC-MS及化学计量学对3种咖啡果皮茶特征风味物质的表征与鉴别. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 347 -358 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080186
Congyan MENG, Jianwei LI, Jie WU, Haochun FENG, Weixiang CHEN, Zhilin LI, Juan XU, Ying HOU. Characterization and Discrimination of Characteristic Flavor Compounds in Three Types of Cascara Tea by GC-IMS Combined with HS-SPME-GC-MS and Chemometrics[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 347 -358 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080186
咖啡属茜草科(Rubiaceae)咖啡属(Coffea),是重要的多年生常绿经济作物[1],与可可、茶同为流行于世界的主要饮品[2]。目前,云南作为中国咖啡主产栽培核心地区,截至2024年年底,咖啡种植面积达126.7万亩、产量14.6万吨,出口量猛增358%,远销欧美亚等29个国家。在咖啡加工生产中,除得到生咖啡豆外,还产生高达40%~45%的废弃物,其中含量最高的咖啡果皮占29.9%[3]。咖啡果皮富含糖类、蛋白质、纤维素等主要成分,并含有多酚类、生物碱等多种活性物质,具有较高的营养价值和开发潜力[4]。匡钰等[4]成功利用咖啡果皮发酵制备出风味独特的咖啡果酒;罗娅婷等[5]和孙岳等[6]通过工艺优化,开发出风味独特、口感优良的咖啡果皮茶产品。另外,咖啡果皮还可用于乳酸发酵[7]、鼠李饮料开发[8]、生物乙醇制备[9]、沼气生产[10]以及植物缓蚀剂开发[11]等领域。
咖啡果皮茶是咖啡果皮经烘烤加工而得,由于其抗氧化成分含量是普通浆果的8倍,因此,被认为是一种经济实惠、酸味柔和的茶叶替代品[12]。咖啡果皮茶的香气特征是决定其品质和市场接受度的关键因素,而香气成分的形成与咖啡果皮的初加工方式密切相关。初加工方式是决定咖啡果皮中风味前体物质组成、微生物种类及其代谢活性的关键变量。不同的初加工方式会通过引发一系列不同的复杂生化反应途径,从而调控终端风味产物的形成,导致咖啡果皮茶风味品质的形成存在差异。目前,湿法、干法和半干法(蜜处理)是三种常见的咖啡果实初加工方式。湿法加工是指将去除果皮果肉后的咖啡鲜豆转移至发酵桶或发酵池,注入水为咖啡果实内源酶和微生物发酵分解果胶层创造厌氧环境,经发酵后进行干燥处理;干法加工是指整个咖啡果实直接进行干燥处理;蜜处理是指对保留部分果肉的咖啡鲜豆进行干燥处理[13]。近年来,多种高精度联用分析技术在食品香味成分剖析中得到广泛应用。SPME-GC-MS联用技术因其能够通过测定相对分子质量准确鉴定VOCs,已成为一种常规分析方法[14],该方法对高分子量物质的测定具有高灵敏度,但在低分子量物质和痕量成分分析方面效果不佳[15]。GC-IMS技术是一种较新的气体分离检测技术,具有分辨率高和选择性好[16]、异构体分离能力强[17]及低检测限[18]等优势,且无需复杂样品前处理即可快速检测痕量VOCs,尤其是针对醇类、醛类和酮类的检测[19]。因此,GC-IMS可有效弥补GC-MS因分析速度慢和预处理过程中香气物质易损失等局限性[20]。虽然已有研究利用这些技术表征咖啡豆的风味特征[21−23],如陆羽霜等[24]比较了云南与西达摩咖啡豆冷萃与热萃液的风味特征差异,翟慧楠[25]比较了7种不同初加工方法制备的咖啡豆挥发性风味成分的差异,但针对不同初加工工艺所得的咖啡果皮茶中特征风味物质的表征与鉴别研究的相关报道较少。
本研究联合采用GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS技术,系统分析3种不同初加工工艺咖啡果皮茶中的挥发性风味特征成分。通过相对气味活性值分析确定3种咖啡果皮茶关键香气成分(ROAV≥1),借助化学计量学方法(主成分分析和偏最小二乘判别分析)对风味差异进行模式识别,并综合VIP值筛选3种咖啡果皮茶的关键差异标志化合物。研究结果可为咖啡果皮茶加工的原料挑选和风味品质评价提供参考。
三种咖啡果皮茶 干法处理咖啡果皮茶样品编号为CX、蜜处理为FY、湿法处理为GT,云南保山;正构酮:2-丁酮、2-戊酮、2-己酮、2-庚酮、2-辛酮、2-壬酮 色谱纯,购于上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。
FlavourSpec®风味分析仪 德国G.A.S公司;TQ8050 NXnci SYSTEM气相色谱-质谱联用仪 日本岛津公司;DFY-500摇摆式粉碎机 温岭市林大机械有限公司;75 μm CAR/PDMS固相微萃取头 美国Supelco公司。
参照侯晓慧等[26]方法略作修改。准确称取经60目标准筛过筛的样品粉末0.5 g至20 mL标准顶空瓶中,密封,放入自动采样盘。每个样品设置3次平行测定样本。
自动进样条件:80 ℃下孵育15 min,孵化转速500 r/min,顶空自动进样,进样体积300 μL,进样针温度85 ℃,不分流进样。
GC-IMS 仪器条件: MXT-WAX 毛细管柱(30 m×0.53 mmID×1.0 μm/df),色谱柱温度为60 ℃,载气为高纯氮气(纯度≥99.999%),载气梯度为:初始0~2 min流量为2 mL/min,2~10 min流量增至10 mL/min,10~40 min流量增至100 mL/min。IMS检测温度为45 ℃,电离源为氚源,漂移气体为N2(>99.999%),以流量75 mL/min的恒定速率通过漂移管。根据挥发性化合物的保留指数,应用软件内置的NIST数据库和IMS数据库检索和比对,对目标物进行定性分析。采用峰面积归一化法进行定量分析。
准确称取经60目标准筛过筛的样品粉末0.5 g样品转移至20 mL顶空瓶中,立即密封顶空瓶,于65 ℃平衡10 min。插入已老化(老化条件:260 ℃下保持3 min)的固相微萃取头采样,顶空吸附20 min。吸附完成立即将萃取头插入GC进样口,在260 ℃下解吸5 min,同时启动数据采集系统。
GC-MS 条件:配备RTX-5MS色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm),自动进样不分流模式,进样口温度260 ℃,载气为高纯氦气(纯度为99.999%),流速为1.00 mL/min,梯度升温程序如下:初始温度50 ℃,保持2 min,以5 ℃/min的速率升至160 ℃,保持2 min,最后以10 ℃/min的速率升至260 ℃,保持1.5 min。MS电子轰击能量70 eV,离子源温度230 ℃,接口温度280 ℃,扫描模式为全扫描模式,质量扫描范围为m/z 35~350。所有样品进行3次平行测定,去除烷氧硅类等杂峰后,将色谱图中的每个峰与系统图谱库NIST17中已知化合物的质谱数据进行比对,保留相似度≥80的化合物。
利用峰面积归一化法进行计算,计算公式如公式(1)[27]所示:
$\begin{split} & 挥发性成分的相对含量(\text{%})=\\&\frac{单个挥发性成分的峰面积}{挥发性成分的总面积}\times 100 \end{split}$
参考吴东源等[27]报道的方法计算各挥发性化合物的ROAV。计算方法如公式(2)所示:
$\rm ROA{V}_{a}(\text{%})=\frac{{C}_{A}}{{C}_{\max }}\times \frac{{T}_{\max }}{{T}_{A}}\times 100 $
式中:CA与TA分别表示目标物的相对百分含量(%)和阈值(mg/kg);Cmax与Tmax分别表示样品中香气贡献最大的组分含量(%)和阈值(mg/kg)。
采用SPSS Statistics 27.0软件进行单因素ANOVA分析(P<0.05表示差异显著,反之则不显著),所有测试和分析均进行三次重复,测量数据以平均值±标准差(mean±SD,n=3)的形式显示;利用Origin2024软件、SIMCA 14.1软件绘图;聚类热图绘制通过https://www.chiplot.online网站完成。
采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱技术分析CX、FY、GT三种咖啡果皮茶的挥发性有机物,结果如图1(a)~图1(b)所示。由图1(a)可知,三种样品的3D谱图显示其挥发性成分在特征峰强度以及分布上存在差异,FY和GT的信号峰强度高于CX,表明发酵和机械去皮水洗处理能够促进果皮细胞结构的破坏,从而释放更多前体物质参与风味形成。对三维光谱进行投影,得到自下而上的二维光谱图。如图1(b)所示,整个图背景为蓝色,横坐标1.0处红色竖线为反应离子峰(reaction ion peak,RIP),RIP峰两侧的每个点代表一种VOCs信号,颜色梯度直观表征物质浓度,白色表示低浓度组分,红色表示高浓度组分。高浓度化合物的离子在漂移管中运动时,因其具有高质子亲和力,可以形成二聚体[28],与单体具有相近的保留时间及不同的漂移时间[29]。不同初加工咖啡果皮茶的挥发性成分组成相似,差异主要体现在风味物质浓度上。经分析发现,3种样品中绝大多数VOCs的信号峰出现在保留时间200~600 s的区间内,个别组分信号峰延伸至1500 s。这可能是由于这些化合物极性较低,导致在非极性柱上保留时间延长[30]。该结果从整体上揭示了不同咖啡果皮茶样品中挥发性物质的极性分布特征,也印证了GC-IMS方法对不同性质小分子化合物的良好分离能力。
3种咖啡果皮茶经GC-IMS技术共识别出108个特征峰,其中104个特征峰被成功定性,相同化合物的单体和二聚体形式分别标记为M和D。这些成分可分为14类,包括醇类16种、醛类14种、酯类22种、酮类15种、醚类6种等含氧化合物;呋喃环类5种、苯环类8种等芳香族化合物;烯烃类5种、萜烯类4种等碳氢化合物。此外还检测到少量含氮化合物(吡嗪类2种、吡啶类1种)和其他特殊组分(杂环类3种、酸类1种、其他2种),未能定性组分有4种VOCs(附表1,详见本刊官网http://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版)。
为了明确不同初加工样品间风味特征差异性,利用GC-IMS系统内置的Gallery Plot 插件绘制指纹图谱(见图2)。如图2所示,3种咖啡果皮茶在挥发性组分上既存在共性物质又有差异性物质,可将指纹图谱分为A、B、C、D、E 5个区域。CX、FY、GT样品均检出26种VOCs(A区),以醇类、醛类、酮类和酯类为主,包括正丁醛(麦芽香)、丙醛(坚果香)、羟基丙酮(焦糖香)、糠醛(焦糖香)、乳酸乙酯(奶油香)、2-戊酮(果香)、糠醇(烘焙坚果香)、3-呋喃甲醇(焦糖甜香)、2-乙酰基呋喃(M)(烘烤香)、乙酸乙酯(梨香和酒香)、2-丁酮(果香和樟脑香)、1-己醇(青草香和果香)等共同构成了咖啡果皮茶的典型香气特征。B区域为CX与FY样品的特征香气组分区,包括2-甲基异莰醇、苯乙烯、未定性-109及戊醛,共同赋予两款产品特殊芳香与杏仁风味。C区域为FY咖啡果皮茶的香气专属区(23种VOCs),该区域的物质组成呈现出显著的风味多样性:酯类物质(丁酸甲酯、己酸乙酯等)贡献了突出的果香和奶油香;内酯类(γ-丁内酯)和呋喃类(2-乙酰基呋喃)带来甜美的焦糖风味;醛类((E)-2-癸烯醛、庚醛等)提供清新的青草香和脂肪香;醇类(3-甲基丁醇等)形成丰富的酒香基底;含硫化合物(2-甲基四氢噻吩等)增添独特的肉香味。D区域为FY与GT咖啡果皮茶的专属香气区(7种VOCs),莰烯贡献清新的樟脑香,乙酸丁酯、乙酸丙酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯形成柔和的水果香(苹果、香蕉、梨等),二甲基硫醚提供典型的蔬菜香,3-戊酮和1,4-二氧六环完善整体香气的层次感。GT咖啡果皮茶在E区域呈现出18种特征香气成分,包括2-呋喃甲硫醇(焦糖香)、(-)-α-侧柏酮(清凉药草香)、丙苯(花香)、(E)-3-己烯酸甲酯(青苹果香)、环戊酮(烟熏香)、(E)-3-十一碳烯(青香)、氯苯(杏仁香)、乙酸己酯(苹果香)、仲辛酮(蓝奶酪霉香)、丙醇(醇香)、2-甲基吡嗪(坚果香)、2,3-二甲基-5-乙基吡嗪(烘烤香)、γ-松油烯(松木香)、3-庚酮(青草香)等。
为系统分析3种不同咖啡果皮茶VOCs的组成特征,绘制各类化合物相对含量占比图和层次聚类热图以实现对 VOCs 种类及相对含量的可视化表征,结果如图3、图4所示。成分组成分析显示,三种咖啡果皮茶的主要挥发性成分包括醇类、酮类、醛类、酯类化合物,其总量占比在CX、FY果皮茶中达72%以上,在GT果皮茶中达70%以上。CX样品中醇类含量占比最高(24.23%),其次是醛类(23.58%)、酮类(15.21%)、酯类(9.41%);FY样品中醛类含量占比最高(25.77%)、其次是醇类(22.45%)、酮类(13.64%)、酯类(10.59%);GT样品中含量占比依次是醇类(22.51%)、醛类(21.12%)、酮类(15.84%)、酯类(10.97%)。烯烃类在三种咖啡果皮茶样品中含量占比也相对较高,分别是4.98%(CX组)、4.78%(FY组)和6.19%(GT组)。层次聚类分析表明,将GT与CX聚为一类,表明其化合物的种类和含量更为相似。从热图中可以看出7种相对含量较高的VOCs,按其香气特征可分为:焦糖香型:糠醛(高达10.93%)、羟基丙酮(3.34%)、3-甲基-2-环戊烯-1-酮(2.91%);青香型:(E)-2-癸烯醛(7.70%)、1-己醇(6.75%);甜香型:糠醇(5.73%);木质香型:3-呋喃甲醇(5.63%)。
采用HS-SPME-GC-MS 技术对3种咖啡果皮茶进行分析,共鉴定出55种挥发性成分,FY和GT样品的挥发性风味物质种类较CX更为丰富,CX样品中共鉴定出45种VOCs,FY样品48种,GT样品48种,可分为10类。其中酮类(14种)种类最为丰富,其次为醛类(11种),酯类(10种)和醇类(9种),此外还检测到酸类(3种),吡嗪类(2种),酚类(3种),吡咯类(1种),杂环类(1种)及其他(1种)(附表2,详见本刊官网http://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版)。
图5是根据三种果皮茶样品中VOCs类型的相似性,使用堆叠条形图比较VOCs 含量的差异。由图5可知,CX样品中超过88%的物质包括酮类(46.04%)和醛类(42.88%);FY样品中超过92%的VOCs由酮类(38.22%)和醛类(53.84%)组成;在GT样品中,酮类(43.08%)和醛类(43.34%)占86%以上。而醇类和酯类含量相对酮类和醛类较少,在CX组其两者总量为9.40%,FY组为6.17%,GT组为8.42%。HS-SPME-GC-MS结果分析表明,酮类和醛类作为关键香气物质,在CX、FY、GT样品中的比例保持相对稳定,构成了咖啡果皮茶区别于其他果皮茶的核心风味基础。
由图6韦恩图可知,三种咖啡果皮茶中挥发性化合物组成呈现一定的差异性。在三种咖啡果皮茶样品中均鉴定出38种VOCs。CX组中检出的所有香气物质均存在于FY和GT样品中。GT样品含有5种特有VOCs,分别为2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪、三甲基吡嗪、3-乙基-4-甲基-1-戊醇、3,4-二甲基-2,5-呋喃二酮、3-甲基苯酚,这些成分共同增强了GT的风味轮廓,呈现出咖啡坚果香、烤花生香、木质青草香以及焦糖烟熏气息。FY样品则含有2种特有VOCs,即1-(2-呋喃基)-1-丙酮(奶油焦糖香)和间苯三酚(药香-木质调)。此外,1H-吡咯-2-甲醛和1-(2-呋喃甲基)-1H-吡咯为CX与GT果皮茶中所共有,这两种物质为CX和GT带来了霉味、尖锐感与金属感等负面风味属性。GT与FY中还含有少量共有组分,包括1-乙基-1H-吡咯-2-甲醛、5-乙基-2-呋喃甲醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛,则赋予果皮茶微弱的绿黄瓜气息与脂肪烧焦味。CX与FY则共享5种成分,包括1-苯并呋喃-5-醇、N-甲基-N-异丁基-2-呋喃甲酰胺、乙二醇单乙酸酯、α-丙基-2-呋喃乙醛、5-异丙基-2-羟基-2,4,6-环庚三烯-1-酮。
采用层次聚类分析3种果皮茶的VOCs变量并绘制热图。如图7聚类分析热图所示,3种果皮茶含有的VOCs聚集为不同的类别,其中GT与CX聚为一类,这与GC-IMS检测分析结果一致。从热图来看,相对含量较高的物质包括5-甲基-2-呋喃甲醛、糠醛、2,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-6-甲基-4(H)-吡喃-4-酮、2,5-二甲基呋喃-3,4(2H,5H)-二酮、2,4-二羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃-3-酮、5-羟甲基糠醛、1-(2-呋喃基)乙酮、1-(1H-吡咯-2-基)乙酮和糠醇。其中,5-甲基-2-呋喃甲醛在FY样品中含量为25.76%,高于CX(19.56%)和GT(20.38%),为FY贡献了突出的焦糖甜味、坚果香和果脯感[31]。CX样品中2,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-6-甲基-4(H)-吡喃-4-酮相对含量(22.46%)显著高于FY(16.90%)和GT(15.49%)(P<0.05),表明其在香气构成中具有重要贡献。而GT样品中检测到特有的吡嗪类物质(2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪和三甲基吡嗪),呈现出典型的泥土和坚果香气。上述结果表明,不同初加工方式显著影响了挥发性物质的组成与分布,进而差异化塑造了咖啡果皮茶的风味轮廓。
将GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS检测到的VOCs绘制韦恩图,如图8所示。研究表明,共同检测出的风味物质为3种,分别为糠醛、糠醇和壬醛,表明两种检测分析技术间存在较大的差异性。GC-IMS与HS-SPME-GC-MS的联用分析通过技术互补,显著提升了复杂体系中VOCs的分析范围。该联用测定技术兼具GC-IMS的高通量、快速筛查能力与HS-SPME-GC-MS的高分辨率、精准定性优势,可系统解析样品的挥发性组分。
GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS检测结果均以酮类、醛类、醇类和酯类风味物质为主,酮类物质主要通过美拉德反应、不饱和脂肪的氧化或降解以及氨基酸降解[32],通常具有较高的阈值,因此对果皮茶的风味贡献较小,赋予产品霉味、黄油味、花果香等多元香气[15];醛类物质源自氨基酸和脂肪酸代谢[33],通常阈值较低,气味浓郁,为产品贡献脂肪香、辛辣味、焦香、坚果香等特征;酯类则主要来自于醇和酸的酯化反应[34],阈值较低,主要呈现青香味、蜜香味等;醇类物质主要来源于脂肪氧化,氨基酸降解和碳水化合物生成产生[35],通常阈值较高,多表现为酸败味、芳香、苹果香及焦糖香等[36−37]。这些成分的协同作用共同构成了咖啡果皮茶的风味轮廓。
PCA是一种无监督的多变量统计分析方法,通过线性变换将多个变量综合为少数几个重要变量。为了揭示不同咖啡果皮茶挥发性化合物的差异,分别对GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS检测的挥发性香气成分数据进行降维处理,分析结果如图9、图10所示,GC-IMS 中第一、二主成分的贡献率分别为47.3%、41.2%,累计贡献率达88.5%;HS-SPME-GC-MS中第一、二主成分的贡献率分别为63.7%、29.4%,两者的累计贡献率达93.1%,表明前两个主成分能够充分表征3种咖啡果皮茶挥发性风味成分的整体特征。在基于GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS技术构建的PCA图中,三种样品在空间中明显分离,分布距离较远,表明其挥发性成分在组成与含量上均存在一定的差异。该结果印证了PCA模型可有效区分不同咖啡果皮茶的风味属性。两种分析技术所揭示的判别趋势具有一致性,为咖啡果皮茶的原料甄选与风味品质评价提供了可靠的统计学依据。
PLS-DA是一种有监督的多元统计分析方法,能按照预先定义的分类(Y变量)最大化组间的差异,可获得比PCA更好的分离效果。分别以两种检测技术获得的VOCs相对含量为因变量,3种咖啡果皮茶为自变量建立了PLS-DA判别模型(见图11)。不同颜色的点代表不同样品,模型评估结果为:GC-IMS数据分析中解释方差Rx2为0.824,Ry2为0.992,预测能力Q2为0.991;HS-SPME-GC-MS的PLS-DA分析中解释方差Rx2为0.984,Ry2为0.999,预测能力Q2为0.999。所有模型的R2和Q2值均接近于1,表示该模型具有优异的拟合优度和预测能力。为了确定模型是否存在过拟合,经200次置换检验验证(见图12)。结果表明,两种检测方法中R2和Q2的截距分别为0.036、−0.028和−0.324、−0.371。所有验证参数截距均接近0且Q2截距为负值,证实模型稳定可靠,不存在过拟合现象。该模型不仅能够有效区分不同咖啡果皮茶的风味特征,其优异的预测性能(Q2>0.99)更为产品质量控制和风味定向调控提供了可靠的分析工具。
为深入评估各变量在分类模型中的贡献程度,本研究基于PLS-DA模型计算各挥发性成分的VIP,以VIP 评分评价各化合物对样品差异的解释能力,VIP评分>1且P值<0.05的变量被视为对样本分类具有显著影响的判别因子,VIP值越大,影响越大。两种检测方法最终确定的显著性差异化合物如图13所示。在GC-IMS鉴定结果中,显著性差异化合物共36种,包括5种醛类、6种醇类、5种酮类、8种酯类、3种烯烃类、1种吡嗪类、2种萜烯类、1种苯环类、1种醚类、1种呋喃类、1种吡啶类、1种杂环类和1种其他挥发性化合物。根据VIP评分高低,识别出显著性差异化合物排名前10的挥发性化合物为(E)-2-癸烯醛、苯甲醛、(E)-3-十一碳烯、糠醛、苯乙烯、糠醇、(E)-4-辛烯、己醛、2,3-丁二酮、二氢-2-(3H)-噻吩酮。在HS-SPME-GC-MS分析中,共鉴定出11种VIP>1的显著性差异化合物,包括6种酮类、3种醛类、1种醇类和1种吡嗪类化合物,按照VIP值大小排序为2,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-6-甲基-4H-吡喃-4-酮、5-甲基-2-呋喃甲醛、5-羟甲基糠醛、1-(2-呋喃基)乙酮、糠醇、糠醛、1-(1H-吡咯-2-基)乙酮、2,4-二羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃-3-酮、2,5-二甲基呋喃-3,4(2H,5H)-二酮、三甲基吡嗪、3,4-二甲基-2,5-呋喃二酮。
挥发性成分对样品风味的实际贡献度不仅取决于其相对含量,更需结合各物质的风味阈值进行综合评估[38]。食品香气特征主要取决于香气活度值较高的关键化合物。单一挥发性化合物对整体风味的贡献与其ROAV正相关。一般认为ROAV≥1时,该物质对样本整体风味产生贡献,被判定为关键风味物质,0.1≤ROAV<1时,该物质对总体风味有修饰作用,定为修饰性风味化合物[39],ROAV<0.1,说明该物质对总体风味无显著影响。结合(E)-2-癸烯醛和苯甲醇在GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS检测数据中不仅含量较高,而且气味阈值较低,表明其对整体风味具有显著影响,因此选定该两种物质为果皮茶样品的关键风味物质,定义其ROAVmax为100,根据已知相关气味阈值,通过式(2)求出各挥发性组分的ROAV,如表1所示,共确定出42种香气化合物。两种检测分析技术共鉴别出ROAV≥1的关键风味成分有1-己醇、2,3-丁二酮、3-甲基丁醛、2-甲基丙醛、正丁醛、乙酸丁酯、3-甲基丁酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、庚酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、二甲基二硫醚、二甲基硫醚、2-呋喃甲硫醇、芳樟醇、2,4-二羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃-3-酮、大马酮、壬醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛和癸醛。在样品CX和样品GT中,2-呋喃甲硫醇的ROAV为54.96、85.68,高于其他物质,可认为2-呋喃甲硫醇强烈的烤肉香、咖啡香是CX和GT果皮茶的主要香气类型,而(E)-2-壬烯醛在FY样品中ROVA值最高,是FY果皮茶脂肪香、柑橘类香气形成的关键贡献物质。在样品CX中,丁酸乙酯作为修饰性风味物质存在;在FY样品中,丁酸乙酯、2,3-丁二酮、2-甲基丙醛、二甲基二硫醚发挥修饰风味作用;而在GT样品中,2,3-丁二酮亦被识别为修饰性风味成分。0.1≤ROAV<1的VOCs包括3-甲基丁醇(M)、2-甲基异莰醇、壬醛、庚醛(M)、己醛、戊醛、丙醛等13种修饰性风味化合物。其中,3-甲基丁醇(D)、1-戊烯-3-酮(D)及丙酸乙酯香气对CX样品的整体风味轮廓不显著;仲辛酮、1-戊烯-3-酮(D)、3-戊酮、丙酸乙酯与乙酸仲丁酯香气对FY样品的风味构成几乎无影响,在GT样品中,乙酸仲丁酯的香气贡献亦可以忽略。(E)-2-壬烯醛在CX组中未被检测到,3-甲基苯酚和2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪在CX、FY样品中均未检出,可能的原因是咖啡果皮在干法加工与蜜处理过程中,其风味前体物质发生了显著变化。具体而言,(E)-2-壬烯醛的前体亚油酸、3-甲基苯酚的前体绿原酸,以及2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪合成所依赖的氨基酸和糖类,可能在加工阶段因微生物活动或酶促反应而被部分消耗,或降解转化为其他代谢产物,从而导致相应挥发性物质在后续分析中未能检出。
为了更精确地确定关键风味物质,对满足VIP值≥1和相对气味活度值(ROAV)≥1这两个条件的挥发性风味物质进行综合分析与比对,确定出(E)-2-癸烯醛、1-己醇、3-甲基丁醛、乙酸丁酯、庚酸丁酯、2-呋喃甲硫醇、2,4-二羟基-2,5二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃-3-酮共7种挥发性化合物,作为3种咖啡果皮茶核心气味标志物。
参考美国精品咖啡协会(Specialty Coffee Association of America,SCAA)提出的咖啡风味分类,共确定出7个用于描述咖啡香气的属性词,分别是酸香、酚香、坚果香、焦糖香、烤香、花香以及辛香,本研究也采用7个香气来描述咖啡果皮茶香气。通过对关键香气化合物 ROAV值的累计贡献,获得了不同咖啡果皮茶的香气特征雷达图(见图14)。结果表明,在三种果皮茶的香气属性中,酸香维度的响应值显著高于其余6种香气维度,其强度依次为GT>FY>CX。在酚香(CX:ROAV=101.25;FY:ROAV=101.74;GT:ROAV=102.03)与焦糖香(CX:ROAV=1.32;FY:ROAV=1.22;GT:ROAV=1.09)维度上,三者表现差异不明显。然而,GT样品在酸香、辛香、坚果香与烤香方面均表现出更高的浓郁度;FY样品则呈现出最为突出的花香特征;而CX样品在坚果香与烤香方面相对较为浓郁。
本研究采用GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS技术对3种不同初加工咖啡果皮茶的挥发性成分进行了测定,并结合多元统计分析对3种咖啡果皮茶的风味特征进行综合表征。通过GC-IMS 共定性出三种果皮茶104种VOCs,其中酮类、醛类、酯类和醇类等为主要风味物质。HS-SPME-GC-MS 共鉴定出55种VOCs,CX样品中共鉴定出45种VOCs,FY样品48种,GT样品48种,酮类、醛类风味物质在CX、FY、GT果皮茶中含量占比高达86%以上。两者检测手段得到的VOCs重合度低,但作为一种较新的检测方法,GC-IMS具有方便快捷的优势,无需复杂的手动过程,在风味成分研究中可与GC-MS结合使用形成互补优势。通过PLS-DA中的VIP和ROAV共筛选出(E)-2-癸烯醛、1-己醇、3-甲基丁醛、乙酸丁酯、庚酸乙酯、2-呋喃甲硫醇、2,4-二羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃-3-酮7种关键气味标志物。香气轮廓剖析结果显示不同初加工咖啡果皮茶的香气特征存在差异,GT样品呈现出更浓郁的酸香、辛香、坚果香与烤香;FY样品则呈现出最为突出的花香特征;而CX样品则表现出较为浓郁的坚果香与烤香。本研究进一步明晰了不同初加工咖啡果皮茶饮的香气组分构成及特征差异,为咖啡果皮的综合开发利用提供数据支持。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080186
  • 接收时间:2025-08-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-18
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    1西南林业大学材料与化学工程学院,云南昆明 650224
    2云南佳汇检测技术有限公司,云南昆明 650220
    3云南咖啡厂有限公司,云南昆明 650217

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侯英(1973−),女,硕士,正高级工程师,研究方向:天然产物分析研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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