Article(id=1320880518321787649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080166, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755187200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852056340, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852056340, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852056340, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852056340, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=85, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880520167281410, articleId=1320880518321787649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Cooking Methods on the Quality Characteristics of Vacuum Freeze-dried Chinese Yam Powder, columnId=1320880469017735237, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Food Components and Quality Mechanisms, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of two cooking methods, atmospheric steaming and boiling, on the quality characteristics of vacuum freeze-dried Chinese yam powder, this study used Chinese yam from Dalong, Puning, Guangdong Province as the raw material, samples were subjected to atmospheric steaming and boiling treatments, followed by vacuum freeze-drying and milling. The physicochemical properties, nutritional components, and antioxidant activities of uncooked, steamed, and boiled yam powders were compared. The results showed that cooking treatments significantly altered the physicochemical properties of the yam powder. Boiling treatment (10 min) efficiently destroyed the starch crystal structure through the liquid water medium, increasing the solubility to 30.87 g/100 g and significantly improving the reconstitution property. In contrast, steaming treatment (20 min), due to limited moisture exchange, more effectively retained nutrients such as protein (9.86 g/100 g), allantoin (2741.81 μg/mL), and crude polysaccharides (1.39 g/100 g). Both cooking methods led to significant reductions in total flavonoid and total polyphenol contents, with a more pronounced decrease observed in the steamed group. Regarding antioxidant activity, the boiled group exhibited significantly higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and Fe2+ chelating capacity than the steamed group, although both groups showed lower values than the uncooked samples. Despite exhibiting the highest antioxidant activity, the uncooked sample had significantly lower solubility than the cooked samples. This study demonstrates that boiling treatment is beneficial for enhancing the reconstitution properties of the product, while steaming treatment is more conducive to nutrient retention, providing a theoretical basis and technical options for the targeted processing of Chinese yam powder.

, authors=Siyue CHEN1, Xuan XIN1, 2, *, Mengmeng ZHANG3, Weidong BAI1, 2, *, Yan LIAN4, Wenbin REN1, 2, Wei WANG1, 2, authorsList=Siyue CHEN, Xuan XIN, Mengmeng ZHANG, Weidong BAI, Yan LIAN, Wenbin REN, Wei WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuan XIN, Weidong BAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880521991803663, articleId=1320880518321787649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=熟化方式对真空冷冻干燥淮山药粉品质特性的影响, columnId=1320880469198090311, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=食品组分与品质机制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究常压蒸制与煮制两种熟化方式对真空冷冻干燥(Freeze-Drying,FD)淮山药粉品质特性的影响,本文以广东普宁大陇淮山为原料,分别进行常压蒸制与煮制处理,随后进行真空冷冻干燥制粉,对比分析未熟化、蒸制与煮制淮山粉的理化特性、营养成分及抗氧化活性。结果表明,熟化处理显著改变了淮山粉的理化特性:煮制处理(10 min)通过液态水介质高效破坏淀粉晶体结构,使溶解度提升至30.87 g/100 g,显著优化冲调性能;蒸制处理(20 min)则因有限的水分交换,更有效保留蛋白质(9.86 g/100 g)、尿囊素(2741.81 μg/mL)及粗多糖(1.39 g/100 g)等营养成分。两种熟化方式均导致总黄酮与总多酚含量显著降低,其中蒸制组的降幅更为明显。在抗氧化活性方面,煮制组在DPPH自由基清除率与Fe2+螯合能力方面均显著高于蒸制组,但两组均低于未熟化样品。尽管未熟化样品表现出最高的抗氧化活性,其溶解性却显著低于熟化样品。本研究明确了煮制处理有利于提升产品冲调性能,而蒸制处理更利于营养保留,为淮山粉的定向加工提供了理论依据与技术选择。

, authors=陈思悦1, 辛璇1, 2, *, 张猛猛3, 白卫东1, 2, *, 练妍4, 任文彬1, 2, 汪薇1, 2, authorsList=陈思悦, 辛璇, 张猛猛, 白卫东, 练妍, 任文彬, 汪薇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=辛璇, 白卫东, authorNote=

陈思悦(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:农产品加工与食品生物技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
辛璇(1991−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:农产品加工与食品生物技术,E-mail:。
白卫东(1967−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物化学,E-mail:。
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注:A. 煮制处理;B. 蒸制处理。

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注:A为未熟化处理组,B为煮制处理组,C为蒸制处理组,1~3放大倍数分别为100×、500×、1000×。

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注:A. 未熟化处理组;B. 煮制处理组;C. 蒸制处理组。

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注:不同字母(a、b)表示数据差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母表示数据差异不显著(P>0.05)。

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注:不同字母(A、B、C和a、b、c)表示数据差异显著(P<0.05);图6同。

, figureFileSmall=ljq2TI3OS2EFC9WDuPPtxw==, figureFileBig=slLBwdYXNYTUm8N+MZ8fxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880529793209180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880518321787649, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Reconstitution performance of Chinese yam powder treated with different maturation methods, figureFileSmall=B/8YVgfQlsDNgRHmBqNx9g==, figureFileBig=bjDV+5nwYXVST9hU0+4xHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880529860318045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880518321787649, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同熟化方式处理淮山粉的冲调性能

注:A. 溶解度的影响;B. 分散时间和稳定时间的影响。

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Effects of different maturation methods on the color of Chinese yam powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*W
未熟化对照组95.14±0.35a−0.46±0.02a6.56±0.08c91.82±0.31a
煮制处理组94.16±0.15b−0.61±0.04c9.56±0.13a89.26±0.11b
蒸制处理组94.45±0.21a−0.55±0.02b9.00±0.05b89.39±0.18b
), ArticleFig(id=1320880529990341471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880518321787649, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同熟化方式对淮山粉色泽的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*W
未熟化对照组95.14±0.35a−0.46±0.02a6.56±0.08c91.82±0.31a
煮制处理组94.16±0.15b−0.61±0.04c9.56±0.13a89.26±0.11b
蒸制处理组94.45±0.21a−0.55±0.02b9.00±0.05b89.39±0.18b
), ArticleFig(id=1320880530061644640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880518321787649, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Changes in nutrient component contents of Chinese yam powder treated with different maturation methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品蛋白质(g/100 g)总黄酮(g/100 g)总多酚(g/100 g)尿囊素(μg/mL)粗多糖(g/100 g)
未熟化处理组11.3±0.51a0.076±0.004a0.093±0.006a6258.53±214.61a0.79±0.08c
煮制处理组8.23±0.38c0.059±0.003b0.076±0.004b1331.41±183.37c1.21±0.07b
蒸制处理组9.86±0.46b0.047±0.002c0.063±0.002c2741.81±158.42b1.39±0.05a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880530153919329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880518321787649, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同熟化方式处理淮山粉的营养成分含量变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品蛋白质(g/100 g)总黄酮(g/100 g)总多酚(g/100 g)尿囊素(μg/mL)粗多糖(g/100 g)
未熟化处理组11.3±0.51a0.076±0.004a0.093±0.006a6258.53±214.61a0.79±0.08c
煮制处理组8.23±0.38c0.059±0.003b0.076±0.004b1331.41±183.37c1.21±0.07b
蒸制处理组9.86±0.46b0.047±0.002c0.063±0.002c2741.81±158.42b1.39±0.05a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880530237805410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880518321787649, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of different maturation methods on the antioxidant activity of Chinese yam powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品DPPH自由基清除率(%)铁还原力(OD700)Fe2+螯合能力(%)
未熟化处理组47.3±2.1a0.55±0.03a35.6±1.2a
煮制处理组40.1±1.1b0.47±0.02b30.8±1.6b
蒸制处理组36.4±1.4c0.41±0.01c25.4±1.1c
), ArticleFig(id=1320880530321691491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880518321787649, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同熟化方式处理淮山粉对抗氧化活性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品DPPH自由基清除率(%)铁还原力(OD700)Fe2+螯合能力(%)
未熟化处理组47.3±2.1a0.55±0.03a35.6±1.2a
煮制处理组40.1±1.1b0.47±0.02b30.8±1.6b
蒸制处理组36.4±1.4c0.41±0.01c25.4±1.1c
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熟化方式对真空冷冻干燥淮山药粉品质特性的影响
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陈思悦 1 , 辛璇 1, 2, * , 张猛猛 3 , 白卫东 1, 2, * , 练妍 4 , 任文彬 1, 2 , 汪薇 1, 2
食品工业科技 | 食品组分与品质机制 2026,47(18): 85-94
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食品工业科技 |食品组分与品质机制 2026 , 47 (18) : 85 -94
熟化方式对真空冷冻干燥淮山药粉品质特性的影响
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陈思悦1 , 辛璇1, 2, * , 张猛猛3, 白卫东1, 2, * , 练妍4, 任文彬1, 2, 汪薇1, 2
作者信息
  • 1仲恺农业工程学院轻工食品学院,广东广州 510225
  • 2仲恺农业工程学院广东省岭南特色食品科学与技术重点实验室,广东广州 510225
  • 3仲恺农业工程学院化工与材料学院,广东广州 510225
  • 4无限极(中国)有限公司,广东广州 529199
通讯作者:
辛璇(1991−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:农产品加工与食品生物技术,E-mail:。
白卫东(1967−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物化学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

陈思悦(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:农产品加工与食品生物技术,E-mail:

Effects of Cooking Methods on the Quality Characteristics of Vacuum Freeze-dried Chinese Yam Powder
Siyue CHEN1 , Xuan XIN1, 2, * , Mengmeng ZHANG3, Weidong BAI1, 2, * , Yan LIAN4, Wenbin REN1, 2, Wei WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
  • 2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
  • 3College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
  • 4Infinitus (China) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 529199, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080166
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为探究常压蒸制与煮制两种熟化方式对真空冷冻干燥(Freeze-Drying,FD)淮山药粉品质特性的影响,本文以广东普宁大陇淮山为原料,分别进行常压蒸制与煮制处理,随后进行真空冷冻干燥制粉,对比分析未熟化、蒸制与煮制淮山粉的理化特性、营养成分及抗氧化活性。结果表明,熟化处理显著改变了淮山粉的理化特性:煮制处理(10 min)通过液态水介质高效破坏淀粉晶体结构,使溶解度提升至30.87 g/100 g,显著优化冲调性能;蒸制处理(20 min)则因有限的水分交换,更有效保留蛋白质(9.86 g/100 g)、尿囊素(2741.81 μg/mL)及粗多糖(1.39 g/100 g)等营养成分。两种熟化方式均导致总黄酮与总多酚含量显著降低,其中蒸制组的降幅更为明显。在抗氧化活性方面,煮制组在DPPH自由基清除率与Fe2+螯合能力方面均显著高于蒸制组,但两组均低于未熟化样品。尽管未熟化样品表现出最高的抗氧化活性,其溶解性却显著低于熟化样品。本研究明确了煮制处理有利于提升产品冲调性能,而蒸制处理更利于营养保留,为淮山粉的定向加工提供了理论依据与技术选择。

淮山粉  /  熟化方式  /  真空冷冻干燥  /  淀粉糊化  /  冲调性能  /  抗氧化活性

To investigate the effects of two cooking methods, atmospheric steaming and boiling, on the quality characteristics of vacuum freeze-dried Chinese yam powder, this study used Chinese yam from Dalong, Puning, Guangdong Province as the raw material, samples were subjected to atmospheric steaming and boiling treatments, followed by vacuum freeze-drying and milling. The physicochemical properties, nutritional components, and antioxidant activities of uncooked, steamed, and boiled yam powders were compared. The results showed that cooking treatments significantly altered the physicochemical properties of the yam powder. Boiling treatment (10 min) efficiently destroyed the starch crystal structure through the liquid water medium, increasing the solubility to 30.87 g/100 g and significantly improving the reconstitution property. In contrast, steaming treatment (20 min), due to limited moisture exchange, more effectively retained nutrients such as protein (9.86 g/100 g), allantoin (2741.81 μg/mL), and crude polysaccharides (1.39 g/100 g). Both cooking methods led to significant reductions in total flavonoid and total polyphenol contents, with a more pronounced decrease observed in the steamed group. Regarding antioxidant activity, the boiled group exhibited significantly higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and Fe2+ chelating capacity than the steamed group, although both groups showed lower values than the uncooked samples. Despite exhibiting the highest antioxidant activity, the uncooked sample had significantly lower solubility than the cooked samples. This study demonstrates that boiling treatment is beneficial for enhancing the reconstitution properties of the product, while steaming treatment is more conducive to nutrient retention, providing a theoretical basis and technical options for the targeted processing of Chinese yam powder.

Chinese yam powder  /  cooking methods  /  vacuum freeze-drying  /  starch gelatinization  /  reconstitution property  /  antioxidant activity
陈思悦, 辛璇, 张猛猛, 白卫东, 练妍, 任文彬, 汪薇. 熟化方式对真空冷冻干燥淮山药粉品质特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 85 -94 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080166
Siyue CHEN, Xuan XIN, Mengmeng ZHANG, Weidong BAI, Yan LIAN, Wenbin REN, Wei WANG. Effects of Cooking Methods on the Quality Characteristics of Vacuum Freeze-dried Chinese Yam Powder[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 85 -94 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080166
淮山(Dioscorea opposita Thunb.),为山药的优良栽培类型,作为我国药食同源植物,富含多糖、黄酮、多酚、尿囊素等多种生物活性成分,具有抗氧化、降血糖、调节免疫等功效[1−2]。其中,广东揭阳市普宁市大陇村所产淮山(以下简称“大陇淮山”)因其独特的“粉、糯、甘、香”品质特征及较高的活性物质含量,在地方特色农产品中具有重要地位[3]。该产区已通过国家良好农业规范(GAP)认证,种植规模持续扩大,具备良好的产业化开发前景。然而,鲜淮山因高含水量易霉变和褐变,导致贮藏期短,且表皮黏液中的致痒成分还可引发接触性皮炎,严重制约了其鲜食产品的市场流通[4]。因此,淮山粉的深加工研究成为平衡营养保留与便捷性的关键路径。
淮山粉的品质受加工工艺影响显著。目前研究多集中于单一干燥技术的应用,如热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥(Freeze-Drying,FD)和喷雾干燥等[5−6]。其中,FD因低温真空条件可有效保留热敏性营养成分,且所得产品复水性优良,被视为高品质粉体加工的首选技术[5,7−8]。然而,淮山淀粉含量较高,仅经单一干燥处理后的粉体中淀粉结构仍保持相对完整,导致其溶解性能较差,在速溶性食品领域的应用受到限制。熟化技术作为粉体加工的重要预处理手段,可通过高温高压作用破坏淀粉晶体结构,促进水分子进入结晶区,从而显著改善粉体的溶解性能[9]。目前常用的熟化方式包括蒸制、煮制、烘烤及微波处理等,其中常压蒸和常压煮是应用最为广泛的两种方式[10]。Akinwande等[11]和Iwuoha等[12]研究发现,蒸汽处理时间对淮山粉的吸水性具有显著影响;王国宇等[13]比较不同熟化方式对燕麦粉品质的影响,发现微波处理可显著提高总膳食纤维含量及其吸附能力。然而,现有研究多聚焦于单一干燥工艺优化或仅熟化方式的影响,缺乏对“熟化-干燥”联合工艺的系统性研究,特别是不同熟化方式(如常压蒸、常压煮)与FD技术结合对淮山粉品质影响的对比研究仍属空白。
因此,本研究以大陇淮山为研究对象,探究常压蒸制与常压煮制对FD所得淮山粉的影响。研究重点聚焦三个方面:首先分析其物理特性变化,包括微观结构、色泽、持水性、速溶性及碘蓝值等指标;其次测定关键营养成分含量,包括蛋白质、总黄酮、总多酚、尿囊素及多糖等活性物质;最后通过DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除和Fe2+螯合实验评价其抗氧化活性。研究成果不仅揭示了“熟化-干燥”联合工艺对淮山粉关键品质的影响,深化了传统热加工与现代冻干技术耦合的理论认知,更为大陇淮山粉的工业化生产提供了工艺参数。该研究助力普宁地区特色农产品突破初加工局限,通过提升产品附加值增强市场竞争力,为乡村振兴背景下地方特色农业产业升级提供技术范式。
大陇淮山 购自清香农业科技发展有限公司普宁分公司;浓硫酸、硫酸铜、硫酸钾、硼酸、盐酸、乙醇、亚硝酸钠、硝酸铝、氢氧化钠、碳酸钠、甲醇、磷酸、苯酚、过硫酸钾、溴化钾 广州化学试剂厂;芦丁、没食子酸、尿囊素等标准品、福林-酚试剂、DPPH法抗氧化检测试剂盒 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;菲啰嗪、FeCl2、EDTA 上海阿拉丁生物试剂有限公司;所有试剂均为分析纯。
LMQ.C-50E可控温压力蒸煮锅 山东新华医疗器械股份有限公司;未来X21真空冷冻干燥机 北京四环科学仪器厂有限公司;EVO 15扫描电子显微镜 卡尔·蔡司股份公司;Nicolet iS50傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 赛默飞世尔科技公司;CR-400色差仪 柯尼卡美能达办公系统(中国)有限公司;HH-4恒温水浴锅 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;AL204分析天平 梅特勒 - 托利多国际贸易(上海)有限公司;5424 R离心机 艾本德股份公司;K9860凯氏定氮仪 海能未来技术集团股份有限公司;UV-2600紫外-可见分光光度计 岛津企业管理(中国)有限公司;1260 Infinity II高效液相色谱仪 安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司;Synergy H1多功能酶标仪 美国伯腾仪器有限公司;DSC200差示扫描量热仪 日立高新技术(上海)贸易有限公司。
选取新鲜无损伤的大陇淮山,经清水冲洗、去皮后,切成厚度均匀(2~3 mm)的薄片。将切片随机分为三组:蒸制组、煮制组和未熟化对照组。
将淮山片平铺于蒸盘,待蒸锅上汽且锅内温度稳定在100±0.5 ℃后,分别蒸制10、20、30 min。处理后的样品立即转移至−40 ℃预冻12 h,随后进行真空冷冻干燥。冷冻干燥程序设定如下:冷阱温度−55 ℃,真空度10 Pa;采用阶梯升温方式,首先在0 ℃维持4 h,随后以1 ℃/h的速率升温至10 ℃并维持4 h,最后在20 ℃下干燥至结束,总干燥时间约24 h。干燥样品经粉碎后过60目筛,置于密封铝箔袋中,4 ℃避光保存待用。
按料液比1:8(w/w)将淮山片与沸水混合,分别煮制10、20、30 min,后续处理同1.2.1.2节。
新鲜淮山切片直接进行预冻处理(−40 ℃,12 h),后续步骤同1.2.1.2节。
采用差示扫描量热(Differential Scanning Calorimetry,DSC)法测定样品的吸热焓值(ΔH),参考Son等[14]的方法并稍作修改。准确称取10 mg样品于DSC专用铝坩埚中,使用DSC200仪以10 ℃/min的加热速率从30 ℃扫描至100 ℃,记录DSC曲线,并根据吸热峰面积计算ΔH值。
采用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)观察颗粒表面形态。取约0.1 g干燥淮山粉样品,均匀粘附于导电胶覆盖的样品台,经真空喷金镀膜后,于选定放大倍数下观察并拍摄具有代表性的颗粒表面形貌图像。
采用傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,FTIR)分析淮山粉官能团变化,参考范宽秀等[15]的方法并稍作修改。采用KBr压片法,在400~4000 cm−1的波数范围内以吸收模式进行扫描,分辨率为4 cm−1,累计扫描32次,记录其吸光度光谱。
色泽的测定参考张子琪等[16]的方法并稍作修改。
采用色差仪测定淮山粉的明度指数(L)和色度指数(a*和b*),并根据公式(1)计算白度(W)。
$ {\mathrm{W}}=100-\sqrt{{(100-L)}^{2}+{a}^{\text{*}2}+{b}^{\text{*}2}} $
堆积密度的测定参照Hsu[17]的方法并稍作修改。取一个25 mL干燥洁净的量筒称重记为M1,将干燥的淮山粉样品缓慢倒入量筒中,填满至刻度,称其质量,记为M2。堆积密度ρ(mg/mL)按公式(2)计算:
$\rm \rho =\frac{{M}_{2}-{M}_{1}}{25} $
碘蓝值的测定参考张子琪等[16]的方法并稍作修改。精确称取0.25 g样品,加入50 mL预热至65.5 ℃的蒸馏水,于65.5±0.5 ℃水浴中搅拌5 min,静置后过滤。取1.00 mL滤液,加入1.00 mL 0.02 mol/L碘液,蒸馏水定容至50 mL。以1.00 mL碘液定容至50 mL作为空白,于650 nm波长处测定吸光度(E)。碘蓝值按公式(3)计算:
$\rm 碘蓝值=E\times 54.2+5 $
持水性(Water Holding Capacity,WHC)的测定参考舒青青[18]的方法并稍作修改。精确称取2.5 g样品于50 mL离心管中,称重记为M1,加入30 mL蒸馏水,沸水浴中搅拌加热15 min。冷却至25 ℃后,于3000 r/min离心15 min,弃去上清液,倒置离心管于吸水纸上并静置10 min后称重,记为M2。WHC(g/g)按公式(4)计算:
$\rm WHC=\frac{{M}_{2}-{M}_{1}}{样品干物质质量} $
溶解度的测定参考Wang等[19]的方法并稍作修改。精确称取2 g(记为m1)淮山粉样品,加入20 mL预热至50 ℃的蒸馏水,于50 ℃水浴中搅拌30 min使其充分溶解。随后以3000 r/min离心10 min,取2 mL上清液于恒重的称量瓶中,在105±2 ℃下干燥至恒重,称量溶解物质量(m2)。溶解度(g/100 g)按公式(5)计算:
$ \rm{溶}解度(\text{g/100 g})=\frac{10\times m_2}{m_1} $
将2.00 g淮山粉样品加入预平衡(80 ℃,30 min)的100 mL蒸馏水中,置于磁力搅拌器(180 r/min)搅拌,用秒表记录样品完全分散(目测无颗粒聚集)的时间。
将2.00 g样品加入预平衡(80 ℃,30 min)的100 mL蒸馏水中,搅拌至完全分散后静置。记录溶液出现明显分层(固液分离界面清晰可见)所需时间。
按GB 5009.5-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》第一法(凯氏定氮法)进行。准确称取1.0 g样品,经硫酸消化后,采用凯氏定氮仪进行蒸馏滴定,根据消耗盐酸体积计算总氮含量,再乘以换算系数6.25,即得蛋白质含量(g/100 g)。
采用硝酸铝比色法测定淮山粉中总黄酮的含量,参考吕鹏等[20]的方法。准确称取1.00 g样品,以60%(v/v)乙醇溶液于60 ℃水浴提取3次,合并提取液并定容至25 mL。取2.00 mL提取液,依次加入5%(w/v)亚硝酸钠、10%(w/v)硝酸铝和4%(w/v)氢氧化钠溶液显色,于510 nm波长处测定吸光度,按芦丁标准曲线计算总黄酮含量(g/100 g)。
采用福林-酚比色法测定淮山粉中总多酚的含量,参考程云环等[21]的方法并稍作修改。准确称取0.50 g样品,以80%(v/v)乙醇超声提取3次,合并提取液并定容至25 mL。取2.00 mL提取液,加入福林-酚试剂和10%(w/v)碳酸钠溶液显色,于750 nm波长处测定吸光度,按没食子酸标准曲线计算总多酚含量(g/100 g)。
采用高效液相色谱法(High Performance Liquid Chromatography,HPLC)测定淮山粉中尿囊素的含量,具体参考李鑫等[22]的方法并稍作修改。简要步骤如下:称取0.8 g样品,以0.5%(v/v)盐酸-甲醇(1:2,v/v)溶液超声提取,过0.45 μm滤膜,进行HPLC分析,根据标准品尿囊素的标准曲线计算尿囊素含量(μg/mL)。色谱条件:C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水(10:90,v/v),流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30 ℃,检测波长210 nm,进样量10 μL。
采用SN/T 4260-2015苯酚-硫酸法测定淮山粉中粗多糖的含量。准确称取1.0 g样品,经80%(v/v)乙醇脱脂后,以热水浸提多糖,提取液经苯酚-硫酸法显色,于490 nm波长处测定吸光度,按葡萄糖标准曲线计算粗多糖含量(g/100 g)。
称取1.25 g淮山粉与60%甲醇按1:16(w/v)混合,于25 ℃下旋转提取12 h,离心(8000×g,10 min)后取上清液,用60%甲醇定容至25 mL,制得50 mg/mL提取液。
使用DPPH法抗氧化能力检测试剂盒来测定样品清除DPPH自由基的能力,操作流程严格遵守试剂盒使用说明。
使用FRAP法抗氧化能力检测试剂盒测定样品的铁离子还原能力,操作流程严格遵守试剂盒使用说明。
参考刘亚男[23]的方法并稍作修改。移取1 mL淮山粉甲醇提取液至10 mL试管,依次加0.1 mL FeCl2·4H2O(2 mmol/L)、0.2 mL菲咯嗪溶液(5 mmol/L)及3.7 mL甲醇,混匀后室温反应10 min,于562 nm波长处测吸光值,按公式(6)计算Fe2+螯合能力:
$ \rm{F}e^{2+}螯合能力(\text{%})=\left[1-\left(A_1-A_2\right)/A_0\right]\times100 $
其中,A0:1 mL甲醇替代淮山药粉甲醇提取液作为空白对照测得的吸光值;A1:淮山粉甲醇提取液反应后的吸光值;A2:0.1 mL甲醇代替反应体系中FeCl2·4H2O溶液后的吸光值。
所有实验均设置3次独立重复。数据以“均值±标准差”表示。采用SPSS 22.0软件进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),Duncan法进行多重比较,显著性水平设为P<0.05。使用Origin 2024软件进行图表绘制。
淀粉糊化程度可通过DSC测定的吸热焓值(ΔH)进行表征,ΔH越高表明未糊化淀粉结晶结构保留越多,糊化程度越低[24]。如图1所示,本研究通过DSC分析揭示了不同熟化方式对淮山粉热力学特性的影响。未经熟化处理的淮山粉呈现出典型的淀粉晶体结构,其在60~80 ℃范围内显示出典型的淀粉糊化吸热峰,且其ΔH较高,这证实了样品中天然淀粉的结晶结构保存完整,糊化程度较低。
熟化处理均能有效促进淀粉糊化,但煮制与蒸制的作用效率存在本质差异。如图1A所示,煮制处理10 min后,样品的ΔH已降至接近基线,表明其淀粉晶体结构在液态水介质中已迅速且完全地被破坏。相比之下,蒸制10 min样品仍保留部分吸热峰(图1B),说明淀粉糊化不完全;直至蒸制20 min,其ΔH才接近基线水平,达到与煮制10 min相当的充分糊化状态;继续延长蒸制时间至 30 min,样品 DSC 峰形与 20 min 基本重合,糊化程度无进一步提升。这一差异主要源于两种熟化方式中水分渗透效率的不同。煮制过程中,物料直接与液态水接触,热传导和水分子扩散速率极快,从而高效地破坏了淀粉分子的氢键网络与结晶区。而蒸制处理依靠蒸汽冷凝提供水分,其水分渗透效率较低,导致热能和水分传递缓慢,因此需要更长时间才能达到相同的糊化程度。值得注意的是,相同处理时间下,煮制样品的ΔH普遍低于蒸制样品。这也直接证明了液态水介质对淀粉糊化的促进作用优于蒸汽介质。
综上所述,热力学分析初步表明,煮制10 min与蒸制20 min是本研究中实现淀粉充分糊化的关键条件。基于此发现,本研究选取这两种代表性工艺条件进行后续系统评价;旨在通过分析微观结构、冲调性能、营养成分及抗氧化活性等指标,全面比较其综合品质,并评估其在高品质冲调型代餐产品中的应用潜力。
SEM结果表明,熟化处理显著改变淮山粉淀粉颗粒的微观形貌(图2)。未熟化样品中淀粉颗粒大多数呈典型椭圆形,表面光滑致密,粒径均一(<500 μm)且分散均匀,仅附着少量不规则碎片(图2A1~图2A3)。这种完整的颗粒形貌与上述DSC测定的较高ΔH值相互印证,共同说明了未熟化样品中淀粉晶体结构的完整性。
经熟化处理后,所有样品的淀粉颗粒规则形态均完全消失,出现了显著的溶胀、表面剥离与褶皱,并伴随大量碎片生成,整体尺寸膨胀至>100 μm,表面粗糙度明显增加(图2B和图2C)。这种形貌变化直观地证实了糊化作用导致淀粉颗粒溶胀解体,增大的比表面积预示其润湿性与分散性可能得到提升[14]。值得注意的是,煮制10 min与蒸制20 min的样品虽在DSC上均达到充分糊化(ΔH接近基线),但其微观结构的破坏模式却存在可见区别。在放大100倍的视野中可见,煮制样品结构相对均一(图2B1),表现出由表及里的整体溶胀。这与所述的煮制过程“高效、均匀”的水热作用机制相符,液态水的快速渗透和传热导致了淀粉颗粒的整体性凝胶化。相比之下,蒸制样品则呈现出更高的碎片化程度(图2C1)。这种更为彻底但不均匀的结构破碎,可能源于蒸汽冷凝水分“非均匀渗透”机制,水分在颗粒内部渗透不均所形成的应力梯度,更易引发局部结构的脆性断裂,而非均匀溶胀。
FTIR进一步揭示了分子层面的结构变化(图3)。这些变化与前述DSC热力学分析和SEM微观形貌观察高度关联,共同阐明了不同熟化方式的作用机制。在表征分子间氢键作用的羟基振动区(3377 cm−1附近),未熟化样品呈现强吸收峰(图3A),这与其在DSC中显示的高ΔH值以及SEM下观察到的完整颗粒形貌相互印证,共同证实了天然淀粉中由氢键稳定的晶体网络结构未被破坏。经熟化处理后,该区域吸收峰的变化清晰地反映了氢键网络的破坏程度,这与DSC测得的糊化程度结论完全一致。煮制样品吸收峰强度进一步明显降低,且峰宽明显增加(图3B),这从分子水平直接证实了以上所述的“液态水介质更彻底破坏氢键网络”的机制,导致晶体结构更为彻底的无序化[6],从而在DSC上表现为ΔH值降至基线。相比之下,蒸制样品峰强度略微降低,且峰形展宽(图3C),表明蒸汽的湿热作用导致部分氢键断裂与结合水逸出。
蛋白质特征吸收区(1645.96 cm−1附近)的变化进一步揭示了不同熟化方式的作用强度差异。未熟化样品在1645.96 cm−1处显示典型的酰胺I带吸收。煮制样品则呈现更明显的红移(1643.27 cm−1)和吸光度降低(图3B),分子层面的证据表明,煮制过程不仅对淀粉作用更剧烈,其持续剧烈的湿热环境也导致了更明显的蛋白质变性过程,而蒸制处理后该峰发生蓝移至1648.40 cm−1且吸光度降低(图3C),表明蛋白质分子构象发生轻微改变。
此外,脂肪族C-H伸缩振动峰(2929 cm−1附近)的变化趋势同样显示,煮制处理对脂肪组分的破坏程度明显高于蒸制处理,再次印证了不同熟化方式对物料组分的作用存在差异。
综上,FTIR分析从分子尺度证实,水分传递机制的差异是导致煮制与蒸制作用效果不同的根本原因。煮制通过液态水高效、剧烈的持续作用,深度破坏了淀粉、蛋白质等组分的分子有序性;而蒸制依靠蒸汽冷凝水分,其作用相对温和且可能不均。这些分子层面的证据,与热力学及微观结构分析结果共同表明,尽管两种熟化方式均可实现淀粉的完全糊化,但其对淮山粉多级结构产生了截然不同的改造,这很可能最终决定其宏观理化特性。因此,有必要对二者进行系统的综合评价。
熟化处理显著改变了淮山粉的色泽特征。如表1所示,未熟化样品表现出最优的色泽品质,其亮度(L*)和白度(W)最高,黄度(b*)和红绿度(a*)最低,呈现洁白明亮的特征。经熟化处理后,样品的L*、W和a*值均有下降,b*值显著升高(P<0.05),表明熟化处理导致淮山粉产生轻微褐变现象。
这种褐变主要源于熟化过程中的非酶褐变反应,如美拉德反应和焦糖化作用。值得注意的是,煮制处理的黄变程度(b*值)显著(P<0.05)高于蒸制处理。DSC和FTIR结果表明,煮制过程更彻底地破坏了淀粉的晶体结构和蛋白质的天然构象。这种深度的结构破坏,一方面会暴露出更多的还原性糖,另一方面则促进了蛋白质的变性并释放出更多的游离氨基酸,从而为美拉德反应提供了更为充足的反应底物。因此,煮制处理中更剧烈的非酶褐变反应,是其黄变程度更高的根本原因。
堆积密度能够反映颗粒间的空隙率,其值越大表明颗粒与颗粒间空隙越小[25]。如图4所示,熟化处理显著(P<0.05)提高了淮山粉的堆积密度,这一变化与淀粉糊化过程密切相关。糊化过程中淀粉颗粒吸水膨胀、氢键断裂,导致颗粒结构松散化;经真空冷冻干燥后,这种松散结构得以固定,形成表面粗糙、多碎片的形态,这些不规则颗粒更易通过物理填充形成致密堆积。
值得注意的是,尽管煮制与蒸制处理均达到了充分糊化,但蒸制处理组的堆积密度(0.72±0.02 g/cm3)略高于煮制组(0.69±0.02 g/cm3),但差异未达显著水平(P>0.05)。这主要归因于蒸制样品产生了更为明显的碎片化结构(图2),这些在蒸制过程中因水分非均匀渗透而产生的细小碎片,能更有效地填充于较大颗粒之间的空隙中,从而使得整体堆积更为紧密。
熟制处理显著改变了淮山粉的淀粉特性和水合性能。碘蓝值作为衡量游离淀粉含量的特征性指标,其数值变化反映加工过程中淀粉颗粒结构的破坏程度[24]。如图5所示,熟化处理显著提升了淮山粉的碘蓝值(P<0.05),表明熟化处理促使直链淀粉从颗粒内部释放。其中,煮制处理组的碘蓝值显著高于蒸制组(P<0.05),这与DSC分析中煮制样品ΔH值更低以及FTIR分析中煮制样品氢键网络破坏更彻底的结果相一致。这进一步证实,煮制所采用的液态水介质能更高效地破坏淀粉晶体结构,从而释放出更多的直链淀粉以与碘分子结合。
同时,WHC的变化呈现出与碘蓝值相似的变化趋势,未熟化组的WHC仅为1.78±0.15 g/g,而熟化处理显著提升淮山粉的WHC(P<0.05),且煮制组同样显著高于蒸制组(P<0.05)(图5)。这种水合能力的显著增强,直接归因于糊化过程对淀粉颗粒结构的改造。如FTIR所分析,糊化过程中淀粉分子的氢键网络被破坏,原有的致密结晶结构转变为疏松的无定形结构,从而暴露出大量的亲水基团,增强了其与水分子结合的能力。因此,煮制处理对淀粉结构更彻底的破坏,是其持水性优于蒸制处理的根本原因。这一结果与Son等[14]关于湿热处理改变山药淀粉结晶结构并提升持水性的研究结论相一致。
溶解度作为淀粉类速溶即食粉的关键品质指标,直接决定产品的冲调效率与感官体验[26]。如图6A所示,熟化处理显著(P<0.05)增加了淮山粉的溶解度。未熟化样品溶解度为16.74±1.29 g/100 g,经煮制或蒸制处理后分别增加至30.87±1.93和25.37±0.68 g/100 g。这种溶解度的显著提升主要归因于熟化过程中淀粉发生的糊化作用。熟化处理破坏淀粉晶体结构,促使分子链解螺旋并暴露亲水基团,形成易于水合的无定形态。其中,煮制处理的溶解度显著高于蒸制(P<0.05),这与上述碘蓝值和持水性的变化趋势高度一致,共同证实了煮制处理在破坏淀粉有序结构、增强其水合能力方面更具优势。
分散性作为冲调性能的核心指标,其时间与稳定性综合反映了粉体的亲水性与颗粒均质化程度。如图6B所示,熟化处理对淮山粉的分散特性产生了双重影响。一方面,煮制和蒸制处理使分散时间从3.27±0.20 min分别缩短至0.53±0.04 min和0.67±0.02 min(P<0.05),这主要归因于糊化作用对颗粒表面的影响。如SEM分析所示,熟化后颗粒表面粗糙化、出现褶皱与碎片,增大了比表面积,这极大地促进了水分的初始浸润与渗透速率。另一方面,稳定时间从2.41±0.11 min(未熟化)显著缩短至1.22±0.05 min(煮制)和1.06±0.04 min(蒸制)(P<0.05),这种“分散加速但稳定期缩短”的现象与卢成特[27]的研究结果相一致。这可能是过度糊化导致淀粉颗粒结构被剧烈破坏,虽然提升了初始亲水性,但也可能削弱了颗粒间形成网络结构的能力,导致悬浮体系更易发生相分离,表现为稳定时间的缩短。值得注意的是,蒸制处理的稳定时间略优于煮制。这可能是由于蒸制相对温和且不均匀的作用方式,使其保留了稍多的天然分子间作用力,或形成了尺寸与密度更多元的颗粒体系,从而在一定程度上延缓了相分离的速度。
综上,熟化处理通过改变淀粉分子结构显著改善了淮山粉的冲调性能,其中煮制处理在提升溶解度方面更具优势,而蒸制处理则表现出更好的悬浮稳定性。这些发现为针对不同应用需求选择适宜的加工工艺提供了科学依据,煮制工艺更适合开发对速溶性要求较高的产品(如速溶饮品),而蒸制工艺则更适用于对冲调后悬浮稳定性有要求的产品体系(如需要一定稠度的代餐奶昔)。
如表2所示,熟化处理对淮山粉营养成分的影响呈现出明显的差异性变化。这种差异化影响与上述揭示的两种熟化方式的作用机制和结构改造程度密切相关。一方面导致蛋白质、总黄酮、总多酚及尿囊素等热敏性成分含量下降,另一方面却促使粗多糖含量显著提升。
对于总黄酮和总多酚,未熟化样品因细胞结构完整且活性成分保存良好,展现出较高的初始含量。经煮制与蒸制处理后,这两类成分均因热处理引发的降解反应而减少,其中蒸制组的总黄酮和总多酚含量显著低于煮制组(P<0.05),这一现象与卢成特[27]的研究结果一致。这可能是因为煮制过程因液态水瞬时、高效的传热,能快速灭活氧化酶,从而减少了加工初期由酶促氧化造成的黄酮与多酚损耗[21];同时,水作为介质也可能促进了部分结合态酚类的释放[28]。相比之下,蒸制过程缓慢的升温可能延长了酶活期,且其有限的冷凝水环境不利于结合态酚类的有效释放与转化,最终导致其净保留量反而较低[28]。
蛋白质和尿囊素的损失则清晰地反映了“水溶性溶出”的主导作用。未熟化样品中含量分别为11.3±0.51 g/100 g和6258.53±214.61 μg/mL,经熟化处理后两者均出现显著降低(P<0.05)。这一变化主要源于两个方面的作用机制:其一,高温湿热环境破坏了植物细胞壁结构,促使蛋白质溶解到水相中;其二,美拉德反应消耗了游离氨基基团,不仅导致蛋白质表观含量下降,同时促进了尿囊素参与非酶褐变反应。这一结果与Wang等[29]关于大豆蛋白高温热处理的研究结论相一致,进一步验证了热加工对蛋白质和含氮化合物的影响规律。值得注意的是,不同的熟化方式对成分保留的影响存在显著差异。煮制组的蛋白质含量和尿囊素含量均显著低于蒸制组(P<0.05)。这种差异主要归因于两种处理方式的水分作用机制不同,即煮制过程中样品与水的直接接触导致大量可溶性蛋白质和尿囊素的物理溶出流失,而蒸制处理通过蒸汽传热,仅产生少量冷凝水,极大限度地减少了水溶性成分的浸出损失。特别是对于水溶性极强的尿囊素而言,蒸制处理有限的水分交换条件使其保留量显著高于煮制处理。
与上述成分变化趋势相反,熟化处理显著提高了淮山粉的粗多糖含量(P<0.05)(表2)。这可能源于两方面机制:其一,热处理引发的淀粉糊化过程促使部分淀粉分子发生降解,转化为可溶性多糖;其二,高温作用破坏了细胞壁的致密结构,促使原本被包裹的结合态多糖得以释放[14]。值得注意的是,蒸制组中粗多糖含量显著高于煮制组(P<0.05)。这再次体现了“溶出损失”机制的决定性影响,即煮制过程中,部分被热作用释放出的可溶性多糖会随水流失;而蒸制有限的水分交换条件,则能更有效地将这些因结构破坏而释放出的多糖保留在最终的粉体产品中。
综上,熟化处理通过其特定的水分-热作用机制,在对淮山粉实现充分糊化和结构改造的同时,也定向调控了其营养成分的组成。蒸制处理凭借其有限的水分交换条件,在保留蛋白质、尿囊素和多糖等水溶性或可浸出性成分方面展现出显著优势;而煮制处理则因瞬时高温和不同的成分释放动力学,对部分结合态黄酮和多酚表现出相对较好的保留效果。
如表3所示,熟化处理显著降低了淮山粉的抗氧化活性。未熟化处理的样品表现出最强的抗氧化活性,其DPPH自由基清除能力、铁还原力及Fe2+螯合能力均显著优于熟化处理组,其中煮制样品的活性又显著优于蒸制样品(P<0.05)。这种抗氧化活性的变化规律,是其内在活性成分含量变化的直接功能体现。样品抗氧化活性与总黄酮和总多酚含量的变化趋势相一致(表2),证实了这两类物质是淮山粉发挥抗氧化作用的关键活性成分。因此,蒸制样品中最低的黄酮与多酚含量,直接导致了其最弱的抗氧化能力;而煮制样品因相对较好地保留了这两类成分,其抗氧化活性也相应地优于蒸制。
抗氧化活性的降低可能源于热处理过程中这两类活性成分的降解与流失。高温环境不仅会直接破坏黄酮或多酚的化学结构,还可能促使其与在糊化过程中剧烈变性的淀粉、蛋白质等大分子物质形成复合物,从而掩蔽其活性基团,降低生物可利用性[30]。此外,Fe2+螯合能力的下降进一步印证了活性基团的损失,因为黄酮和多酚分子中的酚羟基(-OH)和羰基(C=O)是螯合金属离子的关键位点,这些基团在高温湿热环境下易发生降解或反应,从而导致螯合能力弱[20]。这种活性成分的结构破坏与含量减少共同作用,最终表现为淮山粉抗氧化能力的下降。
本研究探讨了常压蒸制和煮制两种熟化方式对真空冷冻干燥淮山粉品质特性的影响。结果表明,熟化处理显著改变了淮山粉的淀粉结构、物理特性和营养成分分布。与已有研究相比,本研究进一步明确了不同熟化方式在淀粉解构与成分保留方面的差异,即煮制处理因直接接触液态水,热传导效率更高,对淀粉晶体结构的破坏更为彻底,从而显著提升了溶解度和冲调性能,尤其适用于速溶产品的开发;而蒸制处理则因水分交换有限,更有利于保留蛋白质、尿囊素和多糖等水溶性功能成分。在热敏性成分方面,熟化处理虽导致总黄酮、总多酚含量下降,但煮制处理因瞬时高温有效抑制氧化酶活性,其抗氧化活性保留优于蒸制;未熟化样品因活性成分保存完整,表现出最高的抗氧化能力,但溶解性能较差,这一结果与已有研究中热处理对功能成分的影响趋势相符。
值得指出的是,近年来有研究采用挤压处理促进淮山粉糊化以提升速溶性,其效率较高;相比之下,本研究采用的常压熟化方式在速溶性提升幅度上虽不及挤压处理,但在最大限度保留蛋白质、多糖等功能成分方面具有独特优势,尤其蒸制处理更适用于高营养保留型产品的开发,为不同产品定位提供了互补的工艺路径。
本研究在理论层面揭示了不同熟化方式对淮山粉结构与功能的影响机制,为淮山粉的定向加工提供了科学依据;在实用层面,为不同产品需求(如速溶性、营养保留或高活性成分)下的熟化方式选择提供了技术支撑。然而,本研究尚未系统探讨熟化过程中微观结构变化与宏观性能之间的内在关联,也未对不同熟化条件下功能成分的动态变化规律进行深入解析。未来研究可进一步优化熟化工艺参数,结合多尺度结构表征与动态营养追踪,以实现在提升功能特性的同时最大限度地保留营养成分,推动淮山粉在高附加值食品领域的更广泛应用。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080166
  • 接收时间:2025-08-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-15
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    1仲恺农业工程学院轻工食品学院,广东广州 510225
    2仲恺农业工程学院广东省岭南特色食品科学与技术重点实验室,广东广州 510225
    3仲恺农业工程学院化工与材料学院,广东广州 510225
    4无限极(中国)有限公司,广东广州 529199

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辛璇(1991−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:农产品加工与食品生物技术,E-mail:。
白卫东(1967−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物化学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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