Article(id=1320880419252326429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080152, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755014400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852032720, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852032720, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852032720, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852032720, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=507, endPage=514, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880419449458718, articleId=1320880419252326429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Comparative Alleviating Effects of Leaf Mustard Fermented by Different Processes on Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice, columnId=1320880301220410188, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Food Nutrition and Health Benefits, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ulcerative colitis (UC) was a chronic gastrointestinal disorder, and dietary intervention was an important approach for symptom relief. Fermented leaf mustard are nutrient-rich vegetables containing bioactive compounds and probiotics, but their effects on colitis remain unclear. In this study, the nutritional composition of fermented mustard was analyzed, and a 3% (w/w) dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis mouse model was used to evaluate their protective effects. Systemic assessments included phenotypic indicators, such as body weight and disease activity index (DAI), histopathology, serum/colonic inflammatory cytokines, and antioxidant markers in mice fed with either salt brine-fermented (Sb-FM) or aged brine fermented leaf mustard (Ab-FM). Gut microbiota modulation was analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing. Results showed that Sb-FM group had significantly higher lactic acid content (86.55 mg/g) than Ab-FM (69.31 mg/g) and lower contents of malic acid and acetic acid. Compared with the control group, both treatments markedly reduced inflammatory responses, with a significant 10.2%~29.9% decrease in TNF-α levels. Sb-FM group greater efficacy than Ab-FM in alleviating hepatic injury, as indicated by improved catalase activity and reduced MDA, AST and ALT levels. Both fermented leaf mustard improved the gut microbiota composition in DSS induced UC mice by increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria and reducing that of harmful ones. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Romboutsia increased by 2.6% in Ab-FM, while norank-Muribaculaceae and Akkermansia increased by 4.1-fold and 36-fold, respectively in Sb-FM. In summary, dietary intervention with both types of fermented leaf mustard effectively alleviated DSS induced UC.

, authors=Jichun ZHAO1, Meng LI1, Nan ZHAO2, Duchen LIU3, Yuan MEI2, *, authorsList=Jichun ZHAO, Meng LI, Nan ZHAO, Duchen LIU, Yuan MEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuan MEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880422096064555, articleId=1320880419252326429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=两种不同工艺发酵叶芥对葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导小鼠结肠炎的缓解作用, columnId=1320880301400765262, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=食品营养与健康功效, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

溃疡性结肠炎是一种胃肠道疾病,膳食是一种重要的症状缓解方法。发酵叶芥是一类营养丰富的发酵食品,富含多种功能化合物和益生菌,但对其干预缓解结肠炎的作用和相关机制仍不明确。本研究对发酵芥菜的营养物质进行了测定,并通过3%(w/w)葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)诱导建立溃疡性结肠炎小鼠模型,对添加了盐水和老卤水发酵芥菜饲料喂食小鼠的体重与疾病活动指数(disease activity index,DAI)等表观指标、组织病理学、血清和结肠中炎症因子和抗氧化指标等进行分析,以评估发酵芥菜膳食对结肠炎的影响,并通过肠道菌群多样性测序研究其作用效果。结果表明,盐水发酵芥菜组乳酸含量(86.55 mg/g)较老卤水组(69.31 mg/g)显著更高,苹果酸和乙酸含量更低。两个干预组较模型组显著降低了小鼠10.2%~29.9%的TNF-α水平,减缓了小鼠炎症反应。盐水组小鼠肝脏过氧化氢酶、丙二醛含量、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶等相关指标表明其对缓解小鼠肝脏损伤的效果优于老卤水组。两种发酵芥菜的干预均通过提高有益菌相对丰度和降低有害菌相对丰度改善了DSS诱导结肠炎小鼠的肠道菌群,在属水平上老卤水组的Romboutsia相对丰度升高2.6%,盐水组norank-Muribaculaceae和Akkermansia相对丰度增加了4.1倍和36倍。综上,两种发酵芥菜的膳食干预均可以缓解DSS诱导的结肠炎。

, authors=赵吉春1, 李萌1, 赵楠2, 刘独臣3, 梅源2, *, authorsList=赵吉春, 李萌, 赵楠, 刘独臣, 梅源, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=梅源, authorNote=

赵吉春(1988−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:发酵食品营养功能,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
梅源(1995−),女,硕士,研究方向:果蔬发酵品质评价,E-mail:。
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赵吉春(1988−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:发酵食品营养功能,E-mail:

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赵吉春(1988−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:发酵食品营养功能,E-mail:

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Chinese Journal of Microecology, 2024, 36(6): 728−732.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880433202581653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880419252326429, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AI F B, YUE B, GAO R Y, et al. Regulatory effects of Roseburia with potential of new generation of probiotics in various diseases: Advances in research[J]. Chinese Journal of Microecology, 2024, 36(6): 728−732., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880433257107606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880419252326429, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU Y Q, CHEN B R, ZHANG X Y, et al. Exploration of the muribaculaceae family in the gut microbiota: Diversity, metabolism, and function[J]. 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Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2021.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880433622012056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880419252326429, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU L D. Study on the mechanism of Akkermansia muciniphila and its metabolite phloretin in enhancing the intestinal mucosal barrier function of animals[D]. 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注:*表示其他组别与Con组相比具有差异显著(P<0.05)。

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注:C:Con;D:Mod;E:Ab-FM;F:Sb-FM;不同字母表示不同组间具有差异显著(P<0.05),图3、图4同。

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注:A:稀释曲线;B:物种Venn图;C:门水平肠道菌群组成相对丰度;D:属水平肠道菌群组成相对丰度。

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UC mouse model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别动物
数量
1~14 d15~21 d
对照组
(Con)
10维持饲料/饮用水维持饲料/饮用水
DSS模型组(Mod)10维持饲料/饮用水维持饲料/DSS饮用水
卤水组
(Ab-FM)
10含有8%卤水发酵叶芥冻干粉的维持饲料/饮用水含有8%卤水发酵叶芥冻干粉的维持饲料/3% DSS饮用水
盐水组
(Sb-FM)
10含有8%盐水发酵叶芥冻干粉的维持饲料/饮用水含有8%盐水发酵叶芥冻干粉的维持饲料/3% DSS饮用水
), ArticleFig(id=1320880427322167395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880419252326429, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

UC小鼠模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别动物
数量
1~14 d15~21 d
对照组
(Con)
10维持饲料/饮用水维持饲料/饮用水
DSS模型组(Mod)10维持饲料/饮用水维持饲料/DSS饮用水
卤水组
(Ab-FM)
10含有8%卤水发酵叶芥冻干粉的维持饲料/饮用水含有8%卤水发酵叶芥冻干粉的维持饲料/3% DSS饮用水
盐水组
(Sb-FM)
10含有8%盐水发酵叶芥冻干粉的维持饲料/饮用水含有8%盐水发酵叶芥冻干粉的维持饲料/3% DSS饮用水
), ArticleFig(id=1320880427389276260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880419252326429, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

DAI scoring criteria for mice[18]

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计分下降体重(%)大便黏稠度大便出血
00正常正常
11~5较为松散弱阳性
25~10松散阳性
310~15半成形稀强阳性
4>15腹泻显性出血
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小鼠DAI评价标准[18]

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计分下降体重(%)大便黏稠度大便出血
00正常正常
11~5较为松散弱阳性
25~10松散阳性
310~15半成形稀强阳性
4>15腹泻显性出血
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Mouse histopathological scoring criteria

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计分粘膜损伤炎细胞浸润炎症严重程度隐窝损伤
0无无无无
1粘膜层浸润在隐窝基底层轻度基底1/3损伤
2粘膜和粘膜下层浸润到达粘膜下层中度基底2/3损伤
3肌层浸润达到粘膜下层,明显水肿重度隐窝丢失和表面
上皮存在
4浸润到达粘膜肌层整个隐窝和
上皮丢失
), ArticleFig(id=1320880427628351591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880419252326429, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

小鼠组织病理学评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计分粘膜损伤炎细胞浸润炎症严重程度隐窝损伤
0无无无无
1粘膜层浸润在隐窝基底层轻度基底1/3损伤
2粘膜和粘膜下层浸润到达粘膜下层中度基底2/3损伤
3肌层浸润达到粘膜下层,明显水肿重度隐窝丢失和表面
上皮存在
4浸润到达粘膜肌层整个隐窝和
上皮丢失
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Composition and content of fermented leaf mustard

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组别有机酸(mg/g)总硫苷(μmol/g)膳食纤维(g/g)总糖(g/100 g)蛋白质(g/100 g)
柠檬酸苹果酸琥珀酸乳酸乙酸
卤水组(Ab-FM组)−6.85±0.33b4.07±0.30a69.31±1.28a10.91±0.75b−0.13±0.04a8.76±0.16a4.73±2.11a
盐水组(Sb-FM组)−3.54±1.05a4.91±0.41a86.55±0.71b3.24±0.35a−0.23±0.01a11.24±1.26b5.41±0.76a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880427800318057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880419252326429, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

发酵叶芥组成与含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别有机酸(mg/g)总硫苷(μmol/g)膳食纤维(g/g)总糖(g/100 g)蛋白质(g/100 g)
柠檬酸苹果酸琥珀酸乳酸乙酸
卤水组(Ab-FM组)−6.85±0.33b4.07±0.30a69.31±1.28a10.91±0.75b−0.13±0.04a8.76±0.16a4.73±2.11a
盐水组(Sb-FM组)−3.54±1.05a4.91±0.41a86.55±0.71b3.24±0.35a−0.23±0.01a11.24±1.26b5.41±0.76a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880427892592746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880419252326429, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of fermented leaf mustard on cytokine in colitis mice

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组别TNF-α(pg/mg prot)IL-6(pg/mg prot)IL-10(pg/mg prot)
Con140.49±25a35.12±3.46a135.94±15.57b
Mod239.39±20.85b49.55±3.10b116.20±14.98ab
Ab-FM214.99±15.24ab33.45±1.87a103.79±3.36ab
Sb-FM167.86±14.27ab30.88±2.22a89.94±14.25a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880427959701611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880419252326429, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

发酵叶芥对结肠炎小鼠结肠细胞因子的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别TNF-α(pg/mg prot)IL-6(pg/mg prot)IL-10(pg/mg prot)
Con140.49±25a35.12±3.46a135.94±15.57b
Mod239.39±20.85b49.55±3.10b116.20±14.98ab
Ab-FM214.99±15.24ab33.45±1.87a103.79±3.36ab
Sb-FM167.86±14.27ab30.88±2.22a89.94±14.25a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880428039393388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880419252326429, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Effects of fermented mustard on cytokine in liver of colitis mice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别IL-10(pg/mg prot)IL-6(pg/mg prot)
Con155.49±17.27b49.51±1.94a
Mod104.33±15.19a58.62±1.40a
Ab-FM126.59±7.41ab53.44±1.12a
Sb-FM147.90±9.82b51.68±4.75a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880428123279469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880419252326429, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

发酵芥菜对结肠炎小鼠肝脏细胞因子的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别IL-10(pg/mg prot)IL-6(pg/mg prot)
Con155.49±17.27b49.51±1.94a
Mod104.33±15.19a58.62±1.40a
Ab-FM126.59±7.41ab53.44±1.12a
Sb-FM147.90±9.82b51.68±4.75a
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两种不同工艺发酵叶芥对葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导小鼠结肠炎的缓解作用
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赵吉春 1 , 李萌 1 , 赵楠 2 , 刘独臣 3 , 梅源 2, *
食品工业科技 | 食品营养与健康功效 2026,47(18): 507-514
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食品工业科技 |食品营养与健康功效 2026 , 47 (18) : 507 -514
两种不同工艺发酵叶芥对葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导小鼠结肠炎的缓解作用
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affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, *, address=2四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所/食物与营养健康研究所,四川成都 610066, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880422381277231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880419252326429, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880422393860144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880419252326429, companyId=1320880422381277231, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology (Institute of Food Nutritional and Health), Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880422406443057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880419252326429, companyId=1320880422381277231, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所/食物与营养健康研究所,四川成都 610066)])])]
赵吉春1 , 李萌1, 赵楠2, 刘独臣3, 梅源2, *
作者信息
  • 1西南大学食品科学学院,重庆 400715
  • 2四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所/食物与营养健康研究所,四川成都 610066
  • 3四川省农业科学院园艺研究所,蔬菜品种改良与种质创新四川省重点实验室,四川成都 610066
通讯作者:
梅源(1995−),女,硕士,研究方向:果蔬发酵品质评价,E-mail:。
作者简介:

赵吉春(1988−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:发酵食品营养功能,E-mail:

Comparative Alleviating Effects of Leaf Mustard Fermented by Different Processes on Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice
Jichun ZHAO1 , Meng LI1, Nan ZHAO2, Duchen LIU3, Yuan MEI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
  • 2Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology (Institute of Food Nutritional and Health), Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
  • 3Horticulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Variety Improvement Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080152
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溃疡性结肠炎是一种胃肠道疾病,膳食是一种重要的症状缓解方法。发酵叶芥是一类营养丰富的发酵食品,富含多种功能化合物和益生菌,但对其干预缓解结肠炎的作用和相关机制仍不明确。本研究对发酵芥菜的营养物质进行了测定,并通过3%(w/w)葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)诱导建立溃疡性结肠炎小鼠模型,对添加了盐水和老卤水发酵芥菜饲料喂食小鼠的体重与疾病活动指数(disease activity index,DAI)等表观指标、组织病理学、血清和结肠中炎症因子和抗氧化指标等进行分析,以评估发酵芥菜膳食对结肠炎的影响,并通过肠道菌群多样性测序研究其作用效果。结果表明,盐水发酵芥菜组乳酸含量(86.55 mg/g)较老卤水组(69.31 mg/g)显著更高,苹果酸和乙酸含量更低。两个干预组较模型组显著降低了小鼠10.2%~29.9%的TNF-α水平,减缓了小鼠炎症反应。盐水组小鼠肝脏过氧化氢酶、丙二醛含量、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶等相关指标表明其对缓解小鼠肝脏损伤的效果优于老卤水组。两种发酵芥菜的干预均通过提高有益菌相对丰度和降低有害菌相对丰度改善了DSS诱导结肠炎小鼠的肠道菌群,在属水平上老卤水组的Romboutsia相对丰度升高2.6%,盐水组norank-Muribaculaceae和Akkermansia相对丰度增加了4.1倍和36倍。综上,两种发酵芥菜的膳食干预均可以缓解DSS诱导的结肠炎。

发酵叶芥  /  溃疡性结肠炎  /  抗炎  /  抗氧化  /  肠道菌群

Ulcerative colitis (UC) was a chronic gastrointestinal disorder, and dietary intervention was an important approach for symptom relief. Fermented leaf mustard are nutrient-rich vegetables containing bioactive compounds and probiotics, but their effects on colitis remain unclear. In this study, the nutritional composition of fermented mustard was analyzed, and a 3% (w/w) dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis mouse model was used to evaluate their protective effects. Systemic assessments included phenotypic indicators, such as body weight and disease activity index (DAI), histopathology, serum/colonic inflammatory cytokines, and antioxidant markers in mice fed with either salt brine-fermented (Sb-FM) or aged brine fermented leaf mustard (Ab-FM). Gut microbiota modulation was analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing. Results showed that Sb-FM group had significantly higher lactic acid content (86.55 mg/g) than Ab-FM (69.31 mg/g) and lower contents of malic acid and acetic acid. Compared with the control group, both treatments markedly reduced inflammatory responses, with a significant 10.2%~29.9% decrease in TNF-α levels. Sb-FM group greater efficacy than Ab-FM in alleviating hepatic injury, as indicated by improved catalase activity and reduced MDA, AST and ALT levels. Both fermented leaf mustard improved the gut microbiota composition in DSS induced UC mice by increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria and reducing that of harmful ones. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Romboutsia increased by 2.6% in Ab-FM, while norank-Muribaculaceae and Akkermansia increased by 4.1-fold and 36-fold, respectively in Sb-FM. In summary, dietary intervention with both types of fermented leaf mustard effectively alleviated DSS induced UC.

fermented leaf mustard  /  ulcerative colitis  /  anti-inflammatory  /  anti-oxidation  /  intestinal flora
赵吉春, 李萌, 赵楠, 刘独臣, 梅源. 两种不同工艺发酵叶芥对葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导小鼠结肠炎的缓解作用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 507 -514 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080152
Jichun ZHAO, Meng LI, Nan ZHAO, Duchen LIU, Yuan MEI. Comparative Alleviating Effects of Leaf Mustard Fermented by Different Processes on Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 507 -514 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080152
炎症性肠病(Inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)主要有克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease,CD)和溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)两种类型,以慢性或复发性胃肠道炎症为特征,其不仅影响患者生活质量,而且容易发展为结直肠癌,严重危害患者生命健康[1−2]。IBD具有复杂的致病机制和影响因素,最严重的小鼠结肠炎模型与人类UC很相似,因此可以通过构建小鼠结肠炎模型研究IBD的发病机制和干预措施[3]。膳食干预是防治IBD的一种重要策略,它通过提供抗炎代谢物或调节肠道微生物群落来发挥作用。
发酵蔬菜历史悠久,因其独特风味、各类功能化合物和有益乳酸菌的存在而深受消费者喜爱,是我国重要的传统发酵食品之一[4]。芥菜是发酵蔬菜中的常用原料,其富含的硫代葡萄糖苷可在发酵过程中经酶解或微生物代谢转化后产生异硫氰酸盐、硫氰酸酯和腈类等水解产物,具有抗癌、抗炎、抗氧化等生物活性[3,5]。目前,发酵芥菜的制作常用两种方式,分别是纯盐水发酵以及老卤水发酵。盐水发酵主要利用蔬菜自带的表面及内生的微生物进行自然发酵,其发酵进程周期较长,且发酵过程中微生物演替易受发酵条件和蔬菜原料的影响[6−7]。老卤水是指循环使用的发酵盐溶液,在其反复循环的过程中形成了稳定的微环境和独特的微生物菌群,有利于快速启动发酵、促进发酵蔬菜独特的风味和滋味物质的形成[8−9]。
发酵方式的不同可能导致发酵芥菜中的营养成分的差异,最终造成发酵蔬菜生理功能方面的差异[10]。基于发酵食品,前人研究已证实多种发酵食品及其提取物具有显著的肠道健康效益。例如,发酵大豆、发酵豆渣等发酵产物富含的异黄酮、多肽及短链脂肪酸等生物活性物质,也被证实具有抑制结肠癌细胞活力以及预防直结肠癌的潜力[11−12]。针对富含硫代葡萄糖苷的十字花科蔬菜,有研究表明益生乳酸菌接种发酵茎芥能够显著缓解DSS诱导的小鼠结肠炎症状。该作用机制可能在于通过降低小鼠疾病活动指数(DAI)、调节炎症因子的分泌、抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路的异常激活,以及优化肠道微生物群落结构(如增加Desulfovibrio、Lachnospiraceae等有益菌丰度)来实现肠道稳态的恢复[7]。发酵西蓝花的研究也揭示了其发酵产物富含的活性成分在调节肠道菌群和减轻结肠炎症、维护肠道屏障功能方面的潜力[13]。然而,作为另一种重要的十字花科蔬菜,叶芥发酵产物对肠道炎症的调控作用,尤其是不同发酵工艺对其功能的影响,研究尚不深入。
本研究通过测定不同发酵工艺下发酵芥菜的总糖、蛋白质、有机酸、总硫苷和膳食纤维含量来分析其营养方面的差异,通过傅里叶红外光谱分析发酵芥菜的结构,并通过葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sodium sulfate,DSS)诱导建立UC小鼠模型,考察盐水和老卤水发酵芥菜饲喂对小鼠表观指标(DAI、结肠长度、日摄食量、日饮水量、粪便隐血)、组织病理学、结肠和肝脏中炎症因子和抗氧化指标的影响,并通过肠道菌群测序手段研究其作用机制,为发酵芥菜的功能挖掘提供一定参考。
新鲜叶芥 由四川省农业科学院园艺研究所/蔬菜品种改良与种质创新四川省重点实验室提供;发酵卤水(盐度6%) 由四川眉山某泡菜企业提供;SPF级C57BL/6J雄性小鼠 8周龄,40只,北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司(许可证号:SCXK(京)2021-0011);小鼠纯化饲料 江苏省协同医药生物工程有限责任公司;葡聚糖硫酸酯钠(dextran sodium sulfate,DSS,Mw 500000) 麦克林公司;粪隐血试剂盒、髓过氧化物酶含量(MPO)试剂盒、过氧化氢酶含量(CAT)试剂盒、丙二醛含量(MDA)试剂盒、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)试剂盒、谷草转氨酶含量(AST)试剂盒、谷丙转氨酶含量(ALT)试剂盒 南京建成生物工程研究所;BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒 北京鼎国昌盛生物技术有限责任公司;白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)酶联免疫试剂盒 上海酶联生物科技有限公司。
Spectrum-100傅里叶红外光谱仪 美国Perkin Elmer公司;TGL-18MS高速冷冻离心机 上海卢湘仪器有限公司;Synergy H1多功能酶标仪 美国Biotek公司;Scientz-20F真空冷冻干燥机 宁波新芝冻干设备有限公司;Pannoramic MIDI切片扫描仪 匈牙利3DHISTECH公司。
将芥菜洗净,切除根部,将整颗芥菜沿根部中线切分为2份,按菜水比1:2将叶芥和老卤水放置于发酵坛中,恒温25 ℃发酵10 d,发酵完成后于液氮中速冻,冻干机冻干后打磨,得到老卤水发酵芥菜蔬菜粉,并测定冻干粉中的盐度。用6%新鲜盐水替代老卤水,其他操作方法一致,得到盐水发酵芥菜蔬菜粉。
发酵芥菜总糖含量使用三五二硝基水杨酸比色法[14],总硫苷含量使用氯化钯比色法[15],总蛋白含量使用BCA蛋白定量试剂盒,总膳食纤维含量参考ASP等[16]的方法。有机酸含量测定参照ZHAO等[17]方法,发酵芥菜样品提取液经8000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液过0.22 μm滤膜,滤液用于HPLC分析。HPLC分析采用AminexHPX-87H色谱柱(300 mm×7.8 mm,9 μm),柱温35 ℃,进样体积10 μL,流速0.1 mL/min,紫外吸收检测波长为215 nm,流动相为0.005 mol/L H2SO4水溶液。
动物实验设计具体信息见表1。C57BL/6J雄性小鼠40只随机分为4组:对照组(Con)、DSS模型组(Mod)、老卤水发酵叶芥干预组(Ab-FM组)、盐水发酵叶芥干预组(Sb-FM组)。在适应环境后,前两周将老卤水发酵叶芥干预组和盐水发酵叶芥干预组的饲料改为添加8%相应发酵叶芥粉末的饲料,其他两组为对照纯化饲料(根据添加发酵蔬菜粉中的盐度添加相应食盐,确保所有饲料的盐度一致)。从最后一周造模开始,模型组和发酵叶芥干预组换用3% DSS饮用水,对照组为普通饮用水。造模结束后处死、解剖小鼠,收集肝脏、结肠等样本,保存于−80 ℃冰箱以供后续分析。本论文中动物实验经西南大学实验动物伦理审查委员会批准,伦理批准号为IACUC-20240112-01,并符合欧盟指导手册(2010/63/EU)要求。
造模期间,每日对小鼠粪便进行隐血试验、评价小鼠疾病活动指数(disease activity index,DAI),评价标准如表2所示,结果表示为三项计分平均值。造模结束解剖小鼠时,摘取结肠测量其长度,即盲肠至结肠末端(肛门)的长度。
取部分肝组织,按照组织:生理盐水=1:9的比例加入4 ℃预冷的0.9%生理盐水作为匀浆介质,使用十字柄组织实验研磨器研磨到无肉眼可见组织块,制备成合适浓度的组织匀浆液,按照试剂盒说明书设置相应转速离心10 min,取上清液待测。采用BCA法测定总蛋白浓度,计算对应的蛋白浓度。按照试剂盒说明书测定小鼠肝脏MPO、T-AOC、MDA、AST、ALT、CAT水平。
利用酶联免疫检测试剂盒检测结肠组织中IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α水平和肝脏组织中IL-6、IL-10水平。
取距小鼠肛门1 cm处的结肠0.5 cm,4%多聚甲醛固定,进行石蜡包埋、切片、脱蜡,然后苏木精-伊红(H&E)进行染色。最后在切片扫描仪的显微镜头下扫描成像并控制软件系统生成数字化切片。按照表3进行结肠组织损伤评分[19],“−”表示不涉及该项。
对小鼠结肠内容物和粪便进行肠道菌群多样性测序[20],根据FastPure Stool DNA Isolation Kit试剂盒说明书提取微生物菌群DNA,将其作为模板进行细菌16S rRNA V3~V4区域的PCR扩增。文库制备和Illumina Nextseq 2000高通量测序由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成,最终数据分析使用在线平台Majorbio Cloud Platform(https://www.majorbio.com)进行。
所有指标测定至少重复3次,数据结果表示为平均值±标准差(Standard error of mean,SEM)。采用SPSS 26.0进行样本数据方差分析(Analysis of variance,ANOVA),采用Duncan检验进行比较,P<0.05表明具有统计学意义。柱状图和PCA图等使用Origin 2021软件和R语言软件进行绘制。
不同发酵工艺下发酵叶芥的营养成分结果如表4所示。两种发酵芥菜有机酸中均未检测出柠檬酸,除了琥珀酸含量没有显著差异外,Ab-FM组的苹果酸和乙酸含量均显著高于Sb-FM组(P<0.05),乳酸含量则显著更低(P<0.05,69.31 vs 86.55 mg/g)。卤水和盐水发酵叶芥中均未检测到硫苷,可能被发酵体系中的微生物降解。两组样品中膳食纤维和蛋白含量均无显著差别,可能是发酵起始微生物的差异对这两类物质的降解作用影响有限。另外,Sb-FM组中的总糖含量显著高于Ab-FM组(P<0.05),这表明Sb-FM组微生物代谢活性可能低于Ab-FM组,在原料一致的情况下体现出不同工艺叶芥发酵程度的差异。
试验期间,正常对照组小鼠体重变化不大,从25.38±0.41 g到26.08±0.48 g,Mod、Ab-FM和Sb-FM组的小鼠体重持续下降,第7 d时较初始体重均下降了15%以上,且显著低于正常对照组(P<0.05)(图1)。Sb-FM组小鼠体重与Mod组小鼠体重无显著差异且大于Ab-FM组,这表明卤水和盐水发酵叶芥的干预对小鼠体重减轻的缓解有限。原因可能是结肠炎导致小鼠食欲不振、腹泻和营养吸收不良。DAI指数反映小鼠结肠炎的严重程度,指数越高小鼠结肠炎越严重。在喂食期间,Mod组、Ab-FM组和Sb-FM组的小鼠DAI指数整体呈上升趋势。其中,在DSS处理的第3 d Sb-FM组的DAI指数略有降低,但随着处理时间的增加,至造模第7 d时Mod组和处理组之间的DAI指数均在8.00~8.10之间,无显著差异。以上结果表明不同工艺发酵叶芥对体重和DAI等表观指标的干预效果有限,需进一步研究对小鼠内脏的影响情况。
Mod组小鼠结肠(小鼠结肠长度为5.37±0.28 cm)与Con组(小鼠结肠长度为6.40±0.27 cm)相比显著缩短(P<0.05),Ab-FM组和Sb-FM组小鼠结肠长度处于二者之间,这表明卤水和盐水发酵芥菜干预均可以一定程度上缓解结肠炎小鼠结肠的缩短(图2A)。从图2D可看出DSS处理导致小鼠结肠结构发生典型结肠炎炎症变化如溃疡形成、隐窝扩张、杯状细胞耗竭以及炎症细胞浸润。与Mod组相比,Ab-FM和Sb-FM组的小鼠炎症细胞浸润明显减少、粘膜损伤和隐窝损伤减轻。从组织损伤评分(图2B)来看,Ab-FM和Sb-FM组与Con组相比得分显著(P<0.05)提高,但显著低于Mod组,这表明老卤水和盐水发酵芥菜的干预可以适当缓解DSS诱导的结肠炎炎症反应。
IL-6是在机体受炎症刺激后由T细胞、B细胞、巨噬细胞等分泌的细胞因子,能导致免疫功能失调。TNF-α是主要由单核或巨噬细胞产生,参与免疫炎症反应并且通过与其受体结合发挥作用,能增强T细胞和B细胞的增殖和分化,并强化肠屏障功能障碍。IL-10是一种免疫调节细胞因子,能抑制炎性细胞的激活和迁移以及炎症因子的合成与释放[21]。与Con组相比,Mod组小鼠结肠与肝脏中的TNF-α和IL-6水平显著增加(P<0.05),这表明DSS成功诱导了小鼠的系统性炎症反应。值得注意的是,Ab-FM和Sb-FM组中的促炎因子TNF-α尽管大于Con组,但低于Mod组,分别降低10.2%和29.9%,且两个不同处理组差异不显著,这表明两种发酵叶芥膳食干预均能在一定程度上减轻炎症状况。尽管在结肠中两个干预组IL-10含量与Mod组差异不显著,但各组小鼠肝脏细胞中的抗炎因子IL-10含量相关结果与IL-6相反,且在Sb-FM组(147.90 pg/mg prot)干预比Ab-FM(126.59 pg/mg prot)减轻小鼠炎症效果更好。
过氧化氢酶(CAT)在一定条件下催化过氧化氢分解成氧和水,减少机体内的活性氧[22]。Mod组小鼠肝脏CAT水平显著高于Con组(P<0.05),Ab-FM和Sb-FM组的肝脏CAT水平均明显低于Mod组(图3A),且两个干预组间无显著差异。丙二醛(MDA)是脂质过氧化的终产物,可以反映机体抗氧化能力和细胞损伤程度。Mod组小鼠肝脏MDA含量均高于Con组、Ab-FM组和Sb-FM组(图3B)。总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)反映了小鼠清除氧自由基的能力,Ab-FM组的T-AOC水平显著低于Mod组(P<0.05),和Con组相近(图4C)。总体而言,两种发酵芥菜的膳食干预均一定程度提高了小鼠肝脏的抗氧化水平。
谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)可以反映DSS诱导的肝毒性,机体正常时肝脏内AST和ALT含量较低,但细胞受损时会导致AST和ALT含量升高。Mod组小鼠肝脏AST水平(155.5 U/g prot)和ALT水平(221.8 U/g prot)显著高于Con组,Ab-FM组和Sb-FM组小鼠肝脏ALT水平(209.4和192.1 U/g prot)均低于Mod组,且Sb-FM组小鼠AST(118.9 U/g prot) 水平较Ab-FM组(124.9 U/g prot,AST)更低(图4)。这一结果表明,老卤水和盐水发酵芥菜的膳食干预均可降低小鼠的肝脏损伤,且盐水发酵芥菜的效果可能略高于卤水发酵。
小鼠结肠内容物与粪便菌群16S rRNA测序稀释曲线平滑(图5A),说明测序数据量足够大从而可以表明样品的微生物多样性信息[22]。从图5B可知,Con组测出506个ASV(Amplicon Sequence Variants),Mod组测出151个ASV,Ab-FM组测出251个ASV,Sb-FM组测出266个ASV,其中与Con组共有的ASV最多的是Sb-FM组(124个),均高于Ab-FM组和Mod组。这表明DSS导致小鼠肠道微生物菌群丰富度和均匀度下降,而老卤水和盐水发酵芥菜的膳食干预缓解了这种下降,且盐水发酵组的效果略优于卤水发酵组。
图5C表明,门水平上Mod组的厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)相对丰度较Con组明显下降,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)相对丰度上升。与Mod组相比,Ab-FM和Sb-FM组的Firmicutes相对丰度均更高,Proteobacteria相对丰度均更低,而Bacteroidetes、Actinobacteria、Verrucomicrobia相对丰度无明显差别。在属水平上,与Con组相比,Mod组的有害菌志贺氏杆菌(Escherichia shigella)、梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium sensu stricto)和索氏梭菌(Paeniclostridium)相对丰度明显上升,普拉梭菌(Faecalibaculum)、拟杆菌(norank Muribaculaceae)、嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌(Akkermansia)和乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)相对丰度明显下降。与Mod组相比,两个发酵芥菜膳食干预组中的Escherichia shigella相对丰度均更低,其中Ab-FM组的罗氏菌(Romboutsia)相对丰度升高2.6%,而Sb-FM组的norank Muribaculaceae和Akkermansia相对丰度增加了4.1倍和36倍。
十字花科蔬菜富含硫代葡萄糖苷,发酵加工一定程度上可以促进硫苷转化,产生更多具有更高生物活性的代谢产物,从而提高对IBD的缓解效果。在本研究中,与模型组相比,老卤水发酵芥菜和盐水发酵芥菜的干预均一定程度缓解了小鼠结肠的缩短和结肠组织的损伤,这与前人对双歧杆菌发酵西兰花种子[23]降低炎症因子水平的结果一致。同时,两种发酵芥菜的膳食干预均较模型组降低了小鼠肝脏中TNF-α和IL-6水平,提高IL-10水平,说明老卤水发酵芥菜和盐水发酵芥菜均具有抗炎作用。
活性氧(ROS)介导的免疫调节异常是炎症性肠病(IBD)的潜在致病机制。生理状态下机体氧化-抗氧化系统保持平衡,失衡时则发生氧化应激,通过脂质过氧化等反应加剧肠道炎症。该过程中ROS可直接损伤肠道平滑肌、神经元及上皮紧密连接,破坏肠道屏障功能[24]。通过检测脂质过氧化产物之一的丙二醛(MDA)可评估氧化应激程度。本试验中,DSS导致的氧化损伤使模型组小鼠肝组织MDA水平明显上升。而老卤水组小鼠肝脏MDA含量(22.5 nmol/mg prot)比模型组(30 nmol/mg prot)低25%,盐水组小鼠肝脏MDA含量(22.1 nmol/mg prot)比模型组低26.6%,说明卤水发酵芥菜和盐水发酵芥菜的干预均缓解了DSS导致的氧化损伤。模型组小鼠肝组织CAT水平明显升高,可能因为氧化机制引起的转录上调。另外,老卤水组小鼠肝脏CAT含量比模型组低12.5%、盐水组小鼠肝脏CAT含量比模型组低24.7%,即盐水发酵芥菜的干预比老卤水发酵芥菜的干预增强DSS小鼠抗氧化能力的效果可能更优。
除了肠道症状,IBD常常伴随肝脏疾病,相关性肝病是IBD常见的肠外表现,通过肠外表现能够早期诊疗患者、改善患者预后[25]。在肝损伤标志物中,最常用到的是AST和ALT,患有肝病的患者AST和ALT水平明显升高[26]。老卤水组小鼠比模型组(155.5 U/g prot)小鼠肝组织AST含量低20%、ALT含量低5.6%,盐水组小鼠比模型组小鼠肝组织AST含量低23.9%、ALT含量低13.4%,说明两种发酵芥菜的干预均对DSS诱导的结肠炎小鼠肝损伤均有一定缓解作用,且盐水发酵芥菜干预的缓解效果更好。
肠道微生物在调节机体生理功能方面起到关键作用,肠道菌群失衡时肠道黏膜被破坏,病原微生物入侵,肠道内产生强烈免疫反应并加剧菌群紊乱和炎症反应[27]。ASV的结果表明发酵芥菜膳食干预能有效缓解DSS导致的肠道菌群多样性降低,且盐水发酵组的干预效果高于卤水组。Romboutsia可以调节宿主代谢、维护肠道屏障和改善肠道菌群[28],norank Muribaculacea可以产生抗菌物质抑制一些致病菌的生长、调节宿主免疫系统从而减轻肠道炎症反应和损伤[29],Akkermansia不仅可以保护肠道上皮细胞和黏液层,还可以在炎症反应中发挥抗炎作用[30]。与模型组相比,老卤水发酵组和盐水发酵组具有更高的Firmicutes相对丰度,其中老卤水组中Romboutsia相对丰度更高,而盐水组中的norank Muribaculaceae和Akkermansia的相对丰度更高,这表明两种发酵芥菜的膳食干预均能缓解结肠炎导致的菌群失调,但二者改善的菌群种类存在差异,这可能与不同发酵微生物组和功能代谢产物的差异有关。
本研究明确了两种不同工艺发酵叶芥的营养组成以及缓解小鼠结肠炎功能上的差异。在发酵叶芥的营养组成上,盐水发酵叶芥相比老卤水组的乳酸含量更高,而苹果酸和乙酸含量更低。膳食干预DSS诱导小鼠结肠炎的结果发现发酵叶芥对结肠炎具有缓解作用,两个干预组均降低了小鼠的结肠组织损伤、增强抗炎与抗氧化能力、降低肝毒性,并且盐水发酵叶芥干预组在增强抗氧化能力和缓解肝脏损伤方面效果更佳。此外,肠道菌群组成的结果表明发酵叶芥的膳食干预可以改善DSS诱导小鼠结肠炎导致的菌群失调,增加有益菌的比例。但老卤水组和盐水组改善的肠道菌群的种类存在差异。研究结果可为膳食补充发酵叶芥预防结肠炎提供理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080152
  • 接收时间:2025-08-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-13
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    1西南大学食品科学学院,重庆 400715
    2四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所/食物与营养健康研究所,四川成都 610066
    3四川省农业科学院园艺研究所,蔬菜品种改良与种质创新四川省重点实验室,四川成都 610066

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梅源(1995−),女,硕士,研究方向:果蔬发酵品质评价,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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