Article(id=1320880399451018114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080147, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755014400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852028000, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852028000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852028000, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852028000, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=486, endPage=495, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880399660733315, articleId=1320880399451018114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Different Extraction Processes for Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides and Evaluation of Their Bidirectional Immunomodulatory Activities, columnId=1320880301220410188, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Food Nutrition and Health Benefits, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To optimize ultrasonic assisted high-pressure water extraction method (UHPE), ultrasonic assisted hot water extraction method (UHWE), and ultrasound assisted enzymatic hydrolysis method (UEH) for polysaccharide extraction from Ganoderma lucidum and examine the bidirectional immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides extracted using these optimized methods. Methods: Optimization of UHPE, UHWE, and UEH were performed using single factor and response surface experiments, examining the effects of material-liquid ratio, ultrasound time, extraction temperature, extraction time, enzyme concentration, and enzymatic hydrolysis temperature on the polysaccharide yield. UHPE-GLP, UHWE-GLP, and UEH-GLP were prepared separately under the optimal extraction conditions. Based on RAW264.7 macrophages, UHPE-GLP, UHWE-GLP, and UEH-GLP were subjected to investigate the immunomodulatory activities, and their anti-inflammatory activities against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory models. Results: The experimental results of process optimization showed that the optimal extraction process of UEH-GLP was as follow: Material-liquid ratio of 1:31 g/mL, ultrasound time of 24 min, enzyme concentration of 5% and enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 53 ℃. Under these conditions, the GLP yield reached the highest among the three processes, at 10.92%±0.05%. The results of cell experiments showed that, UHPE-GLP, UHWE-GLP, and UEH-GLP could not only enhance immune function of RAW264.7 macrophages by promoting the proliferation, and secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO), but also inhibit immune function by reducing the secretion of TNF-α and NO to suppress the excessive activation of macrophages. These results indicated that UHPE-GLP, UHWE-GLP, and UEH-GLP exhibited excellent bidirectional immunomodulatory activities, among which UEH-GLP showed the most prominent bidirectional immunomodulatory activities. Conclusion: UEH-GLP has significant advantages in yield and bidirectional immunomodulatory activities. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide.

, authors=Mingya YUAN1, Yujuan LI2, Zhaoyi HU1, Pujie ZHANG1, Yuanbiao CHEN3, Dejun ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Mingya YUAN, Yujuan LI, Zhaoyi HU, Pujie ZHANG, Yuanbiao CHEN, Dejun ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dejun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880400889664398, articleId=1320880399451018114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=灵芝多糖不同提取工艺优化及其双向免疫调节活性评价, columnId=1320880301400765262, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=食品营养与健康功效, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:优化超声辅助高压水提取法(UHPE)、超声辅助热水浸提法(UHWE)及超声辅助酶解法(UEH)提取灵芝多糖的工艺,并考察最佳工艺制备的多糖的双向免疫调节活性。方法:采用单因素实验与响应面试验对UHPE、UHWE及UEH提取灵芝多糖的工艺进行优化,考察料液比、超声时间、提取温度、提取时间、酶浓度及酶解温度对多糖得率的影响,并以最佳提取工艺分别制备UHPE-GLP、UHWE-GLP和UEH-GLP。基于RAW264.7巨噬细胞,研究UHPE-GLP、UHWE-GLP和UEH-GLP的免疫调节活性和对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的炎症模型的抗炎活性。结果:UEH-GLP优化的提取工艺为料液比1:31 g/mL、超声时间24 min、酶浓度5%、酶解温度53 ℃,在此条件下GLP得率达到三种工艺中最高,为10.92%±0.05%。细胞实验结果表明,UHPE-GLP、UHWE-GLP和UEH-GLP不仅通过促进RAW264.7巨噬细胞增殖、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)和一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)分泌来发挥增强免疫功能的作用,还通过减少TNF-α和NO的分泌量进而抑制巨噬细胞的过度激活来发挥抑制免疫功能的作用,进而表现出良好的双向免疫调节活性。其中,UEH-GLP双向免疫调节活性最为显著。结论:UEH-GLP在得率及双向免疫调节活性方面均具有显著优势。本研究为灵芝多糖的开发和利用提供了理论依据。

, authors=袁明亚1, 李玉娟2, 胡诏刈1, 张浦洁1, 陈元标3, 张得钧1, *, authorsList=袁明亚, 李玉娟, 胡诏刈, 张浦洁, 陈元标, 张得钧, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张得钧, authorNote=

袁明亚(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物研究与开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张得钧(1975−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物研究与开发,E-mail:。
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Food and Agricultural Immunology, 2023, 34(1): 2231172., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880418455408664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI N, YANG F F, SU J, et al. Structure characterization of an arabinogalactan from Cyanchum atratum and its immune stimulatory activity on RAW264.7 cells[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 194: 163−171., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880418530906137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PARK S B, PARK G H, KIM H N, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts from the branch of Taxillus yadoriki being parasitic in Neolitsea sericea in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2018, 104: 1−7., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880418656735258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张满, 胡旭东, 黄恺, 等. 扶正化瘀方对脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞M1型炎性极化JNK通路的影响[J]. 中国中医药信息杂志, 2020, 27(3): 43−47. [ZHANG M, HU X D, HUANG K, et al. Effects of Fuzheng Huayu prescription on LPS-induced inflammatory M1 polarization of RAW264.7 macrophages through JNK pathway[J]. Chinese Journal of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 27(3): 43−47.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880418749009947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=68, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG M, HU X D, HUANG K, et al. Effects of Fuzheng Huayu prescription on LPS-induced inflammatory M1 polarization of RAW264.7 macrophages through JNK pathway[J]. Chinese Journal of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 27(3): 43−47., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880418816118812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHI D C, XU X H, WANG J, et al. Synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide and ganoderic acid A on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB activation[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 309: 143074., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880401137128335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880401145516944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, companyId=1320880401137128335, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880401153905553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, companyId=1320880401137128335, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1青海大学生态环境工程学院,青海西宁 810016)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880401233597330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880401246180243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, companyId=1320880401233597330, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880401254568852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, companyId=1320880401233597330, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2青海大学临床医学院,青海西宁 810001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880401313289109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880401325872022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, companyId=1320880401313289109, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Qinghai Jingcao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xining 810003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880401334260631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, companyId=1320880401313289109, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3青海净草生物科技有限公司,青海西宁 810003)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880405239157696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different factors on UHPE-GLP yield, figureFileSmall=UFT2G9H5lkRburUVmd18AQ==, figureFileBig=jqTgFAVw6udH8juBW3tsAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880405306266561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同因素对UHPE-GLP得率的影响

注:不同字母代表各组之间差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图3同。

, figureFileSmall=UFT2G9H5lkRburUVmd18AQ==, figureFileBig=jqTgFAVw6udH8juBW3tsAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880405520176066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different factors on UHWE-GLP yield, figureFileSmall=T9hZ+0EQh/Yz/hrWJEhg1g==, figureFileBig=Hud5SjP/YUvF1S/Ghr4jnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880405583090627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同因素对UHWE-GLP得率的影响, figureFileSmall=T9hZ+0EQh/Yz/hrWJEhg1g==, figureFileBig=Hud5SjP/YUvF1S/Ghr4jnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880405646005188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different factors on UEH-GLP yield, figureFileSmall=UikJp2ykrcuS8FqEemjmZA==, figureFileBig=Cq9ZWsmTbapL03gdhVsH5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880405746668485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同因素对UEH-GLP得率的影响, figureFileSmall=UikJp2ykrcuS8FqEemjmZA==, figureFileBig=Cq9ZWsmTbapL03gdhVsH5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880405813777350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of GLP on the survival rate and secretion of TNF-α, IL-6 and NO in RAW264.7 macrophages, figureFileSmall=qdYDwQvzgDaWXOyd9o+XJQ==, figureFileBig=kemyjFcKcbPjbqoq8pzWjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880405876691911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=CN, label=图4, caption=GLP对RAW264.7巨噬细胞存活率及TNF-α、IL-6和NO分泌量的影响

注:与Con组相比,**P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=qdYDwQvzgDaWXOyd9o+XJQ==, figureFileBig=kemyjFcKcbPjbqoq8pzWjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880405956383688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of GLP on the secretion of TNF-α and NO in RAW264.7 macrophages induced by LPS, figureFileSmall=j8UKvMcfvbeFh7hpt2q6cA==, figureFileBig=kjbjon6n7q/vNr71xVby1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880406027686857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=CN, label=图5, caption=GLP对LPS诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞TNF-α和NO分泌量的影响

注:与Con组相比,##P<0.01;与LPS组相比,*P<0.05、**P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=j8UKvMcfvbeFh7hpt2q6cA==, figureFileBig=kjbjon6n7q/vNr71xVby1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880406098990026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental design factors and levels of response surface

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方法因素水平
−101
UHPEA1:料液比(g/mL)1:201:301:40
B1:超声时间(min)152025
C1:提取温度(℃)115120125
D1:提取时间(min)102030
UHWEA2:料液比(g/mL)1:201:301:40
B2:超声时间(min)152025
C2:提取温度(℃)808590
D2:提取时间(min)203040
UEHA3:料液比(g/mL)1:201:301:40
B3:超声时间(min)152025
C3:酶浓度(%)3.04.56.0
D3:酶解温度(℃)455055
), ArticleFig(id=1320880406187070411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验设计因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方法因素水平
−101
UHPEA1:料液比(g/mL)1:201:301:40
B1:超声时间(min)152025
C1:提取温度(℃)115120125
D1:提取时间(min)102030
UHWEA2:料液比(g/mL)1:201:301:40
B2:超声时间(min)152025
C2:提取温度(℃)808590
D2:提取时间(min)203040
UEHA3:料液比(g/mL)1:201:301:40
B3:超声时间(min)152025
C3:酶浓度(%)3.04.56.0
D3:酶解温度(℃)455055
), ArticleFig(id=1320880406438728652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental design and results of response surface for UHPE

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A1B1C1D1得率(%)试验号A1B1C1D1得率(%)
1−100−17.491600008.96
200−118.57170−1−108.01
310108.691800008.69
410−108.2619−10017.61
51−1008.232000118.42
600008.9821−1−1007.9
710018.632200008.55
8100−17.952301−108.47
901018.012411008.69
10−11007.23250−1108.37
110−10−17.7926001−18.23
1200009.0227−10108.32
1300−1−17.0928010−18.12
14−10−107.182901108.28
150−1018.19
), ArticleFig(id=1320880406514226125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

UHPE响应面试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A1B1C1D1得率(%)试验号A1B1C1D1得率(%)
1−100−17.491600008.96
200−118.57170−1−108.01
310108.691800008.69
410−108.2619−10017.61
51−1008.232000118.42
600008.9821−1−1007.9
710018.632200008.55
8100−17.952301−108.47
901018.012411008.69
10−11007.23250−1108.37
110−10−17.7926001−18.23
1200009.0227−10108.32
1300−1−17.0928010−18.12
14−10−107.182901108.28
150−1018.19
), ArticleFig(id=1320880406585529294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Response surface experiment variance analysis results for UHPE

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型6.93140.499.40<0.0001**
A1-料液比1.8611.8635.26<0.0001**
B1-超声时间8.008E-00318.008E-0030.150.7024
C1-提取温度0.6210.6211.800.0040**
D1-提取时间0.6310.6312.060.0037**
A1B10.3210.326.060.0274*
A1C10.1310.132.390.1441
A1D10.07810.0781.490.2425
B1C10.07610.0761.440.2506
B1D10.06510.0651.230.2852
C1D10.4210.427.900.0139*
A211.4311.4327.170.0001**
B210.7110.7113.480.0025**
C210.4210.428.060.0131*
D211.4911.4928.330.0001**
残差0.74140.053
失拟项0.56100.0561.300.4294
纯误差0.1740.043
总和7.6628
), ArticleFig(id=1320880408414245839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

UHPE响应面试验方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型6.93140.499.40<0.0001**
A1-料液比1.8611.8635.26<0.0001**
B1-超声时间8.008E-00318.008E-0030.150.7024
C1-提取温度0.6210.6211.800.0040**
D1-提取时间0.6310.6312.060.0037**
A1B10.3210.326.060.0274*
A1C10.1310.132.390.1441
A1D10.07810.0781.490.2425
B1C10.07610.0761.440.2506
B1D10.06510.0651.230.2852
C1D10.4210.427.900.0139*
A211.4311.4327.170.0001**
B210.7110.7113.480.0025**
C210.4210.428.060.0131*
D211.4911.4928.330.0001**
残差0.74140.053
失拟项0.56100.0561.300.4294
纯误差0.1740.043
总和7.6628
), ArticleFig(id=1320880408514909136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Experimental design and results of response surface for UHWE

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A2B2C2D2得率(%)试验号A2B2C2D2得率(%)
100005.8716001−15.52
200−115.68170−1−105.17
301105.581801−105.52
4−1−1004.9519−10015.51
510015.872010105.68
6−11005.08210−1015.39
7−10−105.26220−10−15.19
800006.09230−1105.54
911005.7724010−15.38
1000−1−15.452501015.51
111−1005.6526100−15.54
12−100−14.962700005.87
1300005.972810−105.79
14−10105.622900005.86
1500115.85
), ArticleFig(id=1320880408586212305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

UHWE响应面试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A2B2C2D2得率(%)试验号A2B2C2D2得率(%)
100005.8716001−15.52
200−115.68170−1−105.17
301105.581801−105.52
4−1−1004.9519−10015.51
510015.872010105.68
6−11005.08210−1015.39
7−10−105.26220−10−15.19
800006.09230−1105.54
911005.7724010−15.38
1000−1−15.452501015.51
111−1005.6526100−15.54
12−100−14.962700005.87
1300005.972810−105.79
14−10105.622900005.86
1500115.85
), ArticleFig(id=1320880408674292690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Response surface experiment variance analysis results for UHWE

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型2.30140.1613.52<0.0001**
A2-料液比0.7110.7158.43<0.0001**
B2-超声时间0.07510.0756.180.0261*
C2-提取温度0.07110.0715.800.0304*
D2-提取时间0.2610.2621.470.0004**
A2B22.500E-00512.500E-0052.056E-0030.9645
A2C20.05510.0554.540.0513
A2D20.01210.0120.990.3355
B2C20.02410.0241.980.1817
B2D21.225E-00311.225E-0030.100.7556
C2D22.500E-00312.500E-0030.210.6572
A220.3510.3529.08<0.0001**
B220.8010.8066.18<0.0001**
C220.08010.0806.570.0225*
D220.2910.2924.030.0002**
残差0.17140.012
失拟项0.13100.0131.330.4198
纯误差0.03949.820E-003
总和2.4728
), ArticleFig(id=1320880408749790163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

UHWE响应面试验方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型2.30140.1613.52<0.0001**
A2-料液比0.7110.7158.43<0.0001**
B2-超声时间0.07510.0756.180.0261*
C2-提取温度0.07110.0715.800.0304*
D2-提取时间0.2610.2621.470.0004**
A2B22.500E-00512.500E-0052.056E-0030.9645
A2C20.05510.0554.540.0513
A2D20.01210.0120.990.3355
B2C20.02410.0241.980.1817
B2D21.225E-00311.225E-0030.100.7556
C2D22.500E-00312.500E-0030.210.6572
A220.3510.3529.08<0.0001**
B220.8010.8066.18<0.0001**
C220.08010.0806.570.0225*
D220.2910.2924.030.0002**
残差0.17140.012
失拟项0.13100.0131.330.4198
纯误差0.03949.820E-003
总和2.4728
), ArticleFig(id=1320880408825287636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Experimental design and results of response surface for UEH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A3B3C3D3得率(%)试验号A3B3C3D3得率(%)
1010110.5616−1−1008.59
2000010.271700−119.44
311009.98180−1108.58
4−11009.8419100110.55
5−100−18.8220010−19.75
6000011.0321001−19.72
71−1009.72220−1−108.78
8011011.0123101010.03
90−1019.6924−10−109.32
10−10109.6225100−19.66
11001110.2526000010.24
12−10019.7827000010.08
130−10−18.762801−1010.02
14000011.022910−109.56
1500−1−19.29
), ArticleFig(id=1320880408904979413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

UEH响应面试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A3B3C3D3得率(%)试验号A3B3C3D3得率(%)
1010110.5616−1−1008.59
2000010.271700−119.44
311009.98180−1108.58
4−11009.8419100110.55
5−100−18.8220010−19.75
6000011.0321001−19.72
71−1009.72220−1−108.78
8011011.0123101010.03
90−1019.6924−10−109.32
10−10109.6225100−19.66
11001110.2526000010.24
12−10019.7827000010.08
130−10−18.762801−1010.02
14000011.022910−109.56
1500−1−19.29
), ArticleFig(id=1320880408972088278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Response surface experiment variance analysis results for UEH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型11.33140.815.980.0010**
A3-料液比1.0411.047.680.0150*
B3-超声时间4.1314.1330.53<0.0001**
C3-酶浓度0.6510.654.830.0453*
D3-酶解温度1.5211.5211.230.0047**
A3B30.2510.251.810.1997
A3C37.225E-00317.225E-0030.0530.8206
A3D31.225E-00311.225E-0039.057E-0030.9255
B3C30.3510.352.620.1280
B3D33.600E-00313.600E-0030.0270.8727
C3D30.03610.0360.270.6135
A231.4211.4210.530.0059**
B231.5711.5711.620.0042**
C231.3111.319.700.0076**
D230.8810.886.510.0230*
残差1.89140.14
失拟项1.05100.100.500.8312
纯误差0.8440.21
总和13.2328
), ArticleFig(id=1320880409051780055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880399451018114, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

UEH响应面试验方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型11.33140.815.980.0010**
A3-料液比1.0411.047.680.0150*
B3-超声时间4.1314.1330.53<0.0001**
C3-酶浓度0.6510.654.830.0453*
D3-酶解温度1.5211.5211.230.0047**
A3B30.2510.251.810.1997
A3C37.225E-00317.225E-0030.0530.8206
A3D31.225E-00311.225E-0039.057E-0030.9255
B3C30.3510.352.620.1280
B3D33.600E-00313.600E-0030.0270.8727
C3D30.03610.0360.270.6135
A231.4211.4210.530.0059**
B231.5711.5711.620.0042**
C231.3111.319.700.0076**
D230.8810.886.510.0230*
残差1.89140.14
失拟项1.05100.100.500.8312
纯误差0.8440.21
总和13.2328
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灵芝多糖不同提取工艺优化及其双向免疫调节活性评价
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袁明亚 1 , 李玉娟 2 , 胡诏刈 1 , 张浦洁 1 , 陈元标 3 , 张得钧 1, *
食品工业科技 | 食品营养与健康功效 2026,47(18): 486-495
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食品工业科技 |食品营养与健康功效 2026 , 47 (18) : 486 -495
灵芝多糖不同提取工艺优化及其双向免疫调节活性评价
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袁明亚1 , 李玉娟2, 胡诏刈1, 张浦洁1, 陈元标3, 张得钧1, *
作者信息
  • 1青海大学生态环境工程学院,青海西宁 810016
  • 2青海大学临床医学院,青海西宁 810001
  • 3青海净草生物科技有限公司,青海西宁 810003
通讯作者:
张得钧(1975−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物研究与开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

袁明亚(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物研究与开发,E-mail:

Optimization of Different Extraction Processes for Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides and Evaluation of Their Bidirectional Immunomodulatory Activities
Mingya YUAN1 , Yujuan LI2, Zhaoyi HU1, Pujie ZHANG1, Yuanbiao CHEN3, Dejun ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
  • 2Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
  • 3Qinghai Jingcao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xining 810003, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080147
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目的:优化超声辅助高压水提取法(UHPE)、超声辅助热水浸提法(UHWE)及超声辅助酶解法(UEH)提取灵芝多糖的工艺,并考察最佳工艺制备的多糖的双向免疫调节活性。方法:采用单因素实验与响应面试验对UHPE、UHWE及UEH提取灵芝多糖的工艺进行优化,考察料液比、超声时间、提取温度、提取时间、酶浓度及酶解温度对多糖得率的影响,并以最佳提取工艺分别制备UHPE-GLP、UHWE-GLP和UEH-GLP。基于RAW264.7巨噬细胞,研究UHPE-GLP、UHWE-GLP和UEH-GLP的免疫调节活性和对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的炎症模型的抗炎活性。结果:UEH-GLP优化的提取工艺为料液比1:31 g/mL、超声时间24 min、酶浓度5%、酶解温度53 ℃,在此条件下GLP得率达到三种工艺中最高,为10.92%±0.05%。细胞实验结果表明,UHPE-GLP、UHWE-GLP和UEH-GLP不仅通过促进RAW264.7巨噬细胞增殖、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)和一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)分泌来发挥增强免疫功能的作用,还通过减少TNF-α和NO的分泌量进而抑制巨噬细胞的过度激活来发挥抑制免疫功能的作用,进而表现出良好的双向免疫调节活性。其中,UEH-GLP双向免疫调节活性最为显著。结论:UEH-GLP在得率及双向免疫调节活性方面均具有显著优势。本研究为灵芝多糖的开发和利用提供了理论依据。

灵芝多糖  /  提取方法  /  响应面优化  /  RAW264.7巨噬细胞  /  双向免疫调节活性

Objective: To optimize ultrasonic assisted high-pressure water extraction method (UHPE), ultrasonic assisted hot water extraction method (UHWE), and ultrasound assisted enzymatic hydrolysis method (UEH) for polysaccharide extraction from Ganoderma lucidum and examine the bidirectional immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides extracted using these optimized methods. Methods: Optimization of UHPE, UHWE, and UEH were performed using single factor and response surface experiments, examining the effects of material-liquid ratio, ultrasound time, extraction temperature, extraction time, enzyme concentration, and enzymatic hydrolysis temperature on the polysaccharide yield. UHPE-GLP, UHWE-GLP, and UEH-GLP were prepared separately under the optimal extraction conditions. Based on RAW264.7 macrophages, UHPE-GLP, UHWE-GLP, and UEH-GLP were subjected to investigate the immunomodulatory activities, and their anti-inflammatory activities against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory models. Results: The experimental results of process optimization showed that the optimal extraction process of UEH-GLP was as follow: Material-liquid ratio of 1:31 g/mL, ultrasound time of 24 min, enzyme concentration of 5% and enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 53 ℃. Under these conditions, the GLP yield reached the highest among the three processes, at 10.92%±0.05%. The results of cell experiments showed that, UHPE-GLP, UHWE-GLP, and UEH-GLP could not only enhance immune function of RAW264.7 macrophages by promoting the proliferation, and secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO), but also inhibit immune function by reducing the secretion of TNF-α and NO to suppress the excessive activation of macrophages. These results indicated that UHPE-GLP, UHWE-GLP, and UEH-GLP exhibited excellent bidirectional immunomodulatory activities, among which UEH-GLP showed the most prominent bidirectional immunomodulatory activities. Conclusion: UEH-GLP has significant advantages in yield and bidirectional immunomodulatory activities. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide.

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide  /  extraction method  /  response surface optimization  /  RAW264.7 macrophages  /  bidirectional immunomodulatory
袁明亚, 李玉娟, 胡诏刈, 张浦洁, 陈元标, 张得钧. 灵芝多糖不同提取工艺优化及其双向免疫调节活性评价. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 486 -495 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080147
Mingya YUAN, Yujuan LI, Zhaoyi HU, Pujie ZHANG, Yuanbiao CHEN, Dejun ZHANG. Optimization of Different Extraction Processes for Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides and Evaluation of Their Bidirectional Immunomodulatory Activities[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 486 -495 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080147
灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)又称仙草、瑞草,为灵芝科(Ganodermataceae)、灵芝属(Ganoderma)真菌。东汉著作《神农本草经》并将其列为可扶正固本、延年益寿、健身增智的上品[1]。《中国药典》2020年版记载灵芝性味甘、平,归心、肺、肝、肾经,具有补气安神、止咳平喘的功能。作为一种药食两用的真菌,灵芝不仅在中医药中占据重要地位,更在功能性食品、保健品等产品开发市场中备受关注[2]。
研究表明,灵芝含有多糖、三萜、生物碱、氨基酸等生物活性成分[3],其中,多糖是其主要的活性成分之一,具有免疫调节[4−5],抗炎[6−7],抗氧化[8−9]和抗肿瘤[10]等多种药理活性。研究表明,不同的提取方法会导致多糖提取率、化学成分组成及功能活性的多样性[11−13]。目前,灵芝多糖(Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides,GLP)的提取方法主要有热水浸提、酶提取、超声波提取和高压热水提取等。热水提取法成本低、流程简单,但提取率低且反应时间长[14]。酶提法直接降解破坏细胞壁,具有条件温和、提取率高的优点[14]。高压热水提取法利用高温高压条件对细胞壁的作用加速多糖的溶出,具有经济、高效的优点,可推广于工业化生产[15]。超声波提取法通过空化效应和机械振动破坏细胞结构,促进多糖成分快速析出,提取效率高,且兼容性强可以与热水浸提、酶解等方法结合使用,进一步优化提取工艺[16]。胡斌杰等[17]将热水法和超声波法提取GLP的工艺进行对比研究,最佳工艺下与热水提取法相比,超声波法将提取时间缩短了3/4,多糖提取率提高了30%。研究表明,在多糖提取过程中将不同提取方法联合使用可以有效提高多糖产量[1,18]。因此,将超声波处理与常用的GLP提取方法相结合,有利于提高GLP提取率,实现灵芝的高效利用。
本研究对超声辅助高压水提法(Ultrasonic assisted high-pressure water extraction method,UHPE)、超声辅助热水浸提法(Ultrasonic assisted hot water extraction method,UHWE)和超声辅助酶解法(Ultrasound assisted enzymatic hydrolysis method,UEH)三种不同方法提取GLP的工艺进行优化,提高GLP的得率,为提高灵芝利用率提供实验依据。基于RAW264.7巨噬细胞评价最佳工艺制备多糖的双向免疫调节活性,为GLP在功能性食品、保健品领域的进一步开发与利用提供科学依据。
灵芝 青海净草生物科技有限公司;小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7 中国科学院细胞库;纤维素酶(30000 U/g) 山东隆科特酶制剂有限公司;无血清非程序冻存液、RAW264.7细胞专用培养基、PBS缓冲液(1×)、DMEM高糖基础培养基 武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司;CCK-8、TNF-α、IL-6 ELISA试剂盒、一氧化氮检测试剂盒 武汉伊莱瑞特生物科技股份有限公司。
DFY-400A高速万能粉碎机 无锡沃信仪器有限公司;DHG-9070A电热恒温鼓风干燥机 上海齐欣科学仪器有限公司;KQ-500E超声波清洗器 昆山市超声仪器有限公司;SQ810C立式压力蒸汽灭菌器 重庆雅马拓科技有限公司;HWS-24 电热恒温水浴锅 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;SHZ-DIII循环水真空泵 郑州市亚荣仪器有限公司;N-1300S-W旋转蒸发仪、FDL-2000冷冻干燥机 上海爱朗仪器有限公司;AC2-4S8-CN生物安全柜 新加坡艺思高科技有限公司(ESCO);Happy-TL21高速冷冻离心机 济南福的机械有限公司;Ti2-U倒置荧光显微镜 株式会社尼康(Nikon);Herocell 180二氧化碳培养箱 上海润度生物科技有限公司;A51119500C酶标仪 赛默飞世尔科技有限公司。
将灵芝粉碎成粉末,按照一定的料液比加入超纯水,4 ℃冰箱内浸泡过夜,分别按照UHPE、UHWE和UEH的操作步骤提取GLP,提取液真空抽滤得到GLP提取液,减压浓缩后冷冻干燥得到GLP。参考相关文献[19−21],按照下式计算GLP得率。
$\rm R=\frac{{m}_{1}}{{m}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:R表示GLP得率,%;m1表示GLP的质量,g;m0表示称取的灵芝粉末的质量,g。
参考周岩飞等[22]的提取方法并进行调整,使用立式压力蒸汽灭菌器,将料液比1:30 g/mL,超声时间20 min,提取温度120 ℃,提取时间20 min作为超声辅助高压水提灵芝多糖(UHPE-GLP)提取的基本工艺条件。设置料液比1:10、1:20、1:30、1:40、1:50 g/mL;超声时间10、15、20、25、30 min;提取温度110、115、120、125、130 ℃;提取时间10、20、30、40、50 min,以GLP得率为指标进行单因素实验。
参考栾翠荣等[23]的提取方法并进行调整,将料液比1:30 g/mL,超声时间20 min,提取温度90 ℃,提取时间30 min作为超声辅助热水浸提灵芝多糖(UHWE-GLP)提取的基本工艺条件。设置料液比1:10、1:20、1:30、1:40、1:50 g/mL;超声时间10、15、20、25、30 min;提取温度70、75、80、85、90 ℃;提取时间10、20、30、40、50 min,以GLP得率为指标进行单因素实验。
参考崔笑傲等[24]的提取方法并进行调整,将料液比1:30 g/mL,超声时间20 min,酶浓度4.5%,酶解温度50 ℃,酶解时间60 min作为超声辅助酶解灵芝多糖(UEH-GLP)提取的基本工艺条件。设置料液比1:10、1:20、1:30、1:40、1:50 g/mL;超声时间10、15、20、25、30 min;酶浓度1.5%、3%、4.5%、6%、7.5%;酶解温度40、45、50、55、60 ℃,以GLP得率为指标进行单因素实验。
基于单因素实验,以GLP得率为响应值,利用响应面法对不同提取方法进行优化。三种提取方法的试验设计如表1。
按照1×104个/孔的密度将处于对数生长期的RAW264.7巨噬细胞接种于96孔板中,于37 ℃、5% CO2条件下连续培养24 h。设置给药组、阴性对照组(Con)及空白组,每组6个复孔。给药组分别加入梯度浓度的GLP(25~400 μg/mL),处理细胞后再培养24 h。按照10 μL/孔加入CCK-8溶液,继续孵育1.5 h后检测A450,按照下式计算细胞增殖率。
$\rm R=\frac{{A}_{2}-{A}_{0}}{{A}_{1}-{A}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:R表示细胞增殖率,%;A0表示空白组的吸光度;A1表示Con组的吸光度;A2表示给药组的吸光度。
按照4×105个/孔的密度将处于对数生长期的RAW264.7巨噬细胞接种于12孔板中,于37 ℃、5% CO2条件下连续培养24 h。
免疫调节组:设置Con组、阳性对照组及给药组,每组3个复孔。阳性对照组加入1 μg/mL 脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)溶液[25−27],给药组加入梯度浓度的GLP(25~400 μg/mL)。处理细胞后再培养24 h。按照试剂盒说明书方法检测上清液中TNF-α、IL-6和NO的含量。
炎症组:设置Con组、LPS组及给药组,每组3个复孔。Con组加入DMEM培养基,LPS组及给药组加入1 μg/mL LPS溶液,诱导8 h后给药组弃上清加入梯度浓度的GLP(25~400 μg/mL),继续培养24 h。按照试剂盒说明书方法检测上清液中TNF-α和NO的含量。
所有实验重复三次,实验数据以Mean±SD表示。响应面试验的回归模型和工艺参数优化分析使用Design Expert 8.0软件。数据统计分析及数据可视化使用Graphpad Prism 8.0软件。组间差异对比采用单因素方差分析,P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。
图1为不同单因素对UHPE-GLP得率的影响。料液比在1:10~1:30 g/mL之间,随料液比增大,灵芝粉末与溶剂的接触面积显著增大,促进多糖的溶解和提取,UHPE-GLP得率显著提高;1:30~1:50 g/mL之间,随溶解量不断增大,料液比对得率的影响趋于平缓,得率不再提高。因此,选择料液比1:20、1:30、1:40 g/mL进行后续UHPE响应面优化试验。超声时间在10~20 min之间,随着超声时间的增加,细胞壁受到的超声的作用力不断增大,细胞壁逐步被破坏促进多糖溶解到溶剂中,UHPE-GLP得率不断提高;超声时间超过20 min后由于超声作用对部分多糖结构的破坏导致得率呈下降趋势[28]。因此,选择超声时间15、20、25 min进行后续UHPE响应面优化试验。提取温度在110~120 ℃之间,随温度升高,压力蒸汽灭菌器内部压强不断增大,高压条件对细胞壁的破碎作用有利于多糖的溶出[22],UHPE-GLP得率显著提高;继续升高温度,在多糖溶出的同时也会造成多糖降解,所以在120~130 ℃之间得率基本保持不变。因此,选择提取温度115、120、125 ℃进行后续UHPE响应面优化试验。提取时间在10~20 min之间,高压条件破碎细胞壁使得多糖溶出,UHPE-GLP得率显著提高;超过20 min后固液体中多糖达到平衡,继续延长提取时间,高温高压条件加速多糖的降解[29],得率不断降低。因此,选择提取时间10、20、30 min进行后续UHPE响应面优化试验。
图2为不同因素比对UHWE-GLP得率的影响。参考2.1.1中不同料液比和超声时间对UHPE-GLP得率影响的分析,选择料液比1:20、1:30、1:40 g/mL,超声时间15、20、25 min进行后续UHWE响应面优化试验。提取温度在70~85 ℃之间,随着提取温度升高,分子热运动加快,加速了多糖分子从细胞中溶出,UHWE-GLP得率显著提高[30];随着温度继续增加,常压下温度对得率的影响幅度减小,得率基本保持不变。因此,选择提取温度80、85、90 ℃进行后续UHWE响应面优化试验。提取时间在10~30 min之间,随浸提时间增加,多糖充分溶解到提取溶剂中,UHWE-GLP得率显著提高;超过30 min后随着浸提时间继续延长,其他物质也竞争性的溶出,导致在30 min后得率略微降低[30]。因此,选择提取时间20、30、40 min进行后续UHWE响应面优化试验。
图3为不同因素比对UEH-GLP得率的影响。参考2.1.1中不同料液比和超声时间对UHPE-GLP得率影响的分析,选择料液比1:20、1:30、1:40 g/mL,超声时间15、20、25 min进行后续UEH响应面优化试验。酶浓度在1.5%~4.5%之间,酶解反应速率受到酶浓度的限制,随着酶浓度的增加,酶解反应速率不断增大,UEH-GLP得率显著提高;当酶浓度超过4.5%时,反应体系中过量的酶会破坏多糖分子的完整性,得率呈下降趋势[31]。因此,选择酶浓度3.0%、4.5%、6.0%进行后续UEH响应面优化试验。酶解温度在40~50 ℃之间,随着温度的升高,酶的催化活性增大且底物与酶的碰撞频率增加,UEH-GLP得率显著提高;超过50 ℃后,温度继续上升会导致酶变性失活,得率大幅降低[32]。因此,选择酶解温度45、50、55 ℃进行后续UEH响应面优化试验。
UHPE响应面试验设计与结果见表2。数据拟合回归方程为Y=8.84+0.39A1+0.026B1+0.23C1+0.23D1+0.28A1B1−0.18A1C1+0.14A1D1−0.14B1C1−0.13B1D1−0.32C1D1−0.47A21−0.33B21−0.26C21−0.48D21。
方差分析结果见表3,该回归模型为极显著水平(P<0.0001),说明试验值接近理论值,模型可以用于预测响应值;失拟项不显著(P=0.4294>0.05),未知因素对结果影响较小。模型决定系数(R2=0.9038)与调整决定系数(R2adj=0.8076)差值小于0.2,表明此模型拟合程度良好[33]。Adeq Precision通过衡量模型信噪比来反映模型的精密度,在响应面优化中通常认为Adeq Precision>4时[34],模型具有足够的信号强度,能够用于预测和优化工艺参数。该模型的Adeq Precision为9.233>4,表明该模型可信度高,可以用于优化UHPE-GLP提取工艺。模型的变异系数C.V.%数值越小,数据的相对稳定性越好[35]。该模型变异系数C.V.%为2.80%<10%,说明数据稳定性好,实验结果可靠。在响应面试验中,不同考察因素对响应值影响的大小可以通过方差分析表中的F值来确定。F值越大,该因素对响应值的影响效果越显著[36]。由表3中F值大小可以确定各因素对UHPE-GLP得率影响大小的顺序为:料液比>提取时间>提取温度>超声时间。由表3中P值大小可知,料液比与超声时间(A1B1),提取温度和提取时间(C1D1)两组交互作用对UHPE-GLP得率的影响相较于其他组交互作用更显著。
Design Expert 8.0软件给出的最优提取条件为料液比1:35.11 g/mL、超声时间20.98 min、提取温度120.21 ℃、提取时间22.74 min,UHPE-GLP得率预测值为8.979%。根据实验的可操作性调整为料液比1:35 g/mL、超声时间21 min、提取温度120 ℃、提取时间23 min。在该条件下做三次重复实验,UHPE-GLP得率为9.06%±0.02%,与预测值差异较小,说明此模型具有可信度。
UHWE响应面试验设计与结果见表4。数据拟合回归方程为Y=5.93+0.24A2+0.079B2+0.077C2+0.15D2−2.500E-003A2B2−0.12A2C2−0.055A2D2−0.077B2C2−0.017B2D2+0.025C2D2−0.23A22−0.35B22−0.11C22−0.21D22。
方差分析结果见表5,该回归模型为极显著水平(P<0.0001),试验值接近理论值,模型可以用于预测响应值;失拟项不显著(P=0.4198>0.05),未知因素对结果影响较小。模型决定系数(R2=0.9311)与调整决定系数(R2adj=0.8623)差值小于0.2,表明此模型拟合程度良好[33]。该模型的Adeq Precision为11.483>4,表明该模型可信度高,可以用于优化UHWE-GLP提取工艺。该模型变异系数C.V.%为1.98%<10%,说明数据稳定性好,实验结果可靠。由表5中F值大小可以确定各因素对UHWE-GLP得率影响大小的顺序为:料液比>提取时间>超声时间>提取温度。由表5中P值大小可知,料液比与提取温度(A2C2),超声时间和提取温度(B2C2)两组交互作用对UHWE-GLP得率的影响相较于其他组交互作用更显著。
Design Expert 8.0软件给出的最优提取条件为料液比1:40 g/mL、超声时间20.63 min、提取温度83.98 ℃、提取时间32.01 min,UHWE-GLP得率预测值为5.96%。根据实验的可操作性调整为料液比1:40 g/mL、超声时间21 min、提取温度84 ℃、提取时间32 min。在该条件下做三次重复实验,UHWE-GLP得率为5.99%±0.13%,与预测值差异较小,说明此模型具有可信度。
UEH响应面试验设计与结果见表6。数据拟合回归方程为Y=10.53+0.29A3+0.59B3+0.23C3+0.36D3−0.25A3B3+0.042A3C3−0.017A3D3+0.30B3C3−0.030B3D3+0.095C3D3−0.47A23−0.49B23−0.45C23−0.37D23。
方差分析结果见表7,该回归模型为极显著水平(P=0.0010),试验值接近理论值,模型可以用于预测响应值;失拟项不显著(P=0.8312>0.05),未知因素对结果影响较小。模型决定系数(R2=0.8568)与调整决定系数(R2adj=0.7137)差值小于0.2,表明此模型拟合程度良好[33]。该模型的Adeq Precision为8.562>4,表明该模型可信度高,可以用于优化UEH-GLP提取工艺。该模型变异系数C.V.%为3.76%<10%,说明数据稳定性好,实验结果可靠。由表7中F值大小可以确定各因素对UEH-GLP得率影响大小的顺序为:超声时间>酶解温度>料液比>酶浓度。由表7中P值大小可知,料液比与超声时间(A3B3)、超声时间和酶浓度(B3C3)两组交互作用对UEH-GLP得率的影响相较于其他组交互作用更显著。
Design Expert 8.0软件给出的最优提取条件为料液比1:31.41 g/mL、超声时间23.56 min、酶浓度5.34%、酶解温度52.62 ℃,UEH-GLP得率预测值为10.91%。根据实验的可操作性调整为料液比1:31 g/mL、超声时间24 min、酶浓度5%、酶解温度53 ℃。在该条件下做三次重复实验,UEH-GLP得率为10.92%±0.05%,与预测值差异较小,说明此模型具有可信度。
免疫调节是生物体维持内环境稳定的重要过程,主要通过不同系统、细胞及分子间互相协同而发生[37]。巨噬细胞是构成免疫系统的一类主要细胞群,广泛分布于机体的各种组织且功能强大,在先天性及适应性免疫调节反应中起着关键性作用[38]。巨噬细胞可以通过不同的受体与多糖结合,进而激活免疫应答反应发挥作用[27,39]。
采用CCK-8法测定GLP对RAW264.7巨噬细胞存活率的影响。结果见图4a,与Con组相比,三种多糖在25~400 μg/mL浓度范围内均极显著促进RAW264.7巨噬细胞增殖(P<0.01)。实验结果表明,三种多糖在25~400 μg/mL浓度范围内对RAW264.7巨噬细胞没有毒性。因此,选择25~400 μg/mL作为后续实验的给药浓度。
当巨噬细胞受到刺激时,会分泌多种免疫或炎症调节因子,引起免疫调节反应[40]。TNF-α作为一种促炎细胞因子,在多种生理过程中发挥重要作用,可以促进树突状细胞成熟激活固有免疫,也可以刺激T细胞的增殖分化调控适应性免疫[25]。IL-6也是重要的促炎细胞因子之一,可以诱导B细胞分化,促进细胞吞噬并在巨噬细胞的免疫应答反应中发挥重要作用[26]。NO在机体免疫调节反应中发挥着重要作用,其分泌量与巨噬细胞的吞噬能力呈正相关。NO的分泌水平是评价免疫调节能力的指标之一[41]。为研究GLP对RAW264.7巨噬细胞免疫调节活性的影响,选择了TNF-α和IL-6两种经典的细胞因子及NO进行研究,结果如图4b~图4d所示。在25~400 μg/mL浓度范围内,三种多糖均可促进TNF-α、IL-6和NO的分泌且分泌量均呈剂量依赖性增大。当浓度为25 μg/mL时,与Con组相比,UHWE-GLP对TNF-α分泌量有极显著影响(P<0.01),对IL-6和NO分泌量没有显著影响;UHPE-GLP和UEH-GLP对TNF-α、IL-6和NO分泌量有极显著影响(P<0.01)。当浓度在50~400 μg/mL范围内时,与Con组相比,三种多糖对TNF-α、IL-6和NO分泌量均具有极显著影响(P<0.01)。三种多糖相比,UEH-GLP对TNF-α、IL-6和NO的分泌量影响最大;UHPE-GLP对TNF-α的分泌量影响最小;UHWE-GLP对IL-6和NO的分泌量影响最小。GAO等[4]研究发现GLP-3可呈剂量依赖性促进RAW264.7巨噬细胞中NO、TNF-α、IL-6等细胞因子的分泌,具有免疫调节作用,本研究结果与之相符合。结果表明,三种多糖均可以激活RAW264.7巨噬细胞,增加TNF-α、IL-6和NO的分泌量,发挥免疫调节作用;三种多糖的免疫调节活性稍有差别,其中,UEH-GLP的免疫调节活性优于UHPE-GLP和UHWE-GLP。
作为炎症反应中的重要细胞因子,TNF-α会促进IL-6和IL-1β等其他细胞因子的产生,导致出现细胞凋亡现象[42]。NO与炎症反应也密切相关,在炎症过程中,过量的NO会引起氧化损伤,加速炎症渗出[43]。为研究GLP对LPS诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症的影响,选择了TNF-α和NO两个指标进行研究,结果如图5。由图5可知,与Con组相比,经LPS诱导后TNF-α和NO分泌量均极显著性增大(P<0.01),与LPS组相比,在25~400 μg/mL浓度范围内,给药组均可减少LPS诱导后TNF-α和NO的分泌,且分泌量均呈剂量依赖性降低。当浓度为25 μg/mL时,与LPS组相比,三种多糖处理组对LPS诱导后TNF-α分泌量有显著影响(P<0.05)、NO分泌量有极显著影响(P<0.01);当浓度在50~400 μg/mL范围内时,与LPS组相比,三种多糖处理组对LPS诱导后TNF-α和NO分泌量均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。同一浓度下,三种多糖对LPS诱导后TNF-α分泌量的影响相差不大,UEH-GLP对TNF-α分泌量的影响略大一些;UEH-GLP对LPS诱导后NO的分泌量影响最大;UHWE-GLP对LPS诱导后NO的分泌量影响最小。SHI等[44]基于RAW264.7巨噬细胞研究GLP-1的抗炎作用,发现GLP-1可显著抑制NO、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)、促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的产生,具有良好的抗炎功效,本研究结果与之相符合。结果表明,三种多糖均能够通过减少TNF-α和NO的分泌量来发挥抗炎活性;三种多糖的抗炎活性稍有差别,其中,UEH-GLP的抗炎活性优于UHPE-GLP和UHWE-GLP。
本研究以灵芝为原料,采用响应面法以多糖得率为响应值优化UHPE、UHWE和UEH提取GLP的工艺,UEH的多糖得率为10.92%±0.05%,在三种方法中最高。UEH最佳工艺参数为:料液比1:31 g/mL、超声时间24 min、酶浓度5%、酶解温度53 ℃。三种多糖均能有效促进RAW264.7巨噬细胞增殖,都可以通过增强免疫应答和抑制过度免疫应答发挥双向免疫调节活性。UEH-GLP表现出更高的活性,这可能是由于不同的提取工艺导致了多糖结构的不同。UEH将超声法与酶法相结合,提取时间短、能耗少,利于工业化放大生产;UEH-GLP得率高且活性好,在食品、保健品开发及医药领域具有良好的应用前景。本研究为灵芝高效的开发利用提供了理论依据,对灵芝相关产品的开发具有重要意义。但本研究也存在一定的局限性,在通过响应面试验优化提取工艺时以得率为单一响应值,有可能忽略了得率相对低但活性较好的工艺参数,在后续的工艺研究中需要综合考虑得率和药理活性,以期得到同步兼顾工艺效率与产物活性的最佳提取工艺。在后期研究中,将基于本论文优化的提取工艺,对三种多糖进行纯化,对纯化多糖的组成成分和纯度进行系统测定,分析结构特征及构效关系,进一步探究发挥双向免疫调节作用的分子机制。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080147
  • 接收时间:2025-08-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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    1青海大学生态环境工程学院,青海西宁 810016
    2青海大学临床医学院,青海西宁 810001
    3青海净草生物科技有限公司,青海西宁 810003

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张得钧(1975−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物研究与开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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