Article(id=1320880383806255624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080136, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755014400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852024269, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852024269, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852024269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852024269, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=593, endPage=602, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880384250851849, articleId=1320880383806255624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Progress in the Preparation of Nanocellulose Composite Films and Their Applications in Meat Packaging, columnId=1320880307935494473, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Frontier Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Driven by the challenge of meat spoilage during storage and transport, as well as the environmental impact of traditional plastics, green and biodegradable nanocellulose is emerging as a promising solution in meat preservation packaging. This review summarizes the preparation methods for nanocellulose and its composite films, systematically examining the progress in the application of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)-based films in meat packaging. A detailed discussion is presented on the mechanisms of nanocellulose synergizing with functional materials to enhance the nanocellulose-based films' ultraviolet resistance, barrier properties, antimicrobial activity, biodegradability, and intelligent responsiveness, along with their application advantages, which suggests that nanocellulose composite films with designable multifunctionality and environmentally friendly characteristics possess promising industrial application prospects. Finally, this review outlines future development prospects, aiming to inspire novel perspectives for the research and application of biodegradable packaging.

, authors=Ruixin SHI1, 2, Jintao JIA3, Wenxin WANG1, Wenchun FAN3, Chengli HOU1, Qingfeng YANG1, *, Weili RAO2, Dequan ZHANG1, 2, authorsList=Ruixin SHI, Jintao JIA, Wenxin WANG, Wenchun FAN, Chengli HOU, Qingfeng YANG, Weili RAO, Dequan ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingfeng YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880387182670356, articleId=1320880383806255624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=纳米纤维素复合膜的制备及其在肉品包装中的应用进展, columnId=1320880308124238155, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=前沿综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为应对肉品储运腐败及传统塑料包装的污染问题,绿色可降解的纳米纤维素正成为肉品保鲜包装领域的研究热点。本文综述了纳米纤维素及其复合膜的制备方法,梳理了纤维素纳米晶(cellulose nanocrystals,CNC)、纤维素纳米纤维(cellulose nanofibers,CNF)、细菌纤维素(bacterial nanocellulose,BNC)基复合膜在肉品包装中的应用研究进展,重点讨论了纳米纤维素与功能材料协同增强复合膜抗紫外、阻隔、抗菌、可降解、智能响应等功能的作用机理及优势,表明兼具可设计多功能性与环境友好特性的纳米纤维素复合膜,具备良好的产业化应用前景。最后,本文对纳米纤维素复合膜未来发展进行了展望,以期为可降解包装的研发与应用提供新思路。

, authors=石瑞鑫1, 2, 贾锦涛3, 王文欣1, 范文春3, 侯成立1, 杨庆锋1, *, 饶伟丽2, 张德权1, 2, authorsList=石瑞鑫, 贾锦涛, 王文欣, 范文春, 侯成立, 杨庆锋, 饶伟丽, 张德权, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨庆锋, authorNote=

石瑞鑫(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

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杨庆锋(1992−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:肉品保鲜包装材料,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=7Aw75jlwD2U2GFIRwKCwLg==, magXml=XvrcKB762P8KVJB43p2Qhg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=L09kF6rdSrkiV4iMdBRbbQ==, pdfFileSize=1764127, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=MYo0w8t9QjKYX2OFbHeEQg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=vIeiamuvuehHvzzlWhafkQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320880388021531167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880383806255624, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=ruixinshi@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320880388118000162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880383806255624, authorId=1320880388021531167, language=EN, stringName=Ruixin SHI, firstName=Ruixin, middleName=null, lastName=SHI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
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articleId=1320880383806255624, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Preparation methods of CNC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制备方法原理优点缺点参考文献
酸水解法柠檬酸利用酸作用于纤维素β-1-4-糖苷键使其质子化,实现无定形区水解,而对酸具有强抵抗性的结晶区被保留工艺成熟,所获CNC
产品质地均匀
酸在使用过程中易腐蚀设备,引发环境污染[12,16]
草酸[17]
硫酸[19]
酶水解法木聚糖酶通过特定酶选择性水解天然纤维素中的无定形区,保留结晶区,得到纳米尺度的纤维素结构环境友好、反应条件温和、产物分散性好反应条件要求严格、反应速率较慢[20]
纤维素酶[21]
内切葡聚糖酶[22]
低共熔溶剂法草酸/氯化胆碱低共熔溶剂体系选择性破坏植物纤维的氢键网络和部分化学键,实现纤维素的高效解离溶剂毒性低、操作安全溶剂回收率低[23−24]
乳酸/氯化胆碱[25]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880395344786013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880383806255624, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CNC的制备方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制备方法原理优点缺点参考文献
酸水解法柠檬酸利用酸作用于纤维素β-1-4-糖苷键使其质子化,实现无定形区水解,而对酸具有强抵抗性的结晶区被保留工艺成熟,所获CNC
产品质地均匀
酸在使用过程中易腐蚀设备,引发环境污染[12,16]
草酸[17]
硫酸[19]
酶水解法木聚糖酶通过特定酶选择性水解天然纤维素中的无定形区,保留结晶区,得到纳米尺度的纤维素结构环境友好、反应条件温和、产物分散性好反应条件要求严格、反应速率较慢[20]
纤维素酶[21]
内切葡聚糖酶[22]
低共熔溶剂法草酸/氯化胆碱低共熔溶剂体系选择性破坏植物纤维的氢键网络和部分化学键,实现纤维素的高效解离溶剂毒性低、操作安全溶剂回收率低[23−24]
乳酸/氯化胆碱[25]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880395424477790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880383806255624, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Classification and characteristics of nanocellulose

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类制备方法特点参考文献
CNC酸水解法、酶水解法、低共熔溶剂法直径5~70 nm,长度100~500 nm,具有出色的机械强度[35]
CNF机械法、TEMPO氧化法直径在20~50 nm,长度达到几微米,具有高韧性和气体阻隔特性[36]
BNC细菌合成法直径约20~100 nm,具有优异的结晶度、拉伸强度[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880395504169567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880383806255624, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

纳米纤维素的分类及其特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类制备方法特点参考文献
CNC酸水解法、酶水解法、低共熔溶剂法直径5~70 nm,长度100~500 nm,具有出色的机械强度[35]
CNF机械法、TEMPO氧化法直径在20~50 nm,长度达到几微米,具有高韧性和气体阻隔特性[36]
BNC细菌合成法直径约20~100 nm,具有优异的结晶度、拉伸强度[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880395583861344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880383806255624, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of different preparation methods for nanocellulose composite films

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方法优点缺点功能特性
浇铸法操作简单,无需复杂设备制得的膜表面粗糙不平整;制膜时间长,不适合大规模生产制备具有良好机械性能的薄膜
涂布法操作简单,薄膜厚度可控;可宽范围调
控膜的结构和性能
依赖基材、涂层可能脱落制备高阻隔、抗菌等功能薄膜
真空过滤法膜结构均匀,性能稳定受限于滤器尺寸,难以制备大尺寸薄膜制备结构致密、优异的机械性能和阻隔性能的薄膜
层层自组装法可通过调控沉积层数,精确控制膜厚度制膜耗时长, 工艺复杂开发智能包装和活性包装等功能薄膜
静电纺丝法可制备超细纳米纤维制备效率低且纯纳米纤维素难以直接纺丝制备高比表面积、多孔结构和易负载活性物质的薄膜
), ArticleFig(id=1320880395663553121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880383806255624, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

纳米纤维素复合膜不同制备方法对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法优点缺点功能特性
浇铸法操作简单,无需复杂设备制得的膜表面粗糙不平整;制膜时间长,不适合大规模生产制备具有良好机械性能的薄膜
涂布法操作简单,薄膜厚度可控;可宽范围调
控膜的结构和性能
依赖基材、涂层可能脱落制备高阻隔、抗菌等功能薄膜
真空过滤法膜结构均匀,性能稳定受限于滤器尺寸,难以制备大尺寸薄膜制备结构致密、优异的机械性能和阻隔性能的薄膜
层层自组装法可通过调控沉积层数,精确控制膜厚度制膜耗时长, 工艺复杂开发智能包装和活性包装等功能薄膜
静电纺丝法可制备超细纳米纤维制备效率低且纯纳米纤维素难以直接纺丝制备高比表面积、多孔结构和易负载活性物质的薄膜
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纳米纤维素复合膜的制备及其在肉品包装中的应用进展
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石瑞鑫 1, 2 , 贾锦涛 3 , 王文欣 1 , 范文春 3 , 侯成立 1 , 杨庆锋 1, * , 饶伟丽 2 , 张德权 1, 2
食品工业科技 | 前沿综述 2026,47(18): 593-602
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食品工业科技 |前沿综述 2026 , 47 (18) : 593 -602
纳米纤维素复合膜的制备及其在肉品包装中的应用进展
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石瑞鑫1, 2 , 贾锦涛3, 王文欣1, 范文春3, 侯成立1, 杨庆锋1, * , 饶伟丽2, 张德权1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所,农业农村部农产品质量安全收贮运管控重点实验室,北京 100193
  • 2河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071001
  • 3升辉新材料股份有限公司,江苏江阴 214411
通讯作者:
杨庆锋(1992−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:肉品保鲜包装材料,E-mail:。
作者简介:

石瑞鑫(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Progress in the Preparation of Nanocellulose Composite Films and Their Applications in Meat Packaging
Ruixin SHI1, 2 , Jintao JIA3, Wenxin WANG1, Wenchun FAN3, Chengli HOU1, Qingfeng YANG1, * , Weili RAO2, Dequan ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
  • 3Sunrise Materials Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214411, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080136
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为应对肉品储运腐败及传统塑料包装的污染问题,绿色可降解的纳米纤维素正成为肉品保鲜包装领域的研究热点。本文综述了纳米纤维素及其复合膜的制备方法,梳理了纤维素纳米晶(cellulose nanocrystals,CNC)、纤维素纳米纤维(cellulose nanofibers,CNF)、细菌纤维素(bacterial nanocellulose,BNC)基复合膜在肉品包装中的应用研究进展,重点讨论了纳米纤维素与功能材料协同增强复合膜抗紫外、阻隔、抗菌、可降解、智能响应等功能的作用机理及优势,表明兼具可设计多功能性与环境友好特性的纳米纤维素复合膜,具备良好的产业化应用前景。最后,本文对纳米纤维素复合膜未来发展进行了展望,以期为可降解包装的研发与应用提供新思路。

纳米纤维素  /  生物基材料  /  复合膜  /  活性包装  /  肉品保鲜

Driven by the challenge of meat spoilage during storage and transport, as well as the environmental impact of traditional plastics, green and biodegradable nanocellulose is emerging as a promising solution in meat preservation packaging. This review summarizes the preparation methods for nanocellulose and its composite films, systematically examining the progress in the application of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)-based films in meat packaging. A detailed discussion is presented on the mechanisms of nanocellulose synergizing with functional materials to enhance the nanocellulose-based films' ultraviolet resistance, barrier properties, antimicrobial activity, biodegradability, and intelligent responsiveness, along with their application advantages, which suggests that nanocellulose composite films with designable multifunctionality and environmentally friendly characteristics possess promising industrial application prospects. Finally, this review outlines future development prospects, aiming to inspire novel perspectives for the research and application of biodegradable packaging.

nanocellulose  /  bio-based materials  /  composite film  /  active packaging  /  meat preservation
石瑞鑫, 贾锦涛, 王文欣, 范文春, 侯成立, 杨庆锋, 饶伟丽, 张德权. 纳米纤维素复合膜的制备及其在肉品包装中的应用进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 593 -602 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080136
Ruixin SHI, Jintao JIA, Wenxin WANG, Wenchun FAN, Chengli HOU, Qingfeng YANG, Weili RAO, Dequan ZHANG. Progress in the Preparation of Nanocellulose Composite Films and Their Applications in Meat Packaging[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 593 -602 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080136
我国是肉类生产与消费大国,2024年我国畜禽肉产量高达9663万吨[1]。肉及肉制品因其营养价值高、味道鲜美深受国人喜爱,然而在储运过程中因微生物污染和氧化变质导致产品货架期缩短,进而造成经济损失。包装是改善肉品储运环境,有效保持肉品品质,延长货架期的有效手段之一[2−3]。传统石油基塑料包装材料(如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯)凭借其优良加工性能、机械性能、阻隔性能和成本低的优势,在肉品包装中得到了应用[4]。然而石油基塑料包装难以降解,回收成本高、效率低,长期使用则会引发严重的环境问题[5]。随着国家可持续发展战略的提出及“限塑令”的实施,可替代传统石油基塑料包装材料的绿色环保可降解材料逐渐受到人们关注并成为研究热点。
生物基材料是绿色包装材料的一类,主要包括淀粉、纤维素、甲壳素及其衍生物、明胶等[6]。其中,纤维素来源广泛,不仅可从木材、麻类、农作物秸秆、藻类中提取,也可以从细菌等微生物中提取,成为可降解食品包装原料有效选择之一[7]。然而,单独使用纤维素作为食品包装材料存在许多限制,例如机械性能和阻隔性能较差,无法满足肉品包装的基本要求[8]。但纤维素尺寸减小到纳米级时,则表现出优异阻隔特性,有助于解决纤维素包装阻隔性能差的问题[9]。纳米纤维素作为纤维素衍生物,具有较大的比表面积、良好的生物相容性、优异的机械性能和可降解性,为肉品包装领域提供了绿色解决方案[10−11]。虽然已有纤维素纳米晶(cellulose nanocrystals,CNC)、纤维素纳米纤维(cellulose nanofibers,CNF)、细菌纤维素(bacterial nanocellulose,BNC)等纳米纤维素相关综述报道,但针对纳米纤维素基包装材料在肉品包装保鲜领域的应用尚缺乏。因此,本文综述了纳米纤维素的结构特性、分类、复合膜的制备方法及其在肉品包装中的应用进展,并探讨了其发展趋势与面临的挑战,旨在推动生物基可降解包装材料在肉品保鲜领域的发展(图1)。
纤维素是由葡萄糖单体通过β-(1,4)-糖苷键组成的线性高分子聚合物,是地球上最丰富的可再生资源,兼具可降解与生物相容性等优点[12]。纳米纤维素是经物理、化学或生物处理得到的纳米级纤维素材料(图2A、图2B),其直径通常小于100 nm,长度仅为几微米,分子链通过氢键形成高度有序的结晶区,赋予其高结晶度和功能活性[12−13]。纳米纤维素表面密集分布羟基(-OH)(图2C),使其不仅具有强亲水性,还可与-COOH、-OH、-NH2等基团结合,为后续化学改性提供了丰富的活性位点。根据来源、结构特征可以将纳米纤维素分为CNC、CNF、BNC等三类。
CNC是一种直径约为5~70 nm,长度约为50~500 nm的棒状纳米材料,具有高的结晶度(54%~88%)、纵横比(约10~100)、拉伸模量和拉伸强度[14−15]。CNC通常由酸水解法制备,酸的类型、浓度、反应温度和时间可调控CNC功能活性。Cen等[16]采用柠檬酸溶液对纤维素进行水解并通过微流化处理,得到直径5~10 nm,长度386~639 nm,纵横比66~100的CNC,该方法比传统强酸水解制备CNC的产率更高,达到56.8%。Song等[17]先对纤维素进行球磨预处理,再利用草酸对纤维素水解,最终得到直径为10 nm,长度300~400 nm,结晶度为70.7%,产率为59%的CNC。相较于Cen等[16]的方法,该方法不仅制备了高产率的CNC,且实现了草酸的回收。Gui等[18]以微晶纤维素为原料,在超声和磷钨酸的协同作用下,成功制备出直径10~42 nm,结晶度为86.93%,产率为77.1%的CNC,降低了生产成本,提高生产效率,为CNC复合膜的制备奠定了物质基础。除了酸水解法,还可采用酶水解法、低共熔溶剂法等方法制备CNC(表1)。CNC具有高机械强度和阻隔性,适用于对机械强度和阻隔性要求较高的包装。
CNF通常是由天然纤维素经机械处理制成的丝状纳米纤维(图2A)。与CNC相比,CNF同时包含非晶区和结晶区,其直径约5~100 nm,长度可达微米级,具有更高的纵横比(通常为>50),更具柔韧性[26]。CNF常用的制备方法为机械法和TEMPO氧化法。机械法主要包括高压均质、球磨、超声处理等,此方法操作简单但是设备能耗大、容易堵塞,故在操作前常对原料进行化学预处理。Hassan等[27]以椰子麸为原料,通过碱化和漂白预处理后采用TEMPO氧化法制得CNF,其直径约72.14±9.11 nm,长度约108 nm,结晶度73.50%。该方法制备的CNF直径大于50 nm,若要获得更细的纳米纤维,需进一步探索新工艺。Lei等[28]以荞麦壳为原料提取出纤维素,通过酶解和高压均质处理,制得直径更小(17.92~49.98 nm),结晶度超59%,产率大于22.29%的CNF。该研究通过酶解预处理结合机械法有效降低纤维直径,拓展了纳米纤维素的应用可能性。小尺寸的纳米纤维素(直径小于20 nm)具有高柔韧性的优势,然而在制备过程中存在诸多挑战,如制备方法的稳定性,陈欢等[29]采用TEMPO氧化法结合高压均质法,以柑橘皮渣为原料制备CNF,该方法制备的CNF产率最高可达51.51%±2.11%,直径显著减小至2.74±0.29~15.24±0.79 nm之间,为纳米纤维素在软包装中的应用奠定了基础。
BNC是由固氮杆菌属、葡糖杆菌属、假单胞菌属等微生物发酵形成的三维网状纤维素纳米(图2B)[30]。BNC直径约20~100 nm,不含半纤维素和木质素等杂质,具有更高的结晶度(约80%~90%)和纯度[31]。Sathianathan等[32]利用从石榴废弃物中分离出Novacetimonas hansenii P3菌株进行发酵培养,得到结晶度高达96%的BNC,其纤维直径50~70 nm,热稳定性良好,产量可达2.634 g/L,产量不能满足规模化生产需要。为进一步提升BNC产量,张沙沙等[33]将木葡萄糖酸醋杆菌接种到含有木薯水解液发酵培养基中制备BNC,最终得到5.75 g/L的BNC,该产量是Novacetimonas hansenii P3菌株BNC产量的2倍以上,其含水率96%~98%,复水率50%~58%,有望规模化生产。Rodrigues等[34]将Novacetimonas maltaceti菌株接种到以桉树皮水解物作为碳源的培养基中,得到的BNC产量可达8.29±0.21 g/L,进一步提升了BNC的产量,相比上述两个研究,该研究BNC制备工艺更加成熟,BNC的产量受菌株种类和发酵条件的影响。BNC具有高持水性、超高纯度与生物相容性,适用于高保湿、可食用或接触型包装。
因此,CNC、CNF、BNC作为纳米级纤维素材料均具有高比表面积、高反应活性、机械稳定性、生物相容性、可降解性等特性(表2),在绿色、高值化、可降解肉品包装中具有应用潜力。
纳米纤维素常作为制备复合膜的原料,制备方法主要有:浇铸法、涂布法、真空过滤法、层层自组装法、静电纺丝法(图3),不同的制备方法赋予纳米纤维素复合膜特定的功能特性。
浇铸法是利用超声、搅拌等方法制备纳米纤维素均一体系,浇铸至制膜容器中,经溶剂蒸发后获得纳米纤维素复合膜(图3A)[5]。Boopasiri等[38]将不同量的CNC-氧化锌添加到聚乳酸(Polylactic acid,PLA)中,将其倾倒在玻璃培养皿中于室温下放置过夜制得具有紫外线屏蔽效果和抗菌能力的CNC-氧化锌/PLA复合薄膜,当CNC-氧化锌添加5 phr(每百分树脂)时膜性能达到最佳效果,拉伸强度约为43 MPa,杨氏模量约为3.50 GPa。Ge等[39]以CNF和羧甲基纤维素为原料,经甘油、戊二醛和茶多酚改性后,将混合液倒入塑料培养皿中干燥制膜,结果表明该复合膜具有优异的机械性能、抗菌和抗氧化性能,且该膜在土壤中可完全降解。窦荷影等[40]将环状糊精-白藜芦醇包合物加入BNC-壳聚糖混合液中均质超声,采用浇铸法将混合液倒入方形器皿内干燥成膜,该膜具有良好的机械性能、抗氧化和抑菌性能。浇铸法虽然操作简单,但是制得的膜表面粗糙不平整,且纳米纤维素含量低,制膜时间长不适合大规模生产。
涂布法是制备纳米纤维素薄膜的常用方法之一,通过在基底材料上均匀涂布特定材料,从而制备具有特定性能的纳米纤维素复合膜(图3B)[10]。Shanmugam等[41]以150 mm/min的涂布速度将普鲁兰多糖/石墨烯生物纳米复合材料涂覆在CNF上,制得抗菌薄膜,同时使氧气透过率降至851.32 cm3/m2·day·atm,水蒸气透过率降至3.9 g/m2·day。优化涂布液可降低透过率,Cheng等[42]将壳聚糖溶液和CNF溶液混合后超声分散、水浴加热得到涂层溶液,使用涂布机以3.0 cm/s的速度将其涂覆在食品包装原纸上提高了纸张表面层的致密性,使CNF/壳聚糖涂层纸氧气透过系数降低至1.732×10−11 cm3·cm/cm2·s·Pa,水蒸气透过系数降低至2.236×10−11 g·cm/cm2·s·Pa。通过调整涂布工艺参数,可进一步提高阻隔性。Guivier等[43]采用涂布速度30 mm/s将壳聚糖和CNC涂覆到PLA薄膜上,降低了薄膜的氧气透过率,8层CNC涂层的薄膜氧气透过系数为2.4±1.5×10−22 m3·m/m2·s·Pa。因此涂布法可宽范围调控纳米纤维素复合膜的结构和性能,虽然具有操作简单,薄膜厚度可控,适用于纳米纤维素复合膜的制备,但现有产业化的涂布液与基材的匹配度仍需进一步提升,以满足产业需求。
真空过滤法是一种通过负压驱动,使分散液(如纳米纤维素悬浮液)中的固体组分在滤膜表面沉积,形成均匀薄膜的技术(图3C),是制备纳米纤维素复合膜的常用方法[5]。Hua等[44]将CNF和CNC混合悬浮液超声处理,经真空过滤,干燥制得纳米复合膜,该膜拉伸强度60.5 MPa,水蒸气透过率达到923.9 g/m2/24 h。Huang等[45]将不同体积的叶酸加入氧化纳米纤维素悬浊液中,借助真空辅助过滤,成功制备出具有高紫外线屏蔽效果、高透明度和高拉伸强度的纤维素基生物质薄膜,该薄膜在紫外线区域(200~400 nm)透光率为0%,在可见光区域(600 nm)透光率达90.61%,拉伸强度高达150.04 MPa。Cai等[46]利用真空过滤法制备了具有光动力抗菌特性的二维过渡金属碳氮化合物MXene-聚苯胺/CNF复合膜,实验表明在光照条件下,金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌几乎被完全杀死。上述研究表明,真空过滤法适合于阻隔、抗紫外和抗菌性能复合膜的制备,是制备高性能纳米纤维素复合膜的重要途径之一,但该方法受限于滤器尺寸,难以制备大尺寸薄膜,需进行工艺优化、设备革新以满足产业化应用。
层层自组装法是一种利用静电吸附、化学反应等方法,将带有相反电荷的分子逐层交替沉积,制得具有特定结构和功能的纳米纤维素复合膜(图3D)。Verma等[47]将不同有机酸加入CNC分散液,用聚乙烯醇(Polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)增塑后,浇铸干燥得到有机酸/CNC薄膜,再将其夹在PLA/聚己内酯溶液层之间,干燥后得到层层自组装薄膜,CNC层在PLA/聚己内酯聚合物共混物层之间的互锁结构,赋予该复合薄膜高机械强度(88.8±1.1 MPa)。Dai等[48]采用层层自组装法,以阳离子瓜尔胶和阴离子氧化纳米纤维素制备全多糖多层薄膜,该薄膜透明、柔韧且坚固,具有出色的气体、油阻隔性能及有机溶剂的耐受性。Dal’Acqua等[49]通过层层自组装法将聚烯丙基胺盐酸盐、聚丙烯酸与二氧化钛沉积在BNC膜基底上制得自组装薄膜,并引入不同浓度金纳米颗粒用于光催化产氢。因此,层层自组装技术虽可通过调控沉积层数,精确调控膜厚度,但耗时长且工艺复杂,需与其他技术结合提升效率以实现连续规模化生产。
静电纺丝法是一种利用高压静电场使聚合物溶液形成射流,经挥发在接收装置上沉积形成纤维薄膜,可用于制备多种功能材料的方法(图3E)。Salazar-Bravo等[50]将CNC和氧化石墨烯添加到PVA中,通过静电纺丝技术(流速为3 μL/min,电压25 kV,喷丝头-接收器距离为20 cm)制备成膜,该膜具有优异机械性能和紫外线阻隔性能,但制膜速度仍需进一步提升。Zhu等[51]将静电纺丝流速提升至0.4 mL/h,在电压12 kV,喷丝头-接收器距离为18 cm条件下制备BNC前驱膜,利用喷涂法将氮化钛(Titanium nitride nanoparticles,TiN)溶液喷洒在BNC前驱膜上,再制备一层BNC形成三明治结构的BNC-TiN-BNC膜,该膜可提高包装材料的电化学性能。然而,低的流速限制静电纺丝的加工效率,Zhong等[52]采用流速为1 mL/h,电压17 kV,喷丝头-接收器距离为15 cm的静电纺丝参数,制备出CNF/PVA复合膜,该薄膜具有优异的亲水性和抗菌性,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌率高达99.99%,是抑菌包装的理想材料。静电纺丝法可制备多功能集成的超细纳米纤维,但纯纳米纤维素难以直接纺丝且制备效率低,通常需与高分子聚合物共混纺丝以提升制膜效率。
因此,纳米纤维素复合膜的功能特性由其制备方法决定(表3),其工艺缺陷则需通过技术的不断革新与优化予以解决。
肉类在储运过程中易受紫外线、氧气和微生物等环境因子影响而变质。常见的变质因素有:紫外线会引发脂肪氧化和蛋白质变性,导致异味、质地劣化和色泽变暗;氧气促使不饱和脂肪酸氧化,使肉品变色、产生不良风味并加速好氧微生物繁殖;肉品丰富的营养成分为微生物生长提供了理想条件,微生物污染导致肉品品质下降[53]。随着消费升级,市场亟需能保持肉品质量的新型环保包装材料,纳米纤维素复合膜优异的特性使其具有满足肉类包装需求的潜力(图4)。
抗紫外包装是一种通过添加阻隔材料或紫外线吸收剂来有效抑制紫外线诱导的肉品氧化反应,从而延长货架期的功能性包装材料。Li等[54]将CNF与单宁提取物复合制得CNF-单宁复合薄膜,由于单宁分子富含苯环共轭π电子体系,能有效吸收紫外光,该薄膜对波长320~400 nm范围内紫外线的防护率达88%,而对波长低于320 nm紫外线的防护率接近100%,确证了单宁的加入可提高CNF膜的紫外线屏蔽能力,尽管该研究未进行实际应用测试,但为后续肉类保鲜研究奠定了理论基础。Sun等[55]将植物源组分应用于猪肉包装,利用添加咖啡叶衍生的二醛纤维素纳米晶和咖啡叶提取物-Fe3+复合物制备明胶基复合膜,添加的二醛纤维素纳米晶通过与明胶发生希夫碱交联形成非均相网络结构,使薄膜透射率降至40%~80%,进一步引入咖啡叶提取物-Fe3+复合物利用其酚羟基吸收紫外线发生π→π*跃迁的特性,降低紫外线透过率至0%,实现了紫外线的有效屏蔽。此外,Zheng等[56]以肌原纤维蛋白和BNC为原料与花青素共混制得BNC-花青素复合膜,由于花青素结构中存在高度共轭的芳香结构,可以吸收紫外可见光辐射,该膜在200~320 nm处的紫外线透射率为0%,可有效防止鱼肉氧化变质,验证了BNC-花青素复合膜的抗紫外保鲜性能。
上述研究表明,纳米纤维素抗紫外包装添加酚类物质(咖啡叶提取物-Fe3+复合物、单宁)等紫外吸收剂可以选择性吸收紫外波段的光子,阻挡紫外线穿透包装。此外,纳米纤维素的高比表面积和多羟基结构使其可以通过改性或结合紫外散射剂开发阻隔紫外的包装,为开发高效抗紫外食品包装提供了可行策略。
阻隔性包装是指采用高阻隔材料来有效隔绝氧气、水蒸气和光线,以延长肉品货架期并保持其品质的包装。在氧气阻隔方面,Costa等[57]将不同含量的CNC加入壳聚糖溶液制备成CNC复合膜,随着CNC的增加(≤25%),基质的结晶度提高、分子链迁移受限且自由体积减小,从而阻碍氧气渗透,提高氧气阻隔性,使薄膜的氧气透过系数降低至1.6±0.13×10−16 m3/s·m·Pa。然而,单一的氧气阻隔性能难以满足复杂保鲜场景的需求,水蒸气阻隔性的不足成为制约纳米纤维素基包装膜应用的关键瓶颈,Yu等[58]将高浓度CNF(≥60%)共混至淀粉-壳聚糖制膜体系中,通过填充基质孔隙或裂纹,构建更致密的薄膜结构,降低水分子渗透能力,使其水蒸气透过系数降低至3.5×10−11 g/(m·s·Pa),实现了纳米纤维素基包装膜水蒸气阻隔性的有效调控。为进一步协同提升水氧双效阻隔性能,Wang等[59]通过氧化还原等方法将银纳米颗粒(Silver nanoparticles,AgNPs)掺入BNC中,随后将其与PVA物理共混制备兼具水蒸气和氧气阻隔性的复合薄膜,BNC材料凭借其高吸水性微观结构,能够有效束缚薄膜中的水分子,从而抑制其迁移,使水蒸气透过率由1168.83 g/m2 d降低至844.16 g/m2 d;BNC的柔韧性促进了原纤维的致密堆叠,减少了纤维间空隙,限制氧气渗透与迁移,从而实现薄膜氧气阻隔性提升,并利用过氧化值测定实验,确证了BNC对氧气阻隔性能的增强作用。Li等[60]将姜黄素加入BNC/魔芋葡甘露聚糖中制备薄膜,基于姜黄素的疏水性及其在基质中的良好分散性,两者协同构建了致密的屏障结构,通过有效限制水、氧分子的渗透并延长其迁移路径,实现薄膜阻隔性能的显著提升。
综上,纳米纤维素通过氢键交联形成致密的网络结构使包装具有较好的氧气阻隔性能,其类型和添加比例对薄膜的阻隔性能具有影响。但因其表面具有大量亲水的羟基基团,使其水蒸气阻隔性较差,难以满足产业需求,可通过材料复合或改性可显著提升肉品包装材料的水蒸气、氧气阻隔性能。
抗菌包装是通过添加天然或合成抗菌剂来抑制微生物生长,从而延长肉品货架期的活性包装。在单一纳米纤维素增强体系方面,Qian等[61]将5% CNC与可得然胶共混制备具有抗菌性能的复合膜,该膜可有效抑制大肠杆菌等微生物的生长繁殖,延长冰鲜猪肉保质期至12 d,实现了肉品包装保鲜应用。Aouay等[62]将CNC修饰的AgNPs掺入PLA制备抗菌薄膜,通过AgNPs与细菌外膜相互作用、诱导膜结构变化及降解致细菌死亡;该膜包装鸡胸肉4 ℃储存7 d,总活菌数从对照组6.1 log CFU/g 降至5.58 log CFU/g,延长了保质期。进一步研究发现,纳米纤维素与天然抗菌剂的复合可产生协同增效作用。Alizadeh-Sani等[63]开发了CNF/乳清蛋白基复合薄膜,通过引入二氧化钛和迷迭香精油,利用其生物活性成分和无机纳米颗粒特性,破坏细菌的外膜并与细菌内的关键酶、细胞质膜反应以抑制微生物生长,显著提升了薄膜的抗菌活性与保鲜性能;该复合薄膜能有效抑制嗜冷菌生长,实现羊肉保质期的有效延长(货架期>12 d)。此外,纳米纤维素与无机抗菌剂的复合也展现出良好的抗菌性能。Silva等[64]采用滴加原位法制备具有广谱抗菌性的氧化锌/BNC复合薄膜,氧化锌产生活性氧使该薄膜对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌均具有一定抗菌活性,在鸡皮保鲜中得到应用。
纳米纤维素的多羟基三维网络结构能为抗菌剂提供结合位点,这使得该复合材料在肉品包装应用中具有抗菌保鲜效果,能有效抑制肉品中微生物生长并延缓腐败变质。然而,纳米纤维素复合抗菌包装存在抗菌剂迁移风险,影响肉品安全,需进一步研发更加安全无毒的抗菌剂或开发智能响应释放包装实现按需释放,完善检测技术保证肉品安全。
智能响应包装是一种能感知环境变化并显示肉品新鲜度的先进包装。Guo等[65]通过将羧化纤维素纳米晶体和甜菜根提取物掺入海藻酸钠基质,成功制备出pH响应复合膜,该薄膜在pH>8时颜色由紫红色变为黄色,应用于猪肉新鲜度监测时,薄膜在储存第3 d开始显色变化,第5 d完全变黄,可直观反映猪肉新鲜度变化(图5A),这是由于猪肉腐败会产生一系列挥发性碱性含氮化合物,薄膜中的甜菜碱会响应周围环境的pH变化而发生变色反应。不同pH敏感色素的组合可拓展智能包装的应用范围。Lu等[66]开发一种蔗渣纳米纤维素水凝胶,作为溴百里酚蓝/甲基红染料的载体,可通过二氧化碳水平监测鸡肉腐败,在鸡肉的贮藏过程中,随着腐败产生的二氧化碳水平升高,水凝胶的颜色由绿色转变为红色(图5B)。Feng等[67]将CNC与花青素结合制备出pH和湿度协同响应的复合膜,随着湿度增加,水蒸气进入CNC的螺旋结构后,层间距变大,使薄膜中的花青素可以接触更多的NH3,从而实现高灵敏度监测,该膜在用于虾保鲜时,随着虾变质,薄膜颜色由粉红色变为灰蓝色最终变为橙色,实现了新鲜度的可视化监测(图5C)。
上述研究表明,纳米纤维素因其优异的功能特性,可作为智能包装的载体与pH敏感色素结合,制备出高灵敏度、可视化的新鲜度监测包装,可通过颜色变化实时反映肉品腐败程度。目前,基于纳米纤维素的智能响应包装的响应机制相对单一,大多只能对单一环境因素做出响应且稳定性有待提高,未来应开发能够同时对多种环境因素做出综合响应,且在不同环境条件下以及随着时间延长仍能保持性能的智能响应包装。
可降解包装是指采用天然高分子材料或生物降解塑料制成的包装,能在特定环境下降解为无害物质,减少环境污染的绿色包装。纳米纤维素凭借其卓越的性能,以及来源广泛、可生物降解和生物相容性好等特点,成为极具潜力的环境友好型包装材料[10]。Najafi等[68]以小球藻生物质和从大麻秸秆纤维中分离的CNC为原料,制备了可生物降解的活性薄膜;将薄膜埋在土壤中42 d,发现该膜逐渐降解。为了进一步提升降解性能,Somsesta等[69]将CNF、海藻酸钠和甘油等混合制备可降解CNF水凝胶,在第5 d时可降解80%以上,第30 d可完全降解。此外,Yu等[70]以大豆皮纳米纤维素、PVA、壳聚糖和花青素为原料制备了水凝胶保鲜膜,该薄膜具有优异的生物降解性,在18 d时可实现完全降解,远低于上述两项研究的42 d和30 d。
上述研究表明,纳米纤维素基包装在土壤微生物群落的联合作用下,通过β-葡萄糖苷酶等酶解纤维素分子链,最终被分解为CO2、水和生物质等,大幅减少传统塑料污染,但在实际应用过程中,复合膜对降解条件要求较高,例如需要特定的温度、湿度等。同时,降解产物可能存在风险,对土壤环境造成一定破坏。
纳米纤维素作为天然的生物基材料,因其优异的机械特性在食品包装领域受到越来越多的关注。近年来,大量研究表明调整纳米纤维素的形态和结构,可以获得不同功能的食品包装材料,其在食品包装、保鲜、运输中具有实际应用价值。目前,纳米纤维素基包装材料制备与应用还存在一些尚待解决的问题:第一,制备纳米纤维素的方法主要为酸水解法、酶水解法、机械法、TEMPO氧化法和细菌合成法,这些方法存在污染环境、效率低、能耗大和成本高等缺点,限制纳米纤维素的工业化发展,因此需要探索绿色高效、低成本的制备方法。第二,肉品包装材料通常需要强机械性能、高阻隔、抗紫外、抗菌等特性,但纳米纤维素复合膜在机械性能、阻隔性、抗菌性能等方面仍有很大提升空间,需开发机械性能更强、阻隔性更高、抑菌率更高的新型复合包装膜。第三,肉品包装对材料的安全性要求高,尤其是生鲜肉不允许添加任何食品添加剂。纳米纤维素因其表面富含丰富的活性位点可以与抗菌剂更好地结合,但是可能存在抗菌剂、交联剂、改性剂、分散剂等物质迁移到肉品中的风险,因此需关注这些物质的迁移行为,以确保肉品安全。
纳米纤维素复合膜在肉品乃至食品包装领域具有极大的应用潜力,但我国纳米纤维素的产业化尚需进一步完善,目前纳米纤维素材料的分离成本高昂,纳米纤维素复合膜尚处于研究阶段,还需对纳米纤维素及其复合膜进行更加深入的研究,促进其在肉品包装领域的产业化应用,推动绿色环保型包装的发展。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080136
  • 接收时间:2025-08-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-13
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    1中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所,农业农村部农产品质量安全收贮运管控重点实验室,北京 100193
    2河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071001
    3升辉新材料股份有限公司,江苏江阴 214411

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杨庆锋(1992−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:肉品保鲜包装材料,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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