Article(id=1320880382531195649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080128, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755014400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852023966, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852023966, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852023966, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852023966, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=420, endPage=429, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880382736716546, articleId=1320880382531195649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Investigation of the Inhibitory Effect of Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin Coating on Potato Greening Based on Non-targeted Metabolomics, columnId=1320880297818837042, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage, Preservation and Cold Chain Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Potatoes were susceptible to light-induced greening during storage, which seriously affects their quality and commodity value. The purpose of this study was to explore the inhibitory effect of sodium copper chlorophyllin coating on postharvest potato greening. Potato tubers were treated with sodium copper chlorophyllin coating, and their a* value, chlorophyll content and respiration rate were measured regularly, which the effects of coating on greening were evaluated. Non-target metabolomics was employed to analyze metabolite changes, and the metabolic mechanism of inhibition of green change was analyzed. The results showed that after 60 days of storage, compared with untreated potato tubers, the potato tubers treated with composite coating exhibited increase in a* value, while chlorophyll content and respiration rate decreased, indicating that the composite coating treatment could effectively slow down the greening process of potato tubers. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the sodium copper chlorophyllin coating effectively suppressed respiratory intensity by reducing the levels of key respiratory substrates such as pyruvate and citrate within these pathways. The coating also reduced chlorophyll content by inhibiting the biosynthesis process of key precursors for chlorophyll synthesis, such as glutamic acid and glutamine. This study validated the effectiveness of sodium copper chlorophyllin coating in preventing postharvest greening of potatoes, providing a new technical approach for improving potato quality.

, authors=Yi WU, Jing WANG, Hongxia REN, ERIHEMU*, authorsList=Yi WU, Jing WANG, Hongxia REN, ERIHEMU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=ERIHEMU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880386675168027, articleId=1320880382531195649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于非靶向代谢组学研究叶绿素铜钠复合涂膜对马铃薯绿变的抑制作用, columnId=1320880298024357940, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜与冷链技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

马铃薯在贮藏期间易发生光诱导绿变,严重损害其品质与商品价值。本研究旨在探究叶绿素铜钠复合涂膜对马铃薯采后绿变的抑制作用。利用叶绿素铜钠复合涂膜处理马铃薯块茎,通过测定贮藏期马铃薯块茎a*值、叶绿素含量及呼吸速率等绿变相关指标,评价复合涂膜处理对绿变的抑制效果。结合非靶向代谢组学分析代谢物变化,系统解析复合涂膜抑制马铃薯绿变的代谢机理。结果表明,贮藏60 d后,复合涂膜处理的马铃薯块茎相比未涂膜处理,其a*值提高,而叶绿素含量和呼吸速率均降低,由此可见复合涂膜处理可以有效减缓马铃薯绿变进程。代谢组学分析发现,复合涂膜通过降低代谢通路中丙酮酸与柠檬酸等关键呼吸底物的水平,减弱呼吸强度;并通过抑制谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺等叶绿素合成关键前体的生物合成,降低叶绿素含量。本研究验证了叶绿素铜钠复合涂膜防控马铃薯采后绿变的有效性,为提高马铃薯品质提供了新的技术路径。

, authors=武艺, 王婧, 任红霞, 额日赫木*, authorsList=武艺, 王婧, 任红霞, 额日赫木, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=额日赫木, authorNote=

武艺(1995−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:农产品贮藏保鲜技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
额日赫木(1983−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:薯类加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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武艺(1995−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:农产品贮藏保鲜技术,E-mail:

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武艺(1995−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:农产品贮藏保鲜技术,E-mail:

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注:同一贮藏时间下不同字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05),图3~图7同。

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基于非靶向代谢组学研究叶绿素铜钠复合涂膜对马铃薯绿变的抑制作用
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武艺 , 王婧 , 任红霞 , 额日赫木 *
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜与冷链技术 2026,47(18): 420-429
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜与冷链技术 2026 , 47 (18) : 420 -429
基于非靶向代谢组学研究叶绿素铜钠复合涂膜对马铃薯绿变的抑制作用
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武艺 , 王婧, 任红霞, 额日赫木*
作者信息
  • 山西师范大学食品科学学院,山西太原 030031
通讯作者:
额日赫木(1983−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:薯类加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
作者简介:

武艺(1995−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:农产品贮藏保鲜技术,E-mail:

Investigation of the Inhibitory Effect of Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin Coating on Potato Greening Based on Non-targeted Metabolomics
Yi WU , Jing WANG, Hongxia REN, ERIHEMU*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080128
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马铃薯在贮藏期间易发生光诱导绿变,严重损害其品质与商品价值。本研究旨在探究叶绿素铜钠复合涂膜对马铃薯采后绿变的抑制作用。利用叶绿素铜钠复合涂膜处理马铃薯块茎,通过测定贮藏期马铃薯块茎a*值、叶绿素含量及呼吸速率等绿变相关指标,评价复合涂膜处理对绿变的抑制效果。结合非靶向代谢组学分析代谢物变化,系统解析复合涂膜抑制马铃薯绿变的代谢机理。结果表明,贮藏60 d后,复合涂膜处理的马铃薯块茎相比未涂膜处理,其a*值提高,而叶绿素含量和呼吸速率均降低,由此可见复合涂膜处理可以有效减缓马铃薯绿变进程。代谢组学分析发现,复合涂膜通过降低代谢通路中丙酮酸与柠檬酸等关键呼吸底物的水平,减弱呼吸强度;并通过抑制谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺等叶绿素合成关键前体的生物合成,降低叶绿素含量。本研究验证了叶绿素铜钠复合涂膜防控马铃薯采后绿变的有效性,为提高马铃薯品质提供了新的技术路径。

马铃薯  /  绿变  /  叶绿素铜钠  /  涂膜技术  /  非靶向代谢组学

Potatoes were susceptible to light-induced greening during storage, which seriously affects their quality and commodity value. The purpose of this study was to explore the inhibitory effect of sodium copper chlorophyllin coating on postharvest potato greening. Potato tubers were treated with sodium copper chlorophyllin coating, and their a* value, chlorophyll content and respiration rate were measured regularly, which the effects of coating on greening were evaluated. Non-target metabolomics was employed to analyze metabolite changes, and the metabolic mechanism of inhibition of green change was analyzed. The results showed that after 60 days of storage, compared with untreated potato tubers, the potato tubers treated with composite coating exhibited increase in a* value, while chlorophyll content and respiration rate decreased, indicating that the composite coating treatment could effectively slow down the greening process of potato tubers. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the sodium copper chlorophyllin coating effectively suppressed respiratory intensity by reducing the levels of key respiratory substrates such as pyruvate and citrate within these pathways. The coating also reduced chlorophyll content by inhibiting the biosynthesis process of key precursors for chlorophyll synthesis, such as glutamic acid and glutamine. This study validated the effectiveness of sodium copper chlorophyllin coating in preventing postharvest greening of potatoes, providing a new technical approach for improving potato quality.

potato  /  greening  /  sodium copper chlorophyllin  /  coating  /  non-target metabolomics
武艺, 王婧, 任红霞, 额日赫木. 基于非靶向代谢组学研究叶绿素铜钠复合涂膜对马铃薯绿变的抑制作用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 420 -429 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080128
Yi WU, Jing WANG, Hongxia REN, ERIHEMU. Investigation of the Inhibitory Effect of Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin Coating on Potato Greening Based on Non-targeted Metabolomics[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 420 -429 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080128
马铃薯作为世界四大主粮之一,富含淀粉、膳食纤维、蛋白质以及多种维生素和矿物质,素有“营养之王”的美誉[1−2]。然而,其采后贮运过程中极易因光照刺激而发生绿变[3−4]。研究表明,马铃薯块茎绿变主要涉及两个过程,即淀粉体转化为叶绿体和叶绿素积累[5]。新鲜马铃薯块茎富含淀粉体,在光照刺激下,淀粉体内膜折叠后逐步转为叶绿体,叶绿体经光合作用合成大量叶绿素。因此,淀粉含量降低和叶绿素含量升高,可以作为衡量马铃薯块茎绿变发生及程度的关键指标。绿变现象不仅显著降低块茎的外观品质与营养价值,更伴随着有毒生物碱—龙葵素的合成,严重降低马铃薯的食用安全性与经济价值[6]。据统计,仅在美国,马铃薯每年因绿变导致的损失约占其总产量的14%~17%[7−8]。因此,有效防控马铃薯采后绿变,对于保障食品安全和减少产业经济损失具有重要意义。
目前,国内外研究者已探索多种策略以抑制马铃薯采后绿变,主要包括化学干预、生物育种、低温贮藏及气调贮藏等技术[9−12]。在化学防控领域,Dong等[9]研究证实,采用600 μL/L浓度的乙醇熏蒸处理能有效抑制马铃薯绿变,且与单独乙醇熏蒸处理相比,乙醇熏蒸联合N2处理可显著增强绿变抑制效果。生物育种方面,Bamberg等[13]通过二倍体绿色与白色马铃薯块茎的无性杂交试验,成功筛选出低绿变倾向马铃薯品种。低温调控和气调贮藏也被证明是抑制马铃薯绿变的有效手段。Tanios等[4]发现低温(1~5 ℃)可有效抑制马铃薯块茎发生绿变。Tang等[14]研究表明,将乙醇熏蒸处理与气调贮藏技术相结合,可有效延缓马铃薯块茎在贮藏期间的绿变进程。尽管上述方法均被证明可有效抑制马铃薯块茎绿变,但在实际应用中仍存在试剂残留、遗传性状田间稳定性不足、低温诱导还原糖积累,以及气调设施推广成本高等局限,这些因素严重制约其产业化应用。因此,开发经济、安全、高效的绿变防控技术仍是当前的研究重点。
物理涂膜技术因其成本低廉、安全性高、操作简便且利于贮运等显著优势,为防控马铃薯绿变提供了新的解决思路[15−16]。Bang等[17]研究表明,应用聚丙烯/聚对苯二甲酸-己二酸丁二醇酯/黑色素复合膜处理马铃薯,可有效抑制叶绿素合成并延缓绿变进程。该研究表明功能性涂膜技术在抑制马铃薯采后绿变方面具有良好的应用前景。相较于具有紫外吸收作用的黑色素,叶绿素铜钠(Sodium copper chlorophyll,SCC)因其独特的光响应特性,可更高效地抑制马铃薯采后绿变。SCC在405 nm与630 nm波长处存在特征吸收峰,可有效吸收诱导块茎叶绿素合成的关键蓝光波段,从而减缓叶绿素的生物合成与积累[18]。此外,SCC还具有制备工艺简单、成本低廉等优点,且对热、光及碱性环境具有优异稳定性。其作为源于天然植物的绿色添加剂,已被纳入我国《食品添加剂使用标准》,广泛应用于食品加工与果蔬保鲜领域[19−20]。在载体选择方面,相比Bang等[17]研究中采用的高分子成膜基质,多糖类物质具有可降解性和生物安全性等显著优势[21]。例如,海藻酸钠(Sodium alginate,SA)是一种由β-D-甘露糖醛酸和α-L-古罗糖醛酸以1-4糖苷键连接而成的线性多糖,具有良好的增稠性和成膜性[22];三赞胶(Sanxan,SAN)则是由鞘氨醇单胞菌产生的一种胞外多糖,具有良好的凝胶性、成膜性和生物相容性[23]。两者均已广泛应用于食品包装材料开发领域。然而,目前鲜少有研究报道利用SCC光学特性开发海藻酸钠/三赞胶-叶绿素铜钠功能性复合涂膜(SS-SCC)并将其用于马铃薯采后绿变防控。
因此,本研究以SA和SAN为成膜基质,SCC为活性成分,制备SS-SCC复合涂膜用于马铃薯绿变防控。以a*值、叶绿素含量、硬度、呼吸速率、淀粉含量和还原糖含量为检测指标,考察复合涂膜处理对贮藏期间马铃薯块茎绿变的抑制效果。在此基础上,结合非靶向代谢组学技术,系统解析SS-SCC复合涂膜调控马铃薯绿变的代谢网络机制,为马铃薯采后绿变防控提供新的技术路径和理论支撑。
马铃薯 购于太原市汇隆市场,挑选大小均匀(149.0±16.5 g)、无发芽绿变、无机械损伤和无病虫害的新鲜马铃薯运至实验室,于4±1 ℃环境下贮藏备用;SA、SAN、SCC、乙酸锌、甘油、碳酸钙 分析纯,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;氢氧化钠、无水乙醇 分析纯,北京化工厂;乙腈、甲醇 色谱纯,美国Fisher科技有限公司。
SHJ-A6型磁力搅拌水浴锅 常州金坛良友仪器有限公司;NH300型高品质电脑色差仪 广东三恩时智能科技有限公司;TGL-16M型离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司; TA-XT plus型物性测试仪 英国Stable Micro Systems公司;L5S型紫外可见分光光度计 上海仪电分析仪器有限公司;F-480型便携式二氧化碳分析仪 北京阳光忆事达科技有限公司; Vanquish UHPLC-Orbitrap ExplorisTM 480 MS型超高效液相色谱-质谱分析仪 赛默世尔科技有限公司。
利用浸涂法制备SS-SCC复合涂膜。称取0.5 g SA和0.5 g SAN,将其分别溶于50 mL蒸馏水中,并在45 ℃下连续搅拌1 h使其充分溶解。将SA溶液缓慢倒入SAN溶液中,随后加入混合溶液0.4%体积(v/v)的甘油,继续在45 ℃下搅拌1 h,制得均匀的膜基质溶液(SS)。随后加入混合溶液2%体积(v/v)的0.1 mg/mL SCC溶液,45 ℃下搅拌1 h。最后,将混合液超声处理5 min,以去除其中气泡,制得SS-SCC复合膜液。
将马铃薯清洗晾干后随机分为三组,每组75个,将其中两组样品分别浸没于SS膜液和SS-SCC膜液中30 s,取出后置于暗处晾干12 h,对照组(CK)未进行任何处理。为诱发马铃薯样品绿变,将所有样品置于培养箱中,在温度为25 ℃、光照强度为3000 lux条件下持续光照12 h[24]。随后,将样品置于低温环境(4±1 ℃)中贮藏60 d,并于第0、15、30、45和60 d,分别从各组中随机选取15个马铃薯样品测定绿变相关指标。
削去马铃薯块茎表皮(深度1 mm),利用色差仪分别测定块茎顶部、中部和基部位置的a*值,并取平均值。
取2 g马铃薯表皮置于研钵中,加入适量碳酸钙、石英砂及6 mL 95%乙醇,充分研磨至匀浆状态,室温下静置24 h。离心(10000 r/min,10 min),取4 mL上清液,用95%乙醇定容至10 mL。利用分光光度计分别测定该溶液在645和663 nm处的吸光度值,并根据公式(1)计算叶绿素含量[5]。
$ \rm {叶绿素含量(mg/100\;g)=}\frac{\left(20.21{A}_{645}+8.02{A}_{663}\right)\times V}{1000\times m}\times 100 $
式中:A645、A663分别为溶液在645、663 nm处的吸光度值;m为样品质量,g;V为提取液体积,mL。
采用物性测试仪测定马铃薯贮藏期间硬度变化。使用P/2(直径2 mm)探头,触发力为5 g,测前、测中和测后速度分别设定为2、1和10 mm/s,测定深度为10 mm,硬度单位为g。
将马铃薯块茎置于6 L密闭容器中,室温下放置1 h进行CO2富集,利用CO2分析仪测定容器内CO2含量,并根据公式(2)计算呼吸速率[25]。
$\rm {呼吸速率(mg\;C}{{O}}_{2}{/(kg\cdot h))=}\frac{V\times K\times N}{M\times H} $
式中:V为容器与马铃薯块茎体积之差,L;N为CO2的浓度,%;M为马铃薯的质量,kg;K为换算系数,21.43;H为密封放置时间,h。
取2 g马铃薯样品于研钵中,加入10 mL 1%稀盐酸并充分研磨。将研磨匀浆水浴加热1 h,冷却后,用1%氢氧化钠溶液将pH调至中性。随后依次加入5 mL 4%乙酸锌溶液和5 mL 4%亚铁氰化钾溶液,定容至100 mL。过滤,收集滤液备用。取2 mL滤液,加入1.5 mL DNS试剂,沸水浴加热5 min,冷却后定容至10 mL。利用分光光度计测定该溶液在540 nm处的吸光度值,依据标准曲线(y=0.428x−0.0132,R2=0.999)计算样品提取液中葡萄糖含量,并根据公式(3)计算淀粉含量[26]。
$ \rm 淀粉含量(\text{%})=\frac{V\times m\times 0.9}{Vs\times M\times 1000}\times 100 $
式中:V为样品提取液总体积,mL;m为葡萄糖含量,mg;M为样品质量,g;Vs为与DNS反应的提取液体积,mL。
取2 g马铃薯样品于研钵中,加入20 mL蒸馏水并充分研磨。将其研磨匀浆80 ℃水浴中加热30 min,冷却后,定容至25 mL。离心,取上清液备用(稀释5倍)。取2 mL上清液,加入1.5 mL DNS试剂,沸水浴加热5 min,冷却后定容至10 mL。利用分光光度计测定该溶液在540 nm处的吸光度值,依据标准曲线(y=0.428x−0.0132,R2=0.999)计算样品提取液中葡萄糖含量,并根据公式(4)计算还原糖含量[27]。
$\rm 还原糖含量(\text{%})=\frac{V\times m}{Vs\times M\times 1000}\times 100 $
式中:V为样品提取液总体积,mL;m为葡萄糖含量,mg;M为样品质量,g;Vs为与DNS反应的提取液体积,mL。
分别取100 mg贮藏第0 d和30 d的对照组样品(CK-0,CK-30)、SS组样品(SS-0,SS-30)和SS-SCC组样品(SS-SCC-0,SS-SCC-30)于液氮环境下快速冷冻并研磨成粉末。加入1 mL乙腈/甲醇/水(2:2:1,v/v/v)混合溶液提取代谢物。随后,超声处理30 min,静置10 min。离心,收集上清液,利用真空干燥箱对其进行干燥处理。将干燥样品重新溶解在100 μL乙腈中,离心,取上清液,利用0.22 μm微孔过滤器转移到样品瓶中,用于超高效液相色谱-质谱分析。
超高效液相色谱-质谱条件:用C18色谱柱,柱温为25 ℃,流动相A为含25 mmol氨水和25 mmol乙酸铵的超纯水,流动相B为乙腈,流速为0.5 mL/min,进样体积2 μL。洗脱程序:0~0.5 min,95% B;0.5~7 min,65% B;7~9 min,40% B;9~12 min,95% B。采用XCMS软件进行峰对齐、保留时间校正和峰面积提取,并对提取的数据进行代谢物结构鉴定及数据预处理分析。归一化处理后,运用R软件进行多变量数据分析,包括主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)。计算OPLS-DA模型中每个变量在投影中的重要性值(VIP),以指示其对分类的贡献。并以VIP>1.0和P<0.05为标准筛选差异代谢物,最终通过KEGG富集分析差异代谢物的潜在代谢途径。代谢组学数据由上海中科新生命科技有限公司进行测定。
所有实验结果用“均值±标准差”表示,利用SPSS 25.0进行ANOVA检验(P<0.05)和Duncan多重比较分析,并利用Origin 2022绘图。
为直观呈现各组马铃薯块茎在贮藏期间的绿变程度,利用照片记录其随时间的变化过程(图1)。同时,a*值作为表征红绿色调的关键指标,其负向变化可有效反映贮藏期内马铃薯块茎的绿变程度[28]。如图2所示,在整个贮藏期内,各组马铃薯块茎的a*值均呈下降趋势。然而,经涂膜处理的马铃薯块茎(SS组和SS-SCC组)a*值高于对照组(CK组),且经SS-SCC复合涂膜处理的马铃薯块茎的a*值最高,这表明经SS-SCC复合涂膜处理的马铃薯块茎绿变程度最低。因此,SS-SCC复合涂膜处理可有效延缓马铃薯贮藏过程中绿变的发生。
光照条件会诱导马铃薯块茎中叶绿素生物合成酶基因的表达上调,促进叶绿素合成,从而引发马铃薯采后绿变[29]。如图3所示,贮藏期间马铃薯块茎的叶绿素含量均呈持续上升趋势,但SS组和SS-SCC组马铃薯块茎的叶绿素含量始终低于CK组,且经SS-SCC复合涂膜处理块茎的叶绿素含量最低,这与a*值结果相符(图2)。在贮藏第60 d,CK组和SS组块茎叶绿素含量分别为14.80和11.18 mg/100 g,SS-SCC组的叶绿素含量仍然最低,仅为10.73 mg/100 g。由此可见,SS-SCC复合涂膜处理可有效抑制贮藏期内马铃薯块茎叶绿素的合成与积累。
光照是诱发马铃薯绿变的核心因素,其强度与光谱组成都会对马铃薯块茎中叶绿素的生成和积累产生影响[30]。一方面,涂膜层在马铃薯表面形成一层物理屏障,有效减少透射至块茎表皮的光线通量,进而下调叶绿素合成水平[28]。另一方面,SCC作为功能性组分,对蓝光波段(叶绿素合成的关键诱导光谱)具有较强吸收能力,通过削减抵达块茎组织的有效光能,直接阻碍光依赖的叶绿素合成途径[31]。因此,在SS-SCC复合膜物理阻隔和光谱过滤的协同效应下,有效降低了马铃薯块茎叶绿素的合成,延缓了绿变进程。
硬度作为衡量果实坚实度的关键指标,直接反映果实的饱满度与新鲜度[32]。新鲜马铃薯块茎质地紧实,但其硬度会随贮藏时间的延长而逐渐降低。如图4所示,贮藏期间马铃薯块茎的硬度均呈下降趋势,但经涂膜处理的马铃薯块茎(SS组和SS-SCC组)硬度始终高于CK组,这表明实施涂膜处理可有效抑制块茎内部的水分散失以及淀粉代谢活动,延缓马铃薯硬度下降。此外,贮藏期间SS-SCC组马铃薯块茎的硬度高于SS组。这主要是由于SS-SCC膜液中的活性成分SCC具有抑菌性能,能有效防止因微生物滋生而引发的块茎软化问题[33]。综上,SS-SCC复合涂膜处理可有效减缓马铃薯贮藏期间的硬度衰减,有助于保持马铃薯的质地坚实度。
呼吸作用是果实采后生理代谢的关键过程,其速率与果实寿命呈负相关[34]。如图5所示,贮藏期间马铃薯块茎的呼吸速率均呈先下降后上升趋势,且SS-SCC组块茎的呼吸速率始终显著低于CK组和SS组(P<0.05)。在贮藏第30 d,马铃薯块茎的呼吸速率达到最低值,经SS-SCC复合涂膜处理的块茎呼吸速率(18.93 mg CO2/(kg·h))显著低于CK组(22.73 mg CO2/(kg·h))和SS组(22.42 mg CO2/(kg·h))(P<0.05)。在贮藏第60 d,马铃薯块茎的呼吸速率小幅上升,SS-SCC组块茎的呼吸速率(25.59 mgCO2/(kg·h))明显低于CK组(26.45 mg CO2/(kg·h))和SS组(27.55 mg CO2/(kg·h))。该结果表明SS-SCC复合涂膜处理可有效抑制贮藏期间马铃薯块茎的呼吸代谢强度。其原因主要归结于以下几点:第一,涂膜在块茎表面形成物理屏障,显著降低气体交换速率,从而抑制有氧呼吸作用。第二,该保护层可有效减少块茎内部水分散失,维持组织水分平衡,避免因失水胁迫引发生理代谢紊乱及呼吸增强。同时,膜液中添加的SCC能够通过抑制微生物生长,减少由微生物侵染导致的异常呼吸增强[19]。
淀粉作为马铃薯细胞中的主要成分,其含量随着贮藏时间的延长而逐渐降低。如图6所示,贮藏期间马铃薯块茎的淀粉含量均呈下降趋势。这主要是由于淀粉在淀粉酶作用下会被分解为葡萄糖等小分子糖类参与呼吸作用,并且淀粉体还可通过内膜折叠形成类囊体并堆叠基粒层,转化为叶绿体[5,35]。此外,在贮藏第15、30和45 d,SS组和SS-SCC组马铃薯块茎的淀粉含量高于CK组,且SS-SCC组的淀粉含量最高。这表明SS-SCC复合涂膜处理对马铃薯块茎淀粉含量的下降具有一定延缓作用。其主要原因在于涂膜后形成的保护层能维持马铃薯块茎完整性,减少其与外界环境的气体交换和水汽交换,降低呼吸作用和水分散失,进而减少淀粉在呼吸作用中的消耗。而在贮藏第60 d,CK组块茎的淀粉含量出现小幅上升,可能是由于块茎中叶绿体含量增加,进而合成新的淀粉。
贮藏期间,马铃薯块茎的还原糖含量易受淀粉-糖代谢转换和呼吸作用的影响[36]。如图7所示,马铃薯块茎的还原糖含量均呈先上升后下降趋势。这可能是由于贮藏初期淀粉降解促使还原糖得以积累,而贮藏后期含量下降则与块茎呼吸作用增强及维持自身代谢所需能量增加导致的消耗速率提升密切相关。在贮藏第15 d,SS-SCC组的还原糖含量显著低于SS组和CK组(P<0.05)。在贮藏第30、45和60 d,块茎的还原糖含量较第15 d呈下降趋势,SS-SCC组还原糖含量显著高于其他两组(P<0.05)。以上结果显示,SS-SCC组的还原糖含量变化幅度低于SS组和CK组,表明SS-SCC复合涂膜处理能够有效减缓马铃薯块茎的淀粉转换和呼吸作用。
利用UHPLC-MS/MS技术检测各组马铃薯块茎在贮藏第0 d和30 d代谢物质的变化。为了保障样本采集过程中的稳定性,将每5个样本设为一个质控(QC)样本。经对样本进行PCA分析,结果发现,相同样品的质控样本呈紧密聚集的状态,表明本实验所获数据具有良好的稳定性和重复性。马铃薯块茎质控样本的组内样本高度聚集,组间样本显著分离(图8),表明不同样本间存在显著差异性,实验数据适用于后续差异代谢物分析。
对各组马铃薯样品贮藏第0 d和30 d的代谢物进行鉴定统计。贮藏期间,六组马铃薯样品共鉴定出代谢物1817种,其中已知代谢物1583种。依据化学分类归属信息,将鉴定出的1817种代谢物划分为13类,主要类别包含脂质和类脂分子(28.89%)、有机酸及其衍生物(20.74%)、有机杂环化合物(9.41%)、有机氧化物(8.42%)、苯类(8.25%)、苯丙烷类和聚酮类化合物(6.16%)、核苷(2.69%)、核苷酸及其类似物(1.37%)等。
利用PCA对不同贮藏时间下样本的代谢物进行分析。在贮藏第0 d时,如图9a所示,样本在得分图上分布较为聚集,这主要是由于实验选用的马铃薯品种相同,初始代谢物组成相似,且涂膜处理对代谢物的影响尚未显现。而在贮藏第30 d时,如图9b所示,三个组间样本分离较为清晰,表明涂膜处理对马铃薯代谢物变化产生显著影响。贮藏第30 d的马铃薯样品与贮藏第0 d的样品相比(图9c),组间样本区分更为明显,表明随着贮藏时间的延长,各组马铃薯样品的代谢物组成和含量均发生显著变化。
基于上述PCA结果,进一步对马铃薯样品中检测出的代谢物进行变量统计分析。结果显示,在贮藏第0 d,SS组和SS-SCC组与CK组相比,分别筛选出70个差异代谢物(45个上调,25个下调)和60个差异代谢物(7个上调,53个下调);在贮藏第30 d,SS组和SS-SCC组与CK组相比,分别筛选出84个差异代谢物(9个上调,75个下调)和162个差异代谢物(36个上调,126个下调)。在贮藏第30 d时,SS组和SS-SCC组相较于CK组,其差异代谢物数量显著增加,表明涂膜处理对马铃薯样品的代谢过程产生显著影响。
根据代谢物的表达丰度进行层次聚类分析。结果显示,在贮藏第0 d时,SS组与CK组相比,上调的差异代谢物主要为丙烯醇脂质、类固醇和类固醇衍生物、有机氧化合物、脂肪酰基;而下调的差异代谢物则主要为苯及其取代衍生物、类固醇和类固醇衍生物、羧酸及其衍生物、有机氧化合物、脂肪酰基。SS-SCC组与CK组相比,上调的差异代谢物主要为苯及其取代衍生物、甘油磷脂、类固醇和类固醇衍生物、吲哚类、脂肪酰类;而下调的差异代谢物主要为苯及其取代衍生物、类固醇和类固醇衍生物、羧酸及其衍生物、吲哚及其衍生物。在贮藏第30 d时,SS组与CK组相比,上调的差异代谢物主要为甘油磷脂、苯及其取代衍生物、类固醇和类固醇衍生物、香豆素及其衍生物;而下调的差异代谢物主要为类固醇和类固醇衍生物、羧酸及其衍生物、吲哚及其衍生物、脂肪酰类。SS-SCC组与CK组相比,上调的差异代谢物主要为苯及其取代衍生物、甘油磷脂、羧酸及其衍生物;而下调的差异代谢物主要为苯及其取代衍生物、类固醇和类固醇衍生物、羧酸及其衍生物、有机氧化合物、脂肪酰类。综上所述,筛选出的差异代谢物主要集中在苯及其取代衍生物、类固醇及其衍生物等类别、羧酸及其衍生物、有机氧化合物、脂肪酰类。
为进一步揭示涂膜处理对马铃薯绿变的代谢调控机制,利用KEGG数据库对检测出的差异代谢物进行功能注释和代谢通路富集分析。结果显示,在贮藏第0 d时,SS组较CK组筛选出的60个差异代谢物富集到14条代谢途径中,其中显著富集的依次是代谢通路、ABC转运、半乳糖代谢、氨基酸生物合成、氨酰-tRNA生物合成、D-氨基酸代谢、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢等通路(图10a)。SS-SCC组较CK组筛选出的60个差异代谢物富集到32条代谢途径中,其中显著富集的依次是植物次生代谢产物的生物合成、硫代葡萄糖苷生物合成、托品烷、哌啶和吡啶生物碱的生物合成、半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢、氰基氨基酸代谢、缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸生物合成、精氨酸生物合成等通路(图10b)。在贮藏第30 d时,SS组较CK组筛选出的72个差异代谢物富集到23条代谢途径中,其中显著富集的依次是代谢通路、氨基酸生物合成、氨酰-RNA生物合成、D-氨基酸代谢、植物次生代谢产物的生物合成、其他次生代谢产物的生物合成、半乳糖代谢、氰基氨基酸代谢、半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢、磷酸转移酶系统、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢等通路(图10c)。SS-SCC组较CK组筛选出的137个差异代谢物富集到40条代谢途径中,其中显著富集的依次是辅因子的生物合成、碳代谢、嘌呤代谢、半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢、其他次生代谢产物的生物合成、抗坏血酸和丙二酸代谢、磷酸转移酶系统、磷酸戊糖途径、淀粉和蔗糖代谢等通路(图10d)。综上所述,涂膜处理组(SS组和SS-SCC组)相较于CK组的差异代谢物大多数富集在氨酰-tRNA生物合成、D-氨基酸代谢、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢、半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢等关键代谢通路中。
KEGG富集分析结果显示,淀粉和蔗糖代谢(ko00500)、三羧酸循环(ko00020)和精氨酸生物合成(ko00220)这3条代谢途径与马铃薯块茎中叶绿素的合成密切相关,且呈现出较高的富集程度。以上3条代谢途径中共显著富集有24个差异代谢物。其中,淀粉和蔗糖代谢通路中有6个差异代谢物,三羧酸循环中有8个差异代谢物,而在精氨酸生物合成通路中有10个差异代谢物。这些差异代谢物大多为氨基酸,其次是糖类物质和有机酸。
涂膜处理对糖类物质代谢的影响主要体现在淀粉和蔗糖代谢通路。如图11所示,在贮藏第30 d时,相较于CK组,SS组和SS-SCC组中蔗糖、D-果糖、6-磷酸-D-果糖、海藻糖及麦芽糖等差异代谢物水平均呈下调趋势。这些糖类物质作为叶绿素合成的重要能量来源,其含量降低表明叶绿素合成的能量供应受到削弱,叶绿素合成受到抑制[37]。同时,涂膜处理对有机酸代谢的影响主要体现在丙酮酸和柠檬酸水平上。丙酮酸和柠檬酸作为关键的呼吸底物,分别参与淀粉和蔗糖代谢通路以及三羧酸循环[38]。与CK组相比,SS-SCC组中柠檬酸和丙酮酸含量呈下调趋势,表明SS-SCC复合涂膜处理可有效抑制马铃薯块茎的呼吸作用,这与前期呼吸速率测定结果相符(图5)。此外,柠檬酸含量降低可能关联其他代谢通路,柠檬酸可转化为2-酮戊二酸,后经转氨作用生成谷氨酸,再经γ-氨基丁酸途径生成琥珀酸,谷氨酸或可转化为谷氨酰胺(图12)。因此,柠檬酸的下调可能间接降低谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺的含量,并导致叶绿素含量降低,进而延缓马铃薯块茎的绿变进程[39]。
氨基酸代谢同样受到涂膜处理的调控。如图11所示,在贮藏第30 d时,SS-SCC组中谷氨酸、N2-乙酰基-L-鸟氨酸、精氨基琥珀酸、天冬氨酸等氨基酸含量均呈下调趋势。涂膜处理在马铃薯表面形成的保护膜有效减缓马铃薯的呼吸作用并降低其光能吸收能力,进而抑制光合作用。光合作用受阻导致氨基酸合成所需前体物质减少,最终降低马铃薯内氨基酸含量。值得注意的是,脯氨酸、丙氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺等氨基酸对叶绿素形成至关重要[40]。其中,谷氨酸作为高等植物氨基酸代谢的中心分子,不仅参与铵同化调控,还是叶绿素生物合成的前体物质[41]。SS-SCC复合涂膜处理可使谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺含量下调,表明该处理显著抑制了谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺等关键氨基酸的合成,进而导致叶绿素含量降低,这与前期叶绿素含量测定结果相符(图3)。同时,淀粉和蔗糖代谢、三羧酸循环以及精氨酸生物合成三条通路中代谢物的变化均影响谷氨酸含量,从而影响叶绿素含量(图12)。
综上所述,SS-SCC复合涂膜处理延缓马铃薯绿变的代谢机制在于:一方面,显著抑制呼吸作用底物(如丙酮酸、柠檬酸)的生成,降低呼吸强度;另一方面,通过抑制糖代谢和氨基酸代谢(特别是谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺的合成),减少叶绿素合成所需能量和前体物质,从而使叶绿素含量降低,有效延缓马铃薯块茎的绿变进程。
本研究探究了海藻酸钠/三赞胶-叶绿素铜钠复合涂膜(SS-SCC)对马铃薯绿变的抑制作用。结果表明,SS-SCC复合涂膜可显著降低马铃薯块茎a*值的负向偏移及叶绿素含量下降,并有效减缓块茎软化、呼吸速率下降、淀粉与还原糖含量减少,抑制绿变。代谢机制研究表明,SS-SCC复合涂膜主要通过下调丙酮酸与柠檬酸等关键呼吸底物的水平以降低呼吸强度,并抑制谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺等叶绿素合成关键前体氨基酸的生物合成,从而降低叶绿素含量。相较于前人基于黑色素和高分子成膜基质制备复合涂膜,本研究不仅基于叶绿素铜钠的光学特性为马铃薯采后绿变防控提供了新的理论依据,同时基于海藻酸钠/三赞胶的生物安全性进一步拓展了该涂膜的推广应用。后续研究将聚焦于利用酶活性分析与转录组学等技术,深入解析涂膜处理抑制绿变的内在调控机制。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080128
  • 接收时间:2025-08-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-13
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    山西师范大学食品科学学院,山西太原 030031

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额日赫木(1983−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:薯类加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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