Article(id=1320882363605827782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080089, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754841600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852496291, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852496291, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852496291, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852496291, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=345, endPage=355, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882363832320199, articleId=1320882363605827782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of the Quality Differences between Yimeng Black Goat and Huanghuai White Goat Based on Multi-source Information Fusion and Machine Learning, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Goat meat is favored by consumers for its high protein and low-fat content. The Yimeng black goat and Huanghuai white goat, as local goat breeds in Shandong Province, had received less systematic research in terms of meat quality. This study focused on the longissimus dorsi muscle and semimembranosus muscle of these two breeds, measuring pH, water retention capacity, color, texture parameters, electronic nose data, and volatile flavor substances. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the correlation of multiple indicators, and a backpropagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) classification model was constructed. The Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) method was employed to identify key features, and partial least squares discriminant analysis was used to screen key flavor substances. The Mantel correlation analysis was combined to preliminarily reveal the correlation between meat quality and key flavor substances. The results demonstrated that, in comparison with Huanghuai white goats, Yimeng black goats exhibited lower cooking loss, higher a* values, and greater concentrations of volatile flavor compounds. The BP-ANN model developed using 27 quality indicators achieved a classification accuracy of 97.5% for breed and meat cut in the test dataset, indicating strong discriminative performance. SHAP analysis identified seven key predictors influencing model output, including h value and S14 sensor response. Mantel correlation analysis revealed significant associations between these critical quality indicators and specific flavor compounds, namely n-butyl aldehyde, n-octanol, and ethyl acetate, suggesting that lipid oxidation derivatives might serve as pivotal mediators linking mutton eating quality and flavor profile. These findings indicate that Yimeng black goats possess superior eating quality characteristics, and the established BP-ANN model offers a reliable methodological framework for future rapid, objective, and intelligent grading and discrimination of mutton.

, authors=Minghao YE1, Cong YAO2, Yuru ZHANG2, Chengying YAN1, Xianqi YAO3, Dacheng KANG2, *, authorsList=Minghao YE, Cong YAO, Yuru ZHANG, Chengying YAN, Xianqi YAO, Dacheng KANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dacheng KANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882367200346330, articleId=1320882363605827782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于多源信息融合与机器学习的沂蒙黑山羊和黄淮白山羊肉品品质差异分析, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

山羊肉以高蛋白、低脂肪特性受到消费者青睐,沂蒙黑山羊与黄淮白山羊作为山东地方山羊品种,在肉品品质方面较少开展系统研究。本研究以二者背最长肌和半膜肌为对象,测定pH、保水性、色泽、质构参数、电子鼻数据及挥发性风味物质,运用主成分分析解析多指标相关性,构建反向传播人工神经网络(Backpropagation Artificial Neural Network,BP-ANN)分类模型并通过沙普利加和解释(Shapley Additive Explanations,SHAP)方法挖掘关键特征,同时采用偏最小二乘判别分析筛选关键风味物质,最后结合曼特尔相关性分析初步揭示肉品品质与关键风味物质间的相关性。结果表明,与黄淮白山羊相比,沂蒙黑山羊具有较低的蒸煮损失和更高的a*值,且其挥发性风味物质浓度更高。基于27项品质指标构建的BP-ANN模型对品种与部位的分类准确率在测试集中为97.5%,显示出较高的鉴别能力。SHAP分析确定h值、S14传感器等7个影响模型预测的关键品质指标。曼特尔相关性分析揭示,这些关键品质指标与正丁醛、正辛醇、乙酸乙酯等风味物质显著相关,表明脂质氧化衍生物可能是关联羊肉食用品质与风味的关键物质。因此,沂蒙黑山羊具有较好的食用品质,构建的BP-ANN模型则为未来实现快速、客观的智能化分级鉴别提供了有效方法学工具。

, authors=叶明昊1, 姚聪2, 张羽茹2, 颜成英1, 姚现琦3, 康大成2, *, authorsList=叶明昊, 姚聪, 张羽茹, 颜成英, 姚现琦, 康大成, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=康大成, authorNote=

叶明昊(2006−),男,大学本科,研究方向:动物科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
康大成(1987−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉品加工与质量安全控制,E-mail:。
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Microbiome, 2024, 12(1): 27., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882367431033051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882367443615964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, companyId=1320882367431033051, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882367452004573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, companyId=1320882367431033051, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1临沂大学农林科学学院,山东临沂 276000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882367514919134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882367523307743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, companyId=1320882367514919134, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882367531696352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, companyId=1320882367514919134, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2临沂大学生命科学学院,山东临沂 276000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882367602999521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882367611388130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, companyId=1320882367602999521, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Linyi Jinluo Win Ray Food Co., Ltd., Linyi 276036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882367619776739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, companyId=1320882367602999521, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3临沂金锣文瑞食品有限公司,山东临沂 276036)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320882371805692175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Changes in pH of different parts of various goat breeds at different times after slaughter, figureFileSmall=yRSfyQzK98c5j8gzeqkFtw==, figureFileBig=Z9NCTnQyKmqvSWXnDN22lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882371885383952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同山羊品种各部位宰后不同时间的pH变化

注:字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05),图2、图3同。

, figureFileSmall=yRSfyQzK98c5j8gzeqkFtw==, figureFileBig=Z9NCTnQyKmqvSWXnDN22lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882372074127633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Dripping loss of different parts of various goat breeds, figureFileSmall=xMvjU5ze2vcy54jKnU0UUw==, figureFileBig=83LwlWEOmAE86VaxUmVp7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882372153819410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同山羊品种各部位滴水损失, figureFileSmall=xMvjU5ze2vcy54jKnU0UUw==, figureFileBig=83LwlWEOmAE86VaxUmVp7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882372225122579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Cooking loss of different parts of various goat breeds, figureFileSmall=0XjjOAIE+o4YzWAGFv4BFA==, figureFileBig=lFJGj5X2ctGIZY8OjWRXng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882372283842836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同山羊品种各部位蒸煮损失, figureFileSmall=0XjjOAIE+o4YzWAGFv4BFA==, figureFileBig=lFJGj5X2ctGIZY8OjWRXng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882372380311829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Radar map (a) and PCA map (b) for the 14 sensors in the electronic nose of different parts of various goat breeds, figureFileSmall=1GbzqPMfsbs3oiFFze3DwQ==, figureFileBig=4BxStYuVaszwE/Ugnw7HmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882372451614998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同品种不同部位羊肉的电子鼻14个传感器的雷达图(a)和PCA图(b), figureFileSmall=1GbzqPMfsbs3oiFFze3DwQ==, figureFileBig=4BxStYuVaszwE/Ugnw7HmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882372510335255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Analysis of volatile compounds in different parts of different goat breeds, figureFileSmall=TJs8J3FFDxUJgewwo2LLkg==, figureFileBig=tjEJ403YJ6LleNf5fYIyHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882372590027032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同品种不同部位羊肉的挥发性物质分析

注:a:挥发性物质相对含量的聚类热图;b:OPLS-DA得分图;c:PLS-DA置换检验结果图;d:VIP图。

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注:a:训练集混淆矩阵;b:测试集混淆矩阵;类别1~4分别为:BG-L、WG-L、BG-S和WG-S组。

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Sensor name and performance description of the electronic nose

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器编号特点敏感气体类型
S1烷烃、芳香化合物丙烷气体
S2乙醇、烷烃、醛类酒精、异丁烷、甲醛
S3氮氧化合物臭氧
S4硫化合物、萜烯硫化氢
S5氮-氢化合物氨气
S6芳香族成分,氢甲苯、丙酮、乙醇、氢气
S7甲烷甲烷、天然气、沼气
S8烷基液化气
S9乙醇、芳香族化合物甲苯、甲醛、酒精、丙酮
S10氢气氢气
S11烃类化合物液化气、烷烃
S12烃类化合物液化气、甲烷
S13甲烷甲烷
S14芳香族化合物可燃气体、烟雾
), ArticleFig(id=1320882374938837282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电子鼻传感器名称及性能描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器编号特点敏感气体类型
S1烷烃、芳香化合物丙烷气体
S2乙醇、烷烃、醛类酒精、异丁烷、甲醛
S3氮氧化合物臭氧
S4硫化合物、萜烯硫化氢
S5氮-氢化合物氨气
S6芳香族成分,氢甲苯、丙酮、乙醇、氢气
S7甲烷甲烷、天然气、沼气
S8烷基液化气
S9乙醇、芳香族化合物甲苯、甲醛、酒精、丙酮
S10氢气氢气
S11烃类化合物液化气、烷烃
S12烃类化合物液化气、甲烷
S13甲烷甲烷
S14芳香族化合物可燃气体、烟雾
), ArticleFig(id=1320882375047889187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Color analysis of different parts of various goat breeds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颜色参数BG-LWG-LBG-SWG-S
L*47.27±4.00a44.97±4.26ab44.07±4.50b43.85±3.87b
a*11.02±1.93c9.87±1.15d15.93±1.77a12.47±1.09b
b*12.87±1.68a12.20±1.12a10.44±0.69b10.47±1.38b
C*16.85±0.79b15.71±1.42c19.26±1.08a16.34±1.15bc
h49.74±4.04a51.03±1.76a35.21±3.85b39.96±4.67b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882375135969572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同山羊品种各部位颜色分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颜色参数BG-LWG-LBG-SWG-S
L*47.27±4.00a44.97±4.26ab44.07±4.50b43.85±3.87b
a*11.02±1.93c9.87±1.15d15.93±1.77a12.47±1.09b
b*12.87±1.68a12.20±1.12a10.44±0.69b10.47±1.38b
C*16.85±0.79b15.71±1.42c19.26±1.08a16.34±1.15bc
h49.74±4.04a51.03±1.76a35.21±3.85b39.96±4.67b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882375228244261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Texture analysis of different parts of various goat breeds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质构指标BG-LWG-LBG-SWG-S
硬度(gf)6301.53±778.55c7979.95±882.15a7385.04±769.43b8443.95±958.92a
弹性(×102)58.13±7.16b48.28±5.66c67.20±6.06a65.83±6.32a
咀嚼性(gf)3386.07±275.45c3620.63±451.02c3928.78±404.08b5150.23±583.75a
胶着性(gf)4160.99±487.26c5837.03±601.80a4773.58±532.81b5487.86±481.29a
回复性(×102)30.40±3.65a27.27±3.38b30.43±3.31a26.80±3.07b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882375328907558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同山羊品种各部位质构分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质构指标BG-LWG-LBG-SWG-S
硬度(gf)6301.53±778.55c7979.95±882.15a7385.04±769.43b8443.95±958.92a
弹性(×102)58.13±7.16b48.28±5.66c67.20±6.06a65.83±6.32a
咀嚼性(gf)3386.07±275.45c3620.63±451.02c3928.78±404.08b5150.23±583.75a
胶着性(gf)4160.99±487.26c5837.03±601.80a4773.58±532.81b5487.86±481.29a
回复性(×102)30.40±3.65a27.27±3.38b30.43±3.31a26.80±3.07b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882375412793639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882363605827782, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Performance evaluation of BP-ANN classification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据分组精确度(%)召回率(%)F1分数(%)
训练集93.989.390.6
测试集97.597.897.6
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BP-ANN分类性能评估

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数据分组精确度(%)召回率(%)F1分数(%)
训练集93.989.390.6
测试集97.597.897.6
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基于多源信息融合与机器学习的沂蒙黑山羊和黄淮白山羊肉品品质差异分析
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叶明昊 1 , 姚聪 2 , 张羽茹 2 , 颜成英 1 , 姚现琦 3 , 康大成 2, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(15): 345-355
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (15) : 345 -355
基于多源信息融合与机器学习的沂蒙黑山羊和黄淮白山羊肉品品质差异分析
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叶明昊1 , 姚聪2, 张羽茹2, 颜成英1, 姚现琦3, 康大成2, *
作者信息
  • 1临沂大学农林科学学院,山东临沂 276000
  • 2临沂大学生命科学学院,山东临沂 276000
  • 3临沂金锣文瑞食品有限公司,山东临沂 276036
通讯作者:
康大成(1987−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉品加工与质量安全控制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

叶明昊(2006−),男,大学本科,研究方向:动物科学,E-mail:

Analysis of the Quality Differences between Yimeng Black Goat and Huanghuai White Goat Based on Multi-source Information Fusion and Machine Learning
Minghao YE1 , Cong YAO2, Yuru ZHANG2, Chengying YAN1, Xianqi YAO3, Dacheng KANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
  • 2College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
  • 3Linyi Jinluo Win Ray Food Co., Ltd., Linyi 276036, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080089
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山羊肉以高蛋白、低脂肪特性受到消费者青睐,沂蒙黑山羊与黄淮白山羊作为山东地方山羊品种,在肉品品质方面较少开展系统研究。本研究以二者背最长肌和半膜肌为对象,测定pH、保水性、色泽、质构参数、电子鼻数据及挥发性风味物质,运用主成分分析解析多指标相关性,构建反向传播人工神经网络(Backpropagation Artificial Neural Network,BP-ANN)分类模型并通过沙普利加和解释(Shapley Additive Explanations,SHAP)方法挖掘关键特征,同时采用偏最小二乘判别分析筛选关键风味物质,最后结合曼特尔相关性分析初步揭示肉品品质与关键风味物质间的相关性。结果表明,与黄淮白山羊相比,沂蒙黑山羊具有较低的蒸煮损失和更高的a*值,且其挥发性风味物质浓度更高。基于27项品质指标构建的BP-ANN模型对品种与部位的分类准确率在测试集中为97.5%,显示出较高的鉴别能力。SHAP分析确定h值、S14传感器等7个影响模型预测的关键品质指标。曼特尔相关性分析揭示,这些关键品质指标与正丁醛、正辛醇、乙酸乙酯等风味物质显著相关,表明脂质氧化衍生物可能是关联羊肉食用品质与风味的关键物质。因此,沂蒙黑山羊具有较好的食用品质,构建的BP-ANN模型则为未来实现快速、客观的智能化分级鉴别提供了有效方法学工具。

沂蒙黑山羊  /  黄淮白山羊  /  肉品品质  /  机器学习  /  沙普利加和解释(SHAP)  /  曼特尔相关性分析

Goat meat is favored by consumers for its high protein and low-fat content. The Yimeng black goat and Huanghuai white goat, as local goat breeds in Shandong Province, had received less systematic research in terms of meat quality. This study focused on the longissimus dorsi muscle and semimembranosus muscle of these two breeds, measuring pH, water retention capacity, color, texture parameters, electronic nose data, and volatile flavor substances. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the correlation of multiple indicators, and a backpropagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) classification model was constructed. The Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) method was employed to identify key features, and partial least squares discriminant analysis was used to screen key flavor substances. The Mantel correlation analysis was combined to preliminarily reveal the correlation between meat quality and key flavor substances. The results demonstrated that, in comparison with Huanghuai white goats, Yimeng black goats exhibited lower cooking loss, higher a* values, and greater concentrations of volatile flavor compounds. The BP-ANN model developed using 27 quality indicators achieved a classification accuracy of 97.5% for breed and meat cut in the test dataset, indicating strong discriminative performance. SHAP analysis identified seven key predictors influencing model output, including h value and S14 sensor response. Mantel correlation analysis revealed significant associations between these critical quality indicators and specific flavor compounds, namely n-butyl aldehyde, n-octanol, and ethyl acetate, suggesting that lipid oxidation derivatives might serve as pivotal mediators linking mutton eating quality and flavor profile. These findings indicate that Yimeng black goats possess superior eating quality characteristics, and the established BP-ANN model offers a reliable methodological framework for future rapid, objective, and intelligent grading and discrimination of mutton.

Yimeng black goat  /  Huanghuai white goat  /  meat quality  /  machine learning  /  Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP)  /  Mantel correlation analysis
叶明昊, 姚聪, 张羽茹, 颜成英, 姚现琦, 康大成. 基于多源信息融合与机器学习的沂蒙黑山羊和黄淮白山羊肉品品质差异分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 345 -355 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080089
Minghao YE, Cong YAO, Yuru ZHANG, Chengying YAN, Xianqi YAO, Dacheng KANG. Analysis of the Quality Differences between Yimeng Black Goat and Huanghuai White Goat Based on Multi-source Information Fusion and Machine Learning[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 345 -355 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080089
山羊肉因其高蛋白、低脂肪的特性,逐渐成为消费者青睐的健康肉类。沂蒙黑山羊作为山东省优秀的本土品种,其主要栖息地为山东省中南部的泰沂山区[1]。该品种羊是在自然山区环境中经过长期演化,培育出的兼具肉用、绒毛用及毛用多重价值的品种。沂蒙黑山羊肉质细腻柔嫩,色泽红润且均匀,膻味轻微,营养丰富,被认为是高档、健康肉制品研发的优质原料[2]。然而,现有研究多聚焦在养殖技术[3]、繁殖性能[4]和屠宰性能[5]等方面的研究,对食用品质的研究大多停留在感官或口感上的主观描述,缺乏对肉品品质的系统研究。黄淮白山羊主产自河南东部、山东西部等地区,具有生长速度快、耐粗饲、抗病力强等优点,常被作为杂交改良的母本,也是地方山羊品种特性研究的重要的对照样本[6]。尽管黄淮白山羊经济价值显著,但针对其肉质特性的研究亦相对较少[7]。
随着养殖业规模化、标准化的发展,人们对肉品质的质量和均一性也提出了更高的要求。如何科学、高效地分析不同品种羊肉的品质差异成为研究热点。基于多源信息融合的机器学习技术因其在数据分析和模式识别中的优势,被逐步应用于肉品品质评价领域。特别是将电子鼻、电子舌、色差仪等智能感官技术与机器学习相结合,成为肉品品质研究的重要方向,可实现品质综合评价的客观化、数据化、标准化。向灿[8]利用电子鼻、电子舌和电子眼构建了6种绵羊肉的电子感官指纹图谱,通过支持向量机(SVM)和随机森林(RF)算法实现了羊肉品种的精准判别,分类准确率高达100%。研究表明,电子鼻传感器对硫化物、醇类等挥发性物质的响应差异,可为品种鉴别提供关键特征参数。另外,采用气相色谱(GC)、质谱(MS)等单一或联用分析手段进行风味物质的定性和定量,可实现感官品质和物质基础的融合,为山羊肉综合品质评价奠定基础。
本研究以沂蒙黑山羊和黄淮白山羊的背最长肌与半膜肌为对象,测定宰后pH、保水性(滴水损失、蒸煮损失)、色泽(L*、a*、b*、C*、h)、质构参数(硬度、弹性、咀嚼性等)、电子鼻数据,采用主成分分析(PCA)解析多指标间的相关性。其次,基于品质指标构建反向传播人工神经网络(BP-ANN)分类模型,进一步利用沙普利加和解释(SHAP)方法挖掘关键特征。对于风味物质,采用偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)对关键风味物质进行筛选,通过与品质指标曼特尔相关性分析,阐明沂蒙黑山羊和黄淮白山羊肉品品质与关键风味物质的关联,为山羊肉品分类及加工提供科学依据,推动智能化技术在传统畜牧业中的应用。
选取体重相近、年龄12月龄的健康雄性沂蒙黑山羊(BG,平均体重:43.62±2.65 kg)与雄性黄淮白山羊(WG,平均体重:53.23±4.72 kg)各30只,分别来源于临沂市和菏泽市规模化羊场。实验动物经常规屠宰流程处理,迅速分离背最长肌(M. longissimus dorsi,脊柱两侧从颈部到腰部肌肉)与半膜肌(M. semimembranosus,后腿股骨后方内侧肌肉)组织样本,分别记为BG-L(沂蒙黑山羊背最长肌)、BG-S(沂蒙黑山羊半膜肌)、WG-L(黄淮白山羊背最长肌)和WG-S(黄淮白山羊半膜肌);所有试剂均为国产分析纯。
PHSJ-5T型pH计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;NR60CP色差计 广州三恩时科技有限公司;cNose电子鼻、TA.TOUCH质构仪 上海保圣实业发展有限公司;FlavourSpec®气相离子迁移谱(配有CTC-PAL 3静态顶空自动进样装置和VOCal数据处理软件(0.4.10)) 德国Dortmund公司。
宰后45 min时立即采集样本测定pH。将样品真空包装后于4 ℃下冷藏运输至实验室并放置24 h后,测定pH、颜色、保水性、质构特性、电子鼻和风味物质等数据。
对宰后45 min及24 h的不同样品,参考Jung等[9]采用匀浆法对不同品种及部位的羊肉样本pH进行测定。将3 g肉样切成碎末,加入30 mL蒸馏水均质3 min后,取上清液用pH计测定pH。
取宰后45 min各品种山羊的半膜肌和背最长肌肉样,剔除外部脂肪和筋膜并称重,记为m1;将肉样放置在密封袋中,在4 ℃条件下悬挂24 h,取出并称重,记为m2,滴水损失计算如式(1)所示。
$ \rm 滴水损失({\text{%}}) =\frac{{m}_{1}-{m}_{2}}{{m}_{1}}\times 100 $
将上述测定完滴水损失的羊肉样品称重后(m2),装入蒸煮袋,在75 ℃的恒温水浴中加热,直到肉样中心温度达到70 ℃(20~30 min)。冷却后,吸干表面汁液,称重记为m3,计算蒸煮损失。蒸煮损失计算如式(2)所示。
$ \rm 蒸煮损失({\text{%}}) =\frac{{m}_{2}-{m}_{3}}{{m}_{2}}\times 100 $
参考Muñoz-Lapeira等[10]方法,色差计配备D65光源,测量孔径5.0 mm。在使用前用白板进行校准,使用滤纸擦去每个样品表面的水分后进行测定。测定的参数包括L*(亮度)、a*(红度)、b*(黄度)、C*(色度)和h(色相角)值。观察角度设置为10°。
参考Li等[7]方法,使用取样器将蒸煮损失测定后冷却至室温的样品切割成直径2 cm、高2 cm的圆柱体,在25 ℃条件下进行质构分析。测试参数如下:测试前速率1 mm/s,测试速率0.8 mm/s,测试后速率0.8 mm/s,压缩比50%,触发力5 gf,探头型号为TA/L。
参考Jia等[11]的方法并进行部分修改,将3 g切碎的测定完蒸煮损失的样品放入空瓶中进行电子鼻检测。检测前预留5 s预采样时间。完成一个样品检测后,系统自动清洗90 s,进样流量设为300 mL/min,样品稳定后,开始90 s的检测过程,收集并分析样品中的风味化合物信息。电子鼻各传感器名称及性能描述见表1。
参考Jung等[9]方法并略作修改。准确量取2 g测定完蒸煮损失的样品置于20 mL顶空瓶,80 ℃孵育15 min后进样,每个样品测定3组平行。具体测定条件如下。
孵化温度:80 ℃;孵化时间:15 min;进样体积:500 µL;不分流进样;孵化转速:500 r/min;进样针温度:105 ℃。色谱柱温度:60 ℃;载气:高纯氮气(纯度≥99.999%);程序升压:初始流量2.0 mL/min保持2 min,在8 min内线性增至10.0 mL/min,在10 min内线性增至100.0 mL/min,再保持10 min结束,色谱运行时间:30 min;进样口温度:80 ℃。通过将记录的质谱数据与美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST 2020)标准质谱库数据进行比对,以正构酮(2-丁酮、2-戊酮、2-己酮、2-庚酮、2-辛酮和 2-壬酮(均为分析纯))为内部标准对化合物进行鉴定分析。
为实现羊肉准确分类,本研究构建了8个隐藏层的BP-ANN模型,模型输入层纳入pH、颜色、滴水损失、蒸煮损失、质构、电子鼻数据等27个指标;各隐藏层均选用ReLU激活函数;输出层神经元数量设为12,采用Softmax激活函数使输出值满足概率分布。
数据集按4:1比例通过分层抽样划分为训练集(96个样本)与独立验证集(24个样本)。模型建立前对数据进行预处理,所有指标归一化为均值为0,标准差为1的标准分布(式(3))。
$ \rm {X}\_st{d}_{[i,j]}=\frac{{X}_{[i,j]}-\text{mean}[j]}{std[j]} $
式中,X_std为标准化数据,X[i,j]为原始数据,mean[j]为指标j的均值,std[j]为其标准差。
模型训练选用Adam优化器(初始学习率0.001)进行权重更新,设置批大小为32;为抑制过拟合,引入L2正则化(权重衰减系数0.0001)与Dropout策略(各隐藏层dropout概率0.2),同时当验证集损失连续5轮未下降时停止训练。
为进一步验证模型泛化稳定性,对96个训练样本进行5折交叉验证:将训练集随机划分为5个互斥子集,依次以4个子集为训练集、1个子集为验证集进行5轮训练与验证。通过计算5轮验证准确率极差值和损失标准差,评估模型的分类性能与稳定性。
训练集与测试集上模型的预测准确性基于精确度、召回率和F1分数进行评估。对模型参数进行优化,以确保输出结果与实际值接近一致,定义为式(4)~式(6)。
$ \rm 精确度=\frac{TP}{TP+FP} $
$ \rm 召回率=\frac{TP}{TP+FN} $
$\rm F1分数=2\times \frac{精确度\times 召回率}{精确度+召回率} $
式中,TP为被模型正确分类为阳性的样本数量,FP为模型错误分类为阳性的样本数量,FN为被模型错误分类为阴性的样本数量。
为了解决模型预测“黑箱”的问题,采用SHAP方法对输入特征的重要性进行排序,并为预测结果提供解释。本研究使用SHAP库来计算每个特征的SHAP值,并利用SHAP瀑布图等工具对特征贡献进行排名和可视化。基于这些SHAP值,可进一步明确对模型的预测贡献较大的指标。
实验数据通过Origin 2021进行预处理与可视化,所有结果均表示为平均值±标准差的形式。采用SAS 9.2进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),评估不同品种、不同部位的山羊样品在pH、色泽、保水性(滴水损失、蒸煮损失)、质构特性及电子鼻响应值等参数的组间差异,并采用Tukey法进行多重比较(显著性水平α=0.05)。
采用SIMCA 14.1软件对不同品种、不同部位羊肉样品的挥发性成分含量进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA),为了评估模型的过拟合风险,进行了200次排列检验。对于电子鼻信号,采用Origin 2021进行主成分分析(PCA)。在建模环节,基于MATLAB 2023b平台构建反向传播人工神经网络(BP-ANN)分类模型,并借助Python 3.9的SHAP框架实现机器学习模型的可解释性分析。采用chiplot在线平台计算并绘制品质指标与关键差异风味物质的曼特尔相关性图。
pH与肉品的肉色、嫩度以及感官品质密切相关,是衡量肉品质的重要指标之一,可有效地反映肉品质的差异[12]。由图1可知,宰后45 min时,四组样本pH从低到高为BG-L<WG-L<WG-S<BG-S,各组半膜肌(BG-S、WG-S)与背最长肌(BG-L、WG-L)差异显著(P<0.05),且半膜肌pH显著高于背最长肌。品种方面,宰后45 min时,同部位下各品种羊肉pH无显著差异(P>0.05),表明在宰后早期,由于BG与WG在相同部位的肌纤维组成、代谢基础较为一致,肌肉类型是控制pH下降速度的主要因素[13]。
宰后24 h,pH整体下降,BG-L和BG-S组、WG-L和WG-S组显著差异(P<0.05),但两品种极限pH均处于正常范围(5.5~5.7)。其中,背最长肌(如WG-L)宰后24 h内因糖原代谢快、乳酸积累较多导致pH快速下降,而较低pH会接近肌球蛋白等电点,易引发蛋白变性,降低其保水性[14−15]。因此,从宰后pH变化来看,沂蒙黑山羊展现出较高的肉品品质潜力。
滴水损失是描述生鲜肉保水性最常用的指标,与肉的加工性能和经济效益密切相关。由图2可知,背最长肌(BG-L、WG-L)滴水损失显著高于半膜肌(BG-S、WG-S)(P<0.05),同部位下WG组与BG组无显著差异(P>0.05),但WG组整体滴水损失略高于BG组。影响宰后肉水分流失的因素主要包括肌原纤维收缩程度、肌丝间距、蛋白质降解、细胞膜对水的渗透性和滴水通道的形成等[16]。此外,保水性还与肌纤维类型及品种代谢特性密切相关,背最长肌白肌纤维占比高,糖酵解速率快,蛋白质更易变性,汁液渗透较多;半膜肌红肌纤维占优,糖酵解潜力较低,蛋白水合能力强[17]。品种上,由pH分析可知,WG组宰后pH快速下降破坏蛋白保水结构,保水性较低;BG组pH下降较慢,缓冲能力强,保水性更高。另一方面,本研究中观测到的滴水损失值偏高现象,可能与所选品种特性和宰前管理方式等有关[8]。宰后pH下降较快时,易引起肌原纤维蛋白在早期发生变性,保水结构遭到破坏,表现为自由水大量渗出,滴水损失值升高。
蒸煮损失是生肉熟制过程中由于蛋白质凝固变性而发生的质量减少,其大小主要取决于肉类的持水能力、脂肪含量以及肌肉组织结构特性[18]。由图3可知,蒸煮损失各组间存在差异,整体趋势与滴水损失一致。其中,BG-S组蒸煮损失显著低于其他组(P<0.05),BG-L、WG-L和WG-S组的蒸煮损失无显著差异(P>0.05),但从整体来看,WG组的蒸煮损失略高于BG组;背最长肌组(L)蒸煮损失略高于半膜肌组(S)。因此,BG组在蒸煮过程中水分保持力略高于WG。WG组较高蒸煮损失可能与加热过程中较高的蛋白质变性程度或较低的胶原蛋白含量有关[19]。另一方面,肌纤维类型组成也可影响蒸煮损失。研究表明,IIB型肌纤维数量百分比越高,蒸煮损失越高;Ⅰ型肌纤维数量百分比越高,蒸煮损失越低[20]。已知背最长肌IIB型肌纤维较多,而半膜肌中Ⅰ型纤维数量较高[21]。因此,本研究结果与前人相关结论一致。此外,本研究观察到蒸煮损失值偏低,这可能与前期滴水损失水分较多有关。
肉色作为衡量肉类品质及影响消费者购买决策的指标之一,在肉类消费中发挥着关键作用[22]。L*值表示亮度值,受肉中脂肪、肌红蛋白和水分含量等影响[23]。由表2可知,相同部位时,各品种间L*值无显著差异(P>0.05),但BG组L*值略高于WG组。同一品种下,BG-L显著高于BG-S(P<0.05),但WG-L和WG-S间无显著差异(P>0.05)。这可能是因为不同部位肌肉的肌纤维结构排列以及肉中的含水率差异导致对光的散射特性不同[24]。a*值与肌红蛋白含量及其氧化还原状态密切相关[25]。由表2可知,BG组的a*值显著高于WG组(P<0.05),表明BG组羊肉的红色调更加明显。部位方面,半膜肌的a*值显著高于背最长肌(P<0.05)。相同部位下,不同品种间b*值无显著差异(P>0.05),但背最长肌b*值均显著高于半膜肌(P<0.05),这是由于背最长肌宰后pH下降较快,促进肌原纤维蛋白变性,从而使黄度值高于其他组[26]。
C*值越大,表示颜色的纯度越高,颜色越鲜艳。由表2可知,半膜肌的颜色鲜艳度要优于背最长肌,同时BG组的颜色纯度亦高于WG组。h值表示色相角,用来量化颜色的主观视觉属性,角度从0°到90°表示红色至黄色之间的色调,h值越低,红色越明显[27]。由表2可知,各品种背最长肌的h值显著高于半膜肌(P<0.05),而同一部位下,BG组与WG组的h值无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,沂蒙黑山羊整体具有较好的颜色属性。
质构特性是衡量肉品质的重要客观指标,能够将原本主观的口感感受转化为客观的、可量化的数据,为肉制品质量控制提供科学依据[28]。由表3可知,不同品种以及不同部位之间羊肉质构特性方面存在差异。在硬度和胶着性方面,WG组显著高于BG组(P<0.05),但在回复性方面,BG组显著高于WG组(P<0.05)。此外,BG和WG背最长肌的咀嚼性无显著差异(P>0.05)。硬度反映了食用时所需的咀嚼和撕裂力度,能直观体现肉的嫩度,而咀嚼度则与所需能量紧密相关,它代表了将固体食物通过咀嚼加工至适宜吞咽状态过程中所必须消耗的能量总量[29]。从表3可知,WG组各部位硬度和咀嚼性较大,这可能与纤维束的排列有关;即纤维束排列越紧密,肉的硬度和咀嚼度越大,反之亦反[30]。弹性方面,研究证实肉块弹性与水分含量直接相关[31]。由前述保水性分析可知,半膜肌具有较高的含水量,因此弹性分析结果也验证了水分含量的增加会导致弹性增加的结论。此外,WG组不同部位胶着性较高,这可能与其胶原蛋白或肌内脂肪含量较高有关[24]。
为比较不同品种、不同部位羊肉的整体风味差异,利用电子鼻进行分析。由图4a可知,各处理组羊肉熟制后的S4传感器信号响应值显著高于其他传感器,即对硫化氢敏感,其次是S9(乙醇,芳香族化合物)、S14(芳香族化合物)的传感器信号。品种方面,BG的2个部位的传感器响应信号均高于WG,表明BG品种释放出的气味物质浓度更高。因此,BG组在整体风味方面优于WG组。
为进一步阐明品种和部位对羊肉整体风味特征的影响,对BG和WG两个部位的羊肉电子鼻传感器信号响应值进行主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA),结果如图4b所示。第一主成分(PC1)和第二主成分(PC2)的累计贡献率为96.5%,表明这两个主成分能够捕获数据中的大部分信息[32]。BG组和WG组在PC1上有明显的分离。BG样本主要分布在PC1的右侧,而WG样本主要分布在PC1的左侧,表明品种是影响羊肉风味差异的主要因素。另一方面,在同一品种内,背最长肌和半膜肌在 PC1 上的分布也有一定的分离,表明肌肉部位也是影响羊肉风味差异的因素之一。
不同品种、不同部位熟制后羊肉中挥发性化合物的相对含量如图5a所示,共检测出42种共有化合物,包括醛类18种,醇类11种,酮类6种,酯类3种,其他4种。其中,正己醇、(E)-2-壬烯醛在BG-S和WG-S样品中含量较高;辛醛、丙醇、乙酸丙酯、乙酸乙酯在BG-L和BG-S样品中含量较高;正戊醛在WG-L和WG-S样品中含量较高。在品种部位方面,己醛、庚醇、(E)-2-甲基-2-丁烯醛、苯甲醛、壬醛、(E)-2-己烯醛等在BG-S样品中含量较高;3-羟基-2-丁酮、1-羟基-2-丙酮、3-甲基丁醛、丁醇在WG-L样品中含量较高;庚醛、丁醛、3-戊醇在WG-S样品中含量较高。聚类分析可知,BG-S和BG-L样本聚为一类、WG-S和WG-L样本聚为一类,表明它们的风味物质组成相似。
为寻找不同品种、不同部位羊肉差异性风味成分,采用OPLS-DA分析。由图5b可知,各品种、各部位羊肉可被有效区分,模型的自变量拟合指数R2X=0.937,因变量拟合指数R2Y=0.972,模型预测指数Q2=0.969。经200次置换检验,Q2回归线与纵轴的相交点<0,说明不存在过拟合,该模型验证有效,见图5c。此外,以VIP>1为筛选原则,筛选出3-羟基-2-丁酮、1-羟基-2-丙酮、(E)-2-壬烯醛等18个差异性化合物(图5d),用于后续相关性分析。
图6为BG和WG样品所有品质指标的主成分分析载荷图。PC1解释了56.6%的方差,品种(BG和WG)在PC1上的分离较为明显,表明品种是影响样本差异的主要因素,同时PC2解释了16.2%的方差,两者累计解释了72.8%的方差。由图6可知,pH(pH45 min和pH24 h)和电子鼻传感器信号值与BG样本有较强的正相关关系。结合电子鼻传感器可检测气体类型可知,BG样本具有更丰富的气味物质,而WG样本的气味物质相对较少,与电子鼻测定结果一致。此外,色泽参数(b*、h)和质构参数与WG样本有较强的正相关关系。BG-L和BG-S在PC1上的分布较为分散,表明它们之间的差异较大;而WG-L和WG-S在PC1上的分布较为集中,表明它们之间的差异较小。
作为一种线性降维方法,PCA所揭示的72.8%累计方差贡献率,主要反映了由品种差异引起的线性变异。其余27.2%未被解释的方差中,可能包括指标间复杂的非线性相互作用、高阶效应等关键信息。为此,本研究引入BP-ANN模型,以利用全部数据中的复杂模式,实现精准分类;继而采用SHAP方法实现模型决策的透明化,从而实现对数据的全面解读。
BP-ANN是受人脑生物神经元运作方式开发的计算模型,这些模型由相互连接的单元或神经元组成,每个单元分配权重、阈值和激活函数,反映了生物神经元的数学特性[33]。BP-ANN模型训练结果表明,模型在90轮停止训练,停止时的验证损失为最小值(0.21),表明模型已充分学习给定数据;5折交叉验证平均准确率大于85%,且折间准确率极差值为4.36%,表明模型性能不受随机数据划分的影响;损失标准差为0.032,说明模型在不同数据子集上的拟合效果一致。
图7的BP-ANN分类混淆矩阵展示了模型预测类别与真实类别的对应关系。在该矩阵中,每一行代表一个真实类别,每一列代表模型的预测类别。同一行的四个方格分别显示了所有真实属于该类的样本被模型判别到四个类别中的分布情况。模型的性能评估显示,在训练集(图7a)中,真实类别为BG-S和WG-L的样本召回率(即行百分比)均达到100.0%,而BG-L和WG-S的召回率分别为85.7%和71.4%。在测试集(图7b)中,模型性能进一步优化,BG-L与WG-S的召回率为95.7%,BG-S与WG-L的召回率维持在100.0%。测试集整体准确率高于训练集,表明模型具有良好的泛化能力,能有效应用于新样本的分类。
此外,通过分析混淆矩阵的误判分布可知,分类错误主要集中在BG-L与BG-S之间以及WG-L与WG-S之间。这一混淆模式表明,同一部位在不同品种间的肉质特征可能较为相似,导致其品质指标在特征空间中的分布重叠度较高,从而构成了模型区分的主要难点。
表4为BP-ANN模型在测试集和训练集中的分类性能的评估。结果显示,测试集和训练集在精确度、召回率及F1分数上均超过80%,进一步表明BP-ANN分类模型在分类任务中表现出色,尤其是在测试集上的性能更好,表明模型具有良好的泛化能力[34]。训练集和测试集的各项性能指标都较高,说明模型在分类任务中具有较高的准确性和召回能力。
本研究使用Python库中的shap.KernelExplainer解释器为BP-ANN模型计算指标的SHAP值,用于解释每个指标对模型预测结果的贡献[35]。如图8所示,h值、S14传感器(芳香族化合物)和pH45 min是模型预测的最关键特征(SHAP均值>0.11),表明色相角、宰后初期pH变化和醛类、酮类等相关挥发物对肉品质评价影响最大。胶着性、硬度、回复性等质构参数影响较小(SHAP均值<0.04);S3、S7、S10等电子鼻传感器影响可忽略;蒸煮损失影响亦较小(SHAP均值<0.04)。色泽参数方面,除h值外,a*影响较大(SHAP均值>0.08),可能与肌红蛋白含量及其氧化还原状态有关。本研究选择前20%的重要特征所对应的SHAP值为临界值[36],确定h值、S14、pH45 min、弹性、S8、咀嚼性、滴水损失这7个指标进行后续相关性分析。
此外,通过观察不同颜色条形的长度和分布,可以进一步分析不同指标在不同类别中的表现。由图8可知,pH45 min、弹性指标在BG类别中有较大的影响,而a*、滴水损失在WG类别影响较大;咀嚼性在WG-L和BG-S中具有较高的影响程度。因此,SHAP分析较为清晰地展示了每个指标对不同类别预测的贡献,对于模型的整体解释具有重要意义。
首先,对筛选出的18种羊肉关键差异性挥发性物质进行皮尔逊相关性分析,如图9所示。由图可知,各醛类物质之间存在显著正相关,如丙醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛、3-甲基丁醛、正丁醛等,主要与ω-6脂肪酸的氧化级联反应相关,提示在热处理过程中,脂质氧化多以级联式反应为主[37]。此外,乙酸乙酯和正丁醛存在显著负相关,可能在热处理过程中存在美拉德反应与脂质氧化的竞争[38]。3-戊醇与3-庚醇和正辛醇之间存在显著负相关,主要与醇类挥发性差异直接相关,3-戊醇沸点低,在烹饪加热中更易挥发流失,而3-庚醇和正辛醇沸点高,更易留存于肉中[39]。此外,2,4-二甲基噻唑(肉香)与丁酮(刺激性酸香)显著负相关,由前述风味测定结果可知,BG组中噻唑类物质占优,表明BG组具有愉悦的肉香成分,整体风味品质更优。
其次,采用曼特尔检验(Mantel tests)分析两组指标矩阵之间相关性,判断肉品质矩阵中的样本距离与风味矩阵中的样本距离是否相关[40]。如图9左下方所示,线条粗细表示相关性系数r,实线表示正相关,虚线表示负相关,线条颜色墨绿色表明相关性显著(P<0.05)。曼特尔相关性分析结果表明,咀嚼性与正丁醛、h值与正辛醇、滴水损失与正辛醇、S14传感器与乙酸乙酯存在显著的正相关(P<0.05),其余指标与风味物质间存在相关性,但均不显著(P>0.05)。这些被关联的风味物质,如正丁醛(脂肪氧化次级产物)、正辛醇(长链脂肪酸热降解产物)以及乙酸乙酯(脂肪氧化衍生物乙醇与乙酸的反应产物),在化学本质上多来源于脂质氧化或以其为前体的美拉德反应。结合现有文献报道[37−38],可以推断脂质氧化途径可能是形成关键差异风味物质的主要驱动力。另一方面,脂肪氧化会伴随肌肉蛋白的氧化变性,从而增加羊肉的咀嚼性并降低其保水性[9];脂肪氧化可促进肌红蛋白氧化成高铁肌红蛋白,从而增大色相角h值[27]。S14传感器检测芳香类化合物,若乙酸乙酯含量升高,则S14传感器信号增强。上述结果表明,在羊肉加工中,若脂质氧化过度,虽可能增强特定风味,但也会通过蛋白氧化等途径促进质地变硬、色泽劣化等风险。因此,为实现风味与感官品质的协同优化,加工中控制脂质氧化进程至关重要。
本研究通过测定沂蒙黑山羊(BG)与黄淮白山羊(WG)的背最长肌与半膜肌的品质与风味指标,旨在系统阐明二者品种间的品质差异,并构建基于机器学习的鉴别模型。结果显示,BG表现出更优的综合食用品质:其半膜肌具有更高的初始pH与保水性,蒸煮损失较低;同时,BG组羊肉具有更高的a*值和更丰富的挥发性风味物质。基于27项品质指标构建的BP-ANN模型能够准确区分羊肉的品种与部位,验证了多源信息融合在肉品鉴别中的有效性。通过SHAP分析进一步筛选出h值、pH45 min、S14传感器响应值等7个对鉴别贡献最大的关键品质指标。曼特尔相关性分析发现,部分关键品质指标与脂质氧化来源的特定风味物质存在显著相关性,表明由脂质氧化导致的风味形成途径,可能与羊肉食用品质属性存在内在关联。
本研究证实了沂蒙黑山羊在食用品质上的优越性,所确定的关键品质指标为建立客观的山羊肉品质评价体系提供了参考,建立的BP-ANN模型也为未来山羊肉品的智能化、标准化分级奠定了方法学基础。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080089
  • 接收时间:2025-08-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-11
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    1临沂大学农林科学学院,山东临沂 276000
    2临沂大学生命科学学院,山东临沂 276000
    3临沂金锣文瑞食品有限公司,山东临沂 276036

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康大成(1987−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉品加工与质量安全控制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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