Article(id=1320880714002846030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080084, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754841600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852102995, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852102995, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852102995, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852102995, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=377, endPage=385, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880714199978319, articleId=1320880714002846030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Characterization and Source Identification of Characteristic Flavor Compounds in Chinese Herbal Chicken Soup Using Intelligent Sensory Technology Combined with OPLS-DA, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Different medicinal herbs play an important role in shaping the characteristic flavor of traditional herbal chicken soup. In this study, chicken soup prepared with Radix Astragali (HQ), Radix Codonopsis (DS), Fructus Lycii (GQ), and Fructus Jujubae (HZ) was used as the control (CK). Four model soups were established by individually omitting one of these herbs: -HQ, -DS, -GQ, and -HZ. The characteristic flavors and their sources were compared using intelligent sensory techniques, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), free amino acid analysis, flavor nucleotide analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The results showed that the electronic nose and electronic tongue could effectively detect and distinguish differences in odor and taste among the five groups. The omission of herbs mainly led to a decrease in the response values of the hydrogen sulfide-sensitive sensor (W1W) and the umami sensor (NMS). Further analysis revealed that the omission of herbs led to a reduction in the total content of volatile flavor compounds. OPLS-DA and variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis identified ten volatile flavor compounds as the main contributors to the overall flavor profile, including 2,3-butanedione, 1-hexanol, dipentene, hexanal, 2-methylbutanal, and phytol. Compared to the other omission groups, the -HQ group showed the greatest distance from both these key compounds and the electronic nose sensor signals, indicating that Radix Astragali has the most significant impact on the overall flavor of the chicken soup. Additionally, the levels of key umami compounds (Glu and 5’-IMP) were reduced in the herb-omitted groups. In conclusion, the absence of any herb affects the characteristic flavor of the soup, with Radix Astragali contributing the most notably to its distinctive flavor profile.

, authors=Huanting ZHU1, 2, Jinhao ZOU2, Huaigu YANG2, Daobang TANG2, Xueming LIU1, 2, *, Xuping WANG2, *, authorsList=Huanting ZHU, Jinhao ZOU, Huaigu YANG, Daobang TANG, Xueming LIU, Xuping WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xueming LIU, Xuping WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880717282791772, articleId=1320880714002846030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于智能感官技术结合OPLS-DA解析传统药膳鸡汤特征风味及其来源, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

不同药材对传统药膳鸡汤特征风味形成具有重要作用。本研究以添加黄芪、党参、枸杞和红枣炖制的鸡汤为对照(CK),分别建立了黄芪缺失(-HQ)、党参缺失(-DS)、枸杞缺失(-GQ)和红枣缺失(-HZ)等4种鸡汤模型,通过智能感官技术、气相色谱-质谱(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer,GC-MS)、游离氨基酸分析、呈味核苷酸分析,结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析(Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA)比较分析其特征风味与来源。结果表明:电子鼻与电子舌技术可有效检测与区分5组鸡汤的气味与滋味差异。药材的缺失主要导致鸡汤在硫化氢类化合物传感器(W1W)的响应值以及鲜味传感器(NMS)响应值降低。进一步分析得出,药材缺失导致挥发性风味物质总含量降低,通过OPLS-DA和VIP值得出2,3-丁二酮、正己醇、右旋萜二烯、己醛、2-甲基丁醛、植物醇等10种挥发性风味物质是影响鸡汤整体风味的主要差异物质。相比于其它药材缺失组,这10种物质和电子鼻传感器均与-HQ组距离较远,说明黄芪对鸡汤整体风味的影响最大。此外,药材缺失还导致鸡汤关键鲜味物质(谷氨酸和5’-肌苷酸)含量降低。综上,药材缺失均会影响鸡汤特征风味,其中以黄芪对鸡汤的特征风味贡献最大。

, authors=朱焕婷1, 2, 邹金浩2, 杨怀谷2, 唐道邦2, 刘学铭1, 2, *, 王旭苹2, *, authorsList=朱焕婷, 邹金浩, 杨怀谷, 唐道邦, 刘学铭, 王旭苹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘学铭, 王旭苹, authorNote=

朱焕婷(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘学铭(1967−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:药食两用资源开发利用研究,E-mail:。
王旭苹(1988−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:肉类科学,Email:。
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朱焕婷(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

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朱焕婷(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

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The Food Industry, 2025, 46(7): 88−93., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880977333830160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880977342218769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, companyId=1320880977333830160, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Prefabricated Seafood Processing and Quality Control, Zhanjiang 524088, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880977350607378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, companyId=1320880977333830160, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1广东海洋大学食品科技学院,广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室,广东省海洋生物制品工程实验室,广东省海洋食品工程技术研究中心,广东省水产预制食品加工与品质控制工程技术研究中心,广东湛江 524088)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880977405133331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880977413521940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, companyId=1320880977405133331, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880977421910549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, companyId=1320880977405133331, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所,农业部功能食品重点实验室,广东省农产品加工重点实验室,广东广州 510610)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880981561688640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Electronic nose sensor response values, figureFileSmall=k+vaZ6zu2iGDtbGZ23Xu0g==, figureFileBig=i5Mld49RHgx+e9YgqeyV9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880981637186113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=CN, label=图1, caption=电子鼻传感器响应值

注:a.电子鼻数据雷达图;b. PCA图。

, figureFileSmall=k+vaZ6zu2iGDtbGZ23Xu0g==, figureFileBig=i5Mld49RHgx+e9YgqeyV9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880981742043714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Electronic tongue sensor response values, figureFileSmall=34Cd/jMf1FnfsV5kQh4qzA==, figureFileBig=XrQVxF6cj/QRg/NRBRB43w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880981851095619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=CN, label=图2, caption=电子舌传感器响应值

注:a.电子舌数据雷达图;b. PCA图。

, figureFileSmall=34Cd/jMf1FnfsV5kQh4qzA==, figureFileBig=XrQVxF6cj/QRg/NRBRB43w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880981926593092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Volatile flavor compounds in chicken broth, figureFileSmall=9QRL1plPHsesVsYhI4+VyQ==, figureFileBig=q5HX/9US4QFTWyqEqbHcTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880982006284869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=CN, label=图3, caption=鸡汤中挥发性风味成分

注:a. 挥发性风味物质类别含量;b. 挥发性风味物质相对含量。

, figureFileSmall=9QRL1plPHsesVsYhI4+VyQ==, figureFileBig=q5HX/9US4QFTWyqEqbHcTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880982069199430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=OPLS-DA of key volatile flavor compounds, figureFileSmall=tXzjtDUSSCxaTD6ikXOQFw==, figureFileBig=OJzW+/hz72tMKrZSNH0G0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880982127919687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=CN, label=图4, caption=关键挥发性风味物质OPLS-DA

注:a. OPLS-DA模型验证图;b. OPLS-DA模型得分图;c. OPLS-DA模型载荷图;d. VIP值。

, figureFileSmall=tXzjtDUSSCxaTD6ikXOQFw==, figureFileBig=OJzW+/hz72tMKrZSNH0G0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880982195028552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Amino acid composition of chicken soup samples, figureFileSmall=xQbKuVtb7UyFqwxhibEW+A==, figureFileBig=EFsFhhLYDdLdZlAvHrGYfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880982262137417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=CN, label=图5, caption=鸡汤样品氨基酸组成

注:*. 必需氨基酸;a. 鸡汤样品游离氨基酸含量(mg/100 g);b. 味觉活性值。

, figureFileSmall=xQbKuVtb7UyFqwxhibEW+A==, figureFileBig=EFsFhhLYDdLdZlAvHrGYfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880982329246282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Taste-active nucleotides, figureFileSmall=gioV7OFJWMVX1tWcMBvfXA==, figureFileBig=tC7siV1naEjKc5x0ZvjYhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880982392160843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=CN, label=图6, caption=呈味核苷酸含量

注:相同呈味核苷酸不同组别小写字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=gioV7OFJWMVX1tWcMBvfXA==, figureFileBig=tC7siV1naEjKc5x0ZvjYhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880982467658316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Performance of electronic nose

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器名称性能描述
W1C对苯类,芳香成分灵敏
W5S对氮氧化合物灵敏
W3C对氨类芳香成分灵敏
W6S主要对氢化物灵敏
W5C对短链烷烃芳香成分灵敏
W1S对甲基类灵敏
W1W对硫化物灵敏
W2S对醇类、醛酮类灵敏
W2W对有机硫化物灵敏
W3S对长链烷烃灵敏
), ArticleFig(id=1320880982555738701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电子鼻性能描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器名称性能描述
W1C对苯类,芳香成分灵敏
W5S对氮氧化合物灵敏
W3C对氨类芳香成分灵敏
W6S主要对氢化物灵敏
W5C对短链烷烃芳香成分灵敏
W1S对甲基类灵敏
W1W对硫化物灵敏
W2S对醇类、醛酮类灵敏
W2W对有机硫化物灵敏
W3S对长链烷烃灵敏
), ArticleFig(id=1320880982631236174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Performance of electronic tongue

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器阵列AHSPKSCTSNMSCPSANSSCS
对应滋味酸复合咸鲜复合甜苦
), ArticleFig(id=1320880982706733647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

电子舌性能描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器阵列AHSPKSCTSNMSCPSANSSCS
对应滋味酸复合咸鲜复合甜苦
), ArticleFig(id=1320880982778036816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

OAV of characteristic flavor components of chicken soup

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物气味阈值
(mg/kg) [29]
气味描述OAV
CK-HQ-DS-GQ-HZ
正戊醛0.01脂香、杏仁[9]14.5211.2713.9515.5417.03
己醛0.005青草香、脂香[4]300.66108.68225.06308.15285.26
庚醛0.001肉香、果香[1]47.3824.0144.2458.2746.07
苯甲醛0.05杏仁、果香[4]1.091.291.111.620.44
异戊醛0.001奶油、果香[4]57.9745.5147.0529.6925.50
正辛醛0.0007花香[30]124.0892.65108.65128.80116.31
壬醛0.0011脂香、青草香[1]254.98187.14203.14176.17194.63
2-壬烯醛0.0005脂香、青草香[1]80.3655.7956.5140.0144.14
(E)-2-辛烯醛0.003青草香、脂香[20]10.7212.809.7111.64ND
(E)-2-庚烯醛0.003脂香、青草香[20]3.414.473.013.392.86
(E)-2-壬烯醛0.0003脂香、黄瓜[20]198.26117.5368.6952.3885.28
2-甲基丁醛0.01麦芽香、巧克力香[4]5.434.382.902.922.94
2-甲基戊醛0.05果香、青草香[20]1.74NDNDNDND
肉豆蔻醛0.01脂香、花香[4]2.092.011.600.892.38
糠醛0.03面包香、焦糖香[4]4.003.653.023.792.19
正己醇0.05松香、花香[4]2.671.350.672.242.97
1-辛烯-3-醇0.001蘑菇、脂香[26]86.8075.6192.7094.4474.47
L-薄荷醇0.1薄荷[4]4.623.154.052.802.82
植物醇0.64花香、脂香[4]2.371.211.590.231.82
2,3-丁二酮0.001奶油、黄油[6]66.8841.3131.0152.5634.69
2-庚酮0.3肥皂、奶酪香[4]0.880.350.700.931.14
右旋萜二烯0.01柑橘、松木[4]0.69ND0.500.491.10
2-正戊基呋喃0.1脂香、肉香[26]43.3623.9232.5850.5866.97
), ArticleFig(id=1320880982874505809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880714002846030, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

鸡汤特征风味成分的OAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物气味阈值
(mg/kg) [29]
气味描述OAV
CK-HQ-DS-GQ-HZ
正戊醛0.01脂香、杏仁[9]14.5211.2713.9515.5417.03
己醛0.005青草香、脂香[4]300.66108.68225.06308.15285.26
庚醛0.001肉香、果香[1]47.3824.0144.2458.2746.07
苯甲醛0.05杏仁、果香[4]1.091.291.111.620.44
异戊醛0.001奶油、果香[4]57.9745.5147.0529.6925.50
正辛醛0.0007花香[30]124.0892.65108.65128.80116.31
壬醛0.0011脂香、青草香[1]254.98187.14203.14176.17194.63
2-壬烯醛0.0005脂香、青草香[1]80.3655.7956.5140.0144.14
(E)-2-辛烯醛0.003青草香、脂香[20]10.7212.809.7111.64ND
(E)-2-庚烯醛0.003脂香、青草香[20]3.414.473.013.392.86
(E)-2-壬烯醛0.0003脂香、黄瓜[20]198.26117.5368.6952.3885.28
2-甲基丁醛0.01麦芽香、巧克力香[4]5.434.382.902.922.94
2-甲基戊醛0.05果香、青草香[20]1.74NDNDNDND
肉豆蔻醛0.01脂香、花香[4]2.092.011.600.892.38
糠醛0.03面包香、焦糖香[4]4.003.653.023.792.19
正己醇0.05松香、花香[4]2.671.350.672.242.97
1-辛烯-3-醇0.001蘑菇、脂香[26]86.8075.6192.7094.4474.47
L-薄荷醇0.1薄荷[4]4.623.154.052.802.82
植物醇0.64花香、脂香[4]2.371.211.590.231.82
2,3-丁二酮0.001奶油、黄油[6]66.8841.3131.0152.5634.69
2-庚酮0.3肥皂、奶酪香[4]0.880.350.700.931.14
右旋萜二烯0.01柑橘、松木[4]0.69ND0.500.491.10
2-正戊基呋喃0.1脂香、肉香[26]43.3623.9232.5850.5866.97
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基于智能感官技术结合OPLS-DA解析传统药膳鸡汤特征风味及其来源
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朱焕婷 1, 2 , 邹金浩 2 , 杨怀谷 2 , 唐道邦 2 , 刘学铭 1, 2, * , 王旭苹 2, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(17): 377-385
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基于智能感官技术结合OPLS-DA解析传统药膳鸡汤特征风味及其来源
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朱焕婷1, 2 , 邹金浩2, 杨怀谷2, 唐道邦2, 刘学铭1, 2, * , 王旭苹2, *
作者信息
  • 1广东海洋大学食品科技学院,广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室,广东省海洋生物制品工程实验室,广东省海洋食品工程技术研究中心,广东省水产预制食品加工与品质控制工程技术研究中心,广东湛江 524088
  • 2广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所,农业部功能食品重点实验室,广东省农产品加工重点实验室,广东广州 510610
通讯作者:
刘学铭(1967−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:药食两用资源开发利用研究,E-mail:。
王旭苹(1988−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:肉类科学,Email:。
作者简介:

朱焕婷(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Characterization and Source Identification of Characteristic Flavor Compounds in Chinese Herbal Chicken Soup Using Intelligent Sensory Technology Combined with OPLS-DA
Huanting ZHU1, 2 , Jinhao ZOU2, Huaigu YANG2, Daobang TANG2, Xueming LIU1, 2, * , Xuping WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Prefabricated Seafood Processing and Quality Control, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 2Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080084
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不同药材对传统药膳鸡汤特征风味形成具有重要作用。本研究以添加黄芪、党参、枸杞和红枣炖制的鸡汤为对照(CK),分别建立了黄芪缺失(-HQ)、党参缺失(-DS)、枸杞缺失(-GQ)和红枣缺失(-HZ)等4种鸡汤模型,通过智能感官技术、气相色谱-质谱(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer,GC-MS)、游离氨基酸分析、呈味核苷酸分析,结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析(Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA)比较分析其特征风味与来源。结果表明:电子鼻与电子舌技术可有效检测与区分5组鸡汤的气味与滋味差异。药材的缺失主要导致鸡汤在硫化氢类化合物传感器(W1W)的响应值以及鲜味传感器(NMS)响应值降低。进一步分析得出,药材缺失导致挥发性风味物质总含量降低,通过OPLS-DA和VIP值得出2,3-丁二酮、正己醇、右旋萜二烯、己醛、2-甲基丁醛、植物醇等10种挥发性风味物质是影响鸡汤整体风味的主要差异物质。相比于其它药材缺失组,这10种物质和电子鼻传感器均与-HQ组距离较远,说明黄芪对鸡汤整体风味的影响最大。此外,药材缺失还导致鸡汤关键鲜味物质(谷氨酸和5’-肌苷酸)含量降低。综上,药材缺失均会影响鸡汤特征风味,其中以黄芪对鸡汤的特征风味贡献最大。

药膳鸡汤  /  智能感官技术  /  GC-MS  /  特征风味物质  /  正交偏最小二乘判别分析

Different medicinal herbs play an important role in shaping the characteristic flavor of traditional herbal chicken soup. In this study, chicken soup prepared with Radix Astragali (HQ), Radix Codonopsis (DS), Fructus Lycii (GQ), and Fructus Jujubae (HZ) was used as the control (CK). Four model soups were established by individually omitting one of these herbs: -HQ, -DS, -GQ, and -HZ. The characteristic flavors and their sources were compared using intelligent sensory techniques, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), free amino acid analysis, flavor nucleotide analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The results showed that the electronic nose and electronic tongue could effectively detect and distinguish differences in odor and taste among the five groups. The omission of herbs mainly led to a decrease in the response values of the hydrogen sulfide-sensitive sensor (W1W) and the umami sensor (NMS). Further analysis revealed that the omission of herbs led to a reduction in the total content of volatile flavor compounds. OPLS-DA and variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis identified ten volatile flavor compounds as the main contributors to the overall flavor profile, including 2,3-butanedione, 1-hexanol, dipentene, hexanal, 2-methylbutanal, and phytol. Compared to the other omission groups, the -HQ group showed the greatest distance from both these key compounds and the electronic nose sensor signals, indicating that Radix Astragali has the most significant impact on the overall flavor of the chicken soup. Additionally, the levels of key umami compounds (Glu and 5’-IMP) were reduced in the herb-omitted groups. In conclusion, the absence of any herb affects the characteristic flavor of the soup, with Radix Astragali contributing the most notably to its distinctive flavor profile.

medicinal chicken soup  /  intelligent sensory technology  /  GC-MS  /  characteristic flavor compounds  /  orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis
朱焕婷, 邹金浩, 杨怀谷, 唐道邦, 刘学铭, 王旭苹. 基于智能感官技术结合OPLS-DA解析传统药膳鸡汤特征风味及其来源. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 377 -385 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080084
Huanting ZHU, Jinhao ZOU, Huaigu YANG, Daobang TANG, Xueming LIU, Xuping WANG. Characterization and Source Identification of Characteristic Flavor Compounds in Chinese Herbal Chicken Soup Using Intelligent Sensory Technology Combined with OPLS-DA[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 377 -385 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080084
传统药膳鸡汤是体现我国“药食同源”思想的经典中式汤品之一,其高营养价值以及独特风味满足了当代人对饮食“既美味又养生”的需求。传统药膳鸡汤的独特风味是其受到我国民众青睐的重要原因之一,其风味形成是由添加的多种药材共同作用的结果。在炖制过程中,风味物质的产生涉及热降解、核糖核苷酸降解、硫胺素的热分解及相互作用等一系列反应,这些反应在炖煮过程中相互交织,共同塑造了鸡汤醇厚独特的风味[1]。
挥发性风味物质、游离氨基酸以及核苷酸是决定鸡汤风味的重要物质基础[1]。以往的研究通过气相色谱-质谱(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer,GC-MS)、高效液相色谱等现代分析技术结合人工感官评价证实了添加的不同辅料以及不同添加量均会对鸡汤的挥发性风味物质、游离氨基酸以及核苷酸等含量产生影响,从而影响鸡汤整体风味[2−4]。而由于传统药膳鸡汤采用多药材协同炖制,不同药材对整体风味的影响往往还存在复杂的协同或屏蔽作用,因此有必要采用更为准确和客观的检测方法对整体风味进行解析。近年来,电子鼻、电子舌等智能感官技术迅速发展,这类技术借助传感器模拟人体器官对食物的感官过程,具有灵敏度高、重复性好等优势[5],有望有效区分鸡汤复杂体系下的整体风味差异[6−7]。
因此,本文以添加黄芪、党参、枸杞和红枣炖煮的传统药膳鸡汤为对照,分别设计了4种药材缺失模型,通过智能感官技术探讨不同药材缺失对传统药膳鸡汤特征风味的影响,并结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析(Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA)进一步分析鸡汤特征风味物质的变化,旨在明确多药材协同炖制中不同药材对传统药膳鸡汤特征风味的影响,为鸡汤产品的风味调控提供理论指导。
清远鸡(120日龄) 广州西亚兴安超市;黄芪、党参、枸杞、红枣 天河好德堂大药房;食盐 广东省盐业集团广州有限公司;2,4,6-三甲基吡啶 色谱纯、氢氧化钾 分析纯,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;5’-核苷酸(纯度98%)、5-磺基水杨酸(纯度99%) 上海源叶生物技术科技有限公司。
7980N气相色谱-质谱联用仪、LC1260高效液相色谱仪 美国安捷伦公司;L-8900全自动氨基酸分析仪 日本株式会社日立制作所;PEN3型电子鼻 德国Airsense 公司;Astree Astree II V5 电子舌 法国 Alpha M.O.S 公司。
参考姜浩等[8]的方法并稍作修改:新鲜整鸡洗净切块,焯水处理后按照鸡肉:水=1:2(w/w)比例将鸡肉放入炖盅中,加入10 g黄芪、10 g党参、7.5 g枸杞和24.36 g红枣,然后置于蒸柜中炖煮 2 h。炖煮结束后加入原质量(鸡肉和水总质量)0.20%(w/w)的食盐,搅拌均匀,用汤勺去除表面油脂,双层纱布过滤鸡块及可见杂质,将滤液于−80 ℃保存备用。以上述传统药膳鸡汤配方为对照组(CK),分别设计了4种药材缺失模型为试验组,分别为黄芪缺失组(-HQ:鸡肉、党参、枸杞、红枣)、党参缺失组(-DS:鸡肉、黄芪、枸杞、红枣)、枸杞缺失组(-GQ:鸡肉、黄芪、党参、红枣)、红枣缺失组(-HZ:鸡肉、黄芪、党参、枸杞)。
将5 mL样品置于50 mL顶空瓶,并用三层保鲜膜密封,于50 ℃孵化10 min后进行测定。参数设定:进样时间为5 s,传感器清洗时间180 s,气流流速400 mL/min,数据采集时间为180 s。PEN3型电子鼻的10个传感器性能描述见表1。
样品稀释6倍并使用滤膜过滤油脂,取80 mL 滤液用于电子舌测定。每个样品做4次平行,去掉第1次循环取后3次结果,检测时传感器响应稳定,具有较好的重现性,数据被认为有效。参数设定:Astree Astree II V5型电子舌,数据采集时间为120 s,采集周期为1.0 s,采集延迟0 s,搅拌速度1 r/s。传感器对应滋味参考见表2。
味觉活性值(Taste Activity Value,TAV)按式(1)计算:
$ \text{TAV}=\frac{\text{滋味物质质量浓度}}{\text{滋味物质阈值}}$
参考姜浩等[8]的方法并稍作修改:取7.0 mL样品于顶空瓶中,加入2.0 g氯化钠,7.50 mol/mL 2,4,6-三甲基吡啶稀释100万倍后取1 mL作为内标用于定量。
固相微萃取(Solid Phase Micro Extraction,SPME):样品瓶于50 ℃恒温下平衡15 min,萃取头(50/30 μm)于温度60 ℃下萃取40 min,后将萃取头插入GC-MS进样口,于250 ℃解析5 min。
GC条件:色谱柱:J&W HP-5MS UI毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm);升温程序:40 ℃保持3 min,接着以3 ℃/min的速度上升到70 ℃,保持3 min,然后以6 ℃/min的速度上升到140 ℃,最后以8 ℃/min 上升至230 ℃并保持2 min。以氦气为载气,流速为0.8 mL/min。
MS条件:质谱条件:接口温度250 ℃;离子源温度230 ℃,EI 离子源,电子能量70 eV,扫描范围为30~400 m/z。
定量分析:以 2,4,6-三甲基吡啶为内标,根据公式(2)计算各挥发性风味物质含量:
$ {\text{M}}_{1}=\frac{{\text{S}}_{1}}{{\text{S}}_{2}}\times \frac{\text{m}}{\text{M}}\times 1000 $
式中:M1为挥发性风味物质绝对含量,μg/kg;S1为挥发性风味物质的峰面积;S2为内标物的峰面积;m为内标物的质量,μg;M为样品质量,g;1000为单位换算系数。
定性分析:将质谱数据与 NIST 11 标准谱库相匹配,仅保留匹配度大于75%的成分,对其成分进行定性分析,并与相同检测条件下的 C7~C40 正构烷烃的保留指数(Retention Index,RI)对比,RI 计算公式如式(3)所示:
$ \mathrm{RI}=100\times \frac{{\mathrm{t}}_{\mathrm{x}}-{\mathrm{t}}_{\mathrm{n}}}{{\mathrm{t}}_{\mathrm{n}+1}-{\mathrm{t}}_{\mathrm{n}}}+{100}_{\mathrm{n}} $
式中:n为碳数;tx、tn、tn+1分别为化合物x、碳数为n和n+1的正构烷烃的保留时间(tn<tx<tn+1)。
气味活度值(Odor Activity Value,OAV)计算:通过 OAV的大小来确定特征风味物质,计算公式如式(4)所示:
$ {\text{OAV}}_{\text{x}}=\frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{X}}}{{\text{OT}}_{\text{x}}\times 1000} $
式中:Cx为挥发性物质的含量,μg/kg;OTx为该挥发性物质的气味阈值,mg/kg;1000为单位换算系数
参考刘彩玲等[9]的方法对鸡汤进行前处理,后使用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定。
称取1 mL样品,加入4 mL 0.5 mol/L高氯酸中,涡旋1 min,随后在4 ℃条件下10000 r/min离心15 min。保留上清液,后用1 mol/L 氢氧化钾溶液调节pH至6.8,经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后,使用高效液相色谱法测定,具体参数参考刘登勇等[10]的方法设置。
实验数据采用 Microsoft Office Excel 2010软件进行计算分析;运用Graphpad Prism 10.1.2进行显著性分析;利用Origin 2024作图;采用SIMCA 14.1进行PCA、OPSL-DA。实验结果取3次实验的平均值。
电子鼻技术凭借其灵敏度高等优势,可以有效检测并区分鸡汤中的复杂香气组分[11]。如图1a所示,5组鸡汤在W1W(硫化氢类化合物)、W1S(甲基类)、W2S(醇类、醛酮类)和W2W(有机硫化物)4个传感器上的响应值较高,其中CK组的响应值均最高,表明其含有更丰富的挥发性风味物质。药材缺失导致鸡汤在W1W传感器上响应值降低,尤其以-HZ组、-HQ组的影响最为突出。硫化氢类化合物主要来源于半胱氨酸的降解,能与呋喃酮等物质反应生成肉香味物质[12],其在肉类风味形成中具有重要作用,说明药材缺失会导致鸡汤肉香味降低。通过主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)进一步区分药材缺失对鸡汤风味带来的影响,结果如图1b所示。主成分1(PC1)和主成分2(PC2)的方差贡献率分别是75.8%和16.0%,5组鸡汤分布区分明显,表明5组鸡汤挥发性风味成分存在差异。具体来看,CK组位于左下方区间,与其他4组鸡汤样品呈现明显分离,说明药材的缺失改变了鸡汤的风味特征。其中以-HZ组、-HQ组与CK组距离最远,表明红枣、黄芪的缺失可能导致鸡汤的整体风味发生明显变化,后续可针对其挥发性风味物质的组成及含量变化进行深入解析。
电子舌技术可实现样品滋味特征的快速检测与客观区分[13]。由图2a可以看出,5组鸡汤在7个传感器上的响应值差异明显,表明5组鸡汤的滋味特征不同。CK组在NMS(鲜味)传感器上的响应值远高于其他4组鸡汤,这可能是因为药材的添加促进了鸡汤中鲜味物质的溶出,使CK组呈现较高的鲜味强度[14]。其中,黄芪缺失对鸡汤中的鲜味影响最大,枸杞缺失对鸡汤中鲜味影响最小。值得注意的是,-HQ组在NMS传感器上的响应值最低,但其在AHS(酸味)、CTS(咸味)、ANS(甜味)和SCS(苦味)传感器上都具有较高的响应值,相反,CK组在NMS上响应值最高,但其在AHS、CTS、ANS和SCS传感器上响应值低,这是由于鲜味的突出可能在一定程度上抑制了其他味道的表达[15−16]。通过PCA深入解析不同组别鸡汤的滋味差异,结果如图2b所示。PC1和PC2的累计方差贡献率达90.2%,表明所构建的PCA模型能有效反映样本整体信息。5组鸡汤样品在PCA空间分布上无重叠现象,表明不同组别鸡汤具有明显的滋味特征差异。其中,CK组位于右下方区间,与各药材缺失组均呈现明显分离,其中与-HQ组距离最远,说明黄芪的缺失对鸡汤滋味特征影响最大,而与-GQ组的空间距离最近,表明其滋味特征相近。
通过GC-MS分析鸡汤挥发性风味物质组成,结果如图3所示。从5组鸡汤中共检测到55种挥发性风味物质,包括烷烃类(24种)、醛类(15种)、醇类(6种)、酮类(5种)、烯烃类(3种)、芳香烃类(1种)和杂环类(1种)。药材缺失导致鸡汤的挥发性风味物质组成发生了变化,如-HQ组中未检出右旋萜二烯(附表1,详见本刊官网http://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版),-HZ组中未检出(E)-2-辛烯醛。有研究表明,添加药材(当归、黄芪)鸡汤中的α-蒎烯、水芹烯、β-月桂烯、对伞花烃、右旋柠檬烯等萜烯烃类物质含量明显高于空白鸡汤,说明了鸡汤中萜烯类物质的主要来源为药材[4]。因此,可推测药膳鸡汤中右旋萜二烯的主要来源为黄芪。
药材缺失还导致鸡汤的挥发性风味物质含量发生了变化。如图3a所示,CK组的挥发性风味物质总含量最高,为6871.73 μg/kg,其次是-HZ组(5495.63 μg/kg),而-HQ组的挥发性风味物质总含量最低(附表1,详见本刊官网 http://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版)。除气味阈值较高的烷烃类物质外[17],鸡汤中醛类化合物的总含量最高,为1349.14~2599.97 μg/kg,与以往对鸡汤风味研究的结果相似[18−19]。图3b的颜色表示鸡汤中挥发性风味物质的相对含量(Relative Content,RC),颜色越趋于红色表示值越高,反之越趋于蓝色则表示值越低。结果显示,CK组糠醛、2-甲基丁醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛、2-壬烯醛、壬醛、异戊醛的相对含量明显高于所有药材缺失组,且2-甲基戊醛仅在CK组中检出,说明药材缺失会导致鸡汤中醛类物质含量下降。药材缺失还导致鸡汤中醇类物质含量发生了变化,其中CK组中植物醇、L-薄荷醇的相对含量明显高于各药材缺失组,而1-辛烯-3-醇以-GQ组、-DS组最高。此外,药材缺失还导致鸡汤中烷烃类、烯类、芳香烃类和杂环类等挥发性风味物质含量发生了不同的变化,说明不同药材对鸡汤风味的影响不同。
鸡汤中具有众多的挥发性风味物质,但仅有一小部分起主导作用[20],通常通过其OAV的大小来评估它们对鸡汤整体风味的贡献。如表3所示,5种鸡汤中OAV>1的挥发性风味物质共有23种。尽管在鸡汤中检测出的烷烃类物质含量较高,但烷烃通常具有较高的气味阈值,其对鸡汤的整体风味贡献较小[17]。相比之下,醛类物质的气味阈值较低,是鸡汤特征风味的重要贡献物质[17]。醛类物质中,己醛、正辛醛、壬醛和(E)-2-壬烯醛等的OAV较高,说明它们对鸡汤的特征风味具有重要贡献。药材缺失导致这些醛类物质的OAV发生了不同的变化。其中,-HQ组中己醛(108.68)、正辛醛(92.65)的OAV明显低于其它组,与电子鼻的结果一致,共同说明黄芪对鸡汤风味影响较大。鸡汤中醛类物质的主要来源为多不饱和脂肪酸氧化[17]。以往的研究表明,黄芪等根茎类药材由于生长在土壤中,容易富集金属离子[21−22],而金属离子可以促进脂质氧化产生醛类物质[23],这可能是导致-HQ组的己醛和正辛醛的OAV较低的原因之一。然而,-GQ组中的己醛与正辛醛的OAV与CK组接近,说明枸杞缺失对鸡汤特征风味的影响较小。醇类通常也具有较低的气味阈值[24]。1-辛烯-3-醇是由亚油酸和其他多不饱和脂肪酸氧化而成[25],呈现“蘑菇、青草香、脂香”的香味[26]。结果表明,缺失不同药材还影响了1-辛烯-3-醇的OAV。其中,以-GQ组的OAV(94.44)最高,这可能是因为枸杞中富含酚类等抗氧化成分[27]可以抑制1-辛烯-3-醇的生成,当枸杞缺失时,鸡汤中1-辛烯-3-醇含量增多。此外,CK组中L-薄荷醇、植物醇的OAV最高,不同药材缺失会导致这两种醇类的OAV出现不同程度的下降,说明L-薄荷醇、植物醇等可能来源于鸡汤中所添加的药材。另外,不同鸡汤中2,3-丁二酮与2-正戊基呋喃的OAV也较高。2,3-丁二酮具有黄油、奶油香气,有助于提升鸡汤中的整体香味[6]。以往的研究表明,传统红烧肉中2,3-丁二酮的主要来源为氨基酸与还原糖的美拉德反应[26]。本研究中所有药材缺失组鸡汤的2,3-丁二酮的OAV均低于CK组,这说明药材的缺失,导致了体系中还原糖的减少,从而影响了2,3-丁二酮的形成。2-正戊基呋喃是多不饱和脂肪酸氧化的典型产物[28],具有脂香味和肉香味[26]。结果表明,不同药材缺失对2-正戊基呋喃OAV的影响不同,其中以-HQ组(23.92)的OAV最低,再次验证了黄芪中的金属离子对鸡汤体系中脂质氧化的促进作用。
为了进一步区分药材缺失对鸡汤整体风味的影响,对鸡汤的特征风味物质(OAV>1)和电子鼻10个感应器得到的响应值进行OPLS-DA,结果如图4所示。模型中自变量拟合指数(R2X)为0.878,因变量拟合指数(R2Y)为0.939,模型预测指数(Q2)为0.789,R2和Q2均大于0.5,表明模型拟合结果良好。由图4a可以看出,经过200次置换检验,Q2回归线与纵轴的相交点小于0,说明模型不存在过拟合,模型验证有效,说明该结果可用于区分缺失不同药材鸡汤的风味特征。从图4b可以看出,-GQ组、-DS组与CK组相离较近,说明三组鸡汤风味差异较小,而-HZ组和-HQ组远离CK组,即这两组鸡汤与CK组的风味差异大,说明这两种药材对鸡汤特征风味的影响较大。结合图4c,2,3-丁二酮、1-辛烯-3-醇、壬醛聚集在CK组附近,而与-HQ与-HZ组距离较远,说明黄芪和红枣缺失主要导致这3种物质减少。己醛与-HQ组的距离较远,而与-GQ组和CK的距离较近,说明黄芪缺失还导致了己醛的减少。通过变量投影重要性(Variable Importance in Projection,VIP)进一步分析样品特征风味差异,根据VIP≥1筛选了10种挥发性风味物质,分别为2,3-丁二酮、正己醇、右旋萜二烯、己醛、2-甲基丁醛、植物醇、苯甲醛、异戊醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛和2-壬烯醛,说明这些挥发性风味物质是影响鸡汤整体风味的主要差异物质。而电子鼻的W3S、W6S、W5S、W2W、W1W、W2S、W1S、W5C的VIP值≥1,说明这些传感器可以反映鸡汤整体风味的差异。相比于其它药材缺失组,这些特征差异性风味物质与电子鼻传感器均与-HQ组距离较远,说明黄芪对鸡汤风味的影响最大。
游离氨基酸是鸡汤中重要的呈味物质。5组鸡汤中共检出18种氨基酸。按味觉特征进行分类,可将这些氨基酸分为鲜味氨基酸(谷氨酸、天冬氨酸)、甜味氨基酸(苏氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、脯氨酸、丙氨酸)、无味氨基酸(半胱氨酸、羟脯氨酸)和苦味氨基酸(甲硫氨酸、精氨酸、赖氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸、酪氨酸、缬氨酸)[31]。由图5a可以看出,CK组的Glu、Ser和Gly等鲜甜味氨基酸含量最高,其次为-DS组,而-GQ组最低。说明药材的缺失影响了鸡汤中鲜甜味氨基酸的含量。鸡肉是鸡汤中氨基酸的主要来源,而药材中的多糖、有机酸以及微量元素可能影响鸡肉中蛋白质的分解,进而影响了鸡汤中氨基酸的含量。张雅敬[4]在研究中也证实药材的添加会影响鸡汤中鲜甜味氨基酸的含量。另外,CK组随着游离氨基酸总含量的增加相应地导致了苦味氨基酸(如Arg)的增加。尽管Arg通常被归类为苦味氨基酸,但其亦有轻微的甜味[32]。同时,苦味氨基酸的存在有助于增强鸡汤风味的层次感,并适当提升其鲜味强度[33]。
TAV是评估风味物质对样品整体味道贡献的重要指标。TAV>1表示对味觉特征有重要影响,而TAV<1表示对样品味觉的影响为修饰作用。如图5b所示,5组鸡汤中氨基酸的TAV均小于1,这与姜浩等[8]、刘彩玲等[9]的结果一致,这可能与鸡品种、鸡汤的熬煮方式以及鸡汤肉水比等有关[6]。尽管如此,各药膳鸡汤中谷氨酸的TAV最高,说明鸡汤主要以鲜味为主。此外,不同药材缺失均导致谷氨酸的TAV出现不同程度的下降,说明药材缺失主要影响鸡汤的鲜味,这与电子舌的结果一致。以往的研究表明,鸡汤的滋味还可能来源于核苷酸、呈味肽、无机盐等多种滋味物质,不同药材对鸡汤滋味的影响还有待进一步研究。
研究表明,5’-核苷酸是一类重要的鲜味的活性化合物[34],典型的呈味核苷酸包括5’-腺苷酸(5’-Adenosine monophosphate,5’-AMP)、5’-鸟苷酸(5’-Guanosine monophosphate,5’-GMP)、5’-肌苷酸(5’-Inosine monophosphate,5’-IMP)、5’-胞苷酸(5’-Cytidine monophosphate,5’-CMP)和5’-尿苷酸(5’-Uridine monophosphate,5’-UMP)[35]。其中,5’-IMP和5’-GMP是风味核苷酸,不仅直接影响鸡汤的鲜味,而且与谷氨酸钠具有协同作用[36],而5’-IMP对鸡汤鲜味起主导作用[37]。图6显示,CK组的5’-IMP含量显著高于其他4个实验组,其中以缺失黄芪对鸡汤5’-IMP含量影响最大。黄芪中含有的多种微量元素[38],推测这些微量元素促进了鸡汤中5’-IMP的溶出和转化。另外,-GQ组和-HZ组的5’-AMP含量最高。5’-AMP的鲜味阈值较高,单独存在时其对鸡汤滋味贡献很小,但当其与5’-IMP共同存在时会发生鲜味协同效应,从而增强鸡汤中的鲜味强度[39]。综上所述,4种药材的添加都能有效提升鸡汤的滋味,使鸡汤具有特殊的滋味特征,其中黄芪对鸡汤中5’-IMP含量影响最大。
本研究通过智能感官技术、GC-MS、高效液相色谱结合OPLS-DA比较分析了缺失不同药材对药膳鸡汤整体风味的影响。发现电子鼻与电子舌技术可有效检测与区分5组鸡汤的风味差异,药材的缺失导致鸡汤整体风味和滋味发生了明显变化。通过GC-MS发现药材缺失会影响鸡汤挥发性风味物质组成和含量,且不同药材对特征风味物质的影响不同。通过OPLS-DA和VIP进一步分析得出,2,3-丁二酮、正己醇、右旋萜二烯、己醛、2-甲基丁醛、植物醇、苯甲醛、异戊醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛和2-壬烯醛是影响鸡汤整体风味的主要差异物质。且相比于其它药材缺失组,这些特征差异性风味物质与电子鼻传感器均与-HQ组距离较远,说明黄芪对鸡汤整体风味的影响最大。此外,药材缺失还会影响鸡汤中关键鲜味物质(Glu和5’-IMP)含量,其中-HQ组的5’-IMP最低。综上,药材缺失均会影响鸡汤特征风味,其中以黄芪对鸡汤特征风味的贡献最大。本研究明确了复杂体系下不同药材对鸡汤风味特征的影响,为传统药膳鸡汤的风味调控提供了理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080084
  • 接收时间:2025-08-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-11
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    1广东海洋大学食品科技学院,广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室,广东省海洋生物制品工程实验室,广东省海洋食品工程技术研究中心,广东省水产预制食品加工与品质控制工程技术研究中心,广东湛江 524088
    2广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所,农业部功能食品重点实验室,广东省农产品加工重点实验室,广东广州 510610

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刘学铭(1967−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:药食两用资源开发利用研究,E-mail:。
王旭苹(1988−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:肉类科学,Email:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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