Article(id=1320881157198172927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080052, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754841600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852208661, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852208661, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852208660, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852208660, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=273, endPage=285, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881158905254657, articleId=1320881157198172927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Maillard Reaction Process for the Enzymatic Hydrolysates of Stalk Residue of Pleurotus ostreatus and Flavor Analysis, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To comprehensively utilize stalk residue of Pleurotus ostreatus, improve its added value, and develop a production base material for edible fungus condiments, this study carried out the following work: Using the concentrated enzyme-hydrolyzed solution of stalk residue of Pleurotus ostreatus as raw material, glucose was added, and the Maillard reaction was applied to prepare the flavor base material. Single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments were used to optimize Maillard reaction conditions, with sensory score, system pH and browning degree as evaluation indicators. Free amino acid content was determined in the concentrated solution and the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) prepared under the optimal reaction conditions, and the contribution of amino acids to taste was also analyzed. The characteristic flavor of MRPs was analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instrument, and the antioxidant capacities of the concentrated enzyme-hydrolyzed solution and MRPs were compared. The results showed that the order of influence of the four single factors on the Maillard reaction was: initial pH>glucose addition amount>reaction temperature>reaction time. The optimal conditions for the Maillard reaction were: 7.0% glucose addition, initial pH7.0, and reaction at 100 ℃ for 80 minutes. The prepared product was reddish-brown, with obvious umami taste and slight sweetness, and had a typical Pleurotus ostreatus aroma mixed with a roasted hazelnut scent. Seventeen free amino acids were detected in both the concentrated solution and MRPs, among which glutamic acid, serine, alanine, and tyrosine had relatively high contents. After the Maillard reaction, the content of bitter amino acids decreased; the content of umami amino acids (aspartic acid and glutamic acid) was 2.733 mg/g, accounting for 33.4% of the total free amino acid content. The taste activity values (TAV) of glutamic acid and alanine—both contributing significantly to taste—were 8.097 and 1.240, respectively, and the taste-active amino acid composition of MRPs was improved compared with that of the concentrated solution. A total of 42 volatile substances were detected and identified in MRPs, including 17 aldehydes, 10 ketones, 6 hydrocarbons, 5 alcohols, 3 heterocyclic compounds and 1 acid. The compounds with relatively high relative contents were heterocyclic compounds (44.93%) and aldehydes (33.07%). Relative odor activity value (ROAV) results show that 2,4-decadienal (ROAV=100), 2-pentylfuran (ROAV=50.29) and C6~C10 aliphatic aldehydes are the main aroma contributors of MRPs. Results of antioxidant experiments indicated that both the reducing power and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity (IC50=0.86 mg/mL) of MRPs were significantly improved. This study established an effective method for the resource utilization of stalk residue of Pleurotus ostreatus, provided a new approach for condiment production, and had good market application prospects.

, authors=Yuqian ZHU1, Ni LAI1, Ling ZHANG1, *, Tailiang SONG2, Juncheng CHEN1, Zijun ZENG1, Qianqi LIANG1, Jie WANG1, authorsList=Yuqian ZHU, Ni LAI, Ling ZHANG, Tailiang SONG, Juncheng CHEN, Zijun ZENG, Qianqi LIANG, Jie WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ling ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881161199538964, articleId=1320881157198172927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=平菇头酶解液美拉德反应制备调味基料工艺优化及风味分析, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为综合利用平菇头下脚料,提高其附加值,开发食用菌调味料生产基料,以浓缩后的平菇头酶解液为原料,添加葡萄糖,采用美拉德反应对其进行增香、增色。以感官评分、体系pH、褐变程度为评价指标,采用单因素实验和正交试验优化美拉德反应条件。对浓缩液和最佳反应条件制得的美拉德反应产物(Maillard reaction products,MRPs)进行了游离氨基酸含量检测并分析了氨基酸对滋味的贡献。采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对MRPs进行特征风味分析。对浓缩酶解液和MRPs的抗氧化能力进行了比较。结果显示,美拉德反应四个单因素的影响顺序为初始pH>葡萄糖添加量>反应温度>反应时间;美拉德反应的最佳条件为葡萄糖添加量7.0%、初始pH7.0,在100 ℃下反应80 min,制得的产物红棕色、鲜味明显、微甜,具有平菇典型气味并混合焦榛子香;在浓缩液和MRPs中均检测出17种游离氨基酸,其中谷氨酸、丝氨酸、丙氨酸和酪氨酸含量较高,美拉德反应后苦味氨基酸含量降低,鲜味氨基酸(天冬氨酸和谷氨酸)含量为2.733 mg/g,占总游离氨基酸含量的33.4%,对滋味贡献较大的谷氨酸和丙氨酸滋味活性值(Taste activity value,TAV)分别为8.097、1.240,MRPs的呈味氨基酸成分相比浓缩液得到改善;MRPs中共检测鉴定出42种挥发性物质,包括17种醛类、10种酮类、6种烃类、5种醇类、3种杂环类和1种酸类,相对含量较多的化合物有杂环类(44.93%)、醛类(33.07%);相对气味活度值(Relative odor activity value,ROAV)计算结果显示,2,4-癸二烯醛(ROAV=100)、2-戊基呋喃(ROAV=50.29)及C6~C10脂肪族醛类是MRPs的主要香气贡献物。抗氧化实验结果表明,MRPs的还原力与DPPH自由基清除能力(IC50=0.86 mg/mL)均显著提高。本研究建立了一种对平菇头下脚料资源化利用的有效方法,为开发食用菌调味基料提供理论基础。

, authors=朱渝钱1, 赖妮1, 张玲1, *, 宋泰良2, 陈俊澄1, 曾梓隽1, 梁倩琪1, 王杰1, authorsList=朱渝钱, 赖妮, 张玲, 宋泰良, 陈俊澄, 曾梓隽, 梁倩琪, 王杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张玲, authorNote=

朱渝钱(2004−),男,本科,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张玲(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工技术和固体废弃物资源化利用,E-mail:。
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Zhenjiang: Jiangsu University, 2023.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881410718679900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881157198172927, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=54, rfOrder=90, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Y Q. Structural identification and preliminary study on antioxidant activity of soy sauce melanoidins[D]. Zhenjiang: Jiangsu University, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881410802565981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881157198172927, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=55, rfOrder=91, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHON M Y, KIM T H, SUNG N J. Antioxidants and free radical scavenging activity of Phellinus baumii (Phellinus of Hymenochaetaceae) extracts[J]. 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注:不同小写字母表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05),图3~图5同。

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Factors and levels of orthogonal test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A葡萄糖添加量
(%)
B反应时间
(min)
C反应温度
(℃)
D反应初始
pH
14.0401006.0
25.5601107.0
37.0801208.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320881393236820721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881157198172927, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

正交试验因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A葡萄糖添加量
(%)
B反应时间
(min)
C反应温度
(℃)
D反应初始
pH
14.0401006.0
25.5601107.0
37.0801208.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320881393303929586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881157198172927, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目(权重)评分标准
7~10分4~6分1~3分
气味(40%)鲜香味浓郁,具有食用菌特有的芳香食用菌芳香味较淡,无异味无食用菌特有芳香,异味较重
滋味(40%)口感柔和醇厚,味道鲜美,无苦味鲜味较少,略带苦味或异味鲜味很淡,口感较差,有明显苦味或异味
色泽(20%)呈黄棕色或红棕色,有光泽颜色较深,光泽较少颜色呈深褐色,暗淡无光泽
), ArticleFig(id=1320881393387815667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881157198172927, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

感官评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目(权重)评分标准
7~10分4~6分1~3分
气味(40%)鲜香味浓郁,具有食用菌特有的芳香食用菌芳香味较淡,无异味无食用菌特有芳香,异味较重
滋味(40%)口感柔和醇厚,味道鲜美,无苦味鲜味较少,略带苦味或异味鲜味很淡,口感较差,有明显苦味或异味
色泽(20%)呈黄棕色或红棕色,有光泽颜色较深,光泽较少颜色呈深褐色,暗淡无光泽
), ArticleFig(id=1320881393639473908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881157198172927, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Ingredients of stalk residue of Pleurotus ostreatus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分水分灰分粗蛋白粗脂肪总糖粗纤维
含量(g/100 g)11.9±0.28.7±0.214.7±0.50.8±0.141.5±0.411.1±0.8
), ArticleFig(id=1320881393706582773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881157198172927, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

平菇头的主要成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分水分灰分粗蛋白粗脂肪总糖粗纤维
含量(g/100 g)11.9±0.28.7±0.214.7±0.50.8±0.141.5±0.411.1±0.8
), ArticleFig(id=1320881394428003062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881157198172927, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Orthogonal test results of Maillard reaction process optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A葡萄糖
添加量
B反应
时间
C反应
温度
D初始pH感官评分
(分)
111115.34±0.22
212227.02±0.14
313336.69±0.21
421236.45±0.14
522316.11±0.19
623128.45±0.18
731327.95±0.19
832137.42±0.17
933216.01±0.18
k16.3506.5807.0705.820
k27.0036.8506.4937.807
k37.1277.0506.9176.853
R0.7770.4700.5771.987
因素主次D>A>C>B
最优组合A3B3C1D2
), ArticleFig(id=1320881396051198711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881157198172927, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

美拉德反应优化正交试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A葡萄糖
添加量
B反应
时间
C反应
温度
D初始pH感官评分
(分)
111115.34±0.22
212227.02±0.14
313336.69±0.21
421236.45±0.14
522316.11±0.19
623128.45±0.18
731327.95±0.19
832137.42±0.17
933216.01±0.18
k16.3506.5807.0705.820
k27.0036.8506.4937.807
k37.1277.0506.9176.853
R0.7770.4700.5771.987
因素主次D>A>C>B
最优组合A3B3C1D2
), ArticleFig(id=1320881396147667704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881157198172927, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis result of variance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源偏差平方和自由度均方F显著性
修正模型23.57382.94772.829**
葡萄糖添加量3.15521.57738.989**
反应时间1.01120.50612.498**
反应温度1.59620.79819.725**
初始pH17.81128.905220.107**
误差0.728180.040
总计1282.31927
修正后总计24.30126
), ArticleFig(id=1320881396239942393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881157198172927, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源偏差平方和自由度均方F显著性
修正模型23.57382.94772.829**
葡萄糖添加量3.15521.57738.989**
反应时间1.01120.50612.498**
反应温度1.59620.79819.725**
初始pH17.81128.905220.107**
误差0.728180.040
总计1282.31927
修正后总计24.30126
), ArticleFig(id=1320881396311245562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881157198172927, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Change in free amino acid composition of concentrate and MRPs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸名称特征滋味呈味阈值[31]
(mg/g)
绝对含量(mg/g)TAV
浓缩液MRPs浓缩液MRPs
天冬氨酸(Asp)鲜/甜(+)1.001.0990.3041.0990.304
苏氨酸(Thr)甜(+)2.600.9450.2880.3630.111
丝氨酸(Ser)甜(+)1.507.3100.7874.8700.525
谷氨酸(Glu)鲜(+)0.309.7502.42932.5008.097
甘氨酸(Gly)甜(+)1.300.5210.1140.4000.088
丙氨酸(Ala)甜(+)0.603.3190.7425.5321.240
胱氨酸(Cys)无味ND0.6220.126−−
缬氨酸(Val)甜/苦(+)0.401.4060.3353.5150.838
蛋氨酸(Met)苦/甜/硫(−)0.300.1790.0760.5960.253
异亮氨酸(Ile)苦(−)0.900.7080.3240.7870.360
亮氨酸(Ieu)苦(−)1.901.2420.3210.6540.168
酪氨酸(Tyr)苦(−)2.603.2100.8111.2350.312
苯丙氨酸(Phe)苦(−)0.901.7490.3741.9430.415
组氨酸(His)苦(−)0.200.4450.1252.2250.625
赖氨酸(Lys)苦/甜(−)0.501.2940.1942.5880.388
精氨酸(Arg)苦/甜(−)0.501.8020.3303.6040.660
脯氨酸(Pro)甜/苦(+)3.000.4000.5020.1330.167
), ArticleFig(id=1320881396495794939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881157198172927, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

浓缩液和MRPs的游离氨基酸的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸名称特征滋味呈味阈值[31]
(mg/g)
绝对含量(mg/g)TAV
浓缩液MRPs浓缩液MRPs
天冬氨酸(Asp)鲜/甜(+)1.001.0990.3041.0990.304
苏氨酸(Thr)甜(+)2.600.9450.2880.3630.111
丝氨酸(Ser)甜(+)1.507.3100.7874.8700.525
谷氨酸(Glu)鲜(+)0.309.7502.42932.5008.097
甘氨酸(Gly)甜(+)1.300.5210.1140.4000.088
丙氨酸(Ala)甜(+)0.603.3190.7425.5321.240
胱氨酸(Cys)无味ND0.6220.126−−
缬氨酸(Val)甜/苦(+)0.401.4060.3353.5150.838
蛋氨酸(Met)苦/甜/硫(−)0.300.1790.0760.5960.253
异亮氨酸(Ile)苦(−)0.900.7080.3240.7870.360
亮氨酸(Ieu)苦(−)1.901.2420.3210.6540.168
酪氨酸(Tyr)苦(−)2.603.2100.8111.2350.312
苯丙氨酸(Phe)苦(−)0.901.7490.3741.9430.415
组氨酸(His)苦(−)0.200.4450.1252.2250.625
赖氨酸(Lys)苦/甜(−)0.501.2940.1942.5880.388
精氨酸(Arg)苦/甜(−)0.501.8020.3303.6040.660
脯氨酸(Pro)甜/苦(+)3.000.4000.5020.1330.167
), ArticleFig(id=1320881396592263932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881157198172927, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Volatile component analysis of MRPs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物相似度(%)相对含量(%)气味描述[37−41]
11,1,2,3-四甲基环丙烷820.94−
21-己基-2-(1-甲基乙基)
环丙烷
810.18−
3环丙烷862.78−
48-甲基-1-十一烯831.23−
5(+)-(Z)- 长叶蒎烷805.85−
64-乙基-3-壬烯-5-炔830.49−
烃类(6种,11.47%)
7正己醛967.88青草香、水果香
8正庚醛901.85水果香
9反-2-庚醛840.47脂芳香
10苯甲醛843.38杏仁香
11正辛醛961.31水果香
12苯乙醛921.72玫瑰香、蜂蜜味
13反-2-辛烯醛941.78脂肪、青草味
14正壬醛956.19玫瑰味、柑橘味
15反-2-壬烯醛961.05黄瓜味
1613-甲基十四醛900.39−
17正癸醛964.03甜香、柑橘香
182-十一醛940.35脂肪香、花香
192,4-癸二烯醛970.41脂香
202-甲基壬乙醛870.08柑桔香
21椰子醛951.25椰子香
223-(2-氧代环己基)丙醛840.66−
23十二醛830.27柑橘香
醛类(17种,33.07%)
24正壬醇920.23玫瑰香
252-壬基醇910.45花香、果香
26十五醇920.12−
27反式-橙花叔醇900.19花香
284,7-二甲基-3,7-癸二烯-5,6-二醇850.14−
醇类(5种,1.12%)
292-庚酮902.39梨香味
303-辛烯-2-酮911.22菌菇香
312-壬酮910.38水果香、花香
32反式-3-壬烯-2-酮920.38果香、脂香
332-十一酮951.17水果、奶油味
342-十三烷酮920.19椰子香
352-环己烯-1-酮830.82−
36香叶基丙酮950.86花香和果香
37顺-1-甲基双环癸烷-2,10-二酮860.32−
382-十四酮870.42芳香气味
酮类(10种,8.15%)
39棕榈酸920.31−
酸类(1种,0.31%)
403-甲基-2-(5H)-呋喃酮910.53果香、焦糖香
414,5-二氢-N-羟基-N-苯基-3-呋喃酰胺860.12−
422-戊基呋喃9444.29果香、青草香
杂环类(3种,44.93%)
), ArticleFig(id=1320881396663567101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881157198172927, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

MRPs挥发性成分分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物相似度(%)相对含量(%)气味描述[37−41]
11,1,2,3-四甲基环丙烷820.94−
21-己基-2-(1-甲基乙基)
环丙烷
810.18−
3环丙烷862.78−
48-甲基-1-十一烯831.23−
5(+)-(Z)- 长叶蒎烷805.85−
64-乙基-3-壬烯-5-炔830.49−
烃类(6种,11.47%)
7正己醛967.88青草香、水果香
8正庚醛901.85水果香
9反-2-庚醛840.47脂芳香
10苯甲醛843.38杏仁香
11正辛醛961.31水果香
12苯乙醛921.72玫瑰香、蜂蜜味
13反-2-辛烯醛941.78脂肪、青草味
14正壬醛956.19玫瑰味、柑橘味
15反-2-壬烯醛961.05黄瓜味
1613-甲基十四醛900.39−
17正癸醛964.03甜香、柑橘香
182-十一醛940.35脂肪香、花香
192,4-癸二烯醛970.41脂香
202-甲基壬乙醛870.08柑桔香
21椰子醛951.25椰子香
223-(2-氧代环己基)丙醛840.66−
23十二醛830.27柑橘香
醛类(17种,33.07%)
24正壬醇920.23玫瑰香
252-壬基醇910.45花香、果香
26十五醇920.12−
27反式-橙花叔醇900.19花香
284,7-二甲基-3,7-癸二烯-5,6-二醇850.14−
醇类(5种,1.12%)
292-庚酮902.39梨香味
303-辛烯-2-酮911.22菌菇香
312-壬酮910.38水果香、花香
32反式-3-壬烯-2-酮920.38果香、脂香
332-十一酮951.17水果、奶油味
342-十三烷酮920.19椰子香
352-环己烯-1-酮830.82−
36香叶基丙酮950.86花香和果香
37顺-1-甲基双环癸烷-2,10-二酮860.32−
382-十四酮870.42芳香气味
酮类(10种,8.15%)
39棕榈酸920.31−
酸类(1种,0.31%)
403-甲基-2-(5H)-呋喃酮910.53果香、焦糖香
414,5-二氢-N-羟基-N-苯基-3-呋喃酰胺860.12−
422-戊基呋喃9444.29果香、青草香
杂环类(3种,44.93%)
), ArticleFig(id=1320881396739064574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881157198172927, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

ROAV of volatile flavor compounds in MRPs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号物质CAS号阈值(mg/kg)相对含量(%)ROAV
12,4-癸二烯醛25152-84-50.0000270.41100.00
22-戊基呋喃3777-69-30.005844.2950.29
3正壬醛124-19-60.00116.1937.06
4反-2-壬烯醛18829-56-60.000191.0536.39
5正辛醛124-13-00.00081.3110.78
6正己醛66-25-10.0057.8810.38
7正癸醛112-31-20.0034.038.85
8正庚醛111-71-70.00281.854.35
9反-2-辛烯醛2548-87-00.0031.783.91
10苯乙醛122-78-10.00631.721.80
112-十一酮112-12-90.00551.171.40
123-甲基-2-(5H)-呋喃酮104-61-00.00970.530.36
132-十一醛112-44-70.01250.350.18
142-庚酮110-43-00.142.390.11
162-壬基醇628-99-90.0580.450.05
17正壬醇143-08-80.04550.230.03
18苯甲醛100-52-70.750893.380.03
192-壬酮821-55-60.20.380.01
), ArticleFig(id=1320881396822950655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881157198172927, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

MRPs挥发性成分ROAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号物质CAS号阈值(mg/kg)相对含量(%)ROAV
12,4-癸二烯醛25152-84-50.0000270.41100.00
22-戊基呋喃3777-69-30.005844.2950.29
3正壬醛124-19-60.00116.1937.06
4反-2-壬烯醛18829-56-60.000191.0536.39
5正辛醛124-13-00.00081.3110.78
6正己醛66-25-10.0057.8810.38
7正癸醛112-31-20.0034.038.85
8正庚醛111-71-70.00281.854.35
9反-2-辛烯醛2548-87-00.0031.783.91
10苯乙醛122-78-10.00631.721.80
112-十一酮112-12-90.00551.171.40
123-甲基-2-(5H)-呋喃酮104-61-00.00970.530.36
132-十一醛112-44-70.01250.350.18
142-庚酮110-43-00.142.390.11
162-壬基醇628-99-90.0580.450.05
17正壬醇143-08-80.04550.230.03
18苯甲醛100-52-70.750893.380.03
192-壬酮821-55-60.20.380.01
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平菇头酶解液美拉德反应制备调味基料工艺优化及风味分析
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朱渝钱 1 , 赖妮 1 , 张玲 1, * , 宋泰良 2 , 陈俊澄 1 , 曾梓隽 1 , 梁倩琪 1 , 王杰 1
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(17): 273-285
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (17) : 273 -285
平菇头酶解液美拉德反应制备调味基料工艺优化及风味分析
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朱渝钱1 , 赖妮1, 张玲1, * , 宋泰良2, 陈俊澄1, 曾梓隽1, 梁倩琪1, 王杰1
作者信息
  • 1广东石油化工学院生物与食品工程学院,广东省农产品绿色与智能生产重点实验室,广东茂名 525000
  • 2化州市中良菌业科技有限公司,广东茂名 525100
通讯作者:
张玲(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工技术和固体废弃物资源化利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

朱渝钱(2004−),男,本科,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

Optimization of Maillard Reaction Process for the Enzymatic Hydrolysates of Stalk Residue of Pleurotus ostreatus and Flavor Analysis
Yuqian ZHU1 , Ni LAI1, Ling ZHANG1, * , Tailiang SONG2, Juncheng CHEN1, Zijun ZENG1, Qianqi LIANG1, Jie WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Green and Intelligent Agricultural Production, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
  • 2Huazhou Zhongliang Mushroom Industry Technology Co., Ltd., Maoming 525100, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080052
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为综合利用平菇头下脚料,提高其附加值,开发食用菌调味料生产基料,以浓缩后的平菇头酶解液为原料,添加葡萄糖,采用美拉德反应对其进行增香、增色。以感官评分、体系pH、褐变程度为评价指标,采用单因素实验和正交试验优化美拉德反应条件。对浓缩液和最佳反应条件制得的美拉德反应产物(Maillard reaction products,MRPs)进行了游离氨基酸含量检测并分析了氨基酸对滋味的贡献。采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对MRPs进行特征风味分析。对浓缩酶解液和MRPs的抗氧化能力进行了比较。结果显示,美拉德反应四个单因素的影响顺序为初始pH>葡萄糖添加量>反应温度>反应时间;美拉德反应的最佳条件为葡萄糖添加量7.0%、初始pH7.0,在100 ℃下反应80 min,制得的产物红棕色、鲜味明显、微甜,具有平菇典型气味并混合焦榛子香;在浓缩液和MRPs中均检测出17种游离氨基酸,其中谷氨酸、丝氨酸、丙氨酸和酪氨酸含量较高,美拉德反应后苦味氨基酸含量降低,鲜味氨基酸(天冬氨酸和谷氨酸)含量为2.733 mg/g,占总游离氨基酸含量的33.4%,对滋味贡献较大的谷氨酸和丙氨酸滋味活性值(Taste activity value,TAV)分别为8.097、1.240,MRPs的呈味氨基酸成分相比浓缩液得到改善;MRPs中共检测鉴定出42种挥发性物质,包括17种醛类、10种酮类、6种烃类、5种醇类、3种杂环类和1种酸类,相对含量较多的化合物有杂环类(44.93%)、醛类(33.07%);相对气味活度值(Relative odor activity value,ROAV)计算结果显示,2,4-癸二烯醛(ROAV=100)、2-戊基呋喃(ROAV=50.29)及C6~C10脂肪族醛类是MRPs的主要香气贡献物。抗氧化实验结果表明,MRPs的还原力与DPPH自由基清除能力(IC50=0.86 mg/mL)均显著提高。本研究建立了一种对平菇头下脚料资源化利用的有效方法,为开发食用菌调味基料提供理论基础。

平菇头  /  酶解  /  美拉德反应  /  氨基酸  /  滋味活性值  /  风味分析

To comprehensively utilize stalk residue of Pleurotus ostreatus, improve its added value, and develop a production base material for edible fungus condiments, this study carried out the following work: Using the concentrated enzyme-hydrolyzed solution of stalk residue of Pleurotus ostreatus as raw material, glucose was added, and the Maillard reaction was applied to prepare the flavor base material. Single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments were used to optimize Maillard reaction conditions, with sensory score, system pH and browning degree as evaluation indicators. Free amino acid content was determined in the concentrated solution and the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) prepared under the optimal reaction conditions, and the contribution of amino acids to taste was also analyzed. The characteristic flavor of MRPs was analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instrument, and the antioxidant capacities of the concentrated enzyme-hydrolyzed solution and MRPs were compared. The results showed that the order of influence of the four single factors on the Maillard reaction was: initial pH>glucose addition amount>reaction temperature>reaction time. The optimal conditions for the Maillard reaction were: 7.0% glucose addition, initial pH7.0, and reaction at 100 ℃ for 80 minutes. The prepared product was reddish-brown, with obvious umami taste and slight sweetness, and had a typical Pleurotus ostreatus aroma mixed with a roasted hazelnut scent. Seventeen free amino acids were detected in both the concentrated solution and MRPs, among which glutamic acid, serine, alanine, and tyrosine had relatively high contents. After the Maillard reaction, the content of bitter amino acids decreased; the content of umami amino acids (aspartic acid and glutamic acid) was 2.733 mg/g, accounting for 33.4% of the total free amino acid content. The taste activity values (TAV) of glutamic acid and alanine—both contributing significantly to taste—were 8.097 and 1.240, respectively, and the taste-active amino acid composition of MRPs was improved compared with that of the concentrated solution. A total of 42 volatile substances were detected and identified in MRPs, including 17 aldehydes, 10 ketones, 6 hydrocarbons, 5 alcohols, 3 heterocyclic compounds and 1 acid. The compounds with relatively high relative contents were heterocyclic compounds (44.93%) and aldehydes (33.07%). Relative odor activity value (ROAV) results show that 2,4-decadienal (ROAV=100), 2-pentylfuran (ROAV=50.29) and C6~C10 aliphatic aldehydes are the main aroma contributors of MRPs. Results of antioxidant experiments indicated that both the reducing power and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity (IC50=0.86 mg/mL) of MRPs were significantly improved. This study established an effective method for the resource utilization of stalk residue of Pleurotus ostreatus, provided a new approach for condiment production, and had good market application prospects.

stalk residue of Pleurotus ostreatus  /  enzymatic hydrolysis  /  Maillard reaction  /  amino acid  /  taste activity values (TAV)  /  flavor analysis
朱渝钱, 赖妮, 张玲, 宋泰良, 陈俊澄, 曾梓隽, 梁倩琪, 王杰. 平菇头酶解液美拉德反应制备调味基料工艺优化及风味分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 273 -285 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080052
Yuqian ZHU, Ni LAI, Ling ZHANG, Tailiang SONG, Juncheng CHEN, Zijun ZENG, Qianqi LIANG, Jie WANG. Optimization of Maillard Reaction Process for the Enzymatic Hydrolysates of Stalk Residue of Pleurotus ostreatus and Flavor Analysis[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 273 -285 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080052
平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)在我国食用菌产量中排第三位,2023年全国共生产613.21万吨,占食用菌总产品的14.15%[1]。近年来各地平菇产地企业正逐步形成规模化和产业化生产,废弃菇头数量也急剧增加,其深加工也显得尤为必要和紧迫。平菇头是平菇子实体和栽培基质之间的海绵状菌体(图1),其质量一般占鲜平菇质量的20%~30%。菇头不同于菇渣(栽培基质),菇渣的综合利用形式一般有生产饲料、有机肥、沼气等[2],但不能在食品领域被利用,而菇头是蘑菇的一部分,只因食用品质较为低劣而成为平菇生产的下脚料,但仍具备转化成食品的基本条件,如不加以合理利用则是一种极大的资源浪费和环境污染因素。
食用菌因其形美味鲜,已被广泛应用于调味料中[3−5],其产品被称为食用菌调味料,不仅营养鲜美,更具有优良的多糖、蛋白质、氨基酸、核苷酸等营养成分,水溶性和稳定性佳,易于包装和储藏,非常适宜现代消费者的日常食用[6],被认为是第三代调味料,是近年来兴起的一种集美味、营养、健康于一身,深受消费者喜爱的调味料,具有很强的市场竞争力。在欧美、日韩等发达国家居民的厨房里,食用菌调味品已成为必备的调味品,中国的食用菌调味品也不少,但缺乏龙头品牌,目前尚处在成长期,前景广阔。采用食用菌下脚料制备调味料的研究报道也较多[7−9],但平菇头几乎没有被利用,相关的研究报道也十分鲜见。
美拉德反应(Maillard reaction)是一种非常普遍的食品热加工生产方法,其本质是醛、酮、还原糖的羰基与氨基酸、肽、蛋白质等含氮化合物的游离氨基之间发生反应,该反应可以产生肉类风味物质,近年来已成为制作咸味香精尤其是肉味香精的主要途径之一。Chen等[10]以蘑菇水解液为原料,在一定条件下与D-木糖和L-半胱氨酸反应得到呈焦糖和蘑菇鲜味的美拉德反应物;张历[11]研究了真姬菇复合酶解工艺的最佳条件,并对所得酶解液进行美拉德反应,制备含肉香、烧烤香味的真姬菇美拉德反应浆液;de Sousa等[12]探讨硫胺素、半胱氨酸和木糖促进山羊蛋白水解物美拉德反应中肉类调味化合物形成,挖掘新的风味前体物质组合;刘美娇等[13]以金鲳鱼加工副产物酶解液为原料,利用单因素实验与正交试验优化美拉德反应条件,采用电子鼻、电子舌及GC-MS 技术分析美拉德反应产物风味成分,经真空冷冻浓缩制成粉状调味基料。然而,目前对平菇头原料用美拉德反应加工为调味基料的研究鲜有报道。
本研究以平菇头为原料,对其进行酶解和浓缩预处理,再通过美拉德反应改善风味,以感官评分、pH和褐变程度(吸光值)为评价指标,采用单因素实验考察葡萄糖添加量、反应温度、反应时间和反应初始pH对美拉德反应效果的影响,采用正交试验优化了制备工艺条件,并对最佳工艺条件下制得的美拉德反应基料进行挥发性物质分析、游离氨基酸含量测定及抗氧化能力评价,研究结果可为进一步研制食用菌调味料,实现平菇头的高值化利用提供理论依据和实践参考。
平菇头 化州市中良菌业科技有限公司;中性蛋白酶(50 U/mg)、DPPH 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;无水碳酸钠、三氯乙酸 均为分析纯,山东科源生化有限公司;柠檬酸、无水葡萄糖、铁氰化钾 均为分析纯,天津市永大化学试剂有限公司。
BXM-30R高压灭菌锅 上海博迅实业有限公司;XMTD205恒温数显水浴锅 常州普天仪器制造有限公司;DZS-706F-A多参数分析仪 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;UVmini-1280紫外分光光度计 岛津仪器(苏州)有限公司;1580R冷冻高速离心机 Gene Company Limited;RE-52AA旋转蒸发器 上海亚荣生化仪器厂;GCMS-TQ8040NX 气相色谱-质谱联用仪 岛津仪器(苏州)有限公司;Biochrom 30+全自动氨基酸分析仪 大昌华嘉商业(中国)有限公司。
水分含量测定:直接干燥法,参照 GB 5009.3-2016;粗蛋白含量测定:凯氏定氮法,参照 GB 5009.5-2025;灰分含量测定:参照 GB 5009.4-2016;粗纤维含量测定:参照 GB/T 5009.10-2003;粗脂肪含量测定:参照 GB 5009.6-2016;总糖含量测定:参照 GB/T 15672-2009。
不同类型的蛋白酶具有水解特异性,会导致酶解产物组成和风味等方面的差异。因此,选择合适的蛋白酶进行酶解对美拉德反应及产物风味起着至关重要的作用。本研究选择以中性蛋白酶水解平菇头制备水解物,并通过预实验确定酶解液制备条件。
将干制的平菇头粉碎,过80目筛,用蒸馏水调整料液比为1:30(g/mL),于95 ℃加热15 min熟化处理,以1 mol/L碳酸钠溶液和0.5 mol/L柠檬酸溶液调节体系pH为7.0,按照3000 U/g用量加入中性蛋白酶,40 ℃下酶解3 h,再于95 ℃下加热15 min灭酶,6500×g离心力离心10 min,取上清液即制得酶解液(采用甲醛电位滴定法测得氨基氮含量为17.23%±0.42%)。对酶解液进行减压浓缩,浓缩至原体积的一半,即制得浓缩液。
a.葡萄糖添加量的影响:以感官评价、pH、褐变程度为指标,固定反应初始pH为7.0,120 ℃下反应60 min,考察葡萄糖添加量为0、1.0%、2.5%、4.0%、5.5%、7.0% 对美拉德反应效果的影响。
b.反应时间的影响:以感官评价、pH、褐变程度为指标,固定反应初始pH为7.0,葡萄糖添加量采用1.2.3 (a)中确定的最佳值,反应温度为120 ℃,考察反应20、40、60、80、100 min对美拉德反应效果的影响。
c.反应温度的影响:以感官评价、pH、褐变程度为指标,固定反应初始pH为7.0,葡萄糖添加量采用1.2.3(a)中确定的最佳值,反应时间选择1.2.3(b)中确定的最佳值,考察反应温度为80、90、100、110、120 ℃对美拉德反应效果的影响。
d.反应初始pH的影响:以感官评价、pH、褐变程度为指标,葡萄糖添加量采用1.2.3(a)中确定的最佳值,反应时间选择1.2.3(b)中确定的最佳值,反应温度选择1.2.3(c)中确定的最佳值,考察不同反应初始 pH 为5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0 对美拉德反应的影响。
以上实验均平行做三次,结果以平均值±标准差表示。
在单因素实验基础上,以葡萄糖添加量(A)、反应时间(B)、反应温度(C)、反应初始pH(D)为自变量,以感官评分为指标,设计四因素三水平正交试验,优化美拉德反应条件,因素和水平见表1。
根据《感官分析 选拔、培训与管理评价员一般导则第1部分:优选评价员》(GB/T 16291.1-2012)优选出10名人员构成的感官评定小组。要求所有评价员评价前2 h内禁食重口味食品,为避免顺序与残留效应,所有样本都用三位数编码,并以随机顺序呈现给每个评价员;相邻样品间隔≥60 s,提供温水与无盐苏打饼干清洁口腔。各评价员在独立空间中(白炽灯照明,温度25 ℃)评价,呈样量与温度按同一标准控制[14]。对样品的气味、滋味、色泽按表2进行评审,各项满分为10分,综合加权评分,其中气味、滋味、色泽的感官评分权重分别为40%、40%、20%。每个样品均重复三次评定,取各项目平均值总和为感官综合得分,对感官综合得分进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),事后多重比较采用 Duncan法。
反应体系最终pH可用于评价美拉德反应程度[15]。本实验采用pH计测定美拉德反应,结束后于冰水浴内冷却至室温的样品的pH。
将样品稀释10倍,在420 nm波长下测定样品的吸光值,吸光值越高表示褐变程度越高。以浓缩液作为空白[16]。
参考Lestari等[17]的方法并略作修改。游离氨基酸液体样品前处理:取样品1 mL,按照体积比1:1加入5%磺基水杨酸溶液混匀,6000×g离心力离心10 min,吸取上清液1 mL用0.22 μm膜过滤上机。
氨基酸分析仪检测条件:缓冲液流速为25 mL/hr,反应流速为10 mL/hr,分离柱Na型阳离子树脂层析柱,长度直径为200 mm×4.6 mm,8 μm颗粒,紫外检测波长570、440 nm;柱温为55-65-77 ℃程序升温,反应槽温度138 ℃,进样量20 μL。
滋味活性值(TAV)是一种用于评估食品中特定化合物对整体风味贡献的定量方法。通过比较某种化合物的浓度与其味觉阈值,可以判断该化合物是否对食品的风味有显著影响[18]。TAV的计算见公式(1):
$\ \text{TAV}=\frac{\text{化合物浓度}(\mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{g})}{\text{味道阈值}(\mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{g})} $
参考张历[11]方法,并作适当修改,样品前处理方法:采用顶空固相微萃取(SPME)法,取4 mL样液于20 mL样品瓶中,在250 ℃,30 min条件下对萃取纤维(50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS)进行老化,老化完后插入样品瓶液面上方,于60 ℃下恒温萃取30 min。最后将吸附了分析组分的萃取纤维插入气相色谱进样器中解析10 min。气相色谱(GC)条件:毛细管柱型号:DB-WAX(L.D:30 m×0.25 mm,液膜厚度:0.25 μm);载气 He,流速1.0 mL/min,不分流;程序升温初始温度40 ℃,保持3 min,3 ℃/min 升温至80 ℃,再以3 ℃/min的速率升至240 ℃,保持10 min;检测器温度:250 ℃。质谱(MS)检测条件:电子轰击离子源(EI),电子能量70 eV,离子源温度200 ℃,接口温度250 ℃,扫描范围(m/z):25~550 amu。
通过与NIST 20质谱数据库和人工检索处理,选择相似度大于80%的化合物进行定性分析,并采用峰面积归一化法进行相对定量,计算各挥发性成分的相对百分含量。
相对气味活度值(ROAV)是一种同时考虑化合物含量与阈值来评估其风味贡献的方法,应用于关键风味物质的识别与分析。当某一化合物的ROAV≥1时,说明该物质对整体气味具有显著贡献,而其数值越高,说明其对风味特征的影响越突出[19]。ROAV的计算见公式(2):
$ {\text{ROAV}}_{\text{i}}\approx\frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{i}}\times {\text{T}}_{\max }}{{\text{C}}_{\max }\times {\text{T}}_{\text{i}}}\times 100 $
式中:ROAVi表示相对气味活度值;Ci和Ti分别表示为某挥发性物质的相对含量(%)和嗅觉阈值(mg/kg);Cmax表示每个处理组所测风味物质中相对含量的最大值(%);Tmax表示每个处理组所测风味物质中嗅觉阈值的最大值(mg/kg)。
a.还原力的测定:向试管中加入3 mL准确配制不同浓度梯度的样品溶液和2.5 mL的磷酸盐缓冲液(0.2 mol/L,pH6.6)以及2.5 mL铁氰化钾溶液(10 g/L),混合均匀,50 ℃水浴静置反应30 min,反应结束加入2.5 mL 三氯乙酸溶液(100 g/L),混匀,取2.5 mL上述液体加入2.5 mL 蒸馏水和0.5 mL 氯化铁溶液(1 g/L),混匀后室温下反应10 min,用分光光度计在700 nm下测定溶液吸光度,同时以蒸馏水代替样液做空白实验。每个样品重复测定三次,取平均值作为最终结果[20]。
b.DPPH自由基清除率的测定:取2 mL准确配制不同浓度梯度的样品溶液和2 mL DPPH溶液(0.1 mmol/L),充分摇匀后,在室温下避光静置反应30 min,在517 nm下测定吸光度,同时以蒸馏水代替样液做空白实验,对照组用无水乙醇代替DPPH溶液。以相同质量浓度的2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚(Butylated hydroxytoluene,BHT)作为阳性对照,每个样品重复测定三次,取平均值作为最终结果。DPPH自由基清除率按照公式(3)计算[21]:
$ \mathrm{清除率(\text{%})=[1-(A}_{ \mathrm{样品}} \mathrm{-A}_{ \mathrm{对照}} \mathrm{)/A}_{ \mathrm{空白}} \mathrm{]\times 100} $
以不同待测溶液浓度下的清除率曲线,计算得到清除率为 50%时的质量浓度,即半抑制浓度(Half maximal inhibitory concentration,IC50),IC50值越小,表明样品对自由基的清除能力越强。
数据整理与计算采用Excel 2021软件,绘图采用Origin 2024软件,用SPSS 26 软件中的单因素方差分析和Duncan法对数据进行分析。
龙瑞等[22]对不同地区的平菇子实体进行了营养成分的测定,研究结果显示各地区平菇之间的营养成分相差较大,其蛋白质含量为15.89~31.44 g/100 g,总糖含量为21.90~63.33 g/100 g。本实验测得干平菇头基本成分见表3,其中粗蛋白含量为14.7±0.5 g/100 g,虽略低于完整平菇子实体粗蛋白含量,但作为下脚料依然含有值得利用的蛋白质,可在热反应和酶解反应中生成鲜味增强的含氮杂环化合物;总糖含量达41.5±0.4 g/100 g,与平菇子实体含量相当,说明其总糖价值不输于子实体,可为后续美拉德反应体系提供羰基来源,作为本实验的理想原料。因此,平菇头虽为下脚料,但仍具有利用价值,可开发为天然风味调味基料或低脂型美拉德反应底物。
预实验显示,不额外添加还原糖进行美拉德反应后,产物综合得分仅2.67分,pH为6.91,吸光值为0.098,制得的产物风味不佳,说明需额外添加还原糖以增强美拉德反应效果。本实验选用葡萄糖,因为葡萄糖已被证明是一种具有良好反应性的还原糖,能够显著提高美拉德反应效果[23]。
葡萄糖添加量对美拉德反应程度的影响见图2(a),对感官评分的影响见图2(b)。
图2(a)显示,随着葡萄糖添加量(0~7.0%)的增加,反应体系pH显著降低,吸光值不断提高,这说明美拉德反应程度随着葡萄糖用量的增加而增强。图2(b)显示,综合得分呈现先上升后下降的趋势,当葡萄糖添加量为0~1.0%时综合得分较低,是因为美拉德反应程度较低,色泽变化不明显,香气形成有限且葡萄糖对浓缩液苦味的遮掩作用较小;当葡萄糖用量为5.5%时,综合得分达到最大值7.80分(P<0.05),此时气味、滋味与色泽协同优化,而添加7.0%的葡萄糖导致体系出现焦苦味,可能是因为葡萄糖发生美拉德反应的同时,还能在高温下发生焦糖化反应,很多研究认为美拉德反应与焦糖化反应以平行的形式同步进行,二者通过复杂的相互作用彼此影响,从而提升了反应体系的化学多样性及产物复杂性[24],本实验中添加7.0%葡萄糖后可能是焦糖化反应程度增大,产生了焦苦味从而降低了样品的整体接受性使得综合得分下降。综合分析,选取葡萄糖添加量为5.5%为宜。
反应时间对美拉德反应程度的影响见图3(a),对感官评分的影响见图3(b)。
反应时间是影响美拉德反应程度的一个重要因素,由于美拉德反应可分为初期、增长期以及晚期反应阶段,各个阶段产生的代表性产物不同[25],因此不同的反应时间所发生的化学反应以及产生的化合物有所差异。
由图3(a)可知,在20~100 min 范围内,pH 随时间延长持续下降,而吸光值逐步升高;当时间≥60 min 时,两指标的变化更为显著,表明美拉德反应程度不断提高。由图3(b)可知,感官结果呈先升后降然后趋于平稳的趋势。在反应早期(20 min),关键香气与呈味物质生成有限,色泽尚浅,综合得分较低;随时间延长至60 min,气味、滋味与色泽协同提升,综合得分达到峰值 8.04(P<0.05)。进一步延长时间至80~100 min,综合得分及分项得分均出现回落,可能是当前体系下较长的反应时间会导致美拉德反应过度,伴随焦糊、苦味上升,破坏了风味的平衡,导致综合得分下降[26]。综合考虑,选取反应时间60 min。
反应温度对美拉德反应程度的影响见图4(a),对感官评分的影响见图4(b)。
反应温度是美拉德反应的重要影响因素之一,通常温度越高还原糖和氨基之间的反应越快,温度相差10 ℃,褐变速度能相差3~4倍[27]。由图4(a)所示,当温度低于100 ℃时,pH与吸光值变化缓慢;当温度升至110 ℃后,pH显著下降而吸光值显著升高,表明美拉德反应程度明显增强。由图4(b)可知,感官评价随温度先升后降。在80~110 ℃区间内,综合得分及其分项(气味、滋味、色泽)均持续上升,并在110 ℃达到峰值(综合得分8.11,显著高于其他温度组,P<0.05)。当温度进一步提高至120 ℃时,综合得分及各分项均出现回落。其原因可能是较低温度下美拉德反应程度不足,色泽与风味提升不明显;而过高温度会使反应过度推进,伴随焦糖化与美拉德晚期产物(如类黑精等)增多,焦糊与苦味感知增强,产物颜色加深,整体可接受性下降。综合考虑,选取反应温度110 ℃为宜。
初始pH对美拉德反应程度的影响见图5(a),对感官评分的影响见图5(b)。
初始pH不仅影响美拉德反应速率,也影响其反应进程。在pH较低时,Amadori重排产物或Heyns 重排产物进入1,2-烯醇化路径,而pH较高时则走2,3-烯醇化路径[28]。从图5(a)可知,吸光值随初始 pH 升高而单调增加:pH5.0 时吸光值最低;当 pH≥7.0 时,吸光值显著升高,表明反应程度明显加深。由图5(b)所示,感官结果呈先升后降的趋势。在弱酸性至中性区间(pH5.0~7.0),综合得分及分项(气味、滋味、色泽)随 pH 升高而上升,这可能是因为在弱酸性环境中,美拉德反应程度受到抑制,反应程度较低[29],风味变化不明显,当初始pH在7.0左右时,综合评分达到最大值8.03(P<0.05),表示此时可能产生的风味物质组合与适度褐变协同,获得最佳可接受性。当pH继续升高到8.0~9.0时,感官评分有所下降,尽管较高 pH 可进一步加速美拉德反应,但同时可能促进过量的晚期产物与聚合色素形成,并增加焦糊味、苦味及碱味,从而削弱整体愉悦度,影响了整体风味评价。综合考虑,选取反应初始pH7.0为宜。
基于单因素实验结果分析,可知在反应体系pH、褐变程度(吸光值)和感官评分三个评价指标中,以感官评分最能说明反应程度与美拉德反应产物质量的关系,因此,为了简化实验过程,正交试验阶段仅选择感官评分为评价指标。四因素三水平正交试验结果见表4,方差分析结果见表5。
由表4可知,按照极差值(R)判断,各因素对感官评分影响的顺序为:初始pH>葡萄糖添加量>反应温度>反应时间。最佳工艺条件组合为A3B3C1D2,即葡萄糖添加量为7.0%,反应时间为80 min,反应温度为100 ℃,初始pH为7.0。本研究中,单因素实验结果表明温度和时间的最佳水平分别为 110 ℃ 与 60 min,而正交优化结果显示最佳组合为 100 ℃ 与 80 min,两者存在一定差异。这一差异可能归因于温度与时间的交互效应。在较高温度条件下,尽管能在较短时间内加速美拉德反应产物的生成,但过快的反应速率易导致苦味物质或过度褐变的产生,从而降低感官评分[30]。相反,在相对较低温度下,延长反应时间能够实现产物的逐步积累,既保证了风味物质的形成,又避免了副产物的过量生成。由表5可知,由方差分析结果可知,反应时间,葡萄糖添加量、反应温度和初始pH四个因素对美拉德反应感官评分的影响均呈极显著影响(F=72.829>F0.01(8,18)=3.71;F=38.989>F0.01(2,18)=6.01;F=12.498>F0.01(2,18)=6.01;F=19.725>F0.01(2,18)=6.01),方差分析与正交分析结果一致。将最佳条件组合平行实验3次,进行验证实验,得到的产物感官评分为8.64±0.16,高于表4中的任一组合数据,说明正交试验得到的美拉德工艺优化参数具有适用性和可靠性。
为明确美拉德反应前后体系中游离氨基酸种类和含量的变化,合理评价氨基酸在反应前后体系中TAV的变化,对平菇头浓缩液和最佳反应条件制得的美拉德反应产物(Maillard reaction products,MRPs)进行了游离氨基酸检测和分析。氨基酸分离图谱见图6,氨基酸结果分析见表6。
呈味氨基酸是食品重要的滋味成分和一些挥发性物质的前体物质,对食品整体的风味有着独特的作用,根据呈味氨基酸的呈味特性,将氨基酸分为鲜味、甜味、苦味及无味4 种类型[32]。表6显示,在浓缩液和MRPs中均检测出17种游离氨基酸,总含量分别为35.601 mg/g和7.680 mg/g,MRPs的氨基酸总含量相较于浓缩液有所减少,表明了浓缩液中游离氨基酸较多地与还原糖反应,MRPs中的Ile、leu、Tyr、Phe、His、Lys、Arg等苦味氨基酸总含量(2.479 mg/g)相比浓缩液中的总含量(10.450 mg/g)有所下降,鲜味氨基酸(Asp和Glu)含量为2.733 mg/g,占游离氨基酸总含量的33.4%。
通过比较氨基酸的含量与其味觉阈值可得出该氨基酸的TAV,当TAV≥1时,表明该氨基酸对滋味有贡献,且数值越大贡献越大;当TAV<1时,表明该滋味物质对整体滋味贡献不显著[18]。浓缩液中TAV大于1的氨基酸包括Asp、Ser、Glu、Ala、Val、Tyr、Phe、His、Lys、Arg,其中鲜味氨基酸Asp和Glu的TAV分别为1.099、32.500,表明平菇头经酶解后释放的鲜味氨基酸较多,但Tyr、Phe、His、Lys、Arg等苦味氨基酸的TAV也均大于1,这些苦味氨基酸可能主要是由平菇头蛋白质酶解后产生,大多具有疏水基团,对人的苦味受体具有刺激作用,使人能够感受到苦味[33],因此浓缩液品尝起来会有明显的回苦也可能是由这些苦味氨基酸导致的;MRPs中TAV大于1的氨基酸包括Glu和Ala,其TAV分别为8.097和1.240,Glu是鲜味氨基酸,能增强滋味的醇厚感和持久性,而Ala是甜味氨基酸,能够增加食品的甜味,调和食品的整体风味。此外,浓缩液中TAV大于1的苦味氨基酸(Tyr、Phe、His、Lys、Arg)在MRPs中的TAV均有所下降,绝对含量也均低于呈味阈值,有研究表明一些苦味氨基酸如Phe、Tyr,绝对含量未达到呈味阈值时,可增强其他氨基酸的鲜味和甜味[34],因此MRPs品尝起来无明显的苦味且更能尝出鲜味和甜味。
但值得注意的是,在食品体系中,体现鲜味的物质除氨基酸外,还有肽类、核苷酸等物质,另外还存在能协同增鲜的物质,如有机酸等,这些物质共存于食品体系中对鲜味的最终呈味常存在显著的协同或拮抗作用。例如,Glu与5'-IMP、5'-GMP等核苷酸间具有显著的协同增鲜效应,可显著提升鲜味强度[35]。同时,有机酸还可能通过改变体系pH,间接影响氨基酸及肽类物质的呈味活性,如琥珀酸及其钠盐不仅具有鲜味且阈值较低,能与鲜味氨基酸及其他有机酸如柠檬酸等进行协同增鲜的作用[36]。因此,全面而准确分析食品的呈鲜物质本身是极其复杂的工作,目前的多数研究仍停留在具体分析某类物质对鲜味的贡献,本论文研究的氨基酸TAV指标虽可定量描述产物由氨基酸体现的鲜味轮廓,但仍存在一定的局限性。
挥发性风味物质是MRPs的另外一类重要的呈味物质。本实验在最佳条件下制得的MRPs具有平菇典型气味并混合焦榛子香,为充分解析其挥发性物质组成对其进行GC-MS分析,其总离子流图见图7,结果分析见表7。
通过对挥发性成分的分类统计,MRPs中共检测鉴定出42种挥发性物质,包括17种醛类、10种酮类、6种烃类、5种醇类、3种杂环类和1种酸类,其中以杂环类(44.93%)、醛类(33.07%)为主,其次是烃类、酮类及少量醇类、酸类等。
醛类化合物与Maillard和Strecker反应有着重要联系,加热过程中,糖类物质的羰基与氨基酸的氨基可以反应生成醛类物质[42],其中 C6~C12饱和醛类物质阈值较低[29],对MRPs的风味有较大的贡献,本实验中检测出来的醛类有17种,主要有正己醛(7.88%)、正壬醛(6.19%)、正癸醛(4.03%)等,其中正己醛在低浓度时具有清香和青草味,正庚醛、苯甲醛、正辛醛和苯乙醛等具有水果、脂芳香、坚果香等香气,这些复合香气使得产物的整体风味得到增强,更富有层次感。
酮类化合物主要的来源途径有不饱和脂肪酸的氧化和降解以及醇类的氧化[43],本实验中一共检测出10种酮类,主要有2-庚酮(2.39%)、3-辛烯-2-酮(1.22%)、2-十一酮(1.17%)等,不同链长的酮类物质气味特征也不一样,短链的气味特征为脂香和焦香香气,长链酮类更多为花香气息[44],样品中如2-庚酮、2-壬酮、十二醛、正壬醇等大多具有花香、果香等香气,还有具有菌菇特征香气的3-辛烯-2-酮。由表7可知,酮类化合物的相对含量低于醛类化合物,且酮类化合物的呈味阈值要高于其同分异构体的醛类化合物,因此相对醛类化合物,酮类对整体的风味贡献不大[45],但有研究表明若从挥发性风味物质中去除羰基化合物,肉品特有的风味便会消失,说明少量的羰基化合物在肉品香味形成中的作用不可忽视[46]。因此,作为羰基化合物的酮类物质在美拉德反应及风味的生成中可能发挥着重要作用。
醇类化合物通常由脂质氧化生成,阈值较高[47],一般具有植物的清香气味,如正壬醇和2-壬基醇带有一定的花果香,本研究中检测出来的醇类物质含量较低,可能是平菇头原料本身含脂较少或是在美拉德反应中被氧化为羰基化合物,但仍然可与其他物质对风味形成重叠效应[48]。
杂环化合物通常阈值较低,对风味有很大的贡献[16],本研究中杂环类化合物的相对含量最多,主要以2-戊基呋喃为主,占了香气成分的44.93%,美拉德反应中的呋喃主要是通过还原糖或典型氨基酸的热降解产生[49],有研究表明,2-戊基呋喃是热加工肉制品香气的主要贡献者,本身带有果香和青草香[50],赋予了平菇头浓缩液美拉德反应液独特的风味,另外3-甲基-2-(5H)-呋喃酮也贡献了类似果糖焦糖的香气。
此外,在本研究中也测出了一些烃类、酸类,这些化合物的含量较少,但它们对整体的风味也可能起重要的作用。
在评估样品风味特性时,风味形成受挥发性物质浓度影响,同时需达到嗅觉阈值才能被感知。为了定量描述挥发性风味物质对产物风味的贡献,本实验采用ROAV方法结合GC-MS分析结果筛选出关键的香味化合物,根据在《化合物香味阈值汇编》[51]中查得的阈值计算各挥发性物质的ROAV。ROAV法得出的关键香气成分结果较气味活度值(Odor activity value,OAV)法的更为准确可靠,ROAV≥1的化合物为关键性风味成分。
本实验鉴定出的42种挥发性物质中,能检索到风味阈值的仅有19种,按照相应的计算方法,算得19种挥发性物质的ROAV结果如表8所示。
表8中,2,4-癸二烯醛被设为ROAV=100,虽然该化合物的相对含量较低,仅为0.41%,但该化合物阈值极低,根据ROAV计算结果可得2,4-癸二烯醛为第一关键物质,是典型脂香关键物质;2-戊基呋喃是MRPs中含量最高的物质,计算得到的ROAV为50.29,对MRPs的风味起到骨架作用。脂肪族醛类整体贡献显著,1<ROAV<50的化合物有正壬醛(37.06)、反-2-壬烯醛(36.39)、正辛醛(10.78)、正己醛(10.38)、正癸醛(8.85)、正庚醛(4.35)、反-2-辛烯醛(3.91),说明C6~C10饱和或不饱和醛是MRPs香气的主要来源,赋予水果、脂芳香、坚果香等基调;此外,苯乙醛(1.80)提供水果香、青草香,2-十一酮(1.40)等酮类提供次要的果脂风味。0.1<ROAV<1的成分总体对整体香气贡献有限,如3-甲基-2-(5H)-呋喃酮(0.36)、2-十一醛(0.18)等,但对整体气味仍有修饰作用[52];综上,MRPs的香气主要由不饱和醛与C6~C10脂肪族醛和杂环化合物主导,并构成了MRPs风味轮廓。
由于本实验是基于单体化合物阈值进行的分析,未充分考虑基质相互作用与协同和掩蔽效应,且42种挥发性物质仅有19种能进行ROAV计算和分析,因此也存在一定的局限性。
抗氧化剂的还原能力和抗氧化活性存在相关关系,抗氧化剂可以通过给出电子以清除自由基表现出还原作用,因此可通过测定样品的还原能力来说明其抗氧化活性的大小[53]。图8显示的是浓缩液(4.4~22.2 mg/mL)和MRPs(2.2~11.1 mg/mL)的还原力。由图8可知,两组样品的吸光度随着样品浓度的提高而增加,当浓缩液浓度为22.2 mg/mL 时,A700达最大值1.128;而MRPs A700最大值为0.928,此时MRPs的浓度为11.1 mg/mL,即在经过美拉德反应后,同等浓度下MRPs的还原力比浓缩液的要高,这可能是因为美拉德反应过程中会产生一些具有还原性的化合物,如类黑精等[54]。
DPPH(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼)为一种带发色基团的自由基,其醇溶液呈紫色,分子中存在大π键。当DPPH接受自由基清除剂的单电子或氢离子时,会配对成稳定的DPPH-H分子,使溶剂逐渐褪色,其程度与接受的电子数量成定量关系[55]。因此DPPH自由基清除活性测定已被描述为评价其抗氧化活性的标准。不同浓度的浓缩液(1.4~8.0 mg/mL)和MRPs、BHT(0.6~4.0 mg/mL)清除DPPH自由基能力的变化如图9所示。三组样品的DPPH自由基清除率都随着浓度的增加而先急剧上升而后又趋于平缓。当浓缩液浓度为8.0 mg/mL 时,DPPH自由基清除率达最大值69.94%;而MRPs对 DPPH自由基的清除率最大值为 76.53%,此时MRPs的浓度为4.0 mg/mL,其它同等浓度的MRPs清除DPPH自由基的活性也比浓缩液的要高。通过对不同质量浓度下的MRPs、浓缩液的清除率曲线,计算出IC50依次为0.86、1.62 mg/mL,这表明美拉德反应可以提高对DPPH自由基的清除能力,与还原力的实验结果相对应。
本研究从平菇头的高值化综合利用出发,以其为原料,采用中性蛋白酶制得酶解液,并进行浓缩处理,添加葡萄糖,利用美拉德反应改善浓缩液风味。通过单因素实验和正交试验得出最佳的制备条件为:葡萄糖添加量为7.0%,反应时间为80 min,反应温度为100 ℃,反应初始pH为7.0,此时得到的MRPs感官评分为8.64±0.16,呈红棕色,味道鲜甜,具有平菇典型气味并混合焦榛子香。另外,对浓缩液和最佳反应条件下制得的MRPs的游离氨基酸分析显示,浓缩液经美拉德反应后Tyr、Phe、His等苦味氨基酸的含量及TAV明显降低,MRPs的呈味氨基酸成分相比浓缩液的得到了改善,鲜味氨基酸(Asp和Glu)含量占总游离氨基酸含量的33.4%,对滋味贡献较大的Glu和Ala的TAV分别为8.097和1.240,因此MRPs品尝起来味鲜而不苦;挥发性物质分析结果则显示,在MRPs中分离鉴定出的42种化合物中主要以杂环类和醛类为主,ROAV分析表明不饱和醛与C6~C10脂肪族醛和杂环化合物为关键香气物质。因氨基酸呈味分析尚未明确核苷酸、有机酸对鲜味的协同效应,而挥发性物质中还有部分物质的阈值是未知的,本文对美拉德反应产物的风味分析还有一定的局限性。抗氧化实验表明,MRPs具有一定的还原力和DPPH自由基清除能力,显示出较好的体外抗氧化潜力。本研究结果是后续菇精调味料生产的基础,可为平菇头的高值化利用提供理论参考和实践指导。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080052
  • 接收时间:2025-08-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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    1广东石油化工学院生物与食品工程学院,广东省农产品绿色与智能生产重点实验室,广东茂名 525000
    2化州市中良菌业科技有限公司,广东茂名 525100

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张玲(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品加工技术和固体废弃物资源化利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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