Article(id=1320880511430542112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754755200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852054697, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852054697, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852054697, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852054697, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=568, endPage=579, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880511657034529, articleId=1320880511430542112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Extraction and Purification Methods of Marine Animal Saponins, columnId=1320880307935494473, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Frontier Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Saponins are bioactive ingredients derived from higher plants and marine animals. The possess a range of medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and cholesterol-lowering effects. Furthermore, as natural antibacterial and surfactant agents, they exhibit significant potential for applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and agricultural industries. Marine animal saponins mainly exist in sea cucumbers and starfishes, which have good biological activity and have broad prospects for development and utilization. However, due to the low content of saponins in marine animals, their industrial application is limited. Therefore, enhancing the extraction efficiency and purity of marine animal saponins has become a major research focus. This article delineates and classifies contemporary methodologies for the extraction and purification of saponins from marine fauna. Although laboratory-scale isolation of high-purity saponins predominantly relies on organic solvent extraction coupled with chromatographic purification, the transposition of this paradigm to an industrial context is impeded by limitations pertaining to solvent toxicity, limited production capacity, and prohibitive costs. Emerging strategies to circumvent these drawbacks encompass the implementation of environmentally benign solvents, notably deep eutectic solvents and supercritical fluids, frequently augmented by physical (e.g., ultrasonic, microwave) or enzymatic treatments. The incorporation of a pre-enrichment step prior to final purification further constitutes a viable optimization tactic. This paper comprehensive analysis provides a foundational framework for the preparation of marine saponins and underscores their potential in the formulation of functional foods, thereby advocating for their enhanced utilization in promoting human health.

, authors=Yuyang LI1, Rui MI2, Pengneng YU1, Rui FENG1, Dong LÜ1, Shangming GUO1, Yuxuan XU1, Ying LI1, 3, *, Qiancheng ZHAO1, 4, authorsList=Yuyang LI, Rui MI, Pengneng YU, Rui FENG, Dong LÜ, Shangming GUO, Yuxuan XU, Ying LI, Qiancheng ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ying LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880512898548522, articleId=1320880511430542112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=海洋动物皂苷提取和纯化方法研究进展, columnId=1320880308124238155, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=前沿综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

皂苷是一种来源于高等植物和海洋动物的活性成分,具有抗炎、抗肿瘤和降低胆固醇等多种药用价值,也是天然的抗菌剂和表面活性剂,在食品、医药、化妆品和农业等领域具有极大的开发利用潜力。海洋动物皂苷主要存在于海参与海星中,均具有良好的生物活性,在开发利用方面具有广阔的前景。但由于海洋动物皂苷含量不高导致其产业化应用受限,因此,提高海洋动物皂苷的提取效率和纯度成为了现阶段的研究热点。本文对目前海洋动物皂苷的提取和纯化方法进行了分类与总结,有机溶剂提取结合色谱法纯化是实验室获取高纯度皂苷的主要方法,但在产业化应用上存在有机试剂残留、产量有限和成本高的问题。使用绿色安全的低共熔溶剂和超临界流体进行提取,超声、微波和酶解等方式进行辅助提取,纯化前进行富集是有效的改进方法。本文为海洋动物皂苷的制备提供参考,未来有望开发海洋动物皂苷类功能性食品,对海洋动物皂苷的利用和人类的健康起到积极推动作用。

, authors=李雨洋1, 米锐2, 于鹏能1, 冯蕊1, 吕东1, 郭上铭1, 徐玉萱1, 李莹1, 3, *, 赵前程1, 4, authorsList=李雨洋, 米锐, 于鹏能, 冯蕊, 吕东, 郭上铭, 徐玉萱, 李莹, 赵前程, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李莹, authorNote=

李雨洋(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李莹(1986−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:海洋功效成分构效关系研究,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=xSTXtz3/we5hRhqJTua0yg==, magXml=QUgyXdXDNsgjLEIYi2YPVQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=BCWwCcac6gy7BM2fuKyPrA==, pdfFileSize=1213457, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ka4+zUgUPH4Ti74qCOLWCQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=S1eORzLp1qwQCB7dJ1LblA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320880513619968824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=17833155921@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320880513699660602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, authorId=1320880513619968824, language=EN, stringName=Yuyang LI, firstName=Yuyang, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320880513787740987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, authorId=1320880513619968824, language=CN, stringName=李雨洋, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1大连海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,辽宁大连 116023, bio={"content":"

李雨洋(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

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Qingdao: Ocean University of China, 2009.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880535610704895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=73, rfOrder=123, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MENG X X. Preparation of Luidia quinaria von Martens’ main active substances and research on the activity of Luidia quinaria von Martens’ acidic mucopolysaccharide[D]. 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Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2019, 181: 198−206., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880535740727297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=75, rfOrder=125, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RANDRIAMAMONJY T H, ONTIVEROS J F, ANDRIANJAFY M T, et al. Comparative study on the amphiphilicity, emulsifying and foaming properties of saponins extracted from Furcraea foetida[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2022, 653: 129923., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880535812030466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=76, rfOrder=126, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Yi, MA Yan, TAO Li, et al. Recent advances in separation and analysis of saponins in natural products[J]. Separations, 2022, 9(7): 163., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880535870750723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=77, rfOrder=127, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GRASSIA P. Quasistatic model for foam fractionation[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2023, 275: 118721., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880535933665284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=78, rfOrder=128, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩利文, 张轩铭, 陈玉峰, 等. 一种利用海参内脏提取高纯度海参内脏皂苷的方法: 201610466093.6[P]. 2019-08-16. [HAN L W, ZAHNG X M, CHEN Y F, et al. A method for extracting high-purity sea cucumber visceral saponins from sea cucumber visceral organs: 201610466093.6[P]. 2019-08-16.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880536013357061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=78, rfOrder=129, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN L W, ZAHNG X M, CHEN Y F, et al. A method for extracting high-purity sea cucumber visceral saponins from sea cucumber visceral organs: 201610466093.6[P]. 2019-08-16., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880536114020358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=79, rfOrder=130, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘克明, 佟继铭, 刘永平, 等. 三萜皂苷分离纯化方法的研究进展[J]. 承德医学院学报, 2017, 34(2): 154−156. [LIU K M, TONG J M, LIU Y P, et al. Research progress of Triterpene saponin separation and purification method[J]. Journal of Chengde Medical College, 2017, 34(2): 154−156.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880536185323527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=79, rfOrder=131, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU K M, TONG J M, LIU Y P, et al. Research progress of Triterpene saponin separation and purification method[J]. 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articleId=1320880511430542112, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Auxiliary extraction methods of saponins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法原理优点缺点参考文献
超高压提取法压力短时间升高和恢复,促进细胞发生形变和破裂,加快溶剂浸润细胞内部的速率,缩短溶剂提取时间。用时短,可操作性强,对热敏性皂苷友好。容易对皂苷结构产生破坏[42]
高压脉冲法根据不同电极产生电势差而形成电场,通过控制电场强度和脉冲频率,让细胞膜的通透性增强,胞内物质加速释放。可以通过调节电压和脉冲频率等条件选择性提取皂苷,对热敏性皂苷友好。提取结果的影响因素较多,仪器操作复杂。[43]
匀浆提取法加入提取溶剂,使用粉碎机、高速搅拌机或高速分散器,进行匀浆提取,过滤离心后取上清液蒸发浓缩。操作简便需要自制匀浆装置,匀浆过程中摩擦产热,对于热敏性皂苷需要控制好匀浆时间,以免破坏皂苷结构,影响皂苷活性。[44]
负压空化提
取法
需要用到真空泵、空气流量计或控制进气量的装置以及合适尺寸的容器。空蚀和空化导致细胞壁破裂,从而加速皂苷的释放。进样量大,适合于工业大规模提取。制作装置过程复杂[45]
闪式提取法物料在闪式提取器中伴随溶剂快速破碎至适当粒度,过程中可能存在高压、震动、搅拌等过程。提取速度快,设备操作简单且维护方便,节能低耗。噪声较大,提取对象有限。[46-47]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880520649622392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

皂苷辅助提取方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法原理优点缺点参考文献
超高压提取法压力短时间升高和恢复,促进细胞发生形变和破裂,加快溶剂浸润细胞内部的速率,缩短溶剂提取时间。用时短,可操作性强,对热敏性皂苷友好。容易对皂苷结构产生破坏[42]
高压脉冲法根据不同电极产生电势差而形成电场,通过控制电场强度和脉冲频率,让细胞膜的通透性增强,胞内物质加速释放。可以通过调节电压和脉冲频率等条件选择性提取皂苷,对热敏性皂苷友好。提取结果的影响因素较多,仪器操作复杂。[43]
匀浆提取法加入提取溶剂,使用粉碎机、高速搅拌机或高速分散器,进行匀浆提取,过滤离心后取上清液蒸发浓缩。操作简便需要自制匀浆装置,匀浆过程中摩擦产热,对于热敏性皂苷需要控制好匀浆时间,以免破坏皂苷结构,影响皂苷活性。[44]
负压空化提
取法
需要用到真空泵、空气流量计或控制进气量的装置以及合适尺寸的容器。空蚀和空化导致细胞壁破裂,从而加速皂苷的释放。进样量大,适合于工业大规模提取。制作装置过程复杂[45]
闪式提取法物料在闪式提取器中伴随溶剂快速破碎至适当粒度,过程中可能存在高压、震动、搅拌等过程。提取速度快,设备操作简单且维护方便,节能低耗。噪声较大,提取对象有限。[46-47]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880520746091385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Microwave-assisted methods of saponins

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提取对象微波条件辅助提取结果参考文献
海星皂苷甲醇58.7%,微波功率177 W,时间3 min,液固比43.6 mL/g。海星皂苷的提取率为60.3 mg/g,提取结果是常规溶剂提取
海星皂苷提取量的7.8倍。
[48]
海星皂苷微波功率密度为4 W/g、脉冲时间为60 s、真空度为−0.090 MPa。微波功率密度对海星皂苷脱除效率影响最大[49]
海参皂苷微波萃取时间为10 min,爬坡时间为5 min,温度为45 ℃,萃取功率为400 W,微波萃取3次。海参皂苷提取量的平均值为151.8 μg/g[40]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880520850948986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

微波辅助提取皂苷

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取对象微波条件辅助提取结果参考文献
海星皂苷甲醇58.7%,微波功率177 W,时间3 min,液固比43.6 mL/g。海星皂苷的提取率为60.3 mg/g,提取结果是常规溶剂提取
海星皂苷提取量的7.8倍。
[48]
海星皂苷微波功率密度为4 W/g、脉冲时间为60 s、真空度为−0.090 MPa。微波功率密度对海星皂苷脱除效率影响最大[49]
海参皂苷微波萃取时间为10 min,爬坡时间为5 min,温度为45 ℃,萃取功率为400 W,微波萃取3次。海参皂苷提取量的平均值为151.8 μg/g[40]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880520930640763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Supercritical fluid extraction methods of saponins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取对象超临界条件辅助提取结果参考文献
海星皂苷利用琥珀酸二辛酯磺酸钠(AOT)/混合醇/水溶液为
助溶剂,在323 K、25 MPa下进行萃取。
海星皂苷的萃取率为2.40%,提取物中海星皂苷质量分数为58.99%,分别是使用乙醇助溶剂的4.08、2.18倍。[50]
海星皂苷萃取压力30 MPa,萃取温度333 K,萃取时间2 h。海星皂甙质量分数为59.01%,与85%乙醇萃取相比,超临界CO2萃取的萃取率提高到1.2倍,质量分数提高到2.0倍。[51]
海参皂苷7000 psi的压力下,在60 ℃的温度和20 g/min的流量下,液态CO2的流速为50 mL/min,EtOH的流速为1.0 mL/min。提取率为1.8%[52]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880521001943932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

超临界流体萃取皂苷

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取对象超临界条件辅助提取结果参考文献
海星皂苷利用琥珀酸二辛酯磺酸钠(AOT)/混合醇/水溶液为
助溶剂,在323 K、25 MPa下进行萃取。
海星皂苷的萃取率为2.40%,提取物中海星皂苷质量分数为58.99%,分别是使用乙醇助溶剂的4.08、2.18倍。[50]
海星皂苷萃取压力30 MPa,萃取温度333 K,萃取时间2 h。海星皂甙质量分数为59.01%,与85%乙醇萃取相比,超临界CO2萃取的萃取率提高到1.2倍,质量分数提高到2.0倍。[51]
海参皂苷7000 psi的压力下,在60 ℃的温度和20 g/min的流量下,液态CO2的流速为50 mL/min,EtOH的流速为1.0 mL/min。提取率为1.8%[52]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880521077441405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Different chromatographic functions and their advantages and disadvantages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类固定相、流动相纯化效果优缺点
高效液相色谱液-液、液-固两种
形式
将4.81 g海参粗总皂苷进行HPLC半制备纯化,得到符合三萜皂苷性质的三种化合物分别为CladolosideB、Holotoxin A1和 HolotoxinB1共53.8 mg[58]。分析效率高、分离速率快、灵敏度高,但仪器设备成本高、流动相消耗大[59]。
柱色谱固体吸附剂为固定相,液体溶剂为流动相糙海参粉末提取浓缩后得到420 g样品,上样于DA101型大孔树脂柱,收集洗脱部分得到70 g皂苷富集组分,将该组分通过硅胶柱色谱分离,梯度洗脱,得到组分A(2.43 g)、B(3 g)、C(1.13 g)、D(3.8 g)和E(2.23 g)[60]。操作简便,流动相固定相搭配应用范围广,但相比于其他色谱技术分离效率较低[61]。
离心分配色谱两相均为液体HPCPC成功地进一步纯化了海参内脏提取物,该方法产生的皂苷回收率高于98%[62]。操作简便、分离效率高、上样量更多,但操
作存在安全隐患、后续检测成本高[63−64]。
), ArticleFig(id=1320880521207464830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同色谱作用及优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类固定相、流动相纯化效果优缺点
高效液相色谱液-液、液-固两种
形式
将4.81 g海参粗总皂苷进行HPLC半制备纯化,得到符合三萜皂苷性质的三种化合物分别为CladolosideB、Holotoxin A1和 HolotoxinB1共53.8 mg[58]。分析效率高、分离速率快、灵敏度高,但仪器设备成本高、流动相消耗大[59]。
柱色谱固体吸附剂为固定相,液体溶剂为流动相糙海参粉末提取浓缩后得到420 g样品,上样于DA101型大孔树脂柱,收集洗脱部分得到70 g皂苷富集组分,将该组分通过硅胶柱色谱分离,梯度洗脱,得到组分A(2.43 g)、B(3 g)、C(1.13 g)、D(3.8 g)和E(2.23 g)[60]。操作简便,流动相固定相搭配应用范围广,但相比于其他色谱技术分离效率较低[61]。
离心分配色谱两相均为液体HPCPC成功地进一步纯化了海参内脏提取物,该方法产生的皂苷回收率高于98%[62]。操作简便、分离效率高、上样量更多,但操
作存在安全隐患、后续检测成本高[63−64]。
), ArticleFig(id=1320880521312322431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Classification of macroporous adsorption resins according to their polarity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类组成型号纯化效果
非极性不带有任何功能
基团
D-101、HPD-100、HP-20、H103、X-5利用60%的乙醇提取皂苷,通过D-101大孔树脂初步分离,在70%的乙醇组分中获得粗皂苷,进一步通过硅胶柱、凝胶柱和HPLC半制备柱分离方法,获得海参皂苷Holotoxin A1单体,纯度为90.76%[69]。
用60%的乙醇冷浸5次减压回收乙醇提取液得流浸膏。将流浸膏均匀分散在水中,上样于预处理的HP-20型的大孔树脂柱中,分别用水80%以及95%的乙醇溶液进行洗脱,收集80%乙醇洗脱部分减压回收得到粗总皂苷[58]。
中极性含有酯基AB-8、DM130用AB-8型大孔树脂柱色谱、常压硅胶柱色谱和SephadexLH-20凝胶柱色谱,面积归一化程度分别为99.6%和99.8%[61]。
通过比较AB-8、D-101、DM130三种树脂对海地瓜总皂苷纯化效果,三种树脂吸附率分别为46.8%、45.9%、50.7%[70]。
极性含有酰胺基、氰基、酚羟基S-8、HPD-500、ADS-7、NKA-9选用NKA-9型树脂对罗氏海盘车(Asterias rollestoni)进行富集纯化,优化工艺后将可将纯度从9.74%提升到75.44%[68]。
), ArticleFig(id=1320880521383625600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880511430542112, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

根据极性将大孔吸附树脂分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类组成型号纯化效果
非极性不带有任何功能
基团
D-101、HPD-100、HP-20、H103、X-5利用60%的乙醇提取皂苷,通过D-101大孔树脂初步分离,在70%的乙醇组分中获得粗皂苷,进一步通过硅胶柱、凝胶柱和HPLC半制备柱分离方法,获得海参皂苷Holotoxin A1单体,纯度为90.76%[69]。
用60%的乙醇冷浸5次减压回收乙醇提取液得流浸膏。将流浸膏均匀分散在水中,上样于预处理的HP-20型的大孔树脂柱中,分别用水80%以及95%的乙醇溶液进行洗脱,收集80%乙醇洗脱部分减压回收得到粗总皂苷[58]。
中极性含有酯基AB-8、DM130用AB-8型大孔树脂柱色谱、常压硅胶柱色谱和SephadexLH-20凝胶柱色谱,面积归一化程度分别为99.6%和99.8%[61]。
通过比较AB-8、D-101、DM130三种树脂对海地瓜总皂苷纯化效果,三种树脂吸附率分别为46.8%、45.9%、50.7%[70]。
极性含有酰胺基、氰基、酚羟基S-8、HPD-500、ADS-7、NKA-9选用NKA-9型树脂对罗氏海盘车(Asterias rollestoni)进行富集纯化,优化工艺后将可将纯度从9.74%提升到75.44%[68]。
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海洋动物皂苷提取和纯化方法研究进展
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李雨洋 1 , 米锐 2 , 于鹏能 1 , 冯蕊 1 , 吕东 1 , 郭上铭 1 , 徐玉萱 1 , 李莹 1, 3, * , 赵前程 1, 4
食品工业科技 | 前沿综述 2026,47(18): 568-579
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海洋动物皂苷提取和纯化方法研究进展
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李雨洋(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

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李雨洋(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

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李雨洋1 , 米锐2, 于鹏能1, 冯蕊1, 吕东1, 郭上铭1, 徐玉萱1, 李莹1, 3, * , 赵前程1, 4
作者信息
  • 1大连海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,辽宁大连 116023
  • 2辽宁省海洋水产科学研究院,辽宁大连 116023
  • 3大连市特色海洋功效成分开发与高值化利用重点实验室,辽宁大连 116023
  • 4辽宁省海洋健康食品工程研究中心,辽宁大连 116023
通讯作者:
李莹(1986−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:海洋功效成分构效关系研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李雨洋(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Research Progress on Extraction and Purification Methods of Marine Animal Saponins
Yuyang LI1 , Rui MI2, Pengneng YU1, Rui FENG1, Dong LÜ1, Shangming GUO1, Yuxuan XU1, Ying LI1, 3, * , Qiancheng ZHAO1, 4
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
  • 2Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian 116023, China
  • 3Dalian Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances Development and High Value Utilization, Dalian 116023, China
  • 4Liaoning Provincial Marine Healthy Food Engineering Research Centre, Dalian 116023, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080009
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皂苷是一种来源于高等植物和海洋动物的活性成分,具有抗炎、抗肿瘤和降低胆固醇等多种药用价值,也是天然的抗菌剂和表面活性剂,在食品、医药、化妆品和农业等领域具有极大的开发利用潜力。海洋动物皂苷主要存在于海参与海星中,均具有良好的生物活性,在开发利用方面具有广阔的前景。但由于海洋动物皂苷含量不高导致其产业化应用受限,因此,提高海洋动物皂苷的提取效率和纯度成为了现阶段的研究热点。本文对目前海洋动物皂苷的提取和纯化方法进行了分类与总结,有机溶剂提取结合色谱法纯化是实验室获取高纯度皂苷的主要方法,但在产业化应用上存在有机试剂残留、产量有限和成本高的问题。使用绿色安全的低共熔溶剂和超临界流体进行提取,超声、微波和酶解等方式进行辅助提取,纯化前进行富集是有效的改进方法。本文为海洋动物皂苷的制备提供参考,未来有望开发海洋动物皂苷类功能性食品,对海洋动物皂苷的利用和人类的健康起到积极推动作用。

海洋动物  /  皂苷  /  提取方法  /  纯化方法

Saponins are bioactive ingredients derived from higher plants and marine animals. The possess a range of medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and cholesterol-lowering effects. Furthermore, as natural antibacterial and surfactant agents, they exhibit significant potential for applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and agricultural industries. Marine animal saponins mainly exist in sea cucumbers and starfishes, which have good biological activity and have broad prospects for development and utilization. However, due to the low content of saponins in marine animals, their industrial application is limited. Therefore, enhancing the extraction efficiency and purity of marine animal saponins has become a major research focus. This article delineates and classifies contemporary methodologies for the extraction and purification of saponins from marine fauna. Although laboratory-scale isolation of high-purity saponins predominantly relies on organic solvent extraction coupled with chromatographic purification, the transposition of this paradigm to an industrial context is impeded by limitations pertaining to solvent toxicity, limited production capacity, and prohibitive costs. Emerging strategies to circumvent these drawbacks encompass the implementation of environmentally benign solvents, notably deep eutectic solvents and supercritical fluids, frequently augmented by physical (e.g., ultrasonic, microwave) or enzymatic treatments. The incorporation of a pre-enrichment step prior to final purification further constitutes a viable optimization tactic. This paper comprehensive analysis provides a foundational framework for the preparation of marine saponins and underscores their potential in the formulation of functional foods, thereby advocating for their enhanced utilization in promoting human health.

marine animal  /  saponins  /  extraction methods  /  purification methods
李雨洋, 米锐, 于鹏能, 冯蕊, 吕东, 郭上铭, 徐玉萱, 李莹, 赵前程. 海洋动物皂苷提取和纯化方法研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 568 -579 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080009
Yuyang LI, Rui MI, Pengneng YU, Rui FENG, Dong LÜ, Shangming GUO, Yuxuan XU, Ying LI, Qiancheng ZHAO. Research Progress on Extraction and Purification Methods of Marine Animal Saponins[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 568 -579 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080009
海洋养育了几十万种不同门类的生物种群,为人类提供了丰富的食物,还蕴藏着各种各样能够增进人体健康的生物活性物质,皂苷(Saponin)就是其中的一种。海洋动物皂苷主要是来源于海参和海星的次生代谢产物[1−3],其研究历程可追溯至1952年,从阿氏辐肛参的居维氏管中首次分离出海参皂苷。在结构上,皂苷是由苷元和糖链组成,海参皂苷为三萜皂苷,而海星皂苷大部分为甾体皂苷[4]。由于苷元在不同位置通过糖苷键连接了不同种类和数量的糖链,所以皂苷的结构复杂多样。目前,已知的海参皂苷种类超过700种,海参体壁、居维氏管及内脏中均富含三萜皂苷[2]。虽然并非所有海参种类均具备居维氏管,但该器官中的皂苷含量较高。当海参遭受天敌侵袭时,居维氏器官会从体腔中伸出,释放出含有皂苷的白色黏稠物质,以此作为防御机制[4]。
由于皂苷具有亲水性的糖链,同时具有亲脂性的三萜和固醇类结构[5],因此,在提取和纯化方面十分困难,这也是影响海洋动物皂苷制备、研究及相关产品开发利用的难点。据国家市场监督管理总局的统计,有3种含皂苷的产品获得保健食品注册,而据国家药品管理局统计,含皂苷类国药准字的药物达232种[6−7],均来源于植物皂苷,现阶段植物皂苷的生物活性和提取工艺优化方面的研究越来越多,但关于海洋动物皂苷提取和富集的研究相对较少,针对海洋动物皂苷提取和纯化方面的综合性分析评价较为匮乏。天然产物的纯化制备和结构鉴定是研究其功能活性、揭示构效关系的先决条件,因此本文综述了海洋动物皂苷的提取、分离纯化方法以及结构特征,并在皂苷的应用方面进行了展望,希望能够为海洋动物资源的开发利用提供参考。
海洋生物皂苷来源主要以海星和海参为代表,海绵和珊瑚等其他物种中也含有少量的皂苷[8−9]。皂苷分为非极性的苷元和极性的聚糖两个部分,经β-O-糖苷键链接成糖苷化合物[10],根据苷元结构的不同,可分为三萜类或甾体类。甾体皂苷一般不含羧基,呈中性,苷元由27个碳原子组成,而三萜皂苷常含有羧基,呈酸性,是由六个异戊二烯单元缩合形成的30碳骨架,展现出四环或五环三萜的空间架构。
甾体皂苷根据C25的构象和F环合状态分为螺旋甾烷醇类、异螺旋甾烷醇类、呋甾烷醇类和变形螺甾烷醇类,由环戊烷骈多氢菲甾体母核与螺缩酮形式的环连接。结构类型如图1所示。甾体皂苷具有亲脂性,可溶于水,具有表面活性与溶血作用。
甾体皂苷的代表是海星皂苷,海星通体都含有皂苷[12],根据化学结构不同分为硫酸酯甾类糖苷、多羟基甾类糖苷和环甾类糖苷等。糖链主要由鼠李糖、岩藻糖、喹诺糖、木糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、核糖组成。皂苷是海星的一种防御工具,具有溶血性和毒性,也具有抗癌、降血压、抗菌、抗肿瘤、消炎和调节发育等作用[13]。海星作为一种以牡蛎、鲍鱼等经济海洋动物为食的食肉动物,成为了阻碍海洋牧场发展的一大难题,为了将海星转害为利,有必要对海星皂苷进行深入研究。
三萜皂苷根据苷元分为四环三萜型皂苷和五环三萜型皂苷,结构类型见图2。四环三萜型皂苷分为羊毛甾烷型和达玛烷型,二者最大的区别是羊毛甾烷型C13连接作为甲基的C18,达玛烷型C13连接的取代基是氢原子,C18与C8相连。五环三萜皂苷分为齐墩果烷型、乌苏烷型、羽扇豆烷型,三者之间的区别是齐墩果烷型的C29连接两个甲基,乌苏烷型C29上连接一个甲基和一个氢原子,羽扇豆烷型皂苷有一个五元环,而齐墩果烷型和乌苏烷型都是六元环。
海参皂苷是三萜皂苷,约有700种,由苷元上取代基位置不同分成大部分的海参烷型皂苷和少部分的非海参烷型皂苷,分布于海参体壁以及内部的消化器官、生殖器官、防御器官中。前者特征性地含有18(20)-内酯环,而后者则包含18(16)-内酯环或完全缺少内酯环。海参烷型皂苷的苷元常在7(8)位或9(11)位并含有单一双键,有时也在上述两个位置同时拥有共轭双键,取代基则主要分布于12、16、17、20位,这些取代基主要包括羟基(-OH)、乙酰氧基(-OAC)和氧代基(=O)等。
海参皂苷的糖苷部分通常由2~6个单糖分子构成,其单糖是否携带硫酸基团以及硫酸基团的确切位置对海参皂苷的整体结构和生物功能具有显著影响。此外,海参皂苷侧链中双键的存在与否、双键的数量及其具体位置同样决定了其结构的多样性。苷元内羟基、环氧基、乙酰基的数量和种类,也深刻影响着海参皂苷的结构特性和功能表现,赋予了其结构的多样性。
海参皂苷母环侧链的构造、糖链上单糖的组成、连接次序、位置分布以及硫酸酯基的数量,共同构成了其种类繁多和化学结构复杂多变的基础。当糖链的首个单糖为木糖(Xyl),且其C-4位携带有硫酸基团时,能够促进红细胞内钾离子的外流,从而增强皂苷的溶血效应。相反,若硫酸基团位于糖链第三个单糖的C-4位,则会削弱其溶血活性[14]。另外,当末端单糖为3-O-甲基葡萄糖(3-O-MeGlc)时,能增强其溶血性,但若其C-4位发生硫酸酯化,则会降低溶血性[15]。单糖种类的差异亦对海参皂苷的抗肿瘤能力产生显著影响,糖链中的直链四糖结构、硫酸基团和乙酰基团的存在,对于皂苷的抗真菌活性至关重要。特别是当糖链上第二个单糖为喹诺糖时,可以显著提升海参皂苷的抗真菌活性。此外,糖链部分因水解程度的不同,其抗菌效价和抗菌谱也会略有差异,且必须保留木糖、喹诺糖、葡萄糖和3-O-甲基葡萄糖这四个基本单糖,才能维持其抗菌效价不受影响[16]。
海参皂苷主要来源于可食用的楯手目的海参科和刺参科[17−18],不同科属的海参皂苷硫酸基团取代情况,单糖组成及连接顺序均有差异。海参自古以来都被认为是滋补佳品,随着对海参活性成分研究的不断深入,发现海参煮液、海参肠和呼吸树皂苷含量比海参体壁含量高[19],对海参相关副产物皂苷的研究实现了对海洋经济物种的高值化利用。
皂苷的提取思路主要有两种,第一种是先用溶剂提取,可以通过其他手段辅助加快提取效率,第二种是先通过微波或酶解等方法增大皂苷分子与提取剂的接触面积,从而提高提取效率。皂苷提取方法可以分为化学溶剂提取法、物理辅助提取法和酶解辅助提取法等,具体提取流程如图3所示。
溶剂提取法是提取活性成分的传统方法,溶剂提取海参皂苷方式主要有索式提取、回流提取和冷浸提取法等[20]。提取的关键是选择目标皂苷溶解度最大的溶剂。海参皂苷极性大,在提取过程中通常选用极性较大的溶剂,如水和醇溶液,而乙醚、氯仿和苯等非极性溶剂则不适用[13]。鉴于海参含有较多磷脂类物质,醇提法成为常用的提取方法,它不仅能有效去除脂肪酸,增加皂苷类成分的提取量,还具有操作简便、成本低廉的优点。影响提取结果的因素主要有提取时间、提取温度和提取次数等,还需要注意提取所需的溶剂对皂苷产生的影响,溶剂是否有毒性以及后续分离的难易程度等。
水提法基于皂苷极性大、易溶于水的“相似相溶”原理,是一种操作简便的传统方法。然而,在海洋动物皂苷的提取中,其应用面临特定挑战。海参加工前常需沸水漂煮以灭酶,此过程会导致部分皂苷流失于废液中。研究表明,海参废液中的皂苷含量可观,有时甚至接近于原料本身[21−22],因此,以海参加工废液为原料回收皂苷,不仅能够变废为宝,也为水提法[23]提供了独特的应用场景,具有显著的经济和环保价值。尽管水提法本身成本低廉、安全性高,但其提取选择性较差,共提物多,后续分离纯化负担较重。
有机溶剂提取是获取海洋动物皂苷最直接、应用最广泛的方法之一,其中醇提法尤为普遍。由于皂苷具有两亲性结构,中等极性的醇类(如乙醇、甲醇)能有效溶解皂苷,同时减少磷脂等脂质杂质的共提取。研究表明,乙醇因其安全性高、成本低廉且提取效率良好,被视为提取海参皂苷与海星皂苷的首选溶剂[24]。提取率受多种因素调控,一般而言,在适宜范围内,提高乙醇浓度有助于提升皂苷得率。例如,从海参体壁、内脏乃至加工副产物(如废渣)中提取皂苷,乙醇浓度通常在60%至95%之间,但最优浓度因原料种类和组织结构差异而有所不同[15−16,25−26]。对于海星皂苷,通过响应面法等优化工艺,乙醇浓度、提取温度及料液比等参数被系统优化,可显著提升提取效率[26−27]。该方法的操作流程通常包括溶剂回流或冷浸、浓缩以及利用皂苷在不同极性溶剂中溶解度的差异进行初步纯化[15,24]。尽管有机溶剂法具有操作简便、易于放大等优点,但也存在明显局限性,如使用大量易燃、易挥发的有机溶剂存在安全风险,并会产生废液,引发环境负担。因此,后续工艺中溶剂的回收与废液处理是工业化应用中必须考虑的关键环节。
综上所述,水提取法和有机溶剂提取法是提取海洋动物皂苷相对传统和常见的方法,溶剂提取法操作简单但样品中其他成分也易溶于溶剂,因此,提取过程中必须连续,防止后续提取液保存不当引起溶液变质。甲醇等部分有机溶剂在加热过程中,操作不当容易产生有毒气体,提取过程中还会产生大量废液,在工厂进行大规模提取时,需要详细规划工艺流程,根据成本选择最合适的料液比进行提取,严格处理废水,制定工人操作规范。
低共熔溶剂是一种绿色试剂,目前,在植物皂苷提取方面应用广泛。低共熔溶剂是一定剂量比的氢键受体(Hydrogen bond acceptor,HBA)和氢键供体(Hydrogen bond donor,HBD)组合而成的混合物[28]。氯化胆碱是最常见的HBA[29−30],正丁醇、乳酸、尿素、葡萄糖分别是不同类型常见的HBD[31]。要制备适合的低共熔提取溶剂,首先需要确定DES体系的组成和配比,HBA:HBD比例可以为1:2或1:3对目标皂苷进行提取。其次是温度,它是对提取产生影响的第二大因素[32],随着温度升高,内部电子移动速度加快,溶剂导电率也越强,分子迁移率增加,从而导致溶剂密度降低[33],溶剂黏度降低,表面张力减小等[34]。为了提升低共熔溶剂的提取效率,需要其他手段进行辅助。与水相比,低共熔溶剂能够更好地吸收物理能量来提取活性物质,从而提高提取效率。除了通过微波、超声等技术手段进行辅助提取外[35],低共熔溶剂与酶的联合作用也越来越受到关注,赵楠杉等[36]研究发现,低共熔溶剂通过氢键影响酶的空间结构,进而影响酶的稳定性。氢键的形成与HBA、HBD的组成与种类有关,HBD如果更容易促进氢键产生,则酶的稳定性更强,HBD的比例越大,对酶稳定性的影响也越大[37]。
选用低共熔溶剂提取皂苷优点有很多,制备方法简单、溶剂可回收等优势便于工厂大规模提取,部分低共熔溶剂还能够增强活性成分的抗氧化性。皂苷作为一种应用于药品和保健食品的活性成分,对提取物的安全性有一定要求,低共熔溶剂相比于大部分溶剂提取更安全可靠,提取后还方便产品中重金属和毒素含量的检测。但是,低共熔溶剂的提取效率受溶剂温度、粘性等性质影响[38]。已有研究表明,低共熔溶剂已经应用于提取胶原蛋白、海藻多糖、虾青素和褐藻多酚等海洋活性成分[39],皂苷等小分子在低共熔溶剂中的流动性相对较差,在提取皂苷前期需要大量实验确定溶剂种类和比例。综上所述,低共熔溶剂虽然目前未广泛应用于提取海洋动物皂苷,但因其提取方面的优势仍具有研究价值,根据其在植物皂苷方面的应用可以发现,与酶或物理手段联用提取可以作为海洋动物皂苷提取的新思路。
物理辅助提取法是作为溶剂提取法的辅助提取方法,是通过物理方法增大提取对象与溶剂的接触面积或者破碎样品细胞,使溶剂更充分地提取皂苷,目前常用超声和微波辅助法提取海洋动物皂苷[40−41]。整体上看,海洋动物皂苷的辅助提取方法较为单一,但其他物理辅助手段并不是绝对不能应用于海洋动物皂苷的提取,可能因为难以控制合适的参数等问题无法普及,除超声和微波以外,在植物皂苷提取中采用的辅助提取方法有超高压提取和高压脉冲法等,详见表1。通过分析这些植物皂苷辅助提取方法的研究情况,可以为海洋动物皂苷的提取提供参考。另外,除了辅助提取方法外,超临界流体萃取法是运用临界状态流体代替传统溶剂进行提取的方法,从不同角度利用物理手段实现了对海洋动物皂苷的高效提取。
该方法需要的仪器为连续微波反应器,是一种作为优化提取实验的常用变量条件。原理是介质材料中的极性分子由原来的热运动状态转变成按照电磁场方向排列的交变电磁场,随着微波穿透物质内部,摩擦产生热量使物质中水分汽化,产生的压力对细胞壁和细胞膜具有破碎作用,使皂苷溶解在溶剂中,从而提高皂苷提取率,但是当微波功率过大时,可能会破坏皂苷结构,降低提取率。但要注意微波辅助温度升高对溶剂造成的影响,从整体上说,微波辅助溶剂提取能够显著提高海参和海星皂苷的提取速率,微波辅助提取的参数及结果详见表2。
超临界流体萃取(Supercritical Fluid,SF)是利用提取剂在临界点附近条件下的状态以及溶解能力发生改变后对物质进行提取。超临界CO2萃取是利用临界温度和压力下的CO2具有流动性、溶解性和扩散性等特点提取活性物质的新型萃取技术,提取过程中最重要的是调整CO2密度以达到目标物质的最大溶解度,适用于易破坏、复杂体系的萃取并且可以从不同的生物基质中选择性地提取皂苷。萃取完成后改变压力,CO2可变成气体状态并重复利用,提取过程中可能使用夹带剂,常用的极性夹带剂有乙醇、甲醇、水等。超临界流体萃取海洋动物皂苷提取的参数及结果详见表3。超临界流体萃取在海洋动物皂苷提取方面的应用不算广泛,但从目前的研究来看,超临界流体萃取是一种清洁高效的皂苷提取方法,有望在研究中广泛应用。
超临界CO2萃取皂苷需要制备萃取系统,首先使用空气压缩器将储蓄钢瓶中的CO2加压到超临界状态,输入到投放好物料和夹带剂的反应装置中,萃取使用热交换器和加压装置设定合适的萃取参数,超临界CO2与物料接触进行萃取,然后超临界CO2和萃取后的物料进入分离装置,通过调节压力和温度让皂苷析出,最后从过滤装置处得到皂苷。工艺流程图见图4。在超临界萃取的单因素实验中表明萃取温度、夹带剂用量、物料粒径[53]是显著的影响因素。萃取物极性越大,所需要的萃取压力也越大。并不是萃取温度越高、萃取物颗粒度越小和CO2流量越大,萃取效率就越好,主要根据CO2密度选择合适的温度,根据设备选择合适的颗粒度,CO2密度过小或流速过大容易导致溶解能力变弱,物料过小的颗粒度可能会引起仪器堵塞或萃取过程中产热等一系列影响。
超临界CO2萃取广泛用于提取活性成分、香精香料等,具有清洁、安全、绿色等优点,具体体现在超临界CO2作为溶剂,稳定不易爆炸,不需要大量能耗,萃取后产生的废液废气较少,CO2可重复利用,而且超临界流体提取可以与质谱或色谱联用进行分析,为后续研究提供方便。超临界流体萃取如果应用于工业规模化提取,企业需要在设备上进行一定的资金投入,设备材料的防腐问题也有待解决,以及建立合适的生产技术参数,进一步提升工艺成熟度。
生物酶辅助法以其高效、专一及反应条件温和等优点,在植物皂苷提取中应用广泛。该方法主要通过纤维素酶、果胶酶、蛋白酶等水解细胞壁或组织基质,促进胞内皂苷的释放,从而提高得率[54]。在海洋动物皂苷的制备中,酶法不仅用于提取,更展现出独特的价值——通过特异性修饰皂苷结构以改善其应用性能。例如,利用果胶酶、纤维素酶等选择性水解海参皂苷的糖苷键,可有效降低其溶血活性,这对于拓宽海洋皂苷在医药和功能食品领域的应用至关重要[55]。研究表明,酶解处理能显著提升皂苷的得率或含量。采用中性蛋白酶、动物蛋白酶等处理海参组织,已被证实可以有效破坏细胞结构,使原本被包裹的皂苷溶出,从而显著提高提取液中皂苷的浓度[56−57]。通过优化酶的种类、复合比例、pH、温度及时间等关键参数,可以实现对提取过程的精准调控。
尽管酶法前景广阔,其在海洋动物皂苷制备中的研究尚不充分。该技术在实际应用中仍面临一些挑战:首先,酶解过程常伴随蛋白质、多糖等杂质的溶出,增加了后续分离纯化的难度,且通常需要增加灭活步骤;其次,酶可能破坏皂苷的单糖部分,改变其溶解性、风味乃至生物活性;最后,酶制剂成本相对较高,且筛选与优化适用于特定皂苷的酶解条件需投入大量实验。未来研究可聚焦于开发新型专用酶制剂,并探索酶法与其他绿色提取技术联用的集成工艺,以建立经济高效的海洋动物皂苷制备路线。
提取的海洋动物粗皂苷还含有多糖和蛋白质等成分,这使得皂苷的纯化过程较为复杂,主要采用一系列层析技术,包括大孔树脂、硅胶、葡聚糖凝胶和高效液相色谱等方法,对皂苷类成分进行纯化,以获得高纯度的皂苷,进而对皂苷的结构进行鉴定,为其后续生物活性的分析提供基础。
色谱纯化法根据流动相的形态进行分类,可分为气相色谱(Gas chromatography,GC)、液相色谱和超临界流体色谱(Supercritical fluid chromatography,SFC)。按照分离原理,常用于皂苷纯化的色谱包括高效液相色谱、柱色谱和离心分配色谱,不同类型色谱在海洋源皂苷分离纯化的作用如表4所示。
高效液相色谱(HPLC)是皂苷分离纯化与分析鉴定的核心技术。其依据皂苷在固定相和流动相之间分配行为的差异实现分离,可通过调整流动相组成、柱温等参数,高效分离极性较强的皂苷组分。在实践中有分析型与制备型之分,前者主要用于定性定量分析,后者则用于高纯度单体的制备[53]。HPLC,尤其是与质谱(MS)等检测器联用时,能在微量样品条件下实现对复杂皂苷成分的快速分析与结构解析。然而,该方法对仪器设备要求高,流动相消耗大,且样品通常需进行复杂的前处理,因此更适用于实验室层面的精确分离与制备,在大规模工业化应用中成本效益较低。
柱色谱是分离纯化皂苷常用的方法,包括大孔树脂、正反向硅胶、葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱等[65−66]。为了提高分离速率,柱色谱还发展出了减压、低压和高压液相柱色谱。
大孔树脂分离法结合了吸附和分子筛两种作用,通过树脂的多孔结构和表面化学性质,对皂苷等活性物质实现分离。吸附树脂是一种球形带有孔洞的颗粒状的高分子吸附材料,由苯乙烯、二乙烯苯等为原料,加入甲苯等制孔剂进行交联反应制成,洗脱制孔剂后形成孔径,通过树脂极性来对成分进行筛选和吸附,孔径可以增大树脂球的比表面积,不同洗脱剂可以改变树脂球极性[67]。根据极性可将大孔树脂分为三类,详情见表5。分离皂苷多用不带极性基团的非极性大孔树脂,根据实际情况一般使用D101和HPD-100等型号。影响分离纯化结果的因素有很多,主要有洗脱剂的种类、体积、浓度和流速,样品的浓度、流速,树脂径高度、用量和孔径大小,整体的洗脱温度和pH等。研究表明,采用AB-8或NKA-9等型号树脂,结合后续精制步骤,可获得纯度显著提升的皂苷组分[23,62,68],极性树脂在海洋动物皂苷方面应用并不广泛,原因是极性树脂与海洋动物皂苷之间作用力过强容易造成洗脱困难。
大孔树脂使用前要先经过预处理,一般先用乙醇、甲醇洗去杂质,再用NaOH浸泡保护活性基团,再用酸浸泡至中性,每次浸泡后用去离子水清洗,最后烘干至恒重。树脂小球既不溶于酸碱,也不溶于各种有机溶剂,具有选择性好、吸附速度快、解析条件温和、使用周期长、节省费用等诸多优点,大孔吸附树脂也可以与色谱法等技术联用,得到的皂苷纯度较高,并且方便皂苷的进一步精细化分析。但目前大孔吸附树脂材料很多,没有统一的质量标准,原料不清洁容易导致分离过程中污染皂苷,影响分离吸附的因素太多,这让大孔树脂吸附分离只停留在实验室分析阶段[71],不方便工厂大规模进行分离。
硅胶色谱分离技术是依据吸附与洗脱机制,分为正相与反相两大类别。正相硅胶色谱常采用氯仿-甲醇-水体系(或二氯甲烷替代氯仿)作为洗脱剂,通过调整洗脱剂比例,依据物质极性差异实现分离。尽管正相分离对于极性差异较大的物质效果显著,但难以有效去除色素,且伴随较高的样品损耗与溶剂消耗[14]。相比之下,反相硅胶色谱则优先洗脱极性较大的成分,制备流程更为简便。在实际纯化流程中,常将正相与反相硅胶色谱联用,或与凝胶色谱(如Sephadex LH-20)串联,作为最终的精制步骤,从而获得高纯度的皂苷单体,纯度可达93%以上[57,72]。
凝胶色谱分离技术是一种基于分子筛原理,凭借葡聚糖凝胶的多孔网络架构,实现对混合物各组分的分子量依赖性分离的方法。此技术所采用的凝胶基质为惰性,不带电,吸附力微弱,操作环境温和,无需引入有机溶剂,从而有效保护了分离组分的物理化学特性。SephadexG系列与SephacrylS系列葡聚糖凝胶是此领域的常用材料。在处理海参皂苷粗提物时,先将其溶解于适量缓冲液中,随后选用甲醇-水或乙醇-水体系作为洗脱剂进行层析分离,一般作为皂苷精细分离纯化的最后一步,可获得纯度较高的皂苷。孟祥欣[73]以砂海星粉末为原料,先用乙醇提取皂苷,再用大孔吸附树脂精制,最后用Sephadex LH-20凝胶色谱柱进行分离纯化,用氯化钠溶液洗脱,分步收集组分,经过高效液相色谱检测纯度,得到两种皂苷单峰。
综上所述,随着色谱技术不断发展,对微量样品进行分离分析效果精确,为分离分析皂苷和其他活性成分提供了强有力的技术支持,但如此精密的分析也导致一些色谱法不适合工厂大批量分离纯化。海洋动物皂苷常用柱色谱进行分离纯化,具有分离效果好、上样量相对较大、操作简便等优点,一次洗脱后再选择不同材料的柱色谱和不同种类不同浓度的洗脱剂,多次洗脱后可以获得纯度较高的皂苷,但整个纯化过程耗费时间长,需要大量洗脱剂洗脱,多次装柱和上样也会造成样品损失,在下次换柱装柱之前,需要收集洗脱液通过其他色谱技术来监测分离纯化效果,这也造成了柱色谱分离纯化的成本和操作难度增加。
按照分离原理,分配色谱法也是比较常用的一类液相色谱方法,其两相都是液体,两相存在密度上的差别。流动相液滴连续不断地穿过固定相,溶质在此过程中不断在两相之间分配,从而实现混合物的分离[63]。其他色谱法的固体固定相在一定程度上会吸附皂苷,因此,分配色谱法的液体固定相分离纯化皂苷的回收率更高,同时双液体的色谱分离形式也适合于工厂大规模分离纯化。Bahrami等[62]将120 mg含有异丁醇的皂苷混合物以下降模式注入离心分配色谱中,将海参皂苷进行分离纯化,使用薄层色谱对皂苷进行定性分析,最后通过高分辨质谱仪对海参皂苷结构进行分析。分配色谱具有成本低、操作简便、分离时间短等优点,如果需要对皂苷结构进行进一步分析,可以与高效液相色谱、质谱等技术联用。
泡沫分离法主要通过发泡让皂苷形成持续性泡沫,通过皂苷起泡形成泡沫层,随着气泡上升,收集泡沫层后消泡,从而达到分离纯化的目的[74]。泡沫分离装置由泡沫分离柱、控温装置、供气系统、进料系统、出料系统和泡沫收集系统组成,整个过程原理简单,易于操作[75−76],不需要大量有机溶剂提取或洗脱,提取过程绿色安全,成本较低[77]。但目前无法规范化泡沫分离设备,工厂需要自行设计设备进行大规模泡沫分离。泡沫分离时提取浓度不宜过高,泡沫量达到饱和时分离效果会减弱。韩利文等[78]在专利中以海参内脏粉末为原料,先用乙醇对海参皂苷进行提取,再将乙醇减压蒸馏回收,得到海参皂苷浸膏,以空气作为发泡气体,在温度范围为40 ℃到60 ℃,鼓泡气体流速1~3 mL/min的条件下对海参皂苷进行泡沫分离,收集泡沫后喷入乙醇进行破沫,将得到的海参皂苷破沫液稀释后上样于大孔树脂柱,后续进一步分离纯化。通过泡沫分离的方法能够降低对海参皂苷活性的破坏以及海参内脏中多肽等其他物质对提取结果的影响,最终通过大孔树脂吸附后皂苷纯度达到85%。
沉淀法可以将三萜皂苷与其他成分分离,研究表明可以选择分段沉淀法和胆甾醇沉淀法将海参皂苷分离[19]。分段沉淀法是通过使用梯度溶剂逐步分离极性不同的皂苷,将海参粗皂苷溶于少量甲醇或乙醇中,逐滴加入乙醚、丙酮或乙醚-丙酮的混合物(1:1),边加边摇匀,通过逐渐降低溶剂的极性,从而达到分离的目的,这种方法操作简单,但是难以完全分离,运用于初步的分离纯化。胆甾醇沉淀法则是利用胆甾醇先与海参皂苷结合,再通过去除胆甾醇得到纯化的海参皂苷。甾体皂苷与甾醇形成的复合物比三萜皂苷更稳定,因此,胆甾醇沉淀法主要用于甾体皂苷的分离[79]。
目前,皂苷的研究主要集中在单体化合物的提取上,其生物活性和作用机制也得到了较为广泛的研究。然而,由于海洋动物皂苷含量较低,代谢途径复杂多样,导致其提取分离缺乏统一且高效的方法,难以满足工业化生产的需求。因此,建立海洋动物皂苷的制备方法成为了研究该领域的重要且基础性难题。在海洋动物皂苷提取方面,主要以乙醇为代表的有机溶剂提取为主流,虽然提取效果好,提取量大,易于操作,但使用传统的有机溶剂易产生废液和废气会对环境和人体造成伤害。溶剂提取法需要向绿色安全的方向发展,因此,亚临界水提取、低共熔溶剂提取、超临界流体萃取等方法中绿色无危害溶剂的使用越来越受到研究者关注。但这类溶剂仍需要解决提取流程复杂,提取成本高等问题,以便工业上大规模应用。可以通过微波结合酶解等生物方法,降低提取皂苷的成本和能源消耗。
在纯化方面,高效液相色谱法能够针对皂苷与异构体进行精准分离,是分离与制备效果最好的一种方法,但高效液相色谱法处理的样品饱和度和容量有限、成本和操作要求较高。相比于其他方法,大孔树脂分离法使用的树脂经过处理后可重复使用,操作过程简单,可以通过对树脂球引入特定基团,改善分离结果纯度不高等问题。泡沫分离法能够得到高富集比的皂苷,但对于一些表面活性弱的皂苷,富集效果差,并且难以把其他同样具有表面活性的物质分离。可以先使用泡沫分离法对皂苷进行富集,然后开发高通量和高性能的膜材料对皂苷进行除杂,用大孔树脂法进行初步分离,再用凝胶柱色谱等对皂苷进行更细致的纯化,最后用高效液相色谱进行分析与筛选。
绿色提取技术的开发和多方法联用有助于提高皂苷的产量和纯度,是未来研究者需要持续关注的方向,在提取和分离纯化结果上取得重大进展才能更好地研究皂苷单体与功效的相关性,使海洋动物皂苷能够在健康功效食品、医药等领域发挥更大的应用价值。
本文系统梳理了海洋动物皂苷的提取与纯化技术,并对其结构-活性关系进行了探讨。与陆生植物皂苷的研究相比,海洋动物皂苷因其来源生物的特殊性(如含量低、基质复杂、存在自溶酶等),其制备技术面临更多挑战。当前,以乙醇为代表的有机溶剂提取法因其技术成熟、得率稳定,仍是主流方法;而在纯化方面,基于大孔树脂、硅胶及凝胶色谱的多种柱色谱串联技术,被证明是获得高纯度皂苷单体的有效实验室路径。
尽管研究已取得显著进展,但本领域仍存在若干亟待解决的核心问题。在理论层面,海洋动物皂苷复杂的结构多样性与其提取效率、纯化行为及最终生物活性之间的构效关系尚未被充分揭示,这限制了对提取纯化工艺的理性设计。在技术层面,现有方法大多是对植物皂苷研究技术的借鉴与移植,缺乏针对海洋动物组织特性的原创性技术突破。例如,如何高效破除海星、海参等坚韧的体壁屏障,并避免皂苷在过程中的结构破坏,仍是技术难点。此外,大多数色谱纯化技术虽纯度高,但溶剂消耗大、周期长,难以满足规模化生产的需求。
基于以上分析,未来的研究可致力于推动如低共熔溶剂、亚临界水萃取、超临界流体萃取等绿色技术从实验室走向应用。重点探索这些方法与物理场(微波、超声)或生物酶解的协同效应,旨在开发高效、低能耗、环境友好的提取集成工艺;开发高通量、易再生的新型分离材料(如功能化大孔树脂、膜材料),并优化泡沫分离等前期富集步骤,构建“富集-粗纯-精制”的阶梯式纯化平台,以降低最终高效液相色谱纯化的负荷与成本。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080009
  • 接收时间:2025-08-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-10
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    1大连海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,辽宁大连 116023
    2辽宁省海洋水产科学研究院,辽宁大连 116023
    3大连市特色海洋功效成分开发与高值化利用重点实验室,辽宁大连 116023
    4辽宁省海洋健康食品工程研究中心,辽宁大连 116023

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李莹(1986−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:海洋功效成分构效关系研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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