Article(id=1320880569769119912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070394, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753977600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852068607, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852068607, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852068607, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852068607, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=202, endPage=210, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880569966252201, articleId=1320880569769119912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Enzymatic Preparation and Stability of Hypoglycemic Peptides from Hairtail Waste, columnId=1320880529025643003, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Process Innovation and Intelligent Manufacturing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, hairtail by-products were used as raw materials to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions for preparing α-glucosidase (α-GLU) inhibitory peptides using flavourzyme, through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were determined to be an enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 55 ℃, pH8.0, enzymatic hydrolysis time of 5.3 h, and enzyme addition of 9620 U/g. Under these conditions, the α-GLU inhibition rate of the inhibitory peptide from hairtail waste (IPHW) reached 64.8%±0.6%. Molecular weight analysis indicated that IPHW was mainly composed of oligopeptides with molecular weights below 1000 Da, accounting for 89.5%. In vitro stability tests showed that IPHW exhibited high stability under neutral or mildly alkaline pH, non-high-temperature, UV-shielded, and metal ion-free conditions (Na+, Mg2+, and Al3+). After simulated gastrointestinal digestion, IPHW retained more than 85% of its inhibitory activity, demonstrating good digestive stability. These results provide a novel approach for the high-value utilization of hairtail by-products and offer a theoretical basis for the development of natural, safe, and effective α-GLU inhibitory hypoglycemic peptides.

, authors=Wenzhu LI1, 2, Hongbin CHEN2, Ruibing ZHOU2, Qian ZOU2, Cheng LI3, Xiaomin ZHOU3, Yu LIU2, Zhongjie YU2, Di SUN2, Xiaojun YAN2, Qingbao MA1, 2, *, Wei JIANG2, *, authorsList=Wenzhu LI, Hongbin CHEN, Ruibing ZHOU, Qian ZOU, Cheng LI, Xiaomin ZHOU, Yu LIU, Zhongjie YU, Di SUN, Xiaojun YAN, Qingbao MA, Wei JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingbao MA, Wei JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880571455230134, articleId=1320880569769119912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=带鱼下脚料降血糖肽酶法制备及其稳定性研究, columnId=1320880529201803773, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺创新与智能制造, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以带鱼下脚料为原料,通过单因素和响应面试验优化了风味蛋白酶酶解制备α-葡萄糖苷酶(α-glucosidase,α-GLU)抑制肽的工艺条件,并对其稳定性进行了评价。结果表明:最佳酶解条件为酶解温度55 ℃,pH8.0,酶解时间5.3 h,酶添加量9620 U/g,在此条件下制备的带鱼活性肽(Inhibitory Peptide from Hairtail Waste,IPHW)的α-GLU抑制率为64.8%±0.6%。分子量结果表明IPHW主要由小于1000 Da的寡肽组成,占比为89.5%。体外稳定性研究表明,IPHW在中性或弱碱性、非高温、避紫外光、无Na+、Mg2+、Al3+等金属离子条件下具有较高的稳定性;模拟胃肠道消化后仍保留85%以上的抑制活性,显示出良好的消化稳定性。研究结果为带鱼下脚料的高值化利用提供了新途径,也为开发天然、安全、有效的α-GLU抑制肽类降血糖功能因子提供了理论依据。

, authors=李文珠1, 2, 陈鸿彬2, 周芮冰2, 邹骞2, 李澄3, 周小敏3, 刘宇2, 余中节2, 孙迪2, 严小军2, 马庆保1, 2, *, 姜维2, *, authorsList=李文珠, 陈鸿彬, 周芮冰, 邹骞, 李澄, 周小敏, 刘宇, 余中节, 孙迪, 严小军, 马庆保, 姜维, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马庆保, 姜维, authorNote=

李文珠(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:海洋活性肽研究与开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
马庆保(1991−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:海洋活性肽研究与开发,E-mail:。
姜维(1987−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ZO6VOimYqbTQH8w2b7zO/w==, magXml=xwevahP42fKpKgd39jzRfA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cTU598tSz7PkuUdZ2mnndg==, pdfFileSize=5693941, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=bf9CSjAw+6hTVFo1jL1v4Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=AMpRyG/J9d0DhmM5sbCm/g==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320880573552382145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880569769119912, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=liwenzhu@zjou.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320880573627879620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880569769119912, authorId=1320880573552382145, language=EN, stringName=Wenzhu LI, firstName=Wenzhu, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Fujian Province-Indonesia Marine Food Joint Research and Development Center (Fujian Polytechnic Normal University), Fuqing 350300, China
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Multiomics analysis revealed the mechanism of the anti-diabetic effect of Salecan[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2024, 327: 121694., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880582607884577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880569769119912, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHANG Ranran, LIU Jie, JI Fangfei, et al. Hypoglycemic effect of recrystallized resistant starch on high-fat diet- and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic mice via gut microbiota modulation[J]. 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注:不同字母代表有显著性差异(P<0.05),图2、图5、图6同。

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Protease screening parameters

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酶种类酶活
(U/g)
pH酶解温度
(℃)
酸性蛋白酶5.0×104350
碱性蛋白酶2.0×1051050
中性蛋白酶2.0×105750
风味蛋白酶3.0×104750
木瓜蛋白酶6.0×105750
菠萝蛋白酶1.2×106750
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蛋白酶筛选参数

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酶种类酶活
(U/g)
pH酶解温度
(℃)
酸性蛋白酶5.0×104350
碱性蛋白酶2.0×1051050
中性蛋白酶2.0×105750
风味蛋白酶3.0×104750
木瓜蛋白酶6.0×105750
菠萝蛋白酶1.2×106750
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Factors and levels of the Box-Behnken design

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水平因素
A:pHB:酶添加量(U/g)C:酶解时间(h)D:酶解温度(℃)
−178000450
089000555
1910000660
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Box-Behnken因素水平

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水平因素
A:pHB:酶添加量(U/g)C:酶解时间(h)D:酶解温度(℃)
−178000450
089000555
1910000660
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Box-Behnken design and results

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实验号A:pHB:酶添加量
(U/g)
C:酶解时间
(h)
D:酶解温度
(℃)
Y:α-GLU抑制
率(%)
18800055055.0425
29800055556.5679
38900045057.1517
48900055563.6926
57900045559.8746
69900056060.0417
77900056060.4985
88900066061.0511
981000045561.2899
107800055557.648
118900055563.0891
129900065560.2151
138900046060.4132
149900045559.5001
158900055564.3425
168800045557.7261
178900055562.7497
1871000055562.3886
1981000055061.1774
208800065557.9438
219900055058.3154
228900065059.761
237900055058.8524
248900055563.9789
258800056057.7823
2681000065563.6262
2781000056061.5286
287900065560.9568
2991000055562.1873
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Box-Behnken设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A:pHB:酶添加量
(U/g)
C:酶解时间
(h)
D:酶解温度
(℃)
Y:α-GLU抑制
率(%)
18800055055.0425
29800055556.5679
38900045057.1517
48900055563.6926
57900045559.8746
69900056060.0417
77900056060.4985
88900066061.0511
981000045561.2899
107800055557.648
118900055563.0891
129900065560.2151
138900046060.4132
149900045559.5001
158900055564.3425
168800045557.7261
178900055562.7497
1871000055562.3886
1981000055061.1774
208800065557.9438
219900055058.3154
228900065059.761
237900055058.8524
248900055563.9789
258800056057.7823
2681000065563.6262
2781000056061.5286
287900065560.9568
2991000055562.1873
), ArticleFig(id=1320880580758196510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880569769119912, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of variance for the regression model

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来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型159.901411.4258.64<0.0001**
A0.958410.95844.920.0436*
B72.46172.46371.99< 0.0001**
C4.8114.8124.700.0002**
D10.11110.1151.91< 0.0001**
AB0.193010.19300.99110.3364
AC0.033710.03370.17300.6837
AD0.001610.00160.00830.9288
BC1.1211.125.760.0309*
BD1.4311.437.320.0171*
CD0.971510.97154.990.0424*
A²21.03121.03107.99<0.0001**
B²27.74127.74142.42<0.0001**
C²14.46114.4674.22<0.0001**
D²39.88139.88204.75<0.0001**
残差2.73140.1948
失拟项1.04100.10370.24540.9674不显著
纯误差1.6940.4225
总离差162.6228
R20.9832
R2adj0.9665
), ArticleFig(id=1320880580837888287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880569769119912, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型159.901411.4258.64<0.0001**
A0.958410.95844.920.0436*
B72.46172.46371.99< 0.0001**
C4.8114.8124.700.0002**
D10.11110.1151.91< 0.0001**
AB0.193010.19300.99110.3364
AC0.033710.03370.17300.6837
AD0.001610.00160.00830.9288
BC1.1211.125.760.0309*
BD1.4311.437.320.0171*
CD0.971510.97154.990.0424*
A²21.03121.03107.99<0.0001**
B²27.74127.74142.42<0.0001**
C²14.46114.4674.22<0.0001**
D²39.88139.88204.75<0.0001**
残差2.73140.1948
失拟项1.04100.10370.24540.9674不显著
纯误差1.6940.4225
总离差162.6228
R20.9832
R2adj0.9665
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带鱼下脚料降血糖肽酶法制备及其稳定性研究
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李文珠 1, 2 , 陈鸿彬 2 , 周芮冰 2 , 邹骞 2 , 李澄 3 , 周小敏 3 , 刘宇 2 , 余中节 2 , 孙迪 2 , 严小军 2 , 马庆保 1, 2, * , 姜维 2, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺创新与智能制造 2026,47(18): 202-210
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食品工业科技 |工艺创新与智能制造 2026 , 47 (18) : 202 -210
带鱼下脚料降血糖肽酶法制备及其稳定性研究
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李文珠1, 2 , 陈鸿彬2, 周芮冰2, 邹骞2, 李澄3, 周小敏3, 刘宇2, 余中节2, 孙迪2, 严小军2, 马庆保1, 2, * , 姜维2, *
作者信息
  • 1福建省-印尼海洋食品联合研发中心(福建技术师范学院),福建福清 350300
  • 2浙江海洋大学国家海洋设施养殖工程技术研究中心(创新应用研究院),浙江舟山 316022
  • 3浙江兴业集团有限公司,浙江舟山 316022
通讯作者:
马庆保(1991−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:海洋活性肽研究与开发,E-mail:。
姜维(1987−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李文珠(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:海洋活性肽研究与开发,E-mail:

Enzymatic Preparation and Stability of Hypoglycemic Peptides from Hairtail Waste
Wenzhu LI1, 2 , Hongbin CHEN2, Ruibing ZHOU2, Qian ZOU2, Cheng LI3, Xiaomin ZHOU3, Yu LIU2, Zhongjie YU2, Di SUN2, Xiaojun YAN2, Qingbao MA1, 2, * , Wei JIANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Fujian Province-Indonesia Marine Food Joint Research and Development Center (Fujian Polytechnic Normal University), Fuqing 350300, China
  • 2National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture (Institute of Innovation and Application), Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
  • 3Zhejiang Xingye Group Co., Ltd., Zhoushan 316022, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070394
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本研究以带鱼下脚料为原料,通过单因素和响应面试验优化了风味蛋白酶酶解制备α-葡萄糖苷酶(α-glucosidase,α-GLU)抑制肽的工艺条件,并对其稳定性进行了评价。结果表明:最佳酶解条件为酶解温度55 ℃,pH8.0,酶解时间5.3 h,酶添加量9620 U/g,在此条件下制备的带鱼活性肽(Inhibitory Peptide from Hairtail Waste,IPHW)的α-GLU抑制率为64.8%±0.6%。分子量结果表明IPHW主要由小于1000 Da的寡肽组成,占比为89.5%。体外稳定性研究表明,IPHW在中性或弱碱性、非高温、避紫外光、无Na+、Mg2+、Al3+等金属离子条件下具有较高的稳定性;模拟胃肠道消化后仍保留85%以上的抑制活性,显示出良好的消化稳定性。研究结果为带鱼下脚料的高值化利用提供了新途径,也为开发天然、安全、有效的α-GLU抑制肽类降血糖功能因子提供了理论依据。

降血糖肽  /  带鱼下脚料  /  稳定性  /  α-葡萄糖苷酶  /  酶法制备

In this study, hairtail by-products were used as raw materials to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions for preparing α-glucosidase (α-GLU) inhibitory peptides using flavourzyme, through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were determined to be an enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 55 ℃, pH8.0, enzymatic hydrolysis time of 5.3 h, and enzyme addition of 9620 U/g. Under these conditions, the α-GLU inhibition rate of the inhibitory peptide from hairtail waste (IPHW) reached 64.8%±0.6%. Molecular weight analysis indicated that IPHW was mainly composed of oligopeptides with molecular weights below 1000 Da, accounting for 89.5%. In vitro stability tests showed that IPHW exhibited high stability under neutral or mildly alkaline pH, non-high-temperature, UV-shielded, and metal ion-free conditions (Na+, Mg2+, and Al3+). After simulated gastrointestinal digestion, IPHW retained more than 85% of its inhibitory activity, demonstrating good digestive stability. These results provide a novel approach for the high-value utilization of hairtail by-products and offer a theoretical basis for the development of natural, safe, and effective α-GLU inhibitory hypoglycemic peptides.

hypoglycemic peptide  /  hairtail waste  /  stability  /  α-glucosidase  /  enzymatic preparation
李文珠, 陈鸿彬, 周芮冰, 邹骞, 李澄, 周小敏, 刘宇, 余中节, 孙迪, 严小军, 马庆保, 姜维. 带鱼下脚料降血糖肽酶法制备及其稳定性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 202 -210 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070394
Wenzhu LI, Hongbin CHEN, Ruibing ZHOU, Qian ZOU, Cheng LI, Xiaomin ZHOU, Yu LIU, Zhongjie YU, Di SUN, Xiaojun YAN, Qingbao MA, Wei JIANG. Enzymatic Preparation and Stability of Hypoglycemic Peptides from Hairtail Waste[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 202 -210 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070394
糖尿病(Diabetes mellitus,DM)是一种代谢性疾病,临床上分为1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病(Diabetes mellitus type 2,T2DM)、妊娠糖尿病三大类[1−3]。其中T2DM占糖尿病总数的90%以上[3-4],其特征是胰岛素分泌不足、胰岛素抵抗和高血糖,并伴有血脂异常和长期炎症,严重影响人类健康和生活质量[5-6]。根据《国际糖尿病联合会(International diabetes federation,IDF)》的统计数据,预测2050年将有8.53亿人患糖尿病[7]。目前临床上常用的T2DM降血糖药物主要分为双胍类、磺脲类、降低胰岛素抵抗类、α-葡萄糖苷酶(α-glucosidase,α-GLU)抑制剂等[1,8-9],其中α-GLU是T2DM的重要治疗靶点,能水解葡萄糖苷键并释放单糖,因此抑制α-GLU的活性,能达到降低血糖的目的[10]。长期服用这类药物可能存在一定的安全隐患,如腹胀、腹泻和腹部疼痛等副作用[11],甚至会导致肝脏[12]和肾脏[13]的损伤。因此,开发出安全、有效、低副作用、易代谢的天然α-GLU抑制肽,已成为目前改善和治疗T2DM研究的热点问题。
目前,研究人员已在动植物源中发现了多种具有降血糖的天然物质,如皂苷[14]、多糖[15]、多酚[16]、活性多肽[17]、黄酮类[18]等。其中活性肽因制备简便、副作用小、来源广、易消化吸收等特点而备受关注[19]。目前已从鱼类[20]、虾类[21]等中获得了多种食源性降血糖多肽,其中通过抑制α-GLU来降低血糖的活性肽是其中一大类,这类α-GLU抑制肽分子量多集中于500~3000 Da之间,且活性中心多富含疏水性氨基酸(如亮氨酸、缬氨酸、丙氨酸、脯氨酸)。带鱼是我国沿海重要的经济鱼种[22],根据《2024年中国渔业统计年鉴》显示,2023年带鱼捕捞量为91.03万吨,占鱼类总捕捞量的9.51%[23]。带鱼主要被加工成鱼糜或罐头制品,而在加工过程中会产生占带鱼重量约40%~50%的鱼骨、鱼头、鱼内脏等下脚料[24-25],其中含有丰富的蛋白质资源,是制备生物活性多肽的优良原料[26-27]。目前,已利用带鱼或下脚料制备了抗菌肽[26]、抗氧化肽[28]、抗抑郁活性肽[27]等多种生物活性多肽,但关于利用带鱼下脚料制备降血糖肽的相关研究还未见报道。
本文以带鱼下脚料为原料,α-GLU抑制率为响应值,通过响应面法优化制备α-GLU抑制肽的制备工艺,并进一步分析制备肽粉的酸碱、光热、金属离子和模拟胃肠道消化环境下的稳定性。本研究旨在为带鱼下脚料的高值化利用提供途径,并为改善和治疗T2DM降血糖肽的开发提供理论依据。
带鱼下脚料包含其内脏、加工碎肉、鱼骨等 浙江兴业集团有限公司提供,于−80 ℃冻藏;抑肽酶(6511 Da)、α-GLU(773 Da)、细胞色素C(12355 Da)、杆菌肽(1422 Da)、乙氨酸-乙氨酸-酪氨酸-精氨酸(451 Da)、甘氨酸-甘氨酸-甘氨酸(189 Da)、胃蛋白酶(2.5×105 U/g) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;碱性蛋白酶(2×105 U/g)、菠萝蛋白酶(1.2×106 U/g)、酸性蛋白酶(5×104 U/g)、风味蛋白酶(3×104 U/g)、中性蛋白酶(2×105 U/g)、木瓜蛋白酶(6×105 U/g) 南宁东恒华道生物科技有限公司;十二水磷酸氢二钠、乙醇、氢氧化钠、乙腈(色谱级)、盐酸、二水磷酸二氢钠、三氟乙酸、甲醇(色谱级) 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;4-硝基苯基-α-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(pNPG) 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;其他化学品均为分析纯。
HH-1恒温水浴锅 常州国华电器有限公司;TGL-21M高速冷冻离心机 上海卢湘仪离心机仪器有限公司;SHZ-B恒温水浴振荡器 上海博迅医疗生物仪器股份有限公司; SHB-III循环水式多用真空泵、PHS-3C酸度计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;L550大容量离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;SCIENTZ-12N冷冻干燥机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;SpectraMax Gemini XPS多功能酶标仪 帝肯(上海)实验室设备有限公司;DS-1高速组织捣碎机 上海标本模型厂;Agilent LC1260 Ⅱ高效液相色谱仪 美国安捷伦科技有限公司。
带鱼下脚料绞肉机绞碎,与95%的乙醇按1:5(w:v)脱脂4 h后,抽滤并收集沉淀得到脱脂带鱼下脚料,待乙醇挥发后置于−20 ℃冰箱备用。取上述样品与去离子水按1:4(w/v)混合均匀,1 mol/L NaOH和1 mol/L HCl调节至蛋白酶最适pH,加入蛋白酶,于水浴振荡器中酶解。酶解一定时间后,将酶解液移至95 ℃水浴锅中,保持15 min灭酶,冷却至室温;4 ℃下9000 r/min离心15 min,收集上清液于−20 ℃储存,备用。
α-GLU抑制活性采用郑克炜[19]的方法测定,依次取0.5 mL样品溶液,2 mL PBS缓冲液(0.2 mol/L,pH6.8、Na2HPO4·12H2O和NaH2PO4·2H2O)和0.3 mL α-GLU溶液(0.2 U/mL)于离心管中混匀,37 ℃水浴孵化15 min;继续向离心管中迅速加入0.4 mL pNPG(1 mg/mL),37 ℃反应15 min后,立即加入0.8 mL Na2CO3溶液(1 mol/L)终止反应。取200 μL待测样品于96孔板中,酶标仪405 nm处测定吸光度,通过以下公式计算α-GLU的抑制活性。
$\rm \alpha \text{-}\mathrm{GLU抑制率}(\text{%}) =\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{1}-{\text{A}}_{2}}{{\text{A}}_{3}-{\text{A}}_{4}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1表示酶溶液+样品+缓冲液混合物吸光度;A2表示样品+缓冲液混合物吸光度;A3表示酶+缓冲液混合物吸光度;A4表示缓冲液吸光度。
以脱脂带鱼下脚料为底物,选用酸性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和菠萝蛋白酶,按照表1的酶解参数进行酶解,加酶量7×103 U/g,料液比1:4(w/v),酶解时间5 h。选择α-GLU抑制率作为响应指标,筛选最适蛋白酶。
以筛选的风味蛋白酶为酶种,α-GLU抑制率为响应指标,以酶添加量7×103 U/g、酶解时间5 h、酶解温度50 ℃、pH7为基本条件,依次考察酶添加量(4×103、5×103、6×103、7×103、8×103、9×103、1×104 U/g)、pH(4、5、6、7、8、9、10)、酶解温度(35、40、45、50、55、60、65 ℃)、酶解时间(2、3、4、5、6、7、8 h)4个因素的酶解液对α-GLU抑制率的影响。
响应面法优化带鱼降血糖肽最佳制备工艺,以α-GLU抑制率(Y)为响应值,基于单因素实验结果,选取pH(A)、酶添加量(B)、酶解时间(C)和酶解温度(D)为变量,利用Design-Expert 13软件,设计四因素三水平的Box-Behnken组合试验并进行工艺优化,因素编码见表2。在最佳条件下制备的带鱼下脚料酶解肽命名为IPHW(Inhibitory peptide from hairtail waste,IPHW)。
参考课题组已有方法[21],采用HPLC测定IPHW的分子量分布;IPHW溶于流动相(乙腈-水-三氟乙酸=40:60:0.05),经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后进样测定;色谱条件:色谱柱TSKgel G2000 SWXL(7.8 mm×300 mm),进样体积10 µL,流速0.5 mL/min,柱温30 ℃,紫外检测波长220 nm,运行时间30 min。以细胞色素C(12355 Da)、抑肽酶(6511 Da)、杆菌肽(1422 Da)、乙氨酸-乙氨酸-酪氨酸-精氨酸(451 Da)和甘氨酸-甘氨酸-甘氨酸(189 Da)为标准品构建标准曲线并分析IPHW组分分子量分布。
参考Hwang等[29]的方法,并稍加修改。配制80 mg/mL的IPHW溶液,分别取10 mL样品溶液,在−20、4、20、40、60、80、100 ℃下保温2 h后恢复至室温,测定各样品α-GLU抑制率,以室温静置、未经温度处理的同浓度IPHW溶液作为对照组。
参考Cai等[30]的方法,并稍加修改。配制80 mg/mL的IPHW溶液,分别取10 mL样品,调节pH为2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0、10.0、11.0,室温静置2 h后,再将pH调为8.0,测定各样品α-GLU抑制活性,以未经pH调节、室温静置相同时长的同浓度IPHW溶液作为对照组。
参考王子俊等[31]的方法,并稍加修改。配制80 mg/mL的IPHW溶液,分别取20 mL样品溶液,置于不同光照环境下30 min(紫外光、黑暗、日光灯),以自然光下的样品作对照组,测定各样品α-GLU抑制率,来评估IPHW的光照稳定性。
参考Cai等[30]的方法,并稍加修改。配制80 mg/mL的IPHW溶液,取20 mL样品溶液,分别添加等体积1 mg/mL的NaCl、MgCl2、AlCl3、KCl、CaCl2和ZnCl2溶液,25 ℃静置1 h后,测定不同金属离子处理对IPHW的α-GLU抑制率的影响,设置添加等体积去离子水的同浓度IPHW溶液为对照组,
参考文献[32-33]报道的方法并稍加修改。配制80 mg/mL的IPHW溶液,取100 mL调节pH至2.0,添加4.0%(w/v)的胃蛋白酶并在37 ℃水浴振荡器中振荡1.5 h,结束后将一部分样品95 ℃水浴加热15 min灭酶,为胃消化样品;另外一部分样品则调节pH至7.5,加入4.0%(w/v)的胰蛋白酶于37 ℃水浴振荡器中消化2 h,95 ℃水浴灭酶,为胃肠消化样品。分别测IPHW样品、胃消化样品、胃肠消化样品的α-GLU抑制率。
实验进行3次平行,结果表示为均值±标准差。Excel 2021对数据进行预处理,采用IBM SPSS 27进行数据分析,P<0.05表示有显著性差异,P<0.01表示有极显著差异。采用Design Expert 13软件进行Box-Behnken设计与结果分析。使用Origin 2024b软件作图。
多肽的活性与其氨基酸组成和序列相关[34],不同蛋白酶具有不同的酶切位点和特异性,蛋白水解液会随不同蛋白酶而表现出不同的生物活性,因此活性肽的制备过程中酶的选择至关重要[21]。6种商业蛋白酶制备的酶解液α-GLU抑制率如图1所示。结果表明,风味蛋白酶和酸性蛋白酶制备的酶解液具有最高的α-GLU抑制效果,抑制率分别为35.98%±1.43%和36.15%±1.55%,菠萝蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶的抑制效果最低,抑制率分别为1.25%±0.57%和2.05%±0.68%。风味蛋白酶具有内切与外切两种活性,内切活性能够切断蛋白内部的肽键,从而形成短链肽,外切活性则能够从多肽链的末端(N端或C端)释放一个疏水性氨基酸,从而进一步缩短了肽链[35]。因此,风味蛋白酶能够酶解释放更多种类的小分子肽段。研究表明,小分子肽段可能拥有更高的α-GLU抑制率,且小分子肽段更容易与α-GLU活性位点相结合[36]。同时,风味蛋白酶相较于酸性蛋白酶反应条件更温和、成本更低。因此选择风味蛋白酶为最适蛋白酶,并进行下一步实验。
酶添加量对α-GLU抑制率的影响如图2A所示。在加酶量4×103~10×103 U/g范围内,酶解液的α-GLU抑制率呈先上升后趋于平缓的趋势。当加酶量为9×103 U/g时,酶解液的α-GLU抑制率达到最高值,为45.82%±0.48%。此后,随着加酶量的进一步增加,酶解速率趋于饱和,酶与底物充分反应,酶解液的α-GLU抑制率提升幅度减小。同时,过高的蛋白酶浓度下,一些具有α-GLU抑制作用的有效肽段可能被进一步酶解为分子量更小的肽段或游离氨基酸,从而失去了α-GLU抑制活性,导致蛋白质过度水解活性下降[37-38]。
pH对α-GLU抑制率的影响如图2B所示。在pH为4~10的范围内,酶解液的α-GLU抑制率呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,并在pH为8时,酶解液的α-GLU抑制率最高,为44.22%±0.64%,当pH继续升高时,抑制率下降。pH是影响蛋白酶生物活性的重要原因之一,不同pH条件下蛋白质分子的电离状态不同。不适宜的pH可能破坏蛋白酶的特定空间结构,从而导致酶解效果下降[39]。同时,pH会影响α-GLU抑制肽在溶液当中的状态,不适宜的pH会导致其结构破坏,疏水部分暴露,甚至产生聚沉现象,从而影响酶解液的α-GLU抑制作用[40]。
图2C展示了酶解温度对带鱼下脚料酶解肽α-GLU抑制活性的影响。在35~65 ℃范围内,酶解液的α-GLU抑制率呈现先升后降趋势。在55 ℃时,抑制率达到峰值,为45.73%±0.41%。温度是影响蛋白酶活性的重要因素之一,较低温度下蛋白质和酶分子的动能不足,酶-底物复合物形成速率降低,导致生物活性肽产量偏低或活性较差;而温度过高则易引起不可逆变性,降低其催化活性,进而减少了具有α-GLU抑制作用的肽段的生成[34,38,41]。
酶解时间对α-GLU抑制率的影响如图2D所示。在2~8 h的范围内,酶解液α-GLU的抑制率呈现上升、平缓、下降的趋势并在5 h达到峰值,为41.68%±0.70%。适当延长酶解时间有利于酶与底物充分反应,生成更多具有α-GLU抑制活性的肽段;但酶解时间过长可能导致初期形成的活性肽段被破坏或进一步被酶解为氨基酸,α-GLU抑制肽段的占比下降,从而使酶解液中具有α-GLU抑制作用的有效肽段含量降低,导致整体抑制活性降低[42,43]。
基于单因素结果,在料液比1:4(w/v)条件下,选择pH(A)、酶添加量(B)、酶解时间(C)和酶解温度(D)作为实验自变量,α-GLU的抑制率为响应值(Y),进行后续响应面试验。采用Design Expert 13软件设计四因素三水平试验,实验设计与结果如表3所示。
对响应面试验数据进行回归拟合分析处理,得到二次多元回归方程:
Y=63.57−0.2826A+2.46B+0.6332C+0.9179D+0.2197AB − 0.0918AC + 0.0201AD + 0.5296BC −0.5972BD−0.4928CD−1.80A2−2.07B2−1.49C2−2.48D2
由表4方差分析结果可知,模型极显著(P<0.01),失拟项不显著(P>0.05),表明模型有较好的显著性且拟合度良好。决定系数R2为0.9832,表明98.32%的响应值变化可以通过模型预测,拟合程度较高,修正后的决定系数R2adj为0.9665,进一步表明了模型的可靠性与稳定性。此外,一次项B、C、D,二次项A2、B2、C2、D2均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);一次项A,二次项BC、BD、CD均达到显著差异(P<0.05)。综合比较各因素的F值大小,A、B、C、D对IPHW的α-GLU抑制率的影响程度为:酶添加量(B)>酶解温度(D)>酶解时间(C)>pH(A)。
各因素的交互作用对IPHW的α-GLU抑制率的影响如图3所示。响应面3D曲线坡度越陡峭,等高线形成椭圆,说明两因素之间的交互作用对α-GLU抑制率影响越显著[44-45]。酶添加量和pH(AB)、酶解时间和pH(AC)、酶解温度和pH(AD)的响应曲面呈现缓坡态,对响应值无显著影响(P>0.05)。相反,随着酶解时间和酶添加量(BC)、酶解温度和酶添加量(BD)和酶解温度和酶解时间(CD)的增加,α-GLU抑制率先上升后缓慢下降,表明BC、BD、CD的交互作用对响应值影响显著(P<0.05),上述结果与表4一致。
根据响应面结果,确定了风味蛋白酶酶解带鱼下脚料制备降血糖肽的最佳工艺参数为:加酶量9618.2 U/g,酶解温度55.4 ℃,酶解时间5.3 h,pH7.9,预测IPHW的α-GLU抑制率为64.5%。考虑实际操作,将工艺参数调整为:酶添加量9620 U/g,酶解温度55 ℃,酶解时间5.3 h,pH8.0,在此条件下进行3次平行试验,得到IPHW对α-GLU抑制率为64.8%±0.6%,与模型预测值接近,表明该模型可靠。综上,表明优化后的风味蛋白酶酶解带鱼下脚料制备降血糖肽的工艺条件可应用于实际生产。
根据样品组分分子体积大小的差别进行分离,以细胞色素C(12355 Da)、抑肽酶(6511 Da)、杆菌肽(1422 Da)、乙氨酸-乙氨酸-酪氨酸-精氨酸(451 Da)和甘氨酸-甘氨酸-甘氨酸(189 Da)为标准品构建标准曲线,计算IPHW的分子量分布。图4A表明IPHW的洗脱时间在13~28 min。经标准曲线线性方程计算,可知IPHW的分子量主要分布在1000 Da以下(图4B),表明风味蛋白酶的特异性酶解作用能显著将带鱼下脚料中的大分子蛋白质分解成更小的活性肽。Zhou等[46]和Wang等[47]的研究表明分子量小于1 kDa的小肽多具有更强的α-GLU抑制活性,因此本研究中由带鱼下脚料酶解制备的短肽具有成为α-GLU抑制肽的潜力。
温度对IPHW的α-GLU抑制率稳定性的影响如图5A所示。与对照组相比,在−20~60 ℃范围内,IPHW的α-GLU抑制率无显著性变化(P>0.05),活性相对稳定。80 ℃条件下,IPHW抑制率升高到70.35%±1.07%(P<0.01),Cai等[30]研究发现适当高温下部分无活性肽段会形成活性中间体,从而提高IPHW活性,使其α-GLU抑制率升高[48]。在100 ℃下IPHW的α-GLU抑制率相较于对照组下降9.86%(P<0.01),高温的条件下IPHW多肽疏水部分暴露,易发生热凝聚现象,从而降低其生物活性[49],但仍具有对照组89%以上的α-GLU抑制率。综上,热处理后IPHW仍具有良好的活性,表明制备的IPHW具有较好的热稳定性。
pH对IPHW的α-GLU抑制率稳定性的影响如图5B所示。pH在2~11范围内,IPHW的α-GLU抑制率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并在pH为8时,其抑制率最高,为64.39%±0.87%,与对照组无显著差异。酸性和强碱条件下IPHW的α-GLU抑制率均显著下降(P<0.05),酸性和强碱性条件下,多肽构象变化,表面电荷改变,导致多肽与α-GLU间的分子相互作用减弱,从而导致α-GLU抑制率出现显著下降[39]。综上,IPHW适宜贮藏在中性或弱碱性条件下。
光照对IPHW的α-GLU抑制率稳定性的影响如图5C所示。日光和黑暗环境下IPHW的α-GLU抑制率与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。紫外灯照射对其抑制率有显著影响(P<0.05),可能由于紫外环境下IPHW中部分活性肽发生光氧化,肽的结构发生改变[50],从而导致IPHW的α-GLU抑制率下降。综上,IPHW应保存在无紫外光的环境中。
Na+、Mg2+、Al3+、K+、Ca2+、Zn2+对IPHW的α-GLU抑制率的影响如图5D所示。结果表明,Na+、Mg2+、Al3+均显著(P<0.05)降低了IPHW的α-GLU抑制率,可能由于上述金属离子与肽链中的官能团作用,改变了其构象或电荷分布,从而削弱其与α-GLU的结合能力,影响IPHW的生物活性[51];K+、Ca2+均显著(P<0.05)提高IPHW的α-GLU抑制率,可能由于多肽与K+、Ca2+形成配合物,使其构象更有利于其与α-GLU的结合[52]。综上,在IPHW的保存过程中,应尽量避免与含Na+、Mg2+、Al3+等金属离子接触,以防其活性受损。
经模拟胃肠道消化后,IPHW的α-GLU抑制率和分子量分布变化如图6A所示。结果表明,IPHW经模拟胃消化后,α-GLU抑制率提升了2.08%(P<0.05),可能由于部分大分子肽段被水解成具有更高活性的肽段[53]。然而,经模拟胃肠消化后,IPHW的α-GLU抑制率显著下降至56.39%±1.02%(P<0.05),部分活性肽段在胰蛋白酶等消化酶的持续水解作用下失活。分子量分布结果显示(图6B),IPHW中分子量小于1000 Da的肽段比例在模拟胃液消化后升至93.69%,模拟胃肠消化后进一步升至95.80%。尽管小分子肽含量增加,但活性下降表明并非所有小肽都具备α-GLU抑制作用,部分关键肽段可能被过度水解而失活[54]。IPHW在模拟胃肠道消化后仍保留了85%以上的相对抑制活性,表明其具有良好的胃肠道消化稳定性,具备潜在的体内应用前景。
本文以带鱼下脚料为原料,采用单因素实验结合响应面优化法,优化了风味蛋白酶酶解带鱼下脚料制备降血糖肽的工艺条件,并对冻干肽粉的体外稳定性进行了评价。结果表明,风味蛋白酶为最适酶种,酶解温度55 ℃,pH8.0,酶解时间5.3 h,加酶量9620 U/g为最佳酶解工艺条件,IPHW的α-GLU抑制率为64.8%±0.6%。分子量分布结果表明,IPHW以低分子量肽段为主,其中相对分子质量小于1000 Da的寡肽占比达89.5%。稳定性分析表明,酸性或强碱性条件均会导致IPHW的α-GLU抑制率下降;在非高温、避紫外光且不含Na+、Mg2+、Al3+的环境中贮藏更有利于其活性保持。经胃肠道消化模拟后,IPHW仍保持85%以上的α-GLU抑制活性,表明其具有较好的胃肠道消化稳定性。研究结果为带鱼下脚料的高值化利用提供了新思路,同时为IPHW的稳定性研究及其在功能食品或医药等领域中的潜在应用奠定了理论基础。后续研究可进一步对IPHW进行纯化分离、蛋白质印迹分析及分子对接,筛选具有显著α-GLU抑制活性的肽序列,明确其构效关系与分子作用机制,并通过动物或细胞实验验证其安全性与功能活性。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070394
  • 接收时间:2025-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-01
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    1福建省-印尼海洋食品联合研发中心(福建技术师范学院),福建福清 350300
    2浙江海洋大学国家海洋设施养殖工程技术研究中心(创新应用研究院),浙江舟山 316022
    3浙江兴业集团有限公司,浙江舟山 316022

通讯作者:

马庆保(1991−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:海洋活性肽研究与开发,E-mail:。
姜维(1987−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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