Article(id=1320880437514322219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070391, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753977600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852037075, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852037075, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852037075, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852037075, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=557, endPage=567, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880437719843116, articleId=1320880437514322219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Advances in Phytochemicals for Urate-lowering: A Review, columnId=1320880307935494473, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Frontier Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by excessively high levels of uric acid in the body and is a contributing factor to the development of various chronic diseases. In recent years, the prevalence of hyperuricemia has been increasing annually, driving the need for safe and effective approaches to regulate uric acid metabolism. Although commonly used clinical urate-lowering drugs demonstrate significant efficacy, they are often limited by high costs and potential adverse effects. Substantial research indicates that natural bioactive compounds derived from plants can intervene in uric acid metabolism through multi-target and multi-pathway synergistic actions, offering the dual advantages of wide availability and a favorable safety profile. This review focuses on phytochemical from various sources, summarizing the dosage, efficacy, and mechanisms of flavonoids, phenolic acids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, and saponins in regulating uric acid metabolism. These active components primarily work by inhibiting the activity of key uric acid synthesis enzymes (XOD, ADA) to reduce uric acid production, and by regulating renal urate transport proteins (such as downregulating URAT1 and GLUT9, upregulating ABCG2 and OAT1) to promote uric acid excretion. Furthermore, certain components also possess multiple mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and gut microbiota-modulating effects, thereby synergistically exerting hypouricemic efficacy. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the development of phytochemicals and natural urate-lowering drugs.

, authors=Shu YE1, 2, Jiayi SUN1, 3, Yifeng ZHANG1, Weijia LI1, Li LI1, *, authorsList=Shu YE, Jiayi SUN, Yifeng ZHANG, Weijia LI, Li LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880439800217903, articleId=1320880437514322219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=降尿酸作用的植物活性成分研究进展, columnId=1320880308124238155, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=前沿综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

高尿酸血症是一种由体内尿酸水平过高引起的代谢疾病,也是诱发多种慢性病发展的因素。近年来高尿酸血症的患病率逐年上升,对安全有效的尿酸代谢调控需求增加,而临床常用的降尿酸药物虽疗效明显,但存在成本高且有不良反应等局限性。大量研究表明,植物天然活性成分能通过多靶点、多途径协同干预尿酸代谢,且具有来源广泛与安全性高的双重优势。本综述基于不同来源的植物活性成分,重点总结了黄酮类、酚酸类、多糖类、生物碱及皂苷类等活性成分调控尿酸代谢的剂量、功效和作用机制,这些活性成分主要通过抑制尿酸合成关键酶(XOD、ADA)活性以减少尿酸生成,并通过调节肾脏尿酸转运蛋白(如下调URAT1、GLUT9,上调ABCG2、OAT1)以促进尿酸排泄,部分成分还兼具抗炎、抗氧化及调节肠道菌群等多重作用机制,从而协同发挥降尿酸功效。本文以期为植物活性成分的开发和天然降尿酸药物的研发提供理论依据和参考。

, authors=叶舒1, 2, 孙嘉仪1, 3, 张逸锋1, 李伟佳1, 李莉1, *, authorsList=叶舒, 孙嘉仪, 张逸锋, 李伟佳, 李莉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李莉, authorNote=

叶舒(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物活性成分研究,E-mail:

孙嘉仪(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物活性成分研究,E-mail:

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李莉(1989−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物资源开发与利用,E-mail:。
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Establishment of common in vivo models of hyperuricemia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号药物实验动物给药方式参考文献
1氧嗪酸钾小鼠灌胃[19]
2氧嗪酸钾+次黄嘌呤小鼠腹腔注射[20]
3氧嗪酸钾+酵母小鼠灌胃[21]
4酵母小鼠灌胃[22]
5腺嘌呤+氧嗪酸钾小鼠灌胃[23]
6氧嗪酸钾+次黄嘌呤小鼠次黄嘌呤灌胃+氧嗪酸钾腹腔注射[24]
7腺嘌呤小鼠灌胃[25]
8腺嘌呤+乙胺丁醇大鼠腹腔注射[26]
9酵母+氧嗪酸钾大鼠酵母灌胃+氧嗪酸钾
腹腔注射
[27]
10氧嗪酸钾大鼠腹腔注射[28]
11次黄嘌呤+乙胺丁醇小鼠次黄嘌呤腹腔注射+乙胺丁醇灌胃[29]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880445995204959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880437514322219, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见高尿酸血症体内模型的建立

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号药物实验动物给药方式参考文献
1氧嗪酸钾小鼠灌胃[19]
2氧嗪酸钾+次黄嘌呤小鼠腹腔注射[20]
3氧嗪酸钾+酵母小鼠灌胃[21]
4酵母小鼠灌胃[22]
5腺嘌呤+氧嗪酸钾小鼠灌胃[23]
6氧嗪酸钾+次黄嘌呤小鼠次黄嘌呤灌胃+氧嗪酸钾腹腔注射[24]
7腺嘌呤小鼠灌胃[25]
8腺嘌呤+乙胺丁醇大鼠腹腔注射[26]
9酵母+氧嗪酸钾大鼠酵母灌胃+氧嗪酸钾
腹腔注射
[27]
10氧嗪酸钾大鼠腹腔注射[28]
11次黄嘌呤+乙胺丁醇小鼠次黄嘌呤腹腔注射+乙胺丁醇灌胃[29]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880446083285344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880437514322219, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental studies and mechanisms of flavonoids on hyperuricemia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源活性成分模型剂量机制参考文献
蔬果槲皮素SD小鼠100 mg/kg抑制XOD活性、增强ABCG2表达、抑制URAT1和GLUT9表达[34]
黄芩黄芩素KM小鼠200 mg/kg降低XOD活性;抑制GLUT9和URAT1表达;促进尿酸排泄[38]
洋葱、西兰花、薄荷木犀草素ICR小鼠10、30和90 mg/kg激活尿酸排泄和Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1抗氧化通路;抑制XOD活性[20]
芹菜芹菜素KM小鼠40、80 mg/kg促尿酸排泄;抑制URAT1和GLUT9表达[19]
欧芹山奈酚Wistar大鼠5 mg/kg抑制XOD活性[28]
茶叶儿茶素SD大鼠25、50、100 mg/kg抑制XOD活性和GLUT9的表达;促进OAT1的表达[24]
高良姜高良姜素大鼠100、200、400 mg/kg抑制XOD活性[27]
甘草根和叶甘草素KM小鼠10 mg/kg抑制XOD活性,下调OAT4和URAT1的蛋白表达[39]
牡丹花牡丹花总黄酮SD大鼠65、130、260 mg/kg抑制XOD、ADA活性;减少GLUT9表达量;提高SOD、T-AOC活性;促进OAT1表达[26]
高良姜高良姜总黄酮小鼠125、250、500 mg/kg抑制XOD活性[40]
葛根葛根异黄酮小鼠125、250、500 mg/kg抑制XOD活性和GLUT9表达[29]
杨梅杨梅素小鼠50、100 mg/kg抑制XOD活性[41]
桑叶桑皮黄酮SD大鼠1 mg/kg下调URAT1、上调OAT1促进尿酸排泄[25]
柑橘类水果橙皮素ICR小鼠5、10 mg/kg抑制XOD活性、下调 TLR4-NLRP3炎性小体和上调OAT1、OAT3、OCT1、OCT2蛋白的表达。[22]
土茯苓、黄芪异落新妇苷Balb/c 小鼠15、45 μg/kg抑制XOD活性和ROS水平,提高SOD活性[42]
槐米芦丁KM小鼠50、100 mg/kg下调URAT1、上调OAT1促进尿酸排泄[43]
荭草异荭草素ICR小鼠5、10 mg/kg抑制XOD活性和调节 TLR4-NLRP3炎性小体[44]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880446175560033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880437514322219, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

黄酮类化合物对高尿酸血症的实验研究及作用机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源活性成分模型剂量机制参考文献
蔬果槲皮素SD小鼠100 mg/kg抑制XOD活性、增强ABCG2表达、抑制URAT1和GLUT9表达[34]
黄芩黄芩素KM小鼠200 mg/kg降低XOD活性;抑制GLUT9和URAT1表达;促进尿酸排泄[38]
洋葱、西兰花、薄荷木犀草素ICR小鼠10、30和90 mg/kg激活尿酸排泄和Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1抗氧化通路;抑制XOD活性[20]
芹菜芹菜素KM小鼠40、80 mg/kg促尿酸排泄;抑制URAT1和GLUT9表达[19]
欧芹山奈酚Wistar大鼠5 mg/kg抑制XOD活性[28]
茶叶儿茶素SD大鼠25、50、100 mg/kg抑制XOD活性和GLUT9的表达;促进OAT1的表达[24]
高良姜高良姜素大鼠100、200、400 mg/kg抑制XOD活性[27]
甘草根和叶甘草素KM小鼠10 mg/kg抑制XOD活性,下调OAT4和URAT1的蛋白表达[39]
牡丹花牡丹花总黄酮SD大鼠65、130、260 mg/kg抑制XOD、ADA活性;减少GLUT9表达量;提高SOD、T-AOC活性;促进OAT1表达[26]
高良姜高良姜总黄酮小鼠125、250、500 mg/kg抑制XOD活性[40]
葛根葛根异黄酮小鼠125、250、500 mg/kg抑制XOD活性和GLUT9表达[29]
杨梅杨梅素小鼠50、100 mg/kg抑制XOD活性[41]
桑叶桑皮黄酮SD大鼠1 mg/kg下调URAT1、上调OAT1促进尿酸排泄[25]
柑橘类水果橙皮素ICR小鼠5、10 mg/kg抑制XOD活性、下调 TLR4-NLRP3炎性小体和上调OAT1、OAT3、OCT1、OCT2蛋白的表达。[22]
土茯苓、黄芪异落新妇苷Balb/c 小鼠15、45 μg/kg抑制XOD活性和ROS水平,提高SOD活性[42]
槐米芦丁KM小鼠50、100 mg/kg下调URAT1、上调OAT1促进尿酸排泄[43]
荭草异荭草素ICR小鼠5、10 mg/kg抑制XOD活性和调节 TLR4-NLRP3炎性小体[44]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880446259446114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880437514322219, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Experimental studies and mechanisms of phenolic acid compounds on hyperuricemia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源活性物质模型剂量机制参考文献
菊苣绿原酸迪法克鹌鹑50、150 mg/kgSUA水平降低,抑制XOD和ADA水平,促进UA排泄[9]
菊苣菊苣酸KM小鼠30、60 mg/kg抑制XOD水平,上调ALPK1,抑制URAT1,抑制尿酸重吸收[53]
绿茶原儿茶酸KM小鼠10 mg/kg抑制UA重吸收,下调URAT1的转运活性[39]
薏苡仁香草酸、阿魏酸SD大鼠166 mg/kg抑制XOD活性,降低SUA水平[56]
咖啡豆咖啡酸SD大鼠25、50、100 mg/kg下调URAT1和GLUT9 mRNA转录,上调OAT1、UAT和ABCG2 mRNA转录,抑制XOD活性[58]
紫苏迷迭香酸SD大鼠50、100 mg/kg降低XOD与ADA活性,下调GLUT9m RNA表达,降低SUA水平[59]
茶叶表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯KM小鼠50 mg/kg降低XOD和ADA水平,下调GLUT9和URAT1的mRNA表达[60]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880446351720803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880437514322219, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

酚酸类化合物对高尿酸血症的实验研究及作用机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源活性物质模型剂量机制参考文献
菊苣绿原酸迪法克鹌鹑50、150 mg/kgSUA水平降低,抑制XOD和ADA水平,促进UA排泄[9]
菊苣菊苣酸KM小鼠30、60 mg/kg抑制XOD水平,上调ALPK1,抑制URAT1,抑制尿酸重吸收[53]
绿茶原儿茶酸KM小鼠10 mg/kg抑制UA重吸收,下调URAT1的转运活性[39]
薏苡仁香草酸、阿魏酸SD大鼠166 mg/kg抑制XOD活性,降低SUA水平[56]
咖啡豆咖啡酸SD大鼠25、50、100 mg/kg下调URAT1和GLUT9 mRNA转录,上调OAT1、UAT和ABCG2 mRNA转录,抑制XOD活性[58]
紫苏迷迭香酸SD大鼠50、100 mg/kg降低XOD与ADA活性,下调GLUT9m RNA表达,降低SUA水平[59]
茶叶表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯KM小鼠50 mg/kg降低XOD和ADA水平,下调GLUT9和URAT1的mRNA表达[60]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880446532075876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880437514322219, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Experimental studies and mechanisms of alkaloids on hyperuricemia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源活性成分模型剂量作用机制参考文献
荷叶荷叶碱KM小鼠10、20、40 mg/kg上调ABCG2、OAT1、OCT1/2和OCTN1蛋白水平,下调URAT1和GLUT9[61]
黄连盐酸小檗碱KM小鼠50、100、200 mg/kg抑制URAT1表达,提高SOD含量[65]
甜菜甜菜碱KM小鼠5、10、20和40 mg/kg上调mOAT1和mABCG2表达,下调mURAT1和mGLUT9表达[68]
长叶桉长叶桉生物碱C57BL/6J小鼠200、400 mg/kg调节PRPS、ABCG2和OAT1的表达[70]
冬虫夏草虫草素KM小鼠15、30、60 mg/kg下调URAT1[71]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880446611767653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880437514322219, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

生物碱对高尿酸血症的实验研究及作用机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源活性成分模型剂量作用机制参考文献
荷叶荷叶碱KM小鼠10、20、40 mg/kg上调ABCG2、OAT1、OCT1/2和OCTN1蛋白水平,下调URAT1和GLUT9[61]
黄连盐酸小檗碱KM小鼠50、100、200 mg/kg抑制URAT1表达,提高SOD含量[65]
甜菜甜菜碱KM小鼠5、10、20和40 mg/kg上调mOAT1和mABCG2表达,下调mURAT1和mGLUT9表达[68]
长叶桉长叶桉生物碱C57BL/6J小鼠200、400 mg/kg调节PRPS、ABCG2和OAT1的表达[70]
冬虫夏草虫草素KM小鼠15、30、60 mg/kg下调URAT1[71]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880446976672102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880437514322219, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Experimental studies and mechanisms of polysaccharides on hyperuricemia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源活性物质模型剂量机制参考文献
金银花金银花多糖SD大鼠100、200、300 mg/kg抑制XOD活性,降低血尿酸水平,下调IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和COX-2炎症因子水平[76]
茯苓茯苓多糖大鼠0.5、1、2 g/kg上调rOAT1表达,下调rURAT1表达,增加UA排泄[78]
甘草甘草多糖SD大鼠150、300 mg/kg抑制XOD活性,阻碍尿酸合成,降低尿酸浓度[80]
玉米须玉米须多糖KM小鼠200、400 mg/kg降低尿酸水平[82]
桑枝桑枝多糖SD大鼠0.6、1.2 g/kg降低SUA、SCr、BUN水平,上调ABCG2蛋白表达,下调ColⅠ蛋白表达[81]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880448650199399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880437514322219, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

多糖类化合物对高尿酸血症的实验研究及作用机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源活性物质模型剂量机制参考文献
金银花金银花多糖SD大鼠100、200、300 mg/kg抑制XOD活性,降低血尿酸水平,下调IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和COX-2炎症因子水平[76]
茯苓茯苓多糖大鼠0.5、1、2 g/kg上调rOAT1表达,下调rURAT1表达,增加UA排泄[78]
甘草甘草多糖SD大鼠150、300 mg/kg抑制XOD活性,阻碍尿酸合成,降低尿酸浓度[80]
玉米须玉米须多糖KM小鼠200、400 mg/kg降低尿酸水平[82]
桑枝桑枝多糖SD大鼠0.6、1.2 g/kg降低SUA、SCr、BUN水平,上调ABCG2蛋白表达,下调ColⅠ蛋白表达[81]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880448729891176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880437514322219, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Experimental studies and mechanisms of other active ingredients on hyperuricemia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源活性成分模型剂量作用机制参考文献
人参人参皂苷BALB/c小鼠20 mg/kg上调AQP1-4的表达[85]
桑葚桑葚苷KM小鼠10、20、40 mg/kg下调GLUT9和URAT1表达,上调OAT1表达,促进UA排泄[86]
栀子栀子苷小鼠50、100 mg/kg下调URAT1和GLUT9,上调OAT1促进UA排泄[87]
芒果芒果苷KM小鼠50、100、200 mg/kg下调GLUT9和URAT1表达,上调OAT1表达[88]
姜黄根茎姜黄素KM小鼠20、40mg/kg抑制炎症因子IL-1β、IL-18水平;促进SOD, GSH-Px活性[84]
虎杖白藜芦醇C57BL/6J小鼠100 mg/kg抑制TLR4 和 NLRP3 信号通路,降低UA水平[89]
), ArticleFig(id=1320880448801194345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880437514322219, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

其他活性成分对高尿酸血症的实验研究和作用机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源活性成分模型剂量作用机制参考文献
人参人参皂苷BALB/c小鼠20 mg/kg上调AQP1-4的表达[85]
桑葚桑葚苷KM小鼠10、20、40 mg/kg下调GLUT9和URAT1表达,上调OAT1表达,促进UA排泄[86]
栀子栀子苷小鼠50、100 mg/kg下调URAT1和GLUT9,上调OAT1促进UA排泄[87]
芒果芒果苷KM小鼠50、100、200 mg/kg下调GLUT9和URAT1表达,上调OAT1表达[88]
姜黄根茎姜黄素KM小鼠20、40mg/kg抑制炎症因子IL-1β、IL-18水平;促进SOD, GSH-Px活性[84]
虎杖白藜芦醇C57BL/6J小鼠100 mg/kg抑制TLR4 和 NLRP3 信号通路,降低UA水平[89]
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降尿酸作用的植物活性成分研究进展
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叶舒 1, 2 , 孙嘉仪 1, 3 , 张逸锋 1 , 李伟佳 1 , 李莉 1, *
食品工业科技 | 前沿综述 2026,47(18): 557-567
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食品工业科技 |前沿综述 2026 , 47 (18) : 557 -567
降尿酸作用的植物活性成分研究进展
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叶舒1, 2 , 孙嘉仪1, 3 , 张逸锋1, 李伟佳1, 李莉1, *
作者信息
  • 1广东亿超生物科技有限公司,广东汕头 515000
  • 2华南理工大学食品科学与工程学院,广东广州 510641
  • 3华南农业大学食品学院,广东广州 510640
通讯作者:
李莉(1989−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物资源开发与利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

叶舒(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物活性成分研究,E-mail:

孙嘉仪(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物活性成分研究,E-mail:

Advances in Phytochemicals for Urate-lowering: A Review
Shu YE1, 2 , Jiayi SUN1, 3 , Yifeng ZHANG1, Weijia LI1, Li LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Guangdong Yichao Biological Co., Ltd., Shantou 515000, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
  • 3College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070391
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高尿酸血症是一种由体内尿酸水平过高引起的代谢疾病,也是诱发多种慢性病发展的因素。近年来高尿酸血症的患病率逐年上升,对安全有效的尿酸代谢调控需求增加,而临床常用的降尿酸药物虽疗效明显,但存在成本高且有不良反应等局限性。大量研究表明,植物天然活性成分能通过多靶点、多途径协同干预尿酸代谢,且具有来源广泛与安全性高的双重优势。本综述基于不同来源的植物活性成分,重点总结了黄酮类、酚酸类、多糖类、生物碱及皂苷类等活性成分调控尿酸代谢的剂量、功效和作用机制,这些活性成分主要通过抑制尿酸合成关键酶(XOD、ADA)活性以减少尿酸生成,并通过调节肾脏尿酸转运蛋白(如下调URAT1、GLUT9,上调ABCG2、OAT1)以促进尿酸排泄,部分成分还兼具抗炎、抗氧化及调节肠道菌群等多重作用机制,从而协同发挥降尿酸功效。本文以期为植物活性成分的开发和天然降尿酸药物的研发提供理论依据和参考。

高尿酸血症  /  天然植物活性成分  /  尿酸代谢  /  降尿酸机制

Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by excessively high levels of uric acid in the body and is a contributing factor to the development of various chronic diseases. In recent years, the prevalence of hyperuricemia has been increasing annually, driving the need for safe and effective approaches to regulate uric acid metabolism. Although commonly used clinical urate-lowering drugs demonstrate significant efficacy, they are often limited by high costs and potential adverse effects. Substantial research indicates that natural bioactive compounds derived from plants can intervene in uric acid metabolism through multi-target and multi-pathway synergistic actions, offering the dual advantages of wide availability and a favorable safety profile. This review focuses on phytochemical from various sources, summarizing the dosage, efficacy, and mechanisms of flavonoids, phenolic acids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, and saponins in regulating uric acid metabolism. These active components primarily work by inhibiting the activity of key uric acid synthesis enzymes (XOD, ADA) to reduce uric acid production, and by regulating renal urate transport proteins (such as downregulating URAT1 and GLUT9, upregulating ABCG2 and OAT1) to promote uric acid excretion. Furthermore, certain components also possess multiple mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and gut microbiota-modulating effects, thereby synergistically exerting hypouricemic efficacy. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the development of phytochemicals and natural urate-lowering drugs.

hyperuricemia  /  phytochemicals  /  uric acid metabolism  /  hypouricemic mechanisms
叶舒, 孙嘉仪, 张逸锋, 李伟佳, 李莉. 降尿酸作用的植物活性成分研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 557 -567 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070391
Shu YE, Jiayi SUN, Yifeng ZHANG, Weijia LI, Li LI. Advances in Phytochemicals for Urate-lowering: A Review[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 557 -567 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070391
高尿酸血症(Hyperuricemia,HUA)是一种由体内尿酸代谢失衡引起的代谢疾病,其特征为血清或血浆中的尿酸水平升高。当尿酸含量过高时,会导致尿酸钠晶体的形成,从而诱发炎症并引发痛风。研究显示,高尿酸还与许多慢性代谢疾病相关,如糖尿病、高血压、心血管疾病、肥胖等。近年来,由于人们饮食生活的不健康和不规律,HUA的患病率逐年上升。根据流行病学统计数据显示,中国高尿酸血症的患病率可达13.11%~13.3%[1]。HUA已成为继Ⅱ型糖尿病之后的第二大代谢疾病[2−3]。
尿酸的产生和代谢是一个复杂的过程,包括合成、排泄和调节三个环节。机体尿酸的来源分为内源性尿酸和外源性尿酸,内源性尿酸是机体通过嘌呤代谢途径自然合成的尿酸,占总尿酸80%~90%。外源性尿酸主要源于摄入富含嘌呤的食物,如红肉、海鲜、动物内脏和酒精等,占10%~20%。黄嘌呤氧化酶(Xanthine oxidase,XOD)和腺苷脱氨酶(Adenosine deaminase,ADA)是合成尿酸的关键酶。嘌呤核苷酸先经去磷酸化生成核苷,在ADA等酶作用下转化为次黄苷或鸟嘌呤,次黄嘌呤、鸟嘌呤在XOD催化下逐步氧化,最终生成尿酸[4]。生成的尿酸约70%会经过肾脏排泄,30%经肠道菌群分解后随粪便排出。肾脏尿酸转运系统在尿酸排泄途径中起到重要的作用。尿酸重吸收蛋白尿酸盐转运体1(Uric acid reabsorption protein urate transporter 1,URAT1)和葡萄糖转运体9(Glucose transporter 9,GLUT9)介导尿酸重吸收,而ATP结合盒亚家族G成员2(ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 Gene,ABCG2)和有机阴离子转运体1/3(Organic anion transporter 1/3,OAT1/3)促进排泄[4−5]。因此,当机体摄入过量的高嘌呤食物,或肾脏肠道功能紊乱诱发尿酸排泄受阻时,都会导致血液中尿酸水平升高。
临床上常用的降尿酸药物主要分为三类:尿酸合成抑制剂(如别嘌呤醇、非布司他)、尿酸排泄促进剂(如丙磺舒、苯溴马隆、雷西纳德)以及尿酸分解剂(如拉布立酶、普瑞凯希)。尿酸合成抑制剂和尿酸排泄促进剂虽在临床上疗效显著,但长期使用可能伴随系列严重不良反应。别嘌呤醇是首个经美国FDA批准用于治疗高尿酸血症的药物,其常见不良反应包括胃肠道不适及过敏反应。非布司他能够缓解别嘌呤醇引起的超敏反应,然而其心血管相关副作用风险较高。作为口服有效的URAT1抑制剂,雷西纳德于2015年获FDA批准用于高尿酸血症治疗,但长期毒理学研究表明,服用该药物可能引发明显的肝肾功能损害[6]。因此,当前新型降尿酸药物的研发集中于改善传统药物的安全性缺陷。Mao等[7]研究者通过噻唑环杂化对非布司他进行结构修饰,所得衍生物的半数致死量(LD50)提高至> 2000 mg/kg,但其长期毒性问题仍有待进一步研究。尿酸分解剂如普瑞凯希能够催化尿酸转化为可溶性尿囊素,从而有效降低血尿酸水平,主要用于难治性痛风或对其他药物耐药的高尿酸血症患者,但其临床应用仍面临诸多挑战,包括免疫原性较高、半衰期短需频繁给药以及治疗费用昂贵等[8]。总体而言,现有降尿酸药物在有效控制尿酸的同时,仍存在毒性风险较高、临床转化周期长等问题,这为研发来源于植物活成分的降尿酸药物和功能食品提供了潜在机遇。
植物如果蔬、花卉、树木、药草中含有丰富的生物活性物质,包括多酚、甾醇、黄酮类、萜类和多糖等,这些活性成分使其具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗癌、调节血糖血脂及改善机体免疫等功效。近年来,大量研究显示,植物活性成分还可通过抑制尿酸生成、促进尿酸排泄及调节相关转运蛋白表达等途径发挥降尿酸作用。菊苣提取物中的绿原酸可通过抑制XOD活性减少尿酸合成[9];栀子中的京尼平苷通过下调URAT1的表达抑制尿酸的重吸收[10];黑果枸杞中的花青素可通过抗氧化和抗炎作用改善尿酸代谢紊乱,缓解痛风性关节炎[11]。传统中药如土茯苓、泽泻、玉米须等也被广泛研究,其降尿酸机制涉及多靶点、多通路的协同调控,可缓解高尿酸血症引发的氧化应激和炎症反应,同时展现出比化学药物更优的安全性[12−14]。因此,天然植物活性成分因其安全性和多靶点调节优势,已成为调节尿酸代谢成分研发的热门方向。植物活性成分调节体内尿酸代谢的机制如图1所示。
本文系统综述了具有降尿酸作用的植物活性成分及其作用机制,重点探讨黄酮类、酚酸类、多糖类、生物碱类及皂苷类等活性成分的来源、使用剂量、功效及作用机理,以期为治疗高尿酸血症的天然药物研发和功能食品的开发提供理论参考。
现阶段HUA的体内模型构建主要采用化学诱导法,常用药物包括氧嗪酸钾、酵母、腺嘌呤、次黄嘌呤、乙胺丁醇及其组合。其中,氧嗪酸钾(单用或联用)是应用最广泛的诱导剂,其机制在于抑制尿酸氧化酶活性,阻断尿酸分解,从而显著升高血尿酸水平,模拟人类尿酸代谢障碍的病理状态[15−16]。次黄嘌呤作为尿酸的前体物质,可在体内经黄嘌呤氧化酶作用转化为尿酸,适用于生成过多型HUA的建模[17]。此外,乙胺丁醇等药物也可通过抑制肾脏尿酸排泄,进一步促进尿酸蓄积[18]。给药方式以灌胃和腹腔注射最为常见,部分模型采用组合给药方式,如灌胃结合腹腔注射,以提高模型稳定性、降低死亡率,并更好地模拟临床多因素致病的特点。表1列举了现阶段常见的HUA体内造模方法。现有研究常采用以下HUA动物模型,给予植物提取物或单体成分,探究不同组分在体内对尿酸代谢的调控作用,进而明确天然产物的降尿酸功效及潜在机制。
黄酮类化合物广泛存在于植物中,是植物中重要的次生代谢产物。基本结构为两个苯环与酚羟基通过中心三个碳原子相互连接,形成C6-C3-C6骨架。黄酮类化合物具有多种生物活性。大量的研究证明,这些化合物是治疗高尿酸血症和痛风性关节炎的潜在药物。黄酮类化合物发挥降尿酸作用的机制主要包括两个方面:一是作为竞争性抑制剂,与XOD作用位点结合,抑制XOD活性,降低尿酸合成;二是通过调节肾脏中尿酸转运蛋白URAT1和GLUT9促进尿酸的排泄[30]。
槲皮素是最常见的黄酮类化合物之一,广泛存在于多种植物的茎皮、花、叶中,在茶、洋葱、苹果等果蔬中含量较高。一项研究针对22名血浆尿酸水平处于基线以上的健康男性,测试了口服槲皮素对血浆尿酸水平的影响。结果显示:持续4周口服500 mg槲皮素可显著降低健康男性血浆尿酸浓度升高[31]。Yang等[32]用10 mg/kg/d的槲皮素治疗腺嘌呤诱导的慢性肾炎大鼠,21 d后,与未治疗组相比,槲皮素治疗可显著降低大鼠肌酐、血尿素氮和尿酸水平。槲皮素可通过抑制氧化应激,缓解肾脏炎症改善肾功能。分子对接结果证明,在范德华力和氢键的驱动下,槲皮素可与XOD的活性位点结合,从而抑制XOD催化的尿酸和超氧自由基的生成[33]。另外,研究证明,槲皮素可通过增强ABCG2的表达,抑制URAT1和GLUT9的表达,从而降低机体尿酸水平[34]。
木犀草素是天然的黄酮类化合物,存在于金银花、野菊花等多种药用植物中,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗癌、抗敏等作用。Yu等[20]通过氧嗪酸钾和次黄嘌呤腹腔注射ICR小鼠诱导高尿酸血症模型,分别给予灌胃10、30、90 mg/kg木犀草素。结果显示,木犀草素可抑制肝脏及血清中XO活力、减少尿酸生成,并上调尿酸分泌蛋白ABCG2,OAT3,OAT1的表达,促进尿酸排泄。
山奈酚又称为山奈黄酮醇,广泛存在于山柰、番红花等药用植物中。山奈素是山奈酚的4’-O-甲基衍生物。有研究员探究山奈素和山奈酚对高尿酸血症肾病小鼠肾损伤的保护作用。连续用山奈素(25、50 mg/kg)和山奈酚(50 mg/kg)治疗21 d后,HUA小鼠的肾小管损伤、肾脏炎症和肾组织细胞凋亡显著改善,其作用机制与抑制肝脏XOD活性和NLRP3炎症小体的活化相关[35]。Haidari等[28]用欧芹(5 g/kg)、槲皮素(5 mg/kg)、山奈酚(5 mg/kg)、别嘌呤醇(5 mg/kg)饲喂高尿酸血症大鼠。结果表明,欧芹及其黄酮醇显著抑制XOD活性,降低大鼠血清的尿酸水平。同时,欧芹、山奈酚和槲皮素处理也显著提高了高尿酸血症大鼠的总抗氧化能力,降低了机体丙二醛浓度。
花青素是自然界中天然存在的一类水溶性色素,在植物体内通常以糖苷形式存在,即花色苷。常见的花青素包括矢本菊色素、芍药色素、飞燕草色素、牵牛花色素等。一项研究中探究花青素的降尿酸功效及作用机制。以高酵母日粮为基础,给予氧酸钾和肌苷诱导高尿酸血症小鼠模型,同时灌胃补充花青素。饲喂3周后,结果显示,给予400、800 mg/kg花青素的小鼠血清和肝脏的尿酸水平分别下降了30.2%和37.9%。尿素氮、肌酐水平及XOD活性也显著降低。进一步研究其作用机制发现,与模型组相比,花青素上调了有机阳离子转运体(OCT1、OCT2)和有机肉碱转运体(OCTN1、OCTN2) mRNA表达水平[21]。Lü等[36]综述花青素发挥降尿酸作用的分子机制,主要通过以下三个方面:花青素可发挥抗氧化活性和抗炎活性,抑制核因子(NF-κB)从而降低尿酸水平。花青素通过抑制嘌呤代谢中的XOD和ADA的活性来抑制尿酸的合成;高尿酸血症引起肠道微生物群的变化,膳食花青素通过恢复肠道微生物的丰度、均匀性和多样性来帮助降低尿酸,促进尿酸的代谢。
大量研究表明,从植物或天然草药中提取的黄酮类化合物可显著降低尿酸水平。与其他单体活性成分相比,黄酮类化合物降尿酸的作用及机制已有较为充分的研究。在痛风性关节炎期间,黄酮类化合物通过调控氧化应激和相关炎症因子发挥抗炎作用,在无症状高尿酸血症和慢性痛风性关节炎阶段,黄酮类化合物抑制尿酸合成酶活性并调节尿酸转运蛋白表达,从而降低尿酸水平[37]。表2总结了植物性功能食品中黄酮类化合物生物活性成分的降尿酸作用和作用机制。
酚酸是一类含有酚羟基(-OH)和羧基(-COOH)的化合物,主要来源于植物和肠道微生物代谢产物,属于非黄酮类酚类化合物[45]。酚酸具有多种生物活性,包括降尿酸、抗炎、抗氧化和调节代谢等作用[46]。其降尿酸机制主要通过抑制XOD活性减少尿酸生成,并下调尿酸转运蛋白URAT1和GLUT9等,促进尿酸排泄[47]。
绿原酸是植物次生代谢物,通过奎宁酸和氢化肉桂酸部分的酯化形成,主要存在于忍冬科忍冬属(Lonicera)、菊科蒿属(Artemisia)等植物中,具有清除自由基、抗氧化、抗炎症等多种生理活性[48−50]。Meng等[51]研究发现菊苣酸能通过抑制XOD活性,显著降低高尿酸血症小鼠的血清尿酸水平。朱春胜等[9]诱导鹌鹑高尿酸血症模型,分别饲喂含有50 mg/kg和150mg/kg绿原酸混合物3周后,发现饲喂绿原酸能够抑制XOD、ADA酶活性,显著降低鹌鹑血清中的ADA和XOD含量,从而促进尿酸代谢,发挥降低血清尿酸水平的作用。
菊苣酸是咖啡酸类的衍生物,分布于一些药用植物的根、茎、叶、花及配子体中,具有抗炎、抗氧化、降尿酸和改善糖脂代谢紊乱等作用[52]。李晓雨等[53]研究发现,用30 mg/kg和60 mg/kg菊苣酸灌胃HUA模型小鼠,能够降低模型小鼠血清尿酸水平,同时改善小鼠的肾脏损伤,并通过上调ALPK1抑制小鼠相关尿酸重吸收蛋白URAT1的表达,抑制尿酸重吸收,促进尿酸排泄,改善高尿酸血症。朱春胜等[54]人的研究中发现菊苣酸能显著降低HUA模型鹌鹑的血清XOD和ADA水平,显著降低鹌鹑血清中的尿酸水平。
原儿茶酸是绿茶中发现的一种天然酚酸类物质,具有多种活性作用,包括抗氧化、抗炎、抗细胞凋亡、抗糖尿病和抗肿瘤活性[55]。王泽等[39]探究了不同成分对急性高尿酸血症小鼠血尿酸水平的影响,用黄嘌呤联合氧嗪酸钾诱导急性高尿酸血症小鼠,以10 mg/kg原儿茶酸灌胃,发现原儿茶酸能抑制URAT1表达,进而对体内尿酸重吸收发挥抑制作用。
香草酸和阿魏酸是从薏苡仁种子提取的酚酸成分,Zhao等[56]的研究中发现,氧嗪酸钾诱导的高尿酸血症大鼠模型中,以166 mg/kg香草酸和阿魏酸混合物饲喂大鼠,能显著降低大鼠血清尿酸水平。结合体外实验发现,阿魏酸表现出强效的XOD抑制活性,可通过竞争性抑制XOD活性减少尿酸生成,而香草酸的XOD抑制活性次于阿魏酸。研究表明阿魏酸和香草酸是薏苡仁发挥降尿酸作用的关键活性成分。
咖啡酸是一种天然的酚酸和儿茶酚衍生物,来源于植物的次级代谢途径,可从咖啡豆、橄榄油、卷心菜等多种植物进行分离[57]。Wan等[58]研究发现,采用25、50和100 mg/kg不同剂量咖啡酸灌胃急性诱导的高尿酸血症大鼠,结果表明,高剂量咖啡酸干预能够显著降低大鼠尿酸水平和血清肌酐水平,下调相关尿酸重吸收蛋白URAT1和GLUT9 mRNA的转录水平,上调相关尿酸排泄蛋白OAT1、UAT和ABCG2 mRNA的转录水平。结合体外实验发现,咖啡酸能与XOD竞争性结合,抑制XOD活性。以上研究说明,咖啡酸可以通过与XOD结合,抑制XOD的催化活性,同时调节肾尿酸转运蛋白mRNA转录,进而调控高尿酸血症大鼠尿酸代谢。
酚酸类物质作为植物中重要活性成分,主要通过两种机制发挥降尿酸作用,一是抑制XOD活性,减少尿酸生成;二是调节肾脏尿酸转运蛋白URAT1、GLUT9等的表达,促进尿酸排泄。多数酚酸类物质同时具有显著的抗氧化和抗炎活性,能够缓解高尿酸血症引起的氧化应激和炎症反应。表3总结了植物性功能食品中酚酸类化合物生物活性成分的降尿酸作用和作用机制。
生物碱是自然界中广泛存在的一类含氮碱性有机化合物。生物碱具有复杂的环状结构,按照化学结构可分为吡啶类、喹啉类、喹唑类等。大部分的生物碱具有显著的生物活性,如抗癌、抗炎、抗菌和抗氧化等。近年大量的研究证明,生物碱具有良好的降尿酸功效,可通过抑制XOD的活性和调控相关蛋白的表达,抑制尿酸的合成,促进尿酸的排泄,从而达到降尿酸的作用。
荷叶碱是荷叶的主要活性成分,也是《中国药典》中荷叶的质量控制成分。王明星[61]用氧嗪酸钾诱导高尿酸血症小鼠模型,1 h后分别给予10、20、40 mg/kg荷叶碱灌胃治疗。结果显示,荷叶碱可显著降低血清尿酸、肌酐、尿素氮水平,提高尿酸排泄分数,缓解肾脏组织炎症。进一步研究证明,荷叶碱可下调高尿酸血症小鼠肾脏URAT1和GLUT9,上调肾脏ABCG2和OAT1蛋白水平,以此促进肾脏尿酸排泄而降低血清尿酸水平。网络药理学研究及分子对接结果证明,荷叶生物碱类化合物治疗高尿酸血症的作用机制主要涉及GAPDH、STAT3、CASP3、PTGS2、XDH、MAPK1等靶基因,并通过AGE-RAGE、PD-1、TNF等信号通路调控蛋白发挥作用[62]。
盐酸小檗碱又称黄连素,是毛茛科黄连等植物中存在的活性成分。小檗碱在抗炎、抗氧化等方面具有显著作用。临床研究表明,用小檗碱治疗高尿酸血症及其并发症患者,可显著降低血清尿酸含量,有效率达83%[63]。小檗红碱是小檗碱的主要代谢产物之一。Lin等[64]研究发现,小檗红碱可有效显著降低血尿素氮、血清肌酐水平,抑制肝脏XOD活性,用药效果呈剂量依赖性。谭珊等[65]研究发现,小檗碱可通过抑制URAT1蛋白表达减轻高尿酸血症小鼠的尿酸,同时提高机体的抗氧化能力,缓解体内炎症。此外,研究显示小檗碱还可通过调节肠道菌群丰度进而恢复病理条件下菌群结构和数量的紊乱[66]。
甜菜碱广泛来源于各种动植物中,在甜菜中的含量尤为丰富。甜菜碱具有良好的生物活性。研究显示,机体血清的甜菜碱的水平与尿酸水平呈负相关[67]。刘杨柳等[68]发现甜菜碱以剂量依赖性方式显著降低高尿酸血症小鼠的血清尿酸水平,并增加尿酸的排泄。主要通过上调肾脏mOAT1和mABCG2表达水平、下调mURAT1和mGLUT9表达水平实现对机体尿酸水平的调控。甜菜碱对代谢综合征诱发的高尿酸血症及肾脏炎症也具有保护作用。Fan等[69]发现甜菜碱可通过抑制肾组织中的IL-1β、IL-18、IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α等炎性细胞因子的产生而发挥抗炎作用。
相比其他活性成分,目前有关生物碱降尿酸的研究还相对较少,同时也缺乏临床的实验支持。表4总结了植物性功能食品中生物碱活性成分的降尿酸作用和作用机制。
植物多糖是由多个单糖分子通过糖苷键连接而成的高分子聚合物,广泛存在于植物的根、茎、叶和果实等部位[72]。大量研究表明,多糖具有多种生物活性,包括免疫调节、抗氧化、抗肿瘤和抗炎等作用[73−74]。近年来研究发现,多糖类物质有显著的降尿酸功效,能够通过抗炎和抗氧化特性改善高尿酸血症引起的组织损伤。
金银花多糖是从忍冬科植物金银花中提取的水溶性多糖,具有抗炎、免疫调节和降尿酸等多种生物活性[75]。Yang等[76]研究发现,灌胃100、200、300 mg/kg金银花多糖能显著降低高尿酸血症大鼠的血清尿酸水平,其中高剂量组尿酸水平降低47.93%,并抑制体内XOD活性。并建立尿酸钠晶体诱导的痛风性关节炎模型,发现金银花多糖通过下调IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和COX-2等炎症因子水平,减轻关节肿胀和炎症反应。上述研究表明,金银花多糖既抑制XOD减少尿酸生成,同时通过抗炎和抗氧化效应缓解痛风性关节炎症状,通过双重机制发挥降尿酸作用。
茯苓是重要的药食同源菌物,具有利水渗湿、健脾和宁心安神等功效[77]。茯苓多糖是从茯苓中提取的一种活性多糖,有研究发现,灌胃0.5、1、2 g/kg茯苓多糖,且呈剂量依赖性显著降低慢性高尿酸血症大鼠的血尿酸水平,增加尿酸和肌酐排泄,缓解肾小管的病理变化。进一步研究发现,茯苓多糖可能是通过上调rOAT1的表达、下调rURAT1的表达,增加了尿酸的排泄,从而发挥调节尿酸血症作用[78]。
甘草多糖是从甘草中提取的一种酸性吡喃多糖,具有抗炎、抗病毒、免疫调节和抗氧化等生物活性[79]。郭敏[80]研究发现,在急性高尿酸血症大鼠模型中,分别灌胃150 mg/kg和300 mg/kg甘草多糖能够使大鼠血尿酸值显著降低,且呈剂量依赖性抑制血清和肝脏中的XOD活性,阻碍尿酸合成从而减少体内尿酸浓度,进而缓解高尿酸血症作用。
桑枝多糖是桑枝中的主要活性成分之一,具有抗氧化、抗炎、肾脏保护等多种生理活性。周丹等[81]分别给予0.6 g/kg和1.2 g/kg桑枝多糖干预肾损伤高尿酸血症大鼠35 d后,发现高剂量桑枝多糖能显著降低大鼠血清尿酸、肌酐和尿素氮水平,减少肾小管尿酸盐结晶沉积,并上调肾组织中ABCG2的表达,促进尿酸排泄。同时,桑枝多糖还能抑制Ⅰ型胶原蛋白的表达,减缓肾脏纤维化进程,从而发挥降尿酸和肾脏保护作用。
植物和真菌来源的多糖成分在调节尿酸代谢机制主要是通过直接抑制XOD酶活性,阻断尿酸合成途径和通过调控肾脏转运蛋白系统如上调ABCG2、OAT1,下调URAT1等,增强尿酸排泄功能。表5总结了植物性功能食品中多糖类化合物生物活性成分的降尿酸作用和作用机制。
除了上述的活性成分,其他成分如环烯醚萜类、二苯乙烯苷等也具有降尿酸的功效。研究人员用富含人参皂苷的人参提取物100、200、400 mg/kg饲喂高尿酸血症大鼠,研究结果显示:人参提取物降低血清尿酸和肌酐浓度,并提高尿酸排泄。人参提取物可降低血清和肝脏XOD活性,下调肾脏URAT1和GLUT9蛋白的表达。人参提取物降低了肾脏和血清中的炎症和IL-1β水平[83]。
姜黄素是从姜黄根茎提取的一类天然多酚,具有降血脂、抗氧化、抑菌、抗肿瘤和抗炎等多种功效。Chen等[84]探究姜黄素对高尿酸血症小鼠和肾脏炎症的影响。实验用小鼠建立高尿酸血症模型,口服20、40 mg/kg姜黄素治疗。14 d后,高尿酸血症小鼠的血清尿酸、肌酐和尿素氮水平显著降低。同时发现姜黄素具有显著的抗氧化活性,可有效促进机体抗氧化酶SOD、GSH-Px活性,进一步降低炎症因子IL-1β、IL-18水平。姜黄素通过抑制肾脏NLRP3炎性体的激活发挥降高尿酸血症和抗炎作用[36,84]。表6总结了其他活性成分治疗高尿酸的实验和作用机制。
HUA及痛风作为全球范围内日益严重的代谢性疾病,其发病率逐年上升,已成为仅次于糖尿病的第二大代谢相关性关节疾病。HUA的核心发病机制在于尿酸生成与排泄之间的失衡,调控尿酸代谢的通路主要有与尿酸合成相关的XOD,调控肾脏尿酸重吸收的蛋白URAT1和GLUT9与调控排泄的转运蛋白ABCG2和OAT1。在尿酸生成途径中,XOD是催化嘌呤代谢生成尿酸的关键限速酶,依次将次黄嘌呤转化为黄嘌呤,进而催化黄嘌呤生成尿酸。因此,抑制XOD活性可从源头上减少尿酸的合成。在尿酸排泄环节,肾脏尿酸重吸收主要依赖于肾小管上皮细胞中的尿酸转运蛋白URAT1和GLUT9。抑制URAT1与GLUT9的表达,可有效阻断尿酸的重吸收,从而促进尿酸从尿液排出。在促进尿酸分泌途径中,ABCG2和OAT1共同介导了尿酸从血液向肾小管管腔的主动分泌过程。上调分泌转运蛋白的表达与活性,可以增强尿酸的排泄效率。
目前临床常用的XOD抑制剂包括别嘌呤醇和非布司他,其通过靶向抑制XOD以降低尿酸水平的有效性已得到长期临床验证。苯溴马隆作为经典的URAT1/GLUT9双重抑制剂已广泛用于临床,近年来多个高选择性URAT1抑制剂,如Lesinurad、Verinurad、SHR-4640等,亦成为药物研发的热点方向。目前尚无针对ABCG2和OAT1靶点的临床化学药物。以上临床用于治疗HUA的药物,虽能快速降低血尿酸水平、疗程短、疗效明确,但其作用机制多为单一靶点干预,缺乏对尿酸代谢不同环节的系统调控能力。此外,长期使用易导致肝肾功能损伤、过敏反应、胃肠道不适等不良反应,限制了其临床应用。因此,植物来源的天然活性成分因在调控尿酸代谢方面展现出多靶点、多途径的协同作用优势,故而在近年来逐渐成为相关领域的研究热点。黄酮类成分如槲皮素、芹菜素可抑制XOD活性,并调节下调肾脏URAT1/GLUT9活性,促进尿酸排泄;多酚类如绿原酸、迷迭香酸既发挥抑制XOD活性,还能抑制ADA活性,减少尿酸生成;生物碱类如荷叶碱、甜菜碱在抑制XOD的同时,可调节肾脏及肠道URAT1的表达,并具有抗炎作用;多糖类如茯苓多糖、海带多糖则主要通过抑制XOD活性及上调ABCG2发挥降尿酸作用。这些天然活性成分不仅能够直接抑制尿酸生成关键酶XOD的活性,还能通过双向调节尿酸转运蛋白,如抑制URAT1/GLUT9的重吸收作用,促进ABCG2/OAT1的排泄功能,增强尿酸在肾脏和肠道的排泄效率。此外,部分成分还具有调节肠道菌群结构、促进尿酸分解、抑制炎症因子释放和减轻氧化应激等多重生理活性,从而在多个途径协同调控尿酸代谢平衡。天然植物活性成分以其来源广泛、作用多靶点、安全性高等特点,为HUA的防治提供了新的思路和策略,也为开发具有调控尿酸代谢功能的安全有效的新型功能性食品或植物源药物奠定了重要基础。
大量植物活性成分在调节尿酸代谢及治疗高尿酸血症方面具有显著潜力。然而,现有研究仍存在一定局限性,包括动物模型与人体尿酸代谢机制之间的差异,以及对植物粗提物的研究偏多、单体成分作用机制解析不足等问题。为进一步推动该领域的发展,未来研究建议聚焦于以下四个方面:a.目前研究主要集中于对XOD、URAT1、GLUT9等经典靶点的抑制作用。未来可拓展至肠道ABCG2转运体、NLRP3炎症小体等靶点,结合分子对接、基因编辑等方法,系统阐明活性成分与多靶点的相互作用机制。同时,需加强天然成分在肠道尿酸排泄途径中的调控机制研究,深入探究其通过调节肠道菌群结构影响尿酸代谢的分子通路,识别关键菌群代谢物并验证其功能靶点;b.应结合转录组学、代谢组学和蛋白质组学,分析天然活性成分干预下尿酸代谢相关的信号通路,关注肠道-肾脏轴、炎症-免疫网络等复杂调控体系,探究多成分、多靶点协同作用的内在机制;c.当前多数研究仍基于植物粗提物,需加强高活性单体化合物的分离、鉴定和构效关系分析。探讨其三维结构与降尿酸作用、抗氧化和抗炎等生理功能之间的关联;d.鉴于动物模型与人体尿酸代谢机制存在差异,应构建更具临床相关性的动物模型,同时进行临床试验,明确活性成分在人体内的药代动力学特征、有效剂量范围及长期用药安全性,为天然降尿酸成分的临床应用提供可靠依据。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070391
  • 接收时间:2025-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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    1广东亿超生物科技有限公司,广东汕头 515000
    2华南理工大学食品科学与工程学院,广东广州 510641
    3华南农业大学食品学院,广东广州 510640

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李莉(1989−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物资源开发与利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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