Article(id=1320166018496967005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070390, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753977600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681706308, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681706308, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681706308, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681706308, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=114, endPage=123, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166020082413918, articleId=1320166018496967005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Gallic Acid Modification on the Structure, Interfacial Behavior and Emulsification Properties of Coconut Protein, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To develop a novel protein-polyphenol-based emulsion stabilizer, coconut protein isolate (CPI) was used as the model protein to investigate the effects of covalent conjugation with varying concentration (0.3~0.9 mmol/L) of gallic acid (GA) on its structural characteristics, interfacial behavior, and emulsifying properties. The results demonstrated that GA grafting significantly altered the secondary structure of CPI, the shift in the characteristic peak was observed. Meanwhile, the GA grafting increased the absolute value of the Zeta potential, and reduced the intrinsic fluorescence intensity of CPI. Dissipation quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) and interfacial dilatational rheology results revealed that the GA-modified coconut protein (CPI-gallic acid conjugates, CPG) formed viscoelastic interfacial film at the oil-water interface, thereby enhancing the centrifugal stability of the emulsions. As GA concentration increased, the interfacial film formed by CPG became thicker, and the emulsions exhibited smaller and more uniformly distributed droplets with markedly improved stability. These findings provide both theoretical insights and practical guidance for the application of gallic acid in protein-polyphenol-based emulsion systems.

, authors=Qianqian ZHU, Yang LI, Wenxue CHEN, Haiming CHEN*, authorsList=Qianqian ZHU, Yang LI, Wenxue CHEN, Haiming CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haiming CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166022418641266, articleId=1320166018496967005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=没食子酸修饰对椰子蛋白结构、界面行为及乳化特性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为开发一种新型的蛋白质-多酚乳液稳定剂,本研究以椰子蛋白(Coconut protein isolate,CPI)为对象,探讨了不同含量(0.3~0.9 mmol/L)的没食子酸(Gallic acid,GA)与其发生共价接枝反应后,CPI的结构特性、界面行为及乳化性能的变化。结果表明,GA的接枝显著改变了CPI的二级结构,特征峰发生偏移,并提高了Zeta电位的绝对值,降低了内源荧光强度。耗散型石英晶体微天平(QCM-D)和界面膨胀流变学测试结果表明,GA接枝的椰子蛋白(Coconut protein isolate-gallic acid,CPG)在油-水界面形成了具有粘弹性的界面膜,有效增强了乳液的离心稳定性。随着GA添加量的增加,CPG在界面形成的膜层更厚,乳液液滴更小且分布更均匀,乳化稳定性显著提升。上述结果为没食子酸在蛋白质-多酚复合乳液体系中的应用提供了理论支持和实践参考。

, authors=朱乾乾, 黎阳, 陈文学, 陈海明*, authorsList=朱乾乾, 黎阳, 陈文学, 陈海明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈海明, authorNote=

朱乾乾(1994−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:食品界面化学,E-mail:

黎阳(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能性食品开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈海明(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品界面化学、功能性食品,E-mail:。
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Food Science, 2024, 45(23): 2335−2345.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320166039845974501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Y S, XIONG H S, XIE X A, et al. Molecular dynamics simulation of oil/water interfacial behavior in nanoemulsions stabilized by different emulsifiers[J]. Food Science, 2024, 45(23): 2335−2345., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320166039917277670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA J R, PAN C, CHEN H M, et al. Effects of protein concentration, ionic strength, and heat treatment on the interfacial and emulsifying properties of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) globulins[J]. 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Haikou: Hainan University, 2024.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320166040076661225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=50, rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA J R. Elucidation of emulsifying properties and thermally-induced aggregation regulation mechanism of coconut globulin based on structural and interfacial characteristics[D]. 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Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020, 41(4): 618−627., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320166023257502067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166023265890676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, companyId=1320166023257502067, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166023274279285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, companyId=1320166023257502067, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海南大学食品科学与工程学院,海南海口 570228)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320166029075001749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=3D (A) and 2D (B) molecular docking analysis between CPI and CG, figureFileSmall=VYMRWlrM/TyOnhoo3oxBtA==, figureFileBig=mm9edMBTKZsENALn2g6+UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166029137916310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=CN, label=图1, caption=CPI与CG的分子对接3D图(A)和2D图(B), figureFileSmall=VYMRWlrM/TyOnhoo3oxBtA==, figureFileBig=mm9edMBTKZsENALn2g6+UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166029347631511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Structural characteristics of CPI and CPF covalent complexes, figureFileSmall=aZb1vuWpjnjEAsdsXcmCMQ==, figureFileBig=7eV9l+Z3dZ8mbg9gdL3peg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166029410546072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=CN, label=图2, caption=CPI和CPG共价复合物的结构特征

注:(A)SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图;(B)游离巯基含量;(C)接枝度;(D)Zeta电位;(E)傅里叶变换红外光谱法;(F)荧光光谱;不同小写字母表示显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=aZb1vuWpjnjEAsdsXcmCMQ==, figureFileBig=7eV9l+Z3dZ8mbg9gdL3peg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166029477654937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=QCM-D results of CPI and CPG covalent complexes adsorption at oil-water interface, figureFileSmall=PRavg8N3kOzGyrlBhtR+SA==, figureFileBig=HnbbyN37LHbwX3pC3UForA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166029540569498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=CN, label=图3, caption=CPI和CPG共价复合物在油水界面吸附的QCM-D结果

注:(A)频率变化;(B)耗散变化;(C)界面层厚度;(D)质量变化;(E)吸附和解吸的耗散-频率变化曲线。

, figureFileSmall=PRavg8N3kOzGyrlBhtR+SA==, figureFileBig=HnbbyN37LHbwX3pC3UForA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166029620261275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Adsorption kinetic of CPI and CPG covalent complexes at oil-water interface, figureFileSmall=gGWvSUBPf6QpS8VBlq7pWQ==, figureFileBig=HQMDGc++9310chfWeHLZ7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166029687370140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=CN, label=图4, caption=CPI和CPG共价复合物在油水界面的吸附动力学

注:(A)动态界面张力随时间的变化;(B)界面压力与t1/2的依赖性关系;(C)ln[(π10800-πt)/(π10800-π0)]随时间变化的曲线。

, figureFileSmall=gGWvSUBPf6QpS8VBlq7pWQ==, figureFileBig=HQMDGc++9310chfWeHLZ7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166029762867613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Time sweep analysis of interfacial layer formed by CPI and CPG covalent complexes, figureFileSmall=g08fD8vhmomEYxt9JQf/Tw==, figureFileBig=ygMvPnieMmLkGIV+aS8Lmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166029821587870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=CN, label=图5, caption=CPI和CPG共价复合物形成界面层的时间扫描分析

注:(A)界面膜弹性模量随时间演变曲线;(B)界面粘弹性模量与界面压力的函数关系;(C)tanφ随吸附时间的演化。

, figureFileSmall=g08fD8vhmomEYxt9JQf/Tw==, figureFileBig=ygMvPnieMmLkGIV+aS8Lmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166029880308127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Amplitude and frequency sweep analysis of interfacial layer stabilized by CPI and CPG covalent complexes, figureFileSmall=ePP9PXLv9XMSj2yr8CHv2Q==, figureFileBig=Gc/SShLx7JbxMZZ4AAPUAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166029951611296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=CN, label=图6, caption=CPI和CPG共价复合物稳定界面层的振幅和频率扫描分析

注:(A)和(B)分别为粘弹性模量和tanφ随振幅变化曲线;(C)和(D)分别为粘弹性模量和tanφ随频率演化的曲线。

, figureFileSmall=ePP9PXLv9XMSj2yr8CHv2Q==, figureFileBig=Gc/SShLx7JbxMZZ4AAPUAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166030014525857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Lissajous plot of CPI and CPG covalent complexes at different deformation, figureFileSmall=F2ephr3Qcw/wI+IULzE8Zg==, figureFileBig=eNB4fKW9ATNAA/A3cXbuHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166030073246114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同振幅形变条件下CPI和CPG共价复合物的利萨茹图, figureFileSmall=F2ephr3Qcw/wI+IULzE8Zg==, figureFileBig=eNB4fKW9ATNAA/A3cXbuHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166030169715107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Microstructure of the emulsion stabilized by the CPI and CPG covalent complex (10×), figureFileSmall=PkqxpDpuaqDoFP5oG7sUCg==, figureFileBig=Rg7lCkaEzKi7N6nNsIbLUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166030224241060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=CN, label=图8, caption=CPI和CPG共价复合物稳定乳液的微观结构(10×), figureFileSmall=PkqxpDpuaqDoFP5oG7sUCg==, figureFileBig=Rg7lCkaEzKi7N6nNsIbLUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166030303932837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Physical stability of emulsions stabilized by CPI and CPG covalent complexes, figureFileSmall=gXr1gncpQbQLg8l/vazamA==, figureFileBig=NAZaDHhccYoiJCmSRkQidw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166030379430310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=CN, label=图9, caption=CPI和CPG共价复合物形成乳液的物理稳定性

注:(A)透射曲线演变;(B)CPI和CPG复合物乳液图片;(C)乳液的不稳定指数;不同小写字母表示显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=gXr1gncpQbQLg8l/vazamA==, figureFileBig=NAZaDHhccYoiJCmSRkQidw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166030450733479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166018496967005, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Characteristic dynamic parameters of interfacial adsorption for CPI and CPG covalent complexes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Kdiff(mN/m/s1/2)Kp(×104)Kr(×104)
CPI0.076±0.001d−1.885±0.004b−12.200±0.251c
CPG30.198±0.005b−2.076±0.010c−9.208±0.335b
CPG60.183±0.004c−1.563±0.009a−12.100±0.420c
CPG90.242±0.005a−2.966±0.008d−5.604±0.582a
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CPI和CPG共价复合物界面吸附的动力学参数

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CPI0.076±0.001d−1.885±0.004b−12.200±0.251c
CPG30.198±0.005b−2.076±0.010c−9.208±0.335b
CPG60.183±0.004c−1.563±0.009a−12.100±0.420c
CPG90.242±0.005a−2.966±0.008d−5.604±0.582a
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没食子酸修饰对椰子蛋白结构、界面行为及乳化特性的影响
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朱乾乾 , 黎阳 , 陈文学 , 陈海明 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(14): 114-123
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (14) : 114 -123
没食子酸修饰对椰子蛋白结构、界面行为及乳化特性的影响
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朱乾乾 , 黎阳 , 陈文学, 陈海明*
作者信息
  • 海南大学食品科学与工程学院,海南海口 570228
通讯作者:
陈海明(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品界面化学、功能性食品,E-mail:。
作者简介:

朱乾乾(1994−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:食品界面化学,E-mail:

黎阳(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能性食品开发,E-mail:

Effects of Gallic Acid Modification on the Structure, Interfacial Behavior and Emulsification Properties of Coconut Protein
Qianqian ZHU , Yang LI , Wenxue CHEN, Haiming CHEN*
Affiliations
  • School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070390
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为开发一种新型的蛋白质-多酚乳液稳定剂,本研究以椰子蛋白(Coconut protein isolate,CPI)为对象,探讨了不同含量(0.3~0.9 mmol/L)的没食子酸(Gallic acid,GA)与其发生共价接枝反应后,CPI的结构特性、界面行为及乳化性能的变化。结果表明,GA的接枝显著改变了CPI的二级结构,特征峰发生偏移,并提高了Zeta电位的绝对值,降低了内源荧光强度。耗散型石英晶体微天平(QCM-D)和界面膨胀流变学测试结果表明,GA接枝的椰子蛋白(Coconut protein isolate-gallic acid,CPG)在油-水界面形成了具有粘弹性的界面膜,有效增强了乳液的离心稳定性。随着GA添加量的增加,CPG在界面形成的膜层更厚,乳液液滴更小且分布更均匀,乳化稳定性显著提升。上述结果为没食子酸在蛋白质-多酚复合乳液体系中的应用提供了理论支持和实践参考。

椰子蛋白  /  没食子酸  /  结构  /  吸附动力学  /  乳化稳定性

To develop a novel protein-polyphenol-based emulsion stabilizer, coconut protein isolate (CPI) was used as the model protein to investigate the effects of covalent conjugation with varying concentration (0.3~0.9 mmol/L) of gallic acid (GA) on its structural characteristics, interfacial behavior, and emulsifying properties. The results demonstrated that GA grafting significantly altered the secondary structure of CPI, the shift in the characteristic peak was observed. Meanwhile, the GA grafting increased the absolute value of the Zeta potential, and reduced the intrinsic fluorescence intensity of CPI. Dissipation quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) and interfacial dilatational rheology results revealed that the GA-modified coconut protein (CPI-gallic acid conjugates, CPG) formed viscoelastic interfacial film at the oil-water interface, thereby enhancing the centrifugal stability of the emulsions. As GA concentration increased, the interfacial film formed by CPG became thicker, and the emulsions exhibited smaller and more uniformly distributed droplets with markedly improved stability. These findings provide both theoretical insights and practical guidance for the application of gallic acid in protein-polyphenol-based emulsion systems.

coconut protein  /  gallic acid  /  structure  /  adsorption kinetics  /  emulsification stability
朱乾乾, 黎阳, 陈文学, 陈海明. 没食子酸修饰对椰子蛋白结构、界面行为及乳化特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 114 -123 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070390
Qianqian ZHU, Yang LI, Wenxue CHEN, Haiming CHEN. Effects of Gallic Acid Modification on the Structure, Interfacial Behavior and Emulsification Properties of Coconut Protein[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 114 -123 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070390
随着人们健康意识的提升以及对“清洁标签”食品的需求日益增长,植物蛋白逐渐成为替代传统乳蛋白的理想选择,可以作为天然乳化剂应用于食品工业中,以满足市场对功能性植物基配方的广泛需求[1]。椰子蛋白(Coconut protein isolate,CPI)作为一种重要的热带与亚热带植物蛋白,富含必需与非必需氨基酸,且具有低致敏性,应用前景广阔[2]。其中,椰子球蛋白(Coconut globulin,CG)约占椰子蛋白总量的40%,主要为11S球蛋白。然而,CPI存在溶解性差的问题,进而导致其乳化稳定性较低,限制了其在食品领域中的进一步应用[3]。
近年来,蛋白质-多酚复合物因其改善胶体体系稳定性和功能特性的潜力而备受关注[4−5]。多酚主要来源于植物,是具有抗氧化特性的次级代谢物[6]。研究表明,多酚类物质具有显著的生理活性,具有抗癌、抗菌、降血糖的功能[7−9]。多酚可以通过共价和非共价相互作用与蛋白质结合,多酚与蛋白质的共价结合主要是由醌的形成引发的,非共价结合的主要驱动力是疏水相互作用和氢键作用。相较于通过非共价作用形成的蛋白质-多酚复合物,共价结合形成的复合物在应对环境pH变化和剪切力等外界因素时表现出更强的稳定性[10]。多酚与蛋白质共价结合能够诱导蛋白质构象发生变化,使其结构展开并促使疏水基团暴露,这种结构转变有利于在油水界面形成致密稳定的界面膜,提升乳化稳定性[11−12]。没食子酸是一种来源广泛的植物多酚,可用于制药、食品和化妆品行业[13]。同时,没食子酸具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎等生物活性,可以通过修饰蛋白质结构,从而增强蛋白质的功能和生物活性[14]。Chen等[15]研究表明没食子酸共价修饰显著提高了花生分离蛋白的溶解性和乳液稳定性。多酚共价修饰也可以增强核桃分离蛋白的溶解度和乳液储存稳定性[16]。目前暂无没食子酸共价接枝椰子蛋白对其结构、界面行为和乳化特性影响的相关研究。
本研究通过在碱性条件下诱导椰子蛋白与没食子酸发生共价接枝反应,制备椰子蛋白-没食子酸共价复合物(Coconut protein isolate-gallic acid,CPG)。首先,采用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)、接枝度测定、荧光光谱以及傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对CPG的结构进行表征。随后,结合界面膨胀流变学和耗散型石英晶体微天平(QCM-D)技术,评估CPG在油-水界面的吸附动力学行为。最后,以CPG作为乳化剂构建水包油型乳液,通过液滴微观结构和离心稳定性指标评价乳液的稳定性能。
椰奶 海南泰丰源实业有限公司(中国海南)提供;没食子酸(≥99%) 阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司(上海);中链甘油三酯(MCT) 美国Sports Research Corporation公司;本实验中使用的其他试剂均为分析级试剂。
UV-2600型紫外分光光度计 日本岛津公司;Zetasizer Nano ZS纳米粒度电位仪 英国Malvern Instrument公司;FTIR光谱仪 德国Bruker Corp公司;F-6000荧光分光光度计 日立高新技术公司;QSense耗散型石英晶体微天平 瑞典Biolin Scientific AB公司;AE31AEFL-INV倒置荧光显微镜 意大利OPTIKA公司;LUMiSizer稳定性分析仪 德国LUM GmbH公司。
参考实验室前期建立的方法从椰奶中提取CPI[17]。首先将椰浆在4 ℃条件下离心(10000 r/min,10 min),收集含有蛋白质的水相溶液。调节pH至4.2,通过等电点沉淀法获得椰子蛋白,所得沉淀经−40 ℃冷冻干燥后保存,以备后续实验使用。通过杜马斯燃烧法[3]测定CPI粉末的蛋白质含量为88.50%± 0.77%。
将CPI粉末溶于含0.4 mol/L NaCl的50 mmol/L PBS缓冲液(pH7.0)中,使其最终浓度为50 mg/mL,磁力搅拌2 h。在4 ℃下水合过夜后,8000 r/min离心20 min,去除不溶性物质,通过BCA法测定溶液中的蛋白质含量[16],并使用 PBS缓冲液将其稀释至40 mg/mL。调节溶液的pH至9.0,磁力搅拌2 h,将没食子酸以最终浓度分别为0.3、0.6和0.9 mmol/L的比例加入蛋白质溶液中。在室温下搅拌24 h后,调节溶液pH为7.0,制备CPG共价复合物,分别命名为CPG3、CPG6和CPG9。
为更深入了解椰子蛋白与没食子酸之间的相互作用,本研究从蛋白质数据库获取了椰子主要蛋白(CG)的晶体结构,并从PubChem数据库下载了没食子酸的结构信息(CID:370),用于后续的分子对接分析[17]。对接模拟使用AutoDock Tools 1.5.6进行,结合AutoGrid和AutoDock软件完成CG与没食子酸之间的分子对接过程。所得复合物的构象通过PyMOL软件进行可视化分析,以观察没食子酸与蛋白质相互作用位点的空间关系。在获得三维对接结果后,将其以pdbqt格式导入LigPlot软件中,生成2D图用于展示氢键与疏水相互作用等关键对接信息。
参考冯芳等[18]的方法进行SDS-PAGE实验,并稍作修改。实验中使用12%的分离胶和4%的浓缩胶。首先将CPI和CPG样本浓度稀释至2 mg/mL,与上样缓冲液以4:1(v/v)的比例混合后,在沸水中加热10 min以充分变性。电泳条件为:浓缩胶电压设定为80 V,分离胶电压为120 V。电泳完成后,将凝胶置于考马斯亮蓝R-250染液中染色4 h,随后用水、乙醇和乙酸混合液(体积比为17:1:2)进行脱色处理。实验中使用分子量范围为10~170 kDa的蛋白质Marker计算椰子蛋白(CPI)及其共价修饰产物(CPG)的分子量。
将0.1 mL的CPI和CPG样品(5 mg/mL)加入0.9 mL Tris-HCl缓冲液(50 mmol/L,pH8.5,含0.5% SDS)中,混合均匀,加入20 μL DTNB溶液(10 mmol/L)。在25 ℃下孵育5 min后,使用紫外分光光度计在412 nm处测量吸光度[19]。
参考Zhu等[20]的方法通过邻苯二醛(OPA)法测定游离氨基的含量。OPA试剂制备如下:将40 mg的OPA溶于1 mL甲醇中,加入2.5 mL 20%(w/v)的十二烷基硫酸钠溶液、25 mL 0.1 mol/L的硼酸盐缓冲溶液和100 μL β-巯基乙醇,定容至最终体积为50 mL。取40 μL的CPI和CPG样品加入4 mL OPA试剂中,35 ℃下反应2 min后,在340 nm处测量样品的吸光度。DG的计算公式为:DG(%)=(A0−At)/A0×100,其中,A0和At分别表示碱处理前后样品的吸光度。
选择PBS缓冲液将100 μL的CPI和CPG样品稀释100倍后,通过纳米粒度电位仪测定样品的Zeta电位[21]。
利用FTIR光谱仪扫描CPI和CPG粉末的FTIR光谱。将CPI和CPG粉末与KBr以1:100(w/w)的比例混合并压制成薄片,在4000~400 cm−1范围内扫描光谱。
通过F-6000荧光分光光度计记录CPI和CPG复合物的荧光光谱。激发波长设置为280 nm,发射波长范围为290~450 nm,狭缝宽度为5 nm[22]。
通过QCM-D研究CPI和CPG在油-水界面的吸附行为,此技术可以同时记录分子迁移至油水界面时的频率和耗散信号变化。根据之前建立的方法[23],在涂有0.5% MCT油(w/w,溶于氯仿中)的传感器表面注入含有0.4 mol/L NaCl的50 mmol/L PBS缓冲溶液,直到信号稳定。然后,通过蠕动泵将CPI和CPG样品泵入测量池中,达到吸附平衡后,用缓冲溶液冲洗传感器以除去未结合的样品。记录不同谐波的原始数据,并使用Qsense Dfind软件的smartfit模型进行分析,流速设置为50 μL/min。
通过装载外径1.6 mm针头的汉密尔顿注射器(DS 500/GT)注入20 μL的液滴在含MCT油的样品槽中,并通过摄像机实时记录液滴的形态变化。基于Young-Laplace方程对采集的图像数据进行处理,获得动态界面张力值[20]。界面压力(π)通过公式π=γ0−γ计算得出,其中,γ0表示初始缓冲液的界面张力(mN/m);γ代表待测样品在t时间的界面张力值(mN/m)。
设置频率为0.1 Hz,振幅为5%的时间扫描模式,测定界面膜形成过程中粘弹性模量随时间变化的规律。
待界面层达到平衡状态后(10800 s),设置频率为0.02 Hz,振幅变化范围为2.5%~30%,测定界面膜抗振幅扰动的能力。随后,在保持5%恒定振幅的条件下,进行频率扫描实验,设置频率范围为0.005~1.0 Hz,以评估CPI和CPG共价复合物形成界面膜的机械强度。
利萨茹图可以反映振幅扫描过程中界面压力和形变之间的相关性,揭示界面层的非线性流变特性[19]。绘制界面压力(π=γ−γ0)与形变(ΔA=A−A0)的关系图,用于分析液滴形变引起的界面扰动。其中γ和γ0分别表示变形后和初始液滴条件下的界面张力。A和A0分别表示变形后和初始液滴的面积[24]。
选择MCT油为分散相,制备以CPI和CPG溶液为连续相的水包油乳液。MCT油和乳化剂溶液的体积比为1:4,使用高速分散机以12000 r/min的转速均质3 min,得到稳定的乳液。
采用倒置荧光显微镜观察乳液的显微结构。取1 mL待测乳液样品,加入40 μL浓度为0.2%(w/v,溶于异丙醇)的尼罗红染液,充分混匀后避光静置染色2 h。染色完成后,取适量样品滴加于载玻片,覆盖盖玻片后,在10×倍镜下进行荧光显微观察[25]。
采用LUMiSizer稳定性分析仪对乳液进行稳定性测试。取400 μL新鲜乳液注入样品管底部,水平置于仪器中实时监测透光率变化。实验参数设定为:离心转速4000 r/min,检测波长870 nm,测试时长50 min,温度控制在25 ℃。利用SEPView 6.0分析软件计算积分透射率及不稳定系数来评价体系稳定性[26]。
所有实验均设置三个平行样本,数据以平均值±标准差表示。采用Origin 2024软件进行数据处理,并通过LSD单因素ANOVA结合检验分析组间差异,显著性水平设定为P<0.05。
通过分子对接的方法模拟CPI和没食子酸的相互作用。如图1所示,没食子酸可能以2.66 Å的距离连接到氨基酸残基(Lys-218)上,且没食子酸与氨基酸残基(Arg-57、Gln-206、Glu-205、Tyr-68、Thr-66、Gln-204、Lys-218和Gln-197)之间形成了8个氢键。这些发现表明,CPI与没食子酸可以通过氢键形成复合物。Chen等[12]的研究显示椰子球蛋白与咖啡酸、绿原酸和阿魏酸也可以通过氢键相互作用形成复合物。
在还原条件下,通过SDS-PAGE分析没食子酸接枝前后CPI分子量的变化,以确认没食子酸是否共价接枝[27]。如图2(A)所示,CPI的分子量集中在10~55 kDa的范围内,其中55 kDa分子量的条带为椰子蛋白中的11S球蛋白[28]。与不同含量的没食子酸反应后,在较大分子量的区域形成了条带,表明没食子酸与CPI之间形成了共价键。这一发现与之前的结果一致,即当与多酚分子共价结合时,蛋白质的分子量会增加[29]。
另外,可以通过分析游离氨基、巯基的相对含量来检测蛋白质-多酚的相互作用,进一步阐述没食子酸与CPI之间是否发生共价相互作用[30]。如图2(B)所示,与CPI相比,CPG共价复合物中游离氨基的含量显著(P<0.05)下降,具体体现在随着没食子酸浓度的增加,接枝度显著(P<0.05)增加(图2(C)),表明没食子酸与CPI发生了共价结合。游离巯基含量的显著降低提供了共价结合的证据,可能原因是没食子酸在碱性条件下被氧化成醌,与CPI的氨基或巯基侧链反应,形成共价C-N或C-S键[31]。没食子酸和大豆分离蛋白形成共价复合物时,也发现蛋白质的分子量增加,游离氨基和巯基含量降低的现象[32]。
通常认为,Zeta电位绝对值大于30 mV,粒子之间的静电排斥力高,体系更稳定[33]。如图2(D)所示,CPI的Zeta电位值为−34.97 mV,通过没食子酸共价接枝反应后,CPG3、CPG6、CPG9的Zeta电位值分别为−37.1、−42.5和−48.23 mV。结果表明,随着没食子酸含量和接枝度的增加,CPG共价复合物的Zeta电位绝对值增加。这可能是没食子酸与蛋白质结合,并与其内部的正电荷基团发生静电作用,从而改变带电基团的位置,使负电荷增强,静电斥力增加[32]。茶多酚-乳清分离蛋白共价复合物稳定的乳液也表现出类似的结果,随着茶多酚含量的增加,共价复合物制备乳液的电位绝对值逐渐增加[34]。
FTIR光谱常用来研究蛋白质的二级结构。如图2(E)所示,CPI与共价复合物CPG的光谱特征峰具有明显差异。酰胺Ⅱ区(1500~1600 cm−1)作为研究蛋白质结构变化的重点,涉及C-N拉伸和N-H弯曲[12]。CPG在1540 cm−1波长处发生特征峰红移,主要涉及N-H弯曲振动,1410 cm−1波长对应的特征峰发生蓝移,主要是C-N的拉伸振动,这表明没食子酸接枝改变了椰子蛋白的二级结构,与阿魏酸修饰椰子蛋白后的FTIR光谱现象一致[19]。
蛋白质中色氨酸残基对周围微环境的变化非常的敏感,可以通过荧光光谱分析蛋白质结构的变化[35−36]。如图2(F)所示,CPI表现出最大的荧光强度,随着没食子酸接枝度的增加,CPG共价复合物的荧光强度明显降低,表明CPI中的色氨酸残基参与了与没食子酸的相互作用。当儿茶素与卵清蛋白偶联时,也观察到了相似的荧光淬灭现象[37]。
QCM-D能够实时、高分辨率地监测蛋白质吸附过程,并深入分析其构象变化和吸附机制[38]。该系统通过检测谐振频率和能量耗散的变化,可定量评估生物分子在传感器表面的质量沉积、界面膜厚度以及分子构象变化[39]。如图3( A)所示,随着吸附时间的增加,频率逐渐下降,这可能归因于CPI和CPG复合物在油水界面上的持续吸附和重排[40]。相反地,耗散值则随时间迅速上升(图3(B))。当耗散值大于1×10−6时,表明界面形成了具有粘弹性的界面膜,小于1×10−6时通常认为在油水界面形成较为刚性的界面膜[41]。实验结果表明由CPI和CPG形成的界面层是粘弹性的。在吸附末期,频率出现回升而耗散下降,主要是缓冲液冲洗过程中,松散吸附或未牢固结合的样品从传感器表面被洗脱所致。
如图3(C)和图3(D)所示,界面层的厚度与质量随吸附时间的变化趋势与频率变化一致。随着吸附时间的延长,没食子酸含量较高的CPG复合物在界面形成的界面膜厚度与质量均明显增加,且整体高于CPI所形成的界面层厚度与质量。图3(E)为∆D-∆f曲线,它提供了吸附层的构象变化和吸附动力学信息[40]。吸附与解吸阶段的曲线均呈连续变化,表明乳化剂在界面上的吸附过程较为缓慢。∆D-∆f曲线的斜率(K值)反映了吸附过程中乳化剂结构的变化特征。在吸附阶段,K1>K2,说明乳化剂分子在吸附过程中发生了构型改变,可能是由于分子在界面发生了多层吸附。而在解吸阶段,曲线斜率同样存在差异(K3>K4),表明界面层从较为松散逐步向致密结构演变。另外,吸附和解吸曲线都是连续的,表明分子在界面上吸附过程较慢。乳铁蛋白在油水界面处也发生了多层吸附行为[42]。
降低油-水界面张力有助于提高蛋白质乳液系统的稳定性[43]。通常而言,界面张力越低,意味着乳化剂在油-水界面的吸附能力越强[44]。如图4(A)所示,所有样品在吸附初期界面张力迅速下降,这是由于蛋白质分子快速吸附至界面所致,随后界面张力缓慢下降并趋于稳定。相比之下,CPG共价复合物表现出较高的界面张力,这可能与吸附过程中存在的能量屏障有关[45]。
蛋白质在界面处的吸附行为主要由扩散、渗透和重组三个过程组成[23]。如图4(B)所示,界面压力(π)和t1/2的曲线均表现出先迅速上升后趋于平衡的变化趋势,表明乳化剂分子在吸附初期快速迁移至界面,随后由于空间位阻或能量屏障的存在,吸附速率逐渐减缓并最终达到稳定状态[46−47]。界面压力随t1/2的变化曲线在初始阶段的斜率可用于表征样品在界面处的扩散速率(Kdiff)[48]。由表1可知,所有CPG复合物的Kdiff值均显著高于CPI(P<0.05),说明没食子酸的接枝促进了乳化剂分子在油-水界面的扩散行为。已有研究表明,界面处的快速扩散有助于形成更小、分布更均匀的液滴,从而提升乳液体系的稳定性。
图4(C)展示了ln[(π10800-πt)/(π10800-π0)]随时间变化的曲线,其中第一个阶段的斜率代表样品在油-水界面的渗透速率(Kp),第二阶段的斜率则对应于分子在界面上的重组速率(Kr)。从曲线斜率可见(图4和表1),Kr值明显高于Kp值,说明在吸附过程中,界面层的形成主要受分子结构重排的主导作用,而非简单的渗透过程[49]。
图5(A)显示了界面弹性模量(Ed)随时间的变化趋势。Ed在初期阶段迅速上升,随后以较缓的速率逐渐达到平衡,说明乳化剂分子在界面初期快速吸附,随后趋于吸附饱和状态。图5(B)中粘弹性模量(E)随界面压力(π)变化的曲线,可以用于表征吸附过程中样品在界面处粘弹性特性的变化。随着界面张力的增加,E值逐渐上升,表明CPI和CPG分子在界面上不断积累并逐步构建粘弹性界面膜。此外,所有E-π曲线的斜率均大于1,且CPG复合物的斜率明显高于CPI,说明分子在界面上存在较强的相互作用,CPG更有利于形成稳定的粘弹性膜结构。图5(C)展示了CPI和CPG复合物的tanφ(粘性模量与弹性模量的比值)随时间的变化情况。tanφ值均小于0.5,说明所形成的界面膜具有明显的弹性主导特征,这进一步表明CPG复合物在界面处形成的膜具有更强的弹性性能[50]。
粘弹性模量(E)是由膨胀应变和界面张力的微小变化产生的,显示了界面膜的机械性能[51]。如图6(A)所示,界面粘弹性模量随着振幅的增加而逐渐降低,表明界面膜结构在形变增大过程中逐渐遭到破坏。同时,tanφ可用于评估界面膜的流变特性,即判定其弹性或粘性主导行为。如图6(B)所示,所有样品的tanφ值均小于0.5,表明其界面层具有显著的弹性特征。
图6(C)展示了界面粘弹性模量随频率变化的趋势。随着频率的升高,E值逐渐增加,这可能与乳化剂分子在界面层与本体溶液之间的交换行为,以及界面层内的结构重排过程有关[52]。在低频扰动下,CPI和CPG分子有足够时间扩散至界面,形成相对较薄且柔软的界面层,因此粘弹性模量较小;而在高频条件下,由于扩散-弛豫过程受限,界面膜的结构响应更强烈,导致粘弹性模量明显升高[17]。此外,如图6(D)所示,所有样品在频率扫描过程中tanφ值始终小于0.5,进一步证实其界面膜以弹性特性为主。
基于傅里叶变换原理计算粘弹性模量时,可能会忽略原始数据中的非线性信号,导致对材料真实力学行为的表征不够全面。相比之下,利萨茹图可更直观地展示界面层在周期性形变过程中界面张力的响应特征。图7展示了在不同振幅形变(ΔA/A=2.5%、5%、10%、20%、30%)条件下所得的利萨茹图形。在ΔA/A为2.5%和5%时,所有样品的利萨茹图均呈现出对称且窄长的椭圆形状,表明界面处于线性粘弹性响应区。随着应变幅度的进一步增大,图形逐渐变宽,且呈现出非对称形态,反映出界面层逐步进入非线性粘弹性行为阶段。皂苷和β-乳球蛋白复合物稳定油水界面的Lissajous图也出现了类似的非线性粘弹性现象[53]。
利用荧光倒置显微镜对乳液的微观结构进行观察,其中油相通过尼罗红染色。如图8所示,在未改性的CPI稳定的乳液中可明显观察到大且不均匀的油滴,表明其乳液体系稳定性较差。相比之下,3种CPG复合物所稳定的乳液中,随着没食子酸浓度的增加,液滴粒径明显减小,分布更加均匀,这与乳化剂在油水界面的扩散结果是一致的。结果表明,没食子酸的接枝修饰能够有效提升乳化剂的界面活性与稳定性,从而增强乳液体系的物理稳定性。
图9(A)显示了CPI和CPG复合物稳定乳液在离心加速条件下的透射率变化曲线。利用LUMiSizer稳定性分析仪可模拟重力作用下的分层过程,通过增强离心力,加速油水两相的分离:较重的水相下沉,较轻的油相上浮。图9(A)中,底部的红线代表初始透射曲线,顶部的绿线代表最终透射曲线[54]。曲线之间的面积越小,表明样品的稳定性越高。图9(B)显示贮藏24 h后经CPI和CPG稳定的乳液照片,结果与透射曲线一致。
如图9(C)所示,CPG9表现出显著更低的不稳定指数,说明其乳液体系具有更高的物理稳定性,这可能归因于其界面层的弹性更好。界面层的弹性是影响乳液长期稳定性的关键因素。在油滴相互碰撞过程中,弹性较强的界面膜能够有效抵抗因油滴形变产生的应力,避免油滴发生破裂和聚结现象,进而增强乳液的长期稳定性[54]。
本研究通过碱性条件诱导椰子蛋白与没食子酸发生共价接枝反应,成功制备了椰子蛋白-没食子酸共价复合物(CPG)。SDS-PAGE、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)及荧光光谱等分析手段证实了蛋白质结构的改变以及没食子酸的成功接枝。进一步研究表明,随着没食子酸浓度的增加,复合物的接枝度显著提升,CPG能够在油-水界面形成更厚、具有良好弹性的界面膜。此外,CPG复合物在乳液体系中表现出优异的乳化性能,可形成粒径更小、分布更均匀的液滴,从而显著提升乳液的物理稳定性。本研究结果为蛋白质-多酚共价修饰在食品乳液稳定剂领域的应用提供了理论依据和实践参考。未来可进一步研究不同多酚结构、反应条件及加工环境对复合物结构与功能特性的影响,以拓展其在实际食品体系中的应用潜力。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070390
  • 接收时间:2025-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-01
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    海南大学食品科学与工程学院,海南海口 570228

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陈海明(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品界面化学、功能性食品,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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