Article(id=1320886360211305163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070380, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753977600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853449155, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853449155, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853449155, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853449155, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=33, endPage=44, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886360425214668, articleId=1320886360211305163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Melatonin on Acrylamide Content and Quality of Fried Potato Pancakes, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Potato pancakes are a regional specialty of the Zhaotong area in Yunnan Province, China. This study investigated the effects of varying concentrations of melatonin (0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5, and 30.0 mg/kg) on the sensory quality, texture characteristics, physicochemical properties, flavor profile, and acrylamide content in potato pancakes (with 30 g of potato shreds, 200 s frying time, 220 ℃ frying temperature, and a solid-liquid ratio of 1.8 g/mL). The results revealed that the most significant improvements were observed at a melatonin concentration of 22.5 mg/kg (MT group). At this concentration, the acrylamide content was reduced to 669.74±17.24 μg/kg, yielding an inhibition rate of 35.52%, and the sensory score reached its highest value (94.60±1.52). The color difference of the MT group was 31.38±0.02, and its texture properties, including hardness (1359.17±63.57 g) and chewiness (337.30±24.83 g), were lower than those of the control group (CK). In contrast, the elasticity (0.52±0.03) and resilience (0.24±0.02) were significantly higher than those in the CK group. The cohesion and viscosity showed minimal change. Additionally, the oil content in the MT group was reduced by 13.83%, and the oxidation stability of the oil improved significantly, as indicated by the peroxide value (0.096±0.00 g/100 g), acid value (0.38±0.01 mg/g), and carbonyl value (10.83±0.15 meq/kg). Microscopic analysis of the pancake surface revealed that melatonin inhibited the gelatinization of starch, leading to the preservation of some starch granule morphology. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis further demonstrated that melatonin reduced the levels of volatile flavor compounds associated with the Maillard reaction, resulting in a marked decrease in sensory flavor intensity. Overall, the addition of melatonin significantly enhanced the taste and safety of potato pancakes. Despite the reduction in flavor components, the improvement in quality reflects its positive impact, contributing to the optimization of potato-based food products.

, authors=Xujie CHEN1, Xinyong ZHANG2, Xia LIU3, Jingjing HU2, Wukuan LIU1, Qi LIN1, Yuanyuan BAO1, *, authorsList=Xujie CHEN, Xinyong ZHANG, Xia LIU, Jingjing HU, Wukuan LIU, Qi LIN, Yuanyuan BAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuanyuan BAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886364950868715, articleId=1320886360211305163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=褪黑素对油炸马铃薯油糕中丙烯酰胺含量及品质的影响, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

马铃薯油糕是云南昭通地区的特色美食,采用添加不同浓度褪黑素(0、7.5、15.0、22.5、30.0 mg/kg)探究对油糕(马铃薯丝添加量30 g、油炸时间200 s、油炸温度220 ℃、料液比1.8 g/mL)的感官品质、质构特性、理化特性、风味特性以及丙烯酰胺含量的影响。结果表明,当褪黑素添加量为22.5 mg/kg(MT组)时效果最为显著,丙烯酰胺仅为669.74±17.24 μg/kg,抑制率为35.52%且具有最高的感官评分(94.60±1.52分)。MT组色差值为31.38±0.02;硬度为1359.17±63.57 g,咀嚼性为337.30±24.83 g,较对照组(CK组)有所降低;弹性和回复性分别为0.52±0.03、0.24±0.02,较CK组有所提高;而内聚力和黏性变化不大。MT组油糕含油量降低了13.83%,同时显著提高了油糕中油脂的氧化稳定性,过氧化值、酸价、羰基价分别为0.096±0.00 g/100 g、0.38±0.01 mg/g、10.83±0.15 meq/kg。此外,通过油糕表面微观结构分析,褪黑素抑制了油糕淀粉糊化过程,同时观察到了部分淀粉形态;经气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)检测褪黑素降低了油糕中与美拉德反应相关的挥发性风味成分的含量,差异代谢物感官风味也显著降低,这导致MT组油糕总体风味寡淡。研究表明,马铃薯油糕中添加褪黑素后口感与安全性方面显著提升,相较于风味成分降低所带来的味觉感官影响,仍体现出更为重要的积极意义,更有利于马铃薯产品的优化与改进。

, authors=陈旭杰1, 张新永2, 刘霞3, 胡静静2, 刘武宽1, 林奇1, 包媛媛1, *, authorsList=陈旭杰, 张新永, 刘霞, 胡静静, 刘武宽, 林奇, 包媛媛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=包媛媛, authorNote=

陈旭杰(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
包媛媛(1981−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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注:不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图3~图5、图7同。

, figureFileSmall=WuPTizBbsqWH8ZvHOmKLlA==, figureFileBig=XBUuSYnC7YnJaaC9OO5tzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886884117627800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of frying temperature on sensory quality of potato pancake, figureFileSmall=h631NjcSBYXj2Hrpl6GI1w==, figureFileBig=MaZPCcwAFCQtDzwyaWGRJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886884184736665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=CN, label=图3, caption=油炸温度对马铃薯油糕感官品质的影响, figureFileSmall=h631NjcSBYXj2Hrpl6GI1w==, figureFileBig=MaZPCcwAFCQtDzwyaWGRJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886884285399962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of rice slurry liquid ratio on sensory quality of potato pancake, figureFileSmall=4+E9u//avxv3hiy36YuZ+A==, figureFileBig=XAL3s/LkdcB6YtGKn2Um9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886884390257563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=CN, label=图4, caption=米浆料液比对马铃薯油糕感官品质的影响, figureFileSmall=4+E9u//avxv3hiy36YuZ+A==, figureFileBig=XAL3s/LkdcB6YtGKn2Um9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886884465755036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of potato addition on sensory quality of potato pancake, figureFileSmall=PfbHZGsFmXjJ+bWf1ERITA==, figureFileBig=2h7/u61WGnhx7HDIn0qbOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886884537058205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=CN, label=图5, caption=马铃薯丝添加量对马铃薯油糕感官品质的影响, figureFileSmall=PfbHZGsFmXjJ+bWf1ERITA==, figureFileBig=2h7/u61WGnhx7HDIn0qbOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886884608361374, 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caption=Microstructure of potato pancake, figureFileSmall=3cIwQ3AUwesnqvyifH+0ag==, figureFileBig=CrWxeaPgjfHzqZ0wZt/HTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886885128455077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=CN, label=图9, caption=马铃薯油糕微观结构, figureFileSmall=3cIwQ3AUwesnqvyifH+0ag==, figureFileBig=CrWxeaPgjfHzqZ0wZt/HTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886885191369638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Ring diagram of volatile components composition, figureFileSmall=2wpJn7JPZeCLDbJuKj2icQ==, figureFileBig=mc++hgbdZC1QgJC3d8VWbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886885254284199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=CN, label=图10, caption=挥发性成分组成环形图, figureFileSmall=2wpJn7JPZeCLDbJuKj2icQ==, figureFileBig=mc++hgbdZC1QgJC3d8VWbg==, tableContent=null), 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注:横向为样品名称,纵向为差异代谢物信息,Group为分组,不同颜色为不同相对含量标准化处理后得到的不同数值进行填充的颜色(红色代表高含量,绿色代表低含量),Class为物质一级分类。

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注:最内圈为差异比较组,第二圈为该比较组差异挥发性物质注释到的前10个个数最高的感官风味特征,括号里的数字表示注释到该感官风味特征的差异挥发性物质的个数,最外圈表示差异挥发性物质(只展示差异区别最大的10个挥发性物质)。

, figureFileSmall=vFI/9/Rn9BLRAPuiu9tsFg==, figureFileBig=Xnn26Scr0mMmRgFvqIxLvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886886063784882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factors and levels of Box-Behnken experimental design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A油炸时间(s)B油炸温度(℃)C料液比(g/mL)
−11802101.7
02102201.8
12402301.9
), ArticleFig(id=1320886886126699443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Box-Behnken试验设计因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A油炸时间(s)B油炸温度(℃)C料液比(g/mL)
−11802101.7
02102201.8
12402301.9
), ArticleFig(id=1320886886198002612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria of fried potato pancakes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官指标分数(分)评分标准
色泽
(10%)
8~10颜色金黄,分布均匀,总体带有光泽,引人胃口
4~7淡黄色略带白色,颜色大致均匀,不过焦或过白
1~3色泽白色、发灰发暗或过焦,颜色不均匀
气味
(15%)
11~15香气丰富,有油炸香味,无焦味,无异味
6~10有油炸香味,略带焦味,基本无异味
1~5无油炸香味,有焦味,并带有异味
外观形态
(15%)
11~15外观形态完整,大小均匀,形状规则,厚薄均匀
6~10外观形态较完整,大小基本均匀,形状基本规则,表面轻微粗糙
1~5外观形态不完整,大小厚薄不均,形状不规则,表面粗糙
口感
(20%)
16~20酥脆度适中,口感协调,硬度适中,不粘牙轻微硌牙,无油腻感
11~15酥脆度稍弱或稍硬,口感轻微不协调,不粘牙,有轻微油腻感
1~10不酥脆,质地软榻或过硬,口感不协调,粘牙或硌牙,油腻感较强
整体接受度
(40%)
31~40色泽均匀,香味浓郁,外观形态完整,酥脆度适中,口感协调,无异味,容易接受
21~30色泽较均匀,香味略淡,外观形态较完整,酥脆度
稍弱,略有哈喇味,轻微不协调,可以接受
1~20色泽不均匀,无香味,外观形态不完整,有哈喇味,口感不协调,不接受
), ArticleFig(id=1320886886298665909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

马铃薯油糕的感官评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官指标分数(分)评分标准
色泽
(10%)
8~10颜色金黄,分布均匀,总体带有光泽,引人胃口
4~7淡黄色略带白色,颜色大致均匀,不过焦或过白
1~3色泽白色、发灰发暗或过焦,颜色不均匀
气味
(15%)
11~15香气丰富,有油炸香味,无焦味,无异味
6~10有油炸香味,略带焦味,基本无异味
1~5无油炸香味,有焦味,并带有异味
外观形态
(15%)
11~15外观形态完整,大小均匀,形状规则,厚薄均匀
6~10外观形态较完整,大小基本均匀,形状基本规则,表面轻微粗糙
1~5外观形态不完整,大小厚薄不均,形状不规则,表面粗糙
口感
(20%)
16~20酥脆度适中,口感协调,硬度适中,不粘牙轻微硌牙,无油腻感
11~15酥脆度稍弱或稍硬,口感轻微不协调,不粘牙,有轻微油腻感
1~10不酥脆,质地软榻或过硬,口感不协调,粘牙或硌牙,油腻感较强
整体接受度
(40%)
31~40色泽均匀,香味浓郁,外观形态完整,酥脆度适中,口感协调,无异味,容易接受
21~30色泽较均匀,香味略淡,外观形态较完整,酥脆度
稍弱,略有哈喇味,轻微不协调,可以接受
1~20色泽不均匀,无香味,外观形态不完整,有哈喇味,口感不协调,不接受
), ArticleFig(id=1320886886365774774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Potato pancake process optimization response surface test design and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号ABC感官评分(分)
1−1−1073.30±2.58
21−1060.50±3.17
3−11076.50±2.17
411057.20±5.05
5−10−172.00±2.16
610−164.40±3.60
7−10181.20±2.82
810168.50±3.10
90−1−177.20±2.35
1001−165.20±3.39
110−1178.30±3.86
1201166.50±3.03
1300086.80±2.62
1400083.60±2.76
1500087.20±4.18
1600086.20±2.20
1700090.00±2.58
), ArticleFig(id=1320886886437077943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

马铃薯油糕工艺优化响应面试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号ABC感官评分(分)
1−1−1073.30±2.58
21−1060.50±3.17
3−11076.50±2.17
411057.20±5.05
5−10−172.00±2.16
610−164.40±3.60
7−10181.20±2.82
810168.50±3.10
90−1−177.20±2.35
1001−165.20±3.39
110−1178.30±3.86
1201166.50±3.03
1300086.80±2.62
1400083.60±2.76
1500087.20±4.18
1600086.20±2.20
1700090.00±2.58
), ArticleFig(id=1320886886504186808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Regression model analysis of variance

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来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型1507.319167.489.500.0036**
A-油炸时间343.221343.2219.460.0031**
B-油炸温度71.40171.404.050.0841
C-料液比30.81130.811.750.2278
AB10.56110.560.59890.4643
AC6.5016.500.36870.5629
BC0.010010.01000.00060.9817
A²427.821427.8224.260.0017**
B²404.791404.7922.950.0020**
C²111.891111.896.340.0399*
残差123.46717.64
失拟项102.47334.166.510.0510ns
误差20.9943.25
总和1630.7716
), ArticleFig(id=1320886886583878585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型1507.319167.489.500.0036**
A-油炸时间343.221343.2219.460.0031**
B-油炸温度71.40171.404.050.0841
C-料液比30.81130.811.750.2278
AB10.56110.560.59890.4643
AC6.5016.500.36870.5629
BC0.010010.01000.00060.9817
A²427.821427.8224.260.0017**
B²404.791404.7922.950.0020**
C²111.891111.896.340.0399*
残差123.46717.64
失拟项102.47334.166.510.0510ns
误差20.9943.25
总和1630.7716
), ArticleFig(id=1320886886646793146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Color analysis of CK group and MT group on potato pancake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别L*a*b*ΔE
CK44.90±0.01b7.20±0.04a29.01±0.11a43.32±0.07a
MT52.52±0.02a1.07±0.01b20.33±0.01b31.38±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886886713902011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

CK组与MT组马铃薯油糕色泽分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别L*a*b*ΔE
CK44.90±0.01b7.20±0.04a29.01±0.11a43.32±0.07a
MT52.52±0.02a1.07±0.01b20.33±0.01b31.38±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886886781010876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Effect of melatonin addition on texture characteristics of potato pancake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别硬度(g)弹性内聚力黏性(g·s)咀嚼性(g)回复性
CK1566.84±74.74a0.44±0.02b0.52±0.04a794.98±40.00a414.03±29.40a0.19±0.00b
MT1359.17±63.57b0.52±0.03a0.57±0.04a768.04±65.01a337.30±24.83b0.24±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1320886886852314045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

褪黑素添加对马铃薯油糕质构特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别硬度(g)弹性内聚力黏性(g·s)咀嚼性(g)回复性
CK1566.84±74.74a0.44±0.02b0.52±0.04a794.98±40.00a414.03±29.40a0.19±0.00b
MT1359.17±63.57b0.52±0.03a0.57±0.04a768.04±65.01a337.30±24.83b0.24±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1320886888496481214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Effect of melatonin addition on oil content and oil oxidation of potato pancake

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组别含油量(%)过氧化值(g/100 g)酸价(mg/g)羰基价(meq/kg)
菜籽油−0.046±0.01c0.33±0.00c6.03±0.03c
CK35.16±3.82a0.14±0.01a0.44±0.01a13.81±0.47a
MT21.33±2.56b0.096±0.00b0.38±0.01b10.83±0.15b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886888588755903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886360211305163, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

褪黑素添加对马铃薯油糕含油量及油脂氧化的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别含油量(%)过氧化值(g/100 g)酸价(mg/g)羰基价(meq/kg)
菜籽油−0.046±0.01c0.33±0.00c6.03±0.03c
CK35.16±3.82a0.14±0.01a0.44±0.01a13.81±0.47a
MT21.33±2.56b0.096±0.00b0.38±0.01b10.83±0.15b
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褪黑素对油炸马铃薯油糕中丙烯酰胺含量及品质的影响
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陈旭杰 1 , 张新永 2 , 刘霞 3 , 胡静静 2 , 刘武宽 1 , 林奇 1 , 包媛媛 1, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(10): 33-44
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (10) : 33 -44
褪黑素对油炸马铃薯油糕中丙烯酰胺含量及品质的影响
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陈旭杰1 , 张新永2, 刘霞3, 胡静静2, 刘武宽1, 林奇1, 包媛媛1, *
作者信息
  • 1云南农业大学食品科学技术学院,云南昆明 650201
  • 2云南农业大学农学与生物技术学院,云南昆明 650201
  • 3云南农业大学植物保护学院,云南昆明 650201
通讯作者:
包媛媛(1981−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
作者简介:

陈旭杰(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:

Effect of Melatonin on Acrylamide Content and Quality of Fried Potato Pancakes
Xujie CHEN1 , Xinyong ZHANG2, Xia LIU3, Jingjing HU2, Wukuan LIU1, Qi LIN1, Yuanyuan BAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology of Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
  • 2College of Agronomy and Biotechnology of Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
  • 3College of Plant Protection of Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070380
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马铃薯油糕是云南昭通地区的特色美食,采用添加不同浓度褪黑素(0、7.5、15.0、22.5、30.0 mg/kg)探究对油糕(马铃薯丝添加量30 g、油炸时间200 s、油炸温度220 ℃、料液比1.8 g/mL)的感官品质、质构特性、理化特性、风味特性以及丙烯酰胺含量的影响。结果表明,当褪黑素添加量为22.5 mg/kg(MT组)时效果最为显著,丙烯酰胺仅为669.74±17.24 μg/kg,抑制率为35.52%且具有最高的感官评分(94.60±1.52分)。MT组色差值为31.38±0.02;硬度为1359.17±63.57 g,咀嚼性为337.30±24.83 g,较对照组(CK组)有所降低;弹性和回复性分别为0.52±0.03、0.24±0.02,较CK组有所提高;而内聚力和黏性变化不大。MT组油糕含油量降低了13.83%,同时显著提高了油糕中油脂的氧化稳定性,过氧化值、酸价、羰基价分别为0.096±0.00 g/100 g、0.38±0.01 mg/g、10.83±0.15 meq/kg。此外,通过油糕表面微观结构分析,褪黑素抑制了油糕淀粉糊化过程,同时观察到了部分淀粉形态;经气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)检测褪黑素降低了油糕中与美拉德反应相关的挥发性风味成分的含量,差异代谢物感官风味也显著降低,这导致MT组油糕总体风味寡淡。研究表明,马铃薯油糕中添加褪黑素后口感与安全性方面显著提升,相较于风味成分降低所带来的味觉感官影响,仍体现出更为重要的积极意义,更有利于马铃薯产品的优化与改进。

褪黑素  /  马铃薯油糕  /  丙烯酰胺  /  质构特性  /  挥发性成分

Potato pancakes are a regional specialty of the Zhaotong area in Yunnan Province, China. This study investigated the effects of varying concentrations of melatonin (0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5, and 30.0 mg/kg) on the sensory quality, texture characteristics, physicochemical properties, flavor profile, and acrylamide content in potato pancakes (with 30 g of potato shreds, 200 s frying time, 220 ℃ frying temperature, and a solid-liquid ratio of 1.8 g/mL). The results revealed that the most significant improvements were observed at a melatonin concentration of 22.5 mg/kg (MT group). At this concentration, the acrylamide content was reduced to 669.74±17.24 μg/kg, yielding an inhibition rate of 35.52%, and the sensory score reached its highest value (94.60±1.52). The color difference of the MT group was 31.38±0.02, and its texture properties, including hardness (1359.17±63.57 g) and chewiness (337.30±24.83 g), were lower than those of the control group (CK). In contrast, the elasticity (0.52±0.03) and resilience (0.24±0.02) were significantly higher than those in the CK group. The cohesion and viscosity showed minimal change. Additionally, the oil content in the MT group was reduced by 13.83%, and the oxidation stability of the oil improved significantly, as indicated by the peroxide value (0.096±0.00 g/100 g), acid value (0.38±0.01 mg/g), and carbonyl value (10.83±0.15 meq/kg). Microscopic analysis of the pancake surface revealed that melatonin inhibited the gelatinization of starch, leading to the preservation of some starch granule morphology. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis further demonstrated that melatonin reduced the levels of volatile flavor compounds associated with the Maillard reaction, resulting in a marked decrease in sensory flavor intensity. Overall, the addition of melatonin significantly enhanced the taste and safety of potato pancakes. Despite the reduction in flavor components, the improvement in quality reflects its positive impact, contributing to the optimization of potato-based food products.

melatonin  /  potato pancakes  /  acrylamide  /  texture properties  /  volatile components
陈旭杰, 张新永, 刘霞, 胡静静, 刘武宽, 林奇, 包媛媛. 褪黑素对油炸马铃薯油糕中丙烯酰胺含量及品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 33 -44 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070380
Xujie CHEN, Xinyong ZHANG, Xia LIU, Jingjing HU, Wukuan LIU, Qi LIN, Yuanyuan BAO. Effect of Melatonin on Acrylamide Content and Quality of Fried Potato Pancakes[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 33 -44 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070380
马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)又被称为土豆、洋芋,是一种茄科茄属一年生草本植物,也是继水稻、小麦、玉米之后我国第四大粮食作物[1]。据FAO统计,截至2022年中国已经成为马铃薯生产第一大国,而云南所属的西南地区是我国主要的马铃薯产区之一[2−3]。马铃薯油糕作为昭通地区的特色美食,其独特的口感和风味深受本地居民的喜爱。马铃薯油糕的制作工艺主要是由马铃薯切丝预蒸后加入调味料搅拌均匀,然后在其表面覆盖上米浆,经高温油炸制成。
美拉德反应(Maillard reaction)是在高温下由还原糖的羰基与蛋白质或氨基酸的氨基发生的一系列复杂反应而生成类黑精的过程,又被称为羰氨反应[4]。该反应在赋予热加工食品风味的同时,也会产生丙烯酰胺(Acrylamide)等危害物质[5]。在1994年,世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构(IARC)将丙烯酰胺归类为“2A”类致癌物质,其意为对动物致癌的证据充分[6]。Neophytou等[7]研究发现雄性小鼠每天以0.1 mg/kg的剂量灌胃丙烯酰胺,其结肠组织中与RNA代谢、核糖体亚基形成及蛋白质翻译和代谢有关的基因上调,同样也出现在人结肠癌样本中,与患者生存期呈负相关。有研究表明,淀粉基食品特别是油炸马铃薯产品是丙烯酰胺高含量的主要来源[8],而马铃薯油糕由于其主要原料的淀粉基特点,其高含量丙烯酰胺引起的食品安全问题值得被重视。通常采用优化加工工艺及添加食品添加剂的方法抑制热加工食品中丙烯酰胺生成,如盐离子(NaCl)或酸度调节剂(H+),对食品整体口感影响较大[9−10]。褪黑素作为一种天然抗氧化剂,具有较强的热稳定性和脂溶性,不仅没有人工合成抗氧化剂所存在的潜在性风险,也不像上述添加剂会影响品质[11]。目前,褪黑素在食品中的应用主要集中在果蔬采后保鲜及缓解睡眠障碍的保健食品领域,尚未涉及热加工过程中美拉德反应危害物防控。因此,本文通过添加褪黑素来降低热加工食品中丙烯酰胺的产生具有广阔的应用前景。
本研究基于响应面法,以感官评分为指标确定马铃薯油糕的加工工艺,再将褪黑素按一定浓度添加至油糕中,评估褪黑素对油炸马铃薯油糕中丙烯酰胺的抑制率及最佳褪黑素添加量对马铃薯油糕色泽、油脂稳定性、质构特性、微观结构和挥发性风味物质的影响,旨在拓展天然抗氧化剂在油炸淀粉食品品质控制中的应用提供理论基础,从而为高原特色马铃薯产品的加工提供科技支撑。
马铃薯、大米、花椒粉、食用盐、菜籽油、实验用水(娃哈哈) 均为市购;褪黑素(食品级纯度:≥99%) 大宏生物科技有限公司;丙烯酰胺标准品(≥99%)、褪黑素标准品(≥99.9%) 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;苯 重庆川东化工(集团)有限公司;甲醇 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;正己烷 德国默克公司,以上试剂均为色谱级;石油醚(沸程30~60 ℃)、冰乙酸、可溶性淀粉、无水乙醇、异丙醇 天津大茂化学试剂厂;三氯甲烷、百里香酚酞 成都科隆化学品有限公司;碘化钾、无水硫酸钠 天津风船化学试剂科技有限公司;2,4-二硝基苯肼 上海华东师范大学化工厂;氢氧化钾 西陇科学股份有限公司;铝粉、氯化钠 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;乙醚 重庆川东化工(集团)有限公司;三氯乙酸、硫代硫酸钠标准溶液(0.01 mol/L)、氢氧化钠标准溶液(0.1 mol/L) 上海易恩化学技术有限公司;其他试剂均为分析纯。
DZL101D型油炸机 广东德玛仕智能厨房设备有限公司;L18-Y928S破壁机 九阳股份有限公司;1260型高效液相色谱仪、8890-7000E型气相色谱-质谱联用仪 安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司;TA.XT PlusC型质构仪 厦门超技仪器设备有限公司;CM-5型分光色差计 柯尼卡美能达(中国)有限公司;SOX406型脂肪测定仪 海能未来技术集团股份有限公司;UA-6100A紫外可见光分光光度计 上海元析仪器有限公司;SU8600扫描电子显微镜 日立(中国)有限公司;Alpha1-2 LDplus型冷冻干燥机 Martin Christ Gefriertrocknungsanlagen有限公司。
操作要点:如图1所示,马铃薯清洗去皮,切丝器将其切成细丝状(宽度为2.5 mm),用清水洗去表面淀粉,捞出放置蒸笼中蒸熟,适量添加食用盐和花椒粉调味;大米加水浸泡12 h捞出,于破壁机中破碎成米浆;将制作马铃薯油糕的模具放置油中预热,在其表面薄敷一层米浆,再将调味的马铃薯丝均匀平铺在米浆表面,最后在马铃薯表面再敷上一层米浆,使之形成米浆-马铃薯-米浆的包裹结构;模具定型后放入热油中炸至金黄,即得马铃薯油糕。
固定油糕总质量为67 g,食用盐添加量0.8%和花椒粉添加量0.5%。以米浆料液比1.8 g/mL,马铃薯丝添加量30 g,油炸时间210 s,油炸温度220 ℃为初始指标,感官评分为评价标准,综合考虑设置油炸时间(120、150、180、210、240、270 s),油炸温度(190、200、210、220、230、240 ℃),米浆料液比(1.5、1.6、1.7、1.8、1.9、2.0 g/mL),马铃薯丝添加量(20、25、30、35、40、45 g)进行单因素实验。
基于单因素实验结果,采用Box-Benhnken试验设计,以油炸时间(A)、油炸温度(B)、料液比(C)作为自变量,感官评分为响应值,设计三因素三水平试验,具体试验因素及水平设置如表1所示。
感官评价小组由20名(男女各10名)经过专业培训的食品专业人员构成,为提高感官评分整体可信度,对所有参与品尝的样品随机编号并打乱顺序,品尝前后均漱口并间隔5 min以上,评分标准参考王龙君等[12]的方法修改,从色泽、气味、外观形态、口感和整体接受度打分,具体感官评分标准如表2所示。
根据国家标准中褪黑素的用量为成人1~3 mg/d[13],本实验设置在单一马铃薯油糕(67 g)中添加褪黑素,浓度为0、7.5、15.0、22.5、30.0 mg/kg,撒入蒸熟的马铃薯丝中搅拌均匀,模具制型后油炸并测定丙烯酰胺含量。并基于最佳褪黑素添加量(丙烯酰胺含量最低)下,测定马铃薯油糕色泽、质构特性、含油量、油脂氧化指标、微观结构、挥发性风味成分,与未添加褪黑素组马铃薯油糕的上述指标进行比较。
标准曲线绘制:配制浓度分别为0、0.1、1.0、1.5、2.0、10.0、20.0 μg/mL标准溶液,用0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤后HPLC测定。根据丙烯酰胺含量(x)与峰面积(y)绘制标准曲线,得到标准曲线方程为y=9008.7x−0.8516(R2=0.9999),线性关系良好,可用于计算样品中丙烯酰胺含量。
色谱条件:参考周艳玲等[14]的方法,色谱柱为Syncronis C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);检测器:DAD检测器;流动相:水:甲醇(v:v,5:95);流速:0.8 mL/min;进样方式:自动进样;检测波长:210 nm;柱温:25 ℃;进样量:样品为25 μL(标准品为10 μL)。
丙烯酰胺提取:参考潘牧等[15]的方法,将油糕置于粉碎机中粉碎,取粉碎后样品5 g置于50 mL离心管中,加入浓度为50%甲醇水溶液40 mL,将其放入超声仪中提取30 min,然后放入高速冷冻离心机中以10000 r/min的速度离心20 min。离心管取出后,小心倾倒出上清液,再加入20 mL浓度为50%的甲醇水溶液,重复上述操作提取两次。取出离心管后,将两次上清液合并,合并后的上清液加入20 mL正己烷重复除油两次,将除油后的样品提取液静置挥发剩余的正己烷,挥发完毕后经0.22 μm有机滤膜过滤,待HPLC测定,丙烯酰胺含量计算如公式(1)所示。
$\rm X\text{(μg/kg)}=\frac{\text{1000×}{\text{v}}_{\text{总}}\text{×Y×1000}}{{\text{v}}_{\text{进}}\text{×m}} $
式中:X表示样品中丙烯酰胺含量,μg/kg;V总表示用于提取称取样品液体的总体积,mL;Y表示根据标准曲线所得液相色谱进样液体中丙烯酰胺总含量,μg;V进表示液相色谱进样体积,μL;m表示称取样品质量,g;1000均表示不同单位间换算系数。
基于最低丙烯酰胺生成量的褪黑素添加量组(MT组:22.5 mg/kg)和未添加褪黑素的对照组(CK组)进行色泽比较,色泽测定参考税小林等[16]的方法,使用CM-5色差仪测定两组油炸后马铃薯油糕的明度值L*、红度值a*、黄度值b*,测定时将未油炸的油糕作为对照组,色泽计算如公式(2)所示。
$ {\Delta}E=\sqrt{\Delta{{{{L}}^{\text{*}}}}^{\text{2}}+\Delta{{{{a}}^{\text{*}}}}^{\text{2}}+{\Delta{{{b}}^{\text{*}}}}^{\text{2}}} $
式中:$ \Delta $L*、$ \Delta $a*、$ \Delta $b*为油炸后马铃薯油糕和未油炸马铃薯油糕L*、a*、b*的差值。
参考李杉等[17]的方法修改,将马铃薯油糕切成2 cm×2 cm×0.5 cm块状,并对其硬度、弹性、内聚力、黏性、咀嚼性、回复性进行测量。参数条件:TPA模式、P/36探头、测试前中后速率均为2.0 mm/s、压缩比40%、触发力5 g、时间间隔为5 s。
含油量测定:参考GB 5009.6-2025《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》测定[18]。过氧化值测定:参考GB 5009.227-2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中过氧化值的测定》测定[19]。酸价测定:参考GB 5009.229-2025《食品安全国家标准 食品中酸价的测定》测定[20]。羰基价测定:参考GB 5009.230-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中羰基价的测定》测定[21]。
选取样品同一部位,并切成薄片,经过索氏抽提法除去油脂后进行冷冻干燥,将样品固定在贴有双面胶的实验台上进行喷金处理,随后使用SU8600电子扫描显微镜以5.00 kV的电压对样品放大100倍、400倍、600倍、1000倍观察、拍照。
样品预处理:从−80 ℃冰箱中取出样品液氮冷冻研磨,涡旋混合均匀,每个样本称取约0.2 g于顶空瓶中;分别加入0.2 g NaCl粉末,20 μL(10 μg/mL)内标溶液;全自动顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)进行挥发性成分萃取,以供GC-MS分析。
色谱质谱采集条件:HS-SPME萃取条件:在60 ℃恒温条件下,振荡5 min,120 µm DVB/CWR/PDMS萃取头插入样品顶空瓶,顶空萃取15 min,于250 ℃下解析5 min,然后GC-MS分离鉴定。采样前萃取头在Fiber Conditioning Station中250 ℃下老化5 min。
色谱条件和质谱条件参考Yuan等[22]的方法。色谱条件:DB-5MS毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm),载气为高纯氦气(纯度不小于99.999%),恒流流速1.2 mL/min,进样口温度250 ℃,溶剂延迟3.5 min。程序升温:40 ℃ 保持3.5 min,以10 ℃/min 升至100 ℃,再以7 ℃/min 升至180 ℃,最后以25 ℃/min 升至280 ℃,保持5 min。质谱条件:电子轰击离子源(EI),离子源温度230 ℃,四级杆温度150 ℃,质谱接口温度280 ℃,电子能量70 eV,扫描方式选择离子检测模式(SIM),定性定量离子精准扫描。
所有实验均重复3次,结果均以“平均值±标准差”表示;采用IBM SPSS Statistics 27、Design-Expert 13、Origin 2022进行数据分析及绘图,P<0.05表示有显著性差异。
由图2和图3可知,当油炸时间为210 s时,油炸温度为220 ℃时,感官评分最高(87.10±3.67、89.80±3.52分);油炸时间在120~210 s内,感官评分随着油炸时间增加而提高,而当210 s后却随时间增加而降低;同样当油炸温度在190~220 ℃内,感官评分与油炸温度呈正向趋势,在220~240 ℃内呈相反趋势。这可能因为在油炸过程中,随着时间和温度的增加,水分蒸发加快,美拉德反应和焦糖化反应也随之加剧,同时随着加热温度和时间的提高,油炸食品的表皮结构更容易被破坏,从而渗入更多的油脂,导致颜色加深[23]。随着时间和温度的进一步升高,在一定范围内,马铃薯油糕逐渐成熟,其色泽更趋近于金黄色,形成金黄色至深褐色的外皮,并且此时口感变得酥脆,薯香味丰富。而当油炸时间过长及温度过高时,油糕表面发生糊化变黑,口感过硬,并且存在焦糊味等不良口感。
由图4可知,米浆料液比对马铃薯油糕感官品质的影响也呈现先提高后降低的趋势,当米浆料液比达到1.8 g/mL时,感官评分最高(88.40±4.58分);当米浆料液比为1.5~1.8 g/mL时,随着比例的提高感官评分随之增加,这是因为当米浆料液比较低时,水分占比较多,油糕外壳过薄很难包裹住马铃薯,此外水分流失加快,相同加热时间和温度下美拉德反应加快,表面更容易糊化变黑;当米浆料液比在1.8~2.0 g/mL时,随着米浆料液比的增加,米浆过于厚重,流动性较差,这会使得油糕表面外壳较厚结块且不均匀,从而导致热量很难传递到油糕内部,降低美拉德反应程度,且整体受热不均。
由图5可知,马铃薯丝添加量对感官品质的影响较小,但随着马铃薯添加量的增大,感官品质也呈现先增高后降低的趋势。这可能是相对于大米而言,马铃薯热加工产生的风味更丰富,此外在油糕的制作工艺中,马铃薯丝含量增加,炸制时间过长,易出现“壳化”现象;同时调味料主要添加到马铃薯中,所以当马铃薯丝添加量较少时,口感风味整体偏淡。综合考量马铃薯添加量为30 g最适宜,感官评分为88.90±3.72分。
以单因素实验结果为基础,选取油炸时间(A)、油炸温度(B)、料液比(C)三个关键因素,采用Box-Behnken设计响应面,以感官评分作为响应值,得到响应面试验结果如表3所示。
通过Design-Expert 13软件对表3中的结果进行多元二次回归拟合分析,得到源于感官评分(Y)与油炸时间(A)、油炸温度(B)、料液比(C)二次多项式回归模拟方程为:Y=86.76−6.55A−2.99B+1.96C−1.63AB−1.28AC−0.0500BC−10.08A2−9.81B2−5.15C2。由表4可知,该模型P=0.0036符合极显著(P<0.01)的定义,失拟项P=0.0510符合不显著(P>0.05)的定义,表明该模型拟合良好,外界因素对其影响较小。R2=0.9243,R2Adj=0.8270,表明该模型模拟预测与实际相接近。通过F值大小比较,可知对感官评分的影响顺序为:油炸时间>油炸温度>料液比。
一般来说,响应面图越陡峭则说明两个因素之间的交互作用越显著[24]。如图6所示,各因素之间的交互作用对感官评分的影响并不显著,可以发现油炸时间对感官评分的影响大于油炸温度对感官评分影响,且大于料液比对感官评分的影响,这与方差分析表中的F值结果一致。
根据Design-Expert 13软件对最佳工艺的模拟结果,当油炸时间为200.124 s、油炸温度为218.762 ℃、料液比为1.82308 g/mL时,感官评分达到最大值为88.251分。考虑到现实可操作性,本实验根据实际情况和便于操作,确定油炸时间为200 s、油炸温度为220 ℃、料液比为1.82 g/mL,进行优化实验,得到最终感官评分为90.20±2.91分,这与模拟结果相接近,拟合良好,模型有效,表明该工艺在实践中可行。
目前国内对食品中丙烯酰胺含量的限制缺乏规范性标准,欧盟规定马铃薯制品中丙烯酰胺含量低于750 μg/kg[25]。马铃薯油糕由于特定的油炸制作工艺及高淀粉基特点,使其成为诸多加工食品中丙烯酰胺重灾区[9]。如图7所示,样品中丙烯酰胺含量随着褪黑素添加量的增加呈现先降低后升高的趋势,当褪黑素添加量为22.5 mg/kg时,油糕中丙烯酰胺含量最低,仅有669.74±17.24 μg/kg,这与对照组(褪黑素添加量为0 mg/kg)相比降低了35.5%,符合欧盟规定的标准。这可能与褪黑素抗氧化能力相关,研究表明绿原酸等抗氧化剂对热加工食品中丙烯酰胺的生成有抑制作用,这主要由于绿原酸可以捕获丙烯酰胺生成的前体物质(α-二羰基化合物)[26]。此外,油脂氧化程度也与丙烯酰胺生成量密切相关,油脂劣变有助于丙烯酰胺的生成,褪黑素具有良好的抗氧化性,并且由于其具有良好的热稳定性和脂溶性,这也可能与其降低丙烯酰胺生成的能力相关[27]。抗氧化剂只在一定范围内具有抗氧化作用,研究表明高浓度沙棘果提取物反而增加了丙烯酰胺的生成[28]。褪黑素中某些活性成分会作为丙烯醛途径的反应底物,从而增加了丙烯酰胺的生成。此外,还有研究发现高浓度黄酮处理的热加工食品中丙烯酰胺含量有所增加[29]。这是因为体系中丙烯酰胺含量与抗氧化剂添加量之间并非简单的线性关系,存在最大抑制率,因此推测高浓度褪黑素组(感官评分较低、色泽较浅)中丙烯酰胺含量增加的原因也与黄酮类似。同时,对不同褪黑素添加量的油糕进行感官评分(图7),最低丙烯酰胺生成量的组别同时拥有较高的感官评分(94.60±1.52分),差异显著(P<0.05),而过低和过高褪黑素添加量均呈现下滑的趋势。
CK组与MT组(褪黑素添加量为22.5 mg/kg)马铃薯油糕产品(图8),色泽数据如表5所示。经褪黑素处理后马铃薯油糕明亮度值L*升高,而红度值a*、黄度值b*均降低,色差值仅为31.38±0.02,整体色泽较CK组更浅(P<0.05)。根据2.3的实验结果,褪黑素可以降低丙烯酰胺的含量,而丙烯酰胺含量与美拉德反应程度密切相关[30],所以马铃薯油糕保持较好外观色泽可能与美拉德反应程度降低有关。
硬度和咀嚼性均表示物体形变或咀嚼时所需要的能量;弹性和回复性均表明食品受到外力作用发生形变后,撤去外力恢复到初始状态的能力;内聚性指食品内结合力的大小,可以反映抗破坏的能力;而黏性指食品表面在接触到其他物体后,吸附在其他物体上的能力[31]。由表6可见,在添加褪黑素后,马铃薯油糕的硬度、咀嚼性分别为1359.17±63.57 g和337.30±24.83 g,均呈现下降的趋势,相较于CK组分别降低了13.26%、18.5%(P<0.05);而弹性、回复性为0.52±0.03、0.24±0.02,与CK组相比分别提高了18.18%、26.32%;此外内聚力和黏性基本不变(P>0.05)。这表明添加褪黑素后马铃薯油糕口感更容易咀嚼吞咽,并且总体富有弹性,更适合食用。这可能是因为褪黑素在一定程度上阻止了淀粉的糊化,减少了水分的流失,而水分含量的增加则会降低咀嚼性和硬度,增加弹性和回复性[32]。
马铃薯油糕含油量及油脂氧化影响过氧化值、酸价、羰基价是衡量油脂氧化的重要指标,油脂氧化后不仅会降低食品的营养价值,而且会产生各种令人不愉悦的气味[33]。为了更好地评价褪黑素的抗氧化能力,通过与原菜籽油的油脂氧化指标对比,MT组中油脂的过氧化值、酸价、羰基价分别为0.096±0.00 g/100 g、0.38±0.01 mg/g、10.83±0.15 meq/kg,三个氧化指标在原有基础上分别提高了108.70%、15.15%、79.60%,而CK组中分别提高了204.35%、33.33%、129.02%,由此可见褪黑素可以显著抑制食品中油脂的氧化,进而提高食品安全品质。
油炸食品虽然具有较好的风味和口感,但是食品中油脂含量超量也极大增加人类肥胖、心脑血管等疾病的患病风险[34]。由表7可知,添加了褪黑素后,马铃薯油糕含油量降低了13.83%,这可能是因为褪黑素作为一种抗氧化剂,阻止了油脂氧化形成的大分子氧化聚合物,从而降低油脂整体的黏性,减少马铃薯油糕表面吸附的油脂[27]。此外,根据2.4.4扫描电镜对油糕表面的观察,CK组油糕表面空隙较多,也可能藏纳更多的油脂,进一步增加产品含油量。
扫描电镜图(图9)可以发现CK组和MT组的马铃薯油糕表面淀粉结构均发生不同程度的破坏。MT组的油糕虽然出现淀粉的粘连,但仍然可以看见淀粉颗粒的大致形状;而CK组淀粉结构已经被完全破坏,淀粉颗粒之间互相融合,最终呈现出光滑紧致的结构。此外,放大100倍观察时,还能够发现MT组的油糕表面空隙相较于CK组更少。油糕中的马铃薯在制作时先经蒸制处理,但由于时间较短导致淀粉糊化不完全,淀粉结构未被完全破坏,并且吸水膨胀能力相较于未处理淀粉更强,导致体积增大[35];进一步油炸时由于温度较高,所以会出现淀粉被完全破坏的情况,同时由于温度已经超过水的沸点,表面水分迅速蒸发,从而留下数量较多的空隙[36]。N、O、F是形成氢键的主要元素,酚类化合物由于含有较多的羟基,可以通过氢键作用与淀粉结合,形成黄酮-淀粉复合物,影响淀粉水解[37−38]。因此,褪黑素上的N、O两种元素可以与淀粉通过氢键结合形成复合物,进而抑制淀粉的糊化。
基于MERWARE数据库,马铃薯油糕中共检测到916种物质。其中萜类149种,酯类157种、酮类95种、杂环化合物116种、醇类90种、醛类76种、烃类56种、酚类35种、酸类36种、胺类29种、醚类23种、芳烃27种、含氮化合物14种、卤代烃5种、含硫化合物8种。根据所有检出代谢物绘制挥发性产物组成环形图(图10)。
OPLS-DA结合了正交信号矫正(OSC)和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)方法,能够将X(样本定量信息矩阵)矩阵信息分解成与Y(样本分组信息矩阵)相关和不相关的两类信息,通过去除不相关的差异来筛选差异变量。OPLS-DA得分图如图11所示,百分比表示该成分对数据集的解释率;横坐标表示预测主成分,用于评判不同组别间的差距,MT和CK组间距离较大,这表明两组间挥发性代谢物差异显著;纵坐标表示正交主成分,用于评判平行实验组内间的差距,图中各组别内纵坐标距离较小,这表明平行实验组误差较小。
OPLS-DA评价模型的预测参数有R2X,R2Y和Q2,其中R2X和R2Y分别表示所建模型对X和Y矩阵的解释率,Q2表示模型的预测能力,这三个指标越接近于1时表示模型越稳定可靠,Q2>0.5时可认为是有效的模型,Q2>0.9时为出色的模型。如OPLS-DA验证图(图12),横坐标表示模型R2Y,Q2值,纵坐标是200次随机排列组合实验中,模型出现的频数,图中橙色代表随机分组模型R2Y,紫色代表随机分组模型Q2,黑色箭头代表的值为原始模型的数值,即R2X=0.842,R2Y=1和Q2=0.989,这充分证明OPLS-DA模型的有效性。
基于OPLS-DA结果,选取VIP(变量重要投影)>1,P-value<0.05,FC(差异倍数)≥2和≤0.5为筛选标准,绘制差异挥发性代谢物火山图(图13)。火山图中的每一个点表示一种代谢物,其中绿色的点代表下调差异挥发性代谢物,红色的点代表上调差异挥发性代谢物,灰色代表差异不显著的挥发性代谢物;横坐标表示某挥发性代谢物在两组样品中相对含量差异倍数的对数值(log2FC),横坐标绝对值越大,说明该物质在两组样品间的相对含量差异越大,纵坐标表示差异显著性水平(-lg P-value),圆点的大小代表VIP值。MT vs CK中共测得916种挥发性物质,其中27种挥发性代谢物经褪黑素处理后上调,123种挥发性代谢物经褪黑素处理后下调。
为了更加直观地显示代谢物相对含量的变化趋势,根据差异挥发性成分的原始相对含量按行采用UV(Unit Variance Scaling)(公式:X*=(x−μ)/σ,其中µ为均值,σ为标准差)处理,通过软件包绘制热图,结果如图14所示,添加褪黑素后,马铃薯油糕中挥发性物质呈现不同程度的变化。而在这些挥发性物质中醛类、酮类、杂环化合物(吡嗪类、吡啶类等)、酯类已经被研究证明是美拉德反应产生的重要风味物质[39]。这些与美拉德反应高度相关的物质除酮类经褪黑素处理后相对含量分别降低了4.13%、14.54%、12.47%,只有酮类增加了6.50%,总体呈现降低趋势,这从挥发性代谢物角度显示出褪黑素能有效抑制美拉德反应的发生。
美拉德反应产生的挥发性物质对食品风味具有重要影响,而挥发性成分含量减少,也会使得食品风味寡淡[40]。因此基于筛选标准鉴定得到的差异挥发性物质及注释到的感官风味特征,挑选注释个数最高的前10个感官风味绘制差异挥发性物质风味轮状图,如图15所示。按照挥发性物质个数大小排序,通过对具有同一风味特征的挥发性物质相对含量聚类计算,马铃薯油糕添加褪黑素后,降低最为明显的感官风味依次是:糖果味23.28%、青草味36.04%、草药味39.07%、果香味52.48%、木质味50.89%、坚果味52.39%、花香味51.00%、樟脑味51.51%、柑橘味54.76%、清新味51.91%。所以考虑到消费者对食品香味的需求,未添加褪黑素的油糕具有较好的味觉感官优势。
以感官评分为评价指标,结合实际操作可行性,最终确定马铃薯油糕最佳工艺为马铃薯添加量为30 g、油炸时间为200 s、油炸温度为220 ℃、料液比为1.8 g/mL。基于最佳加工工艺,马铃薯油糕褪黑素添加量为22.5 mg/kg所得丙烯酰胺含量最低(669.74±17.24 μg/kg),且较其他褪黑素添加量感官评分最高。同时,基于上述最佳工艺与丙烯酰胺含量最低的褪黑素添加量,发现经褪黑素处理后,可以减少油糕表面焦糊的发生,并且改善了油糕的口感及油脂的氧化程度(P<0.05),增加了油糕的适口性和安全性。此外,褪黑素可以抑制淀粉的糊化过程;但是添加褪黑素后,马铃薯油糕的风味成分显著降低(P<0.05),具有代表性的糖果味、青草味、草药味等数十种风味特征物质相对含量降低了约20%~55%,这也导致了油糕整体风味寡淡。相较于味觉感官带来的缺点,褪黑素对油糕安全性和品质方面具有更为积极的意义,因此采用添加褪黑素来提高淀粉基食品油炸品质具有良好的应用前景。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070380
  • 接收时间:2025-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-01
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    1云南农业大学食品科学技术学院,云南昆明 650201
    2云南农业大学农学与生物技术学院,云南昆明 650201
    3云南农业大学植物保护学院,云南昆明 650201

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包媛媛(1981−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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