Article(id=1320881805025198917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070373, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753804800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852363114, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852363114, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852363114, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852363114, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=129, endPage=138, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881805239108422, articleId=1320881805025198917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Edible Colloids-Processed Cheese: 3D Printing Characteristics and Molecular Interactions, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to improve the 3D printability of processed cheese by investigating the effects of different colloids (xanthan gum, guar gum, and curdlan) and addition level (0.1%~0.5%) on sample molding properties. Using Anchor processed cheese as the base material, processed cheese was prepared by incorporating edible colloids. The 3D printing performance rheological properties, thermal behavior, and microstructure were systematically characterized by using a rotational rheometer, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Rheological results showed that all samples exhibited typical shear-thinning behavior. At a curdlan concentration of 0.4%, the sample reached an apparent viscosity of 40 Pa·s under a shear rate of 0.1 s−1, and the storage modulus consistently exceeded the loss modulus, which indicated a dominant elastic response. 3D Printing tests demonstrated that samples with 0.4% curdlan exhibited the highest printing accuracy, structural stability (the morphology remained intact within 60 minutes), and structural integrity, which was significantly superior to other colloids systems. In summary, 0.4% curdlan could effectively enhance the 3D printing quality of processed cheese, providing a theoretical reference for 3D printing technology in dairy products.

, authors=Xinyi ZHOU1, Gangliang HU2, Hongyu WU2, Kai CHEN1, Ruosi FANG1, Gongnian XIAO1, *, authorsList=Xinyi ZHOU, Gangliang HU, Hongyu WU, Kai CHEN, Ruosi FANG, Gongnian XIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Gongnian XIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881808145761111, articleId=1320881805025198917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=食用胶-再制奶酪3D打印特性及分子相互作用, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以提升再制奶酪的3D打印适印性为目标,探究不同食用胶(黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶、可得然胶)种类及添加量(0.1%~0.5%)对样品成型性能的影响。以安佳奶酪为基料,通过添加食用胶制备再制奶酪体系,结合3D打印成型效果评估,并采用旋转流变仪、差示扫描量热仪(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)及扫描电子显微镜(scanningelectron microscopy,SEM)等分析手段,系统表征其流变特性、热力学行为和微观结构。流变结果表明:所有样品均表现出典型的剪切变稀特性;当可得然胶添加量为0.4%时,样品在剪切速率0.1 s−1下的黏度达到40 Pa·s,且储能模量(G')始终高于损耗模量(G"),表现出优异的弹性响应。3D打印测试表明:当可得然胶添加量为0.4%时,打印样品呈现最佳成型精度与结构稳定性(60 min内形态保持完整),显著优于其他胶体体系。综上,0.4%可得然胶可有效提升再制奶酪的3D打印成型质量,为乳制品3D打印技术提供理论参考。

, authors=周欣怡1, 胡钢亮2, 吴红宇2, 陈凯1, 方若思1, 肖功年1, *, authorsList=周欣怡, 胡钢亮, 吴红宇, 陈凯, 方若思, 肖功年, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=肖功年, authorNote=

周欣怡(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:乳制品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
肖功年(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:乳制品加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=jwQDny8424ptt7LtEt8MAA==, magXml=XjhCm1b/AsKQm/BQOL6qJg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Ztj448r/LS/mRRdmqknv8g==, pdfFileSize=9982949, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=g9hlVcg2mG2GfOeLq+G+8Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=VIKWlI+NsAi+9DXCc25ljQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320881808514859871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2965412717@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320881808590357345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, authorId=1320881808514859871, language=EN, stringName=Xinyi ZHOU, firstName=Xinyi, middleName=null, lastName=ZHOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320881808682632034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, authorId=1320881808514859871, language=CN, stringName=周欣怡, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1浙江科技大学生物与化学工程学院,浙江杭州 310023, bio={"content":"

周欣怡(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:乳制品加工,E-mail:

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Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025, 16(5): 52−61., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320881808359670616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881808368059225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, companyId=1320881808359670616, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881808376447834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, companyId=1320881808359670616, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1浙江科技大学生物与化学工程学院,浙江杭州 310023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320881808435168091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881808443556700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, companyId=1320881808435168091, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Hangzhou Qiandao Lake Kangnobond Health Products Limited Company, Hangzhou 311700, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881808451945309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, companyId=1320881808435168091, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2杭州千岛湖康诺邦健康产品有限公司,浙江杭州 311700)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320881812558168967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Rheological properties of cheese under different types and dosages of edible colloids, figureFileSmall=nrlFL6LCjvPb8wKUQYxFmg==, figureFileBig=g9hlVcg2mG2GfOeLq+G+8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881812642055048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同种类及添加量的食用胶下奶酪的流变特性

注:(a)瓜尔豆胶;(b)黄原胶;(c)可得然胶。

, figureFileSmall=nrlFL6LCjvPb8wKUQYxFmg==, figureFileBig=g9hlVcg2mG2GfOeLq+G+8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881812814021513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different types and amounts of edible colloids on the viscoelastic modulus of cheese samples, figureFileSmall=k4v67r6+YOxA5wIZ4poCYQ==, figureFileBig=h+/oxTjx0Ptn+ZXy1F9INQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881812885324682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同种类及添加量食用胶对奶酪样品黏弹性模量的影响

注:(a)瓜尔豆胶储能模量曲线;(b)瓜尔豆胶损耗模量曲线;(c)黄原胶储能模量曲线;(d)黄原胶损耗模量曲线;(e)可得然胶储能模量曲线;(f)可得然胶损耗模量曲线。

, figureFileSmall=k4v67r6+YOxA5wIZ4poCYQ==, figureFileBig=h+/oxTjx0Ptn+ZXy1F9INQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881813086651275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=3D Printing effects of cheese with different types and amounts of edible colloids, figureFileSmall=0L7ycBDMO83DLMtwoDrhWg==, figureFileBig=H3yNHFblyT2MG0Oyc3r9FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881813166343052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同种类及添加量食用胶的3D打印奶酪效果, figureFileSmall=0L7ycBDMO83DLMtwoDrhWg==, figureFileBig=H3yNHFblyT2MG0Oyc3r9FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881813413806989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=FTIR spectra of 3D-printed cheese samples with varying types and concentrations of edible colloids, figureFileSmall=vKsBDP587JHyjSpVrg+AnQ==, figureFileBig=jeeAyzpug7Kh4ps5K8tJpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881813510275982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同种类食用胶及添加量下奶酪3D打印样品的红外光谱图

注:(a)瓜尔豆胶;(b)可得然胶;(c)黄原胶。

, figureFileSmall=vKsBDP587JHyjSpVrg+AnQ==, figureFileBig=jeeAyzpug7Kh4ps5K8tJpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881813581579151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Microstructure of printed samples under different edible colloids and dosage (600×), figureFileSmall=mVgdyKIhepP1jcB7QBwnjg==, figureFileBig=xg177Eh32v3HyejbLEBTbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881813657076624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同食用胶及添加量下打印样品的微观结构(600×), figureFileSmall=mVgdyKIhepP1jcB7QBwnjg==, figureFileBig=xg177Eh32v3HyejbLEBTbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881813719991185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=DSC curves of samples with different edible colloids and dosages, figureFileSmall=de3O+W6c6rBAkBWHilg9Xg==, figureFileBig=aPUKknBp6guhBu+Tl4vbyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881813845820306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同食用胶及添加量的样品的DSC曲线

注:向上为放热方向;(a)黄原胶;(b)可得然胶;(c)瓜尔豆胶。

, figureFileSmall=de3O+W6c6rBAkBWHilg9Xg==, figureFileBig=aPUKknBp6guhBu+Tl4vbyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881813917123475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Intermolecular forces of cheese samples under different edible colloids and dosage levels, figureFileSmall=au2Ojub7HHgoicWQW+uc2Q==, figureFileBig=vtC41jlnrDmk0qtz+CCsYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881814021981076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同食用胶及添加量下奶酪样品的分子间作用力

注:a~e为添加0.1%~0.5%瓜尔豆胶的奶酪样品;f~j为添加0.1%~0.5%黄原胶的奶酪样品;k~o为添加0.1%~0.5%可得然胶的奶酪样品。

, figureFileSmall=au2Ojub7HHgoicWQW+uc2Q==, figureFileBig=vtC41jlnrDmk0qtz+CCsYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881814084895637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of hydrogen bond breaking on the elastic modulus of cheese samples, figureFileSmall=8e6JURMgT/L71VROY+5UQw==, figureFileBig=O3Dd/qjujDNrvackhdLFGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881814156198806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=CN, label=图8, caption=氢键破坏对奶酪样品弹性模量的影响

注:a为可得然胶;b为瓜尔豆胶;c为黄原胶。

, figureFileSmall=8e6JURMgT/L71VROY+5UQw==, figureFileBig=O3Dd/qjujDNrvackhdLFGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881814227501975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of different types and amounts of edible colloids on the accuracy and stability of 3D printed cheese

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标添加量(%)可得然胶瓜尔豆胶黄原胶
打印精确性0.191.67±0.13g90.08±0.43h89.23±0.37i
0.295.04±0.22d89.36±0.11i92.50±0.29f
0.396.30±0.19c94.57±0.20de94.42±0.32e
0.498.62±0.03a97.54±0.24b96.27±0.19c
0.596.55±0.09c96.72±0.36c97.36±0.17b
打印稳定性0.194.28±0.13e92.71±0.27g91.39±0.14i
0.295.54±0.17d92.25±0.11h93.56±0.22f
0.396.70±0.13c94.57±0.29e95.60±0.15d
0.498.71±0.07a95.66±0.23d96.75±0.12c
0.597.59±0.21b96.68±0.17c97.69±0.16b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881815917806488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同种类及添加量食用胶对3D打印奶酪精确性及稳定性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标添加量(%)可得然胶瓜尔豆胶黄原胶
打印精确性0.191.67±0.13g90.08±0.43h89.23±0.37i
0.295.04±0.22d89.36±0.11i92.50±0.29f
0.396.30±0.19c94.57±0.20de94.42±0.32e
0.498.62±0.03a97.54±0.24b96.27±0.19c
0.596.55±0.09c96.72±0.36c97.36±0.17b
打印稳定性0.194.28±0.13e92.71±0.27g91.39±0.14i
0.295.54±0.17d92.25±0.11h93.56±0.22f
0.396.70±0.13c94.57±0.29e95.60±0.15d
0.498.71±0.07a95.66±0.23d96.75±0.12c
0.597.59±0.21b96.68±0.17c97.69±0.16b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881815997498265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of type and amounts of edible colloids on the color of 3D printed cheese

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食用胶种类添加量(%)L*a*b*
可得然胶0.191.11±0.12a0.44±0.08b15.07±0.13b
0.291.01±0.02a0.40±0.06b15.19±0.04a
0.390.72±0.07bc−0.01±0.18d14.84±0.05d
0.491.20±0.09a0.37±0.05c15.07±0.11b
0.591.12±0.14a0.52±0.02a14.98±0.13c
瓜尔豆胶0.189.27±0.03h−1.55±0.18i10.94±0.05g
0.289.25±0.12h−1.66±0.06k10.42±0.02i
0.389.51±0.07gh−1.58±0.11j9.99±0.13l
0.489.67±0.09fg−1.60±0.07jk10.18±0.18j
0.589.98±0.04ef−1.51±0.02i10.61±0.07h
黄原胶0.187.59±0.09i−1.73±0.15l8.27±0.11m
0.290.77±0.11b−1.36±0.16h10.03±0.09k
0.390.41±0.23cd−1.22±0.09g11.64±0.04f
0.490.29±0.19d−1.07±0.13f11.66±0.06f
0.590.26±0.16de−0.78±0.11e14.13±0.07e
), ArticleFig(id=1320881816072995738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同种类及添加量食用胶对3D打印奶酪色泽的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食用胶种类添加量(%)L*a*b*
可得然胶0.191.11±0.12a0.44±0.08b15.07±0.13b
0.291.01±0.02a0.40±0.06b15.19±0.04a
0.390.72±0.07bc−0.01±0.18d14.84±0.05d
0.491.20±0.09a0.37±0.05c15.07±0.11b
0.591.12±0.14a0.52±0.02a14.98±0.13c
瓜尔豆胶0.189.27±0.03h−1.55±0.18i10.94±0.05g
0.289.25±0.12h−1.66±0.06k10.42±0.02i
0.389.51±0.07gh−1.58±0.11j9.99±0.13l
0.489.67±0.09fg−1.60±0.07jk10.18±0.18j
0.589.98±0.04ef−1.51±0.02i10.61±0.07h
黄原胶0.187.59±0.09i−1.73±0.15l8.27±0.11m
0.290.77±0.11b−1.36±0.16h10.03±0.09k
0.390.41±0.23cd−1.22±0.09g11.64±0.04f
0.490.29±0.19d−1.07±0.13f11.66±0.06f
0.590.26±0.16de−0.78±0.11e14.13±0.07e
), ArticleFig(id=1320881816144298907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of different types and addition levels of edible colloids on the thermodynamic properties of 3D-printed processed cheese

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食用胶种类添加量(%)热变性温度(℃)焓变(J/g)
0214.72±1.36c89.39±0.14c
瓜尔豆胶0.1−−
0.2205.86±1.47de115.10±0.23a
0.3207.33±1.28d58.46±0.38g
0.4181.77±1.53g54.53±0.33h
0.5207.79±1.32d12.67±0.49m
黄原胶0.1236.48±0.69a67.74±0.12f
0.2180.08±2.31g85.79±0.45d
0.3203.68±1.76ef75.30±0.62e
0.4−−
0.5223.19±1.88b39.87±0.46j
可得然胶0.1171.33±1.36h34.42±0.68k
0.2202.46±2.39f99.59±0.27b
0.3180.50±1.49g18.25±0.58l
0.4202.64±1.23f41.48±0.17i
0.5−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320881816223990684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881805025198917, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同种类及添加量食用胶对3D打印奶酪热力学特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食用胶种类添加量(%)热变性温度(℃)焓变(J/g)
0214.72±1.36c89.39±0.14c
瓜尔豆胶0.1−−
0.2205.86±1.47de115.10±0.23a
0.3207.33±1.28d58.46±0.38g
0.4181.77±1.53g54.53±0.33h
0.5207.79±1.32d12.67±0.49m
黄原胶0.1236.48±0.69a67.74±0.12f
0.2180.08±2.31g85.79±0.45d
0.3203.68±1.76ef75.30±0.62e
0.4−−
0.5223.19±1.88b39.87±0.46j
可得然胶0.1171.33±1.36h34.42±0.68k
0.2202.46±2.39f99.59±0.27b
0.3180.50±1.49g18.25±0.58l
0.4202.64±1.23f41.48±0.17i
0.5−−
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食用胶-再制奶酪3D打印特性及分子相互作用
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周欣怡 1 , 胡钢亮 2 , 吴红宇 2 , 陈凯 1 , 方若思 1 , 肖功年 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(16): 129-138
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (16) : 129 -138
食用胶-再制奶酪3D打印特性及分子相互作用
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周欣怡1 , 胡钢亮2, 吴红宇2, 陈凯1, 方若思1, 肖功年1, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江科技大学生物与化学工程学院,浙江杭州 310023
  • 2杭州千岛湖康诺邦健康产品有限公司,浙江杭州 311700
通讯作者:
肖功年(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:乳制品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

周欣怡(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:乳制品加工,E-mail:

Edible Colloids-Processed Cheese: 3D Printing Characteristics and Molecular Interactions
Xinyi ZHOU1 , Gangliang HU2, Hongyu WU2, Kai CHEN1, Ruosi FANG1, Gongnian XIAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
  • 2Hangzhou Qiandao Lake Kangnobond Health Products Limited Company, Hangzhou 311700, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070373
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本研究以提升再制奶酪的3D打印适印性为目标,探究不同食用胶(黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶、可得然胶)种类及添加量(0.1%~0.5%)对样品成型性能的影响。以安佳奶酪为基料,通过添加食用胶制备再制奶酪体系,结合3D打印成型效果评估,并采用旋转流变仪、差示扫描量热仪(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)及扫描电子显微镜(scanningelectron microscopy,SEM)等分析手段,系统表征其流变特性、热力学行为和微观结构。流变结果表明:所有样品均表现出典型的剪切变稀特性;当可得然胶添加量为0.4%时,样品在剪切速率0.1 s−1下的黏度达到40 Pa·s,且储能模量(G')始终高于损耗模量(G"),表现出优异的弹性响应。3D打印测试表明:当可得然胶添加量为0.4%时,打印样品呈现最佳成型精度与结构稳定性(60 min内形态保持完整),显著优于其他胶体体系。综上,0.4%可得然胶可有效提升再制奶酪的3D打印成型质量,为乳制品3D打印技术提供理论参考。

3D打印  /  再制奶酪  /  可得然胶  /  打印精确性  /  稳定性

This study aimed to improve the 3D printability of processed cheese by investigating the effects of different colloids (xanthan gum, guar gum, and curdlan) and addition level (0.1%~0.5%) on sample molding properties. Using Anchor processed cheese as the base material, processed cheese was prepared by incorporating edible colloids. The 3D printing performance rheological properties, thermal behavior, and microstructure were systematically characterized by using a rotational rheometer, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Rheological results showed that all samples exhibited typical shear-thinning behavior. At a curdlan concentration of 0.4%, the sample reached an apparent viscosity of 40 Pa·s under a shear rate of 0.1 s−1, and the storage modulus consistently exceeded the loss modulus, which indicated a dominant elastic response. 3D Printing tests demonstrated that samples with 0.4% curdlan exhibited the highest printing accuracy, structural stability (the morphology remained intact within 60 minutes), and structural integrity, which was significantly superior to other colloids systems. In summary, 0.4% curdlan could effectively enhance the 3D printing quality of processed cheese, providing a theoretical reference for 3D printing technology in dairy products.

3D printing  /  processed cheese  /  curdlan gum  /  printing precision  /  stability
周欣怡, 胡钢亮, 吴红宇, 陈凯, 方若思, 肖功年. 食用胶-再制奶酪3D打印特性及分子相互作用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 129 -138 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070373
Xinyi ZHOU, Gangliang HU, Hongyu WU, Kai CHEN, Ruosi FANG, Gongnian XIAO. Edible Colloids-Processed Cheese: 3D Printing Characteristics and Molecular Interactions[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 129 -138 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070373
3D打印技术凭借其数字化与精准化制造能力,为实现个性化营养与可持续食材(如替代蛋白、副产品)的零浪费利用提供了革命性方案,有望推动食品系统向更负责任的生产-消费范式转型[1−2]。为实现这一愿景,该领域的研究正从单一材料开发迈向对复杂体系的构建与多工艺的融合。具体而言,在原料方面,研究者致力于挖掘新型可持续资源,如Keerthana等[3]利用香菇纤维素开发高纤维休闲食品,以丰富产品功能。在材料性能调控方面,研究重点在于通过复合配方优化打印性能,例如Wu等[4]构建的鱼糜-南瓜糊复合体系,从流变学角度保障了打印的可行性。进而,在打印工艺层面,Rodríguez-herrera等[5]对玉米-鹰嘴豆多材料打印的探索,则展示了通过精密控制实现结构-功能一体化的潜力。这些研究共同表明,天然生物大分子基食品的3D打印正从基础筛选走向面向应用的产品定制化新阶段。
奶酪作为一种高营养价值的乳制品,富含优质蛋白质、必需脂肪酸、矿物质及多种功能性成分,具有抗炎、免疫调节等健康益处[6−7]。全球奶酪产业规模持续扩大,年产量约2480万吨,预计2022~2031年间将增长10.4%[8]。相比之下,中国奶酪市场仍处于成长期,2023年人均消费量仅为0.2 kg,远低于日本(1.8 kg)等国家,消费总量不足全球1%,显示出巨大的发展潜力[9]。为推进奶酪产业升级,中国奶业协会提出至2025年全国产量力争50万吨、零售规模突破300亿元的发展目标。
在此背景下,3D打印技术因其在食品形状、质构与营养个性化定制方面的独特优势,为奶酪产品的创新开发提供了新途径[10]。通过该技术可实现奶酪的再制与风味改良,拓展其在特殊膳食、儿童食品、餐饮装饰等场景的应用。然而,奶酪原料本身的流变特性与质构性能是否满足3D打印的工艺要求,成为制约其实际应用的关键技术瓶颈。因此,系统研究奶酪材料的打印适应性,并通过配方优化或工艺调控改善其挤出性、堆叠性与成型稳定性,对推动奶酪高附加值产品开发具有重要意义。
食用胶(多糖或蛋白质基亲水聚合物)凭借胶凝、增稠等功能特性,成为调控食品体系流变行为的关键组分[11−12]。研究表明,瓜尔豆胶可优化酸奶流变特性[13],黄原胶能显著影响淀粉糊化行为[14],而可得然胶复配体系可提升乳制品稳定性[15]。因此本研究聚焦瓜尔豆胶、黄原胶及可得然胶对再制奶酪3D打印性能的调控机制,旨在为开发兼具营养适配性与成型稳定性的功能性乳制品提供技术依据。
安佳奶油奶酪 上海恒天然商贸有限公司;可得然胶 江苏一鸣生物股份有限公司;黄原胶 新疆梅花氨基酸有限公司;瓜尔豆胶 北京瓜尔润科技股份有限公司;多聚磷酸钠、焦磷酸钠 浙江诺一生物科技有限公司;β-巯基乙醇 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;PBS缓冲液 广州和为医药科技有限公司;尿素 生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;所用试剂均为分析纯。
HH-4数显恒温水浴锅 国华电器有限公司;FOODBOT-S2食品3D打印机 杭州时印科技有限公司;DHR-2旋转流变仪 美国TA仪器公司;CM-5分光色差仪 日本柯尼卡美能达公司;SU1510扫描电子显微镜 日本日立公司;V70 IR Spertrometer 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 德国布鲁克公司;DSC-300差示扫描量热仪 德国耐驰公司。
称取50 g安佳奶酪,加入0.75 g多聚磷酸钠和焦磷酸钠以及25%的蒸馏水,置于80 ℃的恒温水浴锅中加热搅拌20 min,后用均质机搅拌均匀。再分别添加3种食用胶(可得然胶、黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶),每种胶的添加量均设置为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%五个水平,置于80 ℃恒温水浴锅中搅拌融化30 min,装入离心管或料筒中在4 ℃冰箱内储藏24 h,用于后续实验[16]。
通过流变仪测定奶酪样品的流变特性。平板直径40 mm,间隙1 mm,温度25 ℃,剪切速率扫描范围0.1~100 s−1,记录其表观黏度随剪切速率增加的变化情况。在角频率0.1~200 rad/s内进行动态频率扫描,记录其储能模量和损耗模量随振荡频率增加的变化情况。
制成的奶酪样品使用3D食品打印机进行打印。建立长37 mm、宽36 mm、高12 mm的瓢虫模型。3D打印机参数设置:喷嘴直径0.8 mm、喷嘴温度25 ℃、填充密度为20%,打印速率为50 mm/s。根据预设计的模型和参数得到不同奶酪的打印样品,测量其高度(H)和边长(L),所得测量尺寸与预设模型的理想数值进行对比,数值越接近证明打印成型效果越好。打印精确性和稳定性按式(1)~式(2)计算[17]。
$ 打印精确性(\text{%})= \left(1-\left| \frac{{\text{L}}_{\text{S}}-{\text{L}}_{\text{m}}}{{\text{L}}_{\text{m}}}\right| \right)\times 100 $
$ 打印稳定性(\text{%})= \frac{{\text{H}}_{\text{60 min}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{0 min}}}\times 100 $
式中:Ls代表成品边长,mm;Lm代表预设边长,mm;H0 min代表打印结束后静置0 min 时样品的高度,mm;H60 min代表打印结束后静置60 min时样品的高度,mm。
通过色差仪测定样品的L*、a*、b*值进行色泽分析。L*值为亮度,数值越高则越白;a*值表示样品的红绿度,正值表示颜色偏红,负值表示偏向绿色;b*值表现了样品的黄蓝度,正值表示偏黄,负值表示偏蓝,其绝对值越大则颜色倾向越显著[18]。
样品在−80 ℃冰箱中过夜冷冻后,取出进行真空冷冻干燥48 h,冻干后的奶酪样品研磨成粉末,与KBr按照1:100比例混合,用傅里叶红外光谱仪对样品在4000~500 cm−1的波数下扫描,分辨率4 cm−1,扫描次数32。
取少量真空冷冻干燥后的样品用电导胶固定在铜板上,进行喷金处理。在600倍的放大倍数和15 kV的加速电压下,观察样品的微观结构。
称5 mg奶酪样品于铝制坩埚中,用压样机将坩埚密封。并放置一个空的密封坩埚作为空白对照。在DSC扫描期间,将样品以10 ℃/min的速率升温至50 ℃,并在该温度下平衡2 min。然后,继续以10 ℃/min的速率将样品加热至300 ℃[19]。
将5 g样品分别浸入蒸馏水(对照组)、尿素(6 mol/L)、β-巯基乙醇(β-ME,0.2 mol/L)和磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS,0.01 mol/L,pH7.4)中2 h,分别破坏氢键、二硫键和静电相互作用。浸泡后,将样品在8000 r/min下离心15 min,并使用流变仪对浸泡样品进行扫频测量。根据式(3)记录ΔG'的变化[20]。
$ \Delta {\text{G}}{\text{'}}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{G}_{0}{\text{'}}-\text{G}_{1}{\text{'}}}{\text{G}_{0}{\text{'}}} $
式中:$ \text{G}_{1}{\text{'}} $代表尿素浸泡后奶酪样品的储能模量(Pa);$ \text{G}_{0}{\text{'}} $对应于蒸馏水浸泡后奶酪样品的储能模量(Pa);$ \Delta{\text{G}}{\text{'}} $代表氢键对奶酪样品的贡献程度。
所有实验重复三次,数据测定值以平均值±标准差的形式来表示。通过SPSS 16.0软件对数据进行单因素方差分析,采用Duncan检验进行显著性分析,显著性水平为P<0.05。采用OriginPro 2025进行图表绘制。
由图1可知,奶酪样品的表观黏度在剪切速率不断增加的条件下呈现不断下降的趋势,这表明样品是一种极具代表性的假塑性流体[21]。在低剪切速率下,添加适宜浓度的瓜尔豆胶、黄原胶、可得然胶均能明显提高奶酪的表观黏度。以剪切速率为0.1 s−1时为例,当添加0.4%瓜尔豆胶时,奶酪的表观黏度提升至120 Pa·s;当添加0.5%黄原胶时,奶酪的表观黏度达到108 Pa·s;当添加0.4%可得然胶时,奶酪的表观黏度达到40 Pa·s。由此可见,黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶和可得然胶均具有良好的增稠效果。该现象可能与食用胶的亲水特性有关:胶体分子通过水合作用促进蛋白质分子间的交联反应,进而与基质蛋白协同构建更为致密的三维网状结构体系[22]。但可得然胶和瓜尔豆胶在0.5%时,呈下降趋势,可能是因为胶体分子与蛋白交联过度,破坏了凝胶网络结构。
图2流变学研究表明,适用于3D打印的食品基材需同时满足两个关键流变参数:适宜的流动性(体现为较低的表观黏度)以确保通过挤出喷嘴顺畅成型,以及较高的储能模量($ {\text{G}}{\text{'}} $)来维持打印制品的三维结构完整性。该双重流变特性约束条件构成了食品3D打印材料设计的核心准则[23]。
储能模量($ {\text{G}}{\text{'}} $)作为材料弹性响应的表征参数,反映了体系储存及恢复形变能的能力;损耗模量($ {\text{G}}{\text{"}} $)则表征黏性耗散特性,其物理本质对应周期性形变中能量耗散速率。如图2所示,样品的$ {\text{G}}{\text{'}} $与$ {\text{G}}{\text{"}} $均呈不同程度的上升趋势,表明胶体的加入可有效增强物料的弹性和黏性。当瓜尔豆胶、黄原胶、可得然胶添加量分别为0.4%、0.5%、0.4%时,$ {\text{G}}{\text{'}} $与$ {\text{G}}{\text{"}} $达到峰值,此规律与图1中表观黏度随食用胶添加量增加的变化趋势一致,且在线性黏弹性区间内,所有体系的$ {\text{G}}{\text{'}} $值系统性高于$ {\text{G}}{\text{"}} $值,说明样品具有更多的弹性性质和类似固体的特征[24],此特性可有效提升打印过程中物料的抗形变能力。
图3展示了不同比例黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶及可得然胶对再制奶酪3D打印瓢虫模型成型效果的影响。打印形状和自支撑性是评价其适印性最直观的指标,其打印品质的好坏也与再制干酪的流变特性、分子间作用力等众多指标密切相关。打印瓢虫模型样品可以直观地看出,随着添加量的增加,打印纹理越来越清晰,层次分明。当三种胶体的添加量都为0.1%时,打印样品表面粘连,打印纹路不清晰,其中黄原胶的自支撑性最差。当可得然胶添加量在0.4%时,物料展现出较好的打印外观,并且打印精确性和稳定性最高(表1),因为此时的样品具有较低的黏度和较高的$ {\mathrm{G}}{\text{'}} $,使其容易从喷头中挤出还能维持打印后形状。相较于可得然胶0.4%的打印样品,黄原胶0.5%和瓜尔豆胶0.4%的3D打印样品表面有由于断条而产生的小洞,这是因为黄原胶0.5%和瓜尔豆胶0.4%的样品黏度过高,导致物料在挤出过程中容易堵住喷头而断丝,这与2.1的流变结果相印证。
食品色泽作为消费者感官接受度的关键评价指标,其品质优化对产品市场竞争力具有重要影响。表2为分别添加不同比例的瓜尔豆胶、黄原胶和可得然胶对3D打印奶酪色泽的影响。未添加食用胶的再制奶酪L*值为91.31,a*值为−1.33,b*值为10.18。结果表明天然食品胶的加入能够降低样品的L*,可能是天然胶体与蛋白质结合后改变了凝胶网络结构,降低体系对光的反射,以及胶体本身颜色对测量的影响[25]。随着可得然胶和瓜尔豆胶的添加量从0.1%增加到0.5%,3D打印奶酪的L*值呈现先下降后升高的趋势。对于奶酪样品a*值,a*值为正,则颜色偏红;a*值为负,则颜色偏绿。可得然胶是三种胶体中唯一能使样品a*值接近或达到正值的胶体(0.3%时略负,其他添加量为正),表明其能有效抑制奶酪的绿色调,使产品呈现中性或略带红色。而黄原胶在所有添加量下a*值均为负值,但随着添加量增加,a*值逐渐向0趋近,绿色调减弱。添加可得然胶的3D打印奶酪的b*值稳定在14.84~15.19之间,显著高(P<0.05)于瓜尔豆胶(最大值10.94)和黄原胶(最大值14.13)。这是因为可得然胶本身的螺旋结构具有旋光性,其晶体结构中的大量氢键促使其结合更多水分,故而达到提升样品b*值的效果[26]。
图4为含有不同种类及添加量食用胶的奶酪样品的FT-IR光谱,所有样品显示出相同的吸收带,但强度不同,且未观测到新特征峰生成,这表明食用胶的加入没有产生新的光谱带,证实食用胶与乳蛋白间以物理相互作用(氢键/范德华力)为主导,未形成共价键合[27]。所有样品在1160、1396、1634、2922和3305 cm−1附近处有吸收峰。其中,在3200~3400 cm−1范围内的谱带与样品中水分子的(O-H)伸缩振动和氢键的形成有关,而在2800~3000 cm−1光谱范围内发现的三重态带与蛋白质和脂质中甲基(-CH 3)和亚甲基(-CH2)的(C-H)伸缩振动相关[28]。在1634 cm−1左右的吸收峰归因于C=O键的伸缩振动、1396 cm−1左右的吸收峰归因于-CH2键的伸缩振动、1160 cm−1附近的吸收峰归因于糖苷键C-O-C键的伸缩振动[29]。但是,随着食用胶添加量的增加,红外光谱在波数3256~3315 cm−1之间发生波动。添加可得然胶的奶酪样品在3305 cm−1处出现明显红移,这证实了其O-H伸缩振动增强,意味着形成了更强的氢键网络[30]。而添加瓜尔豆胶和黄原胶的样品仅引起该波数的微小波动,说明其促进氢键形成的能力弱于可得然胶。
微观结构分析能够直观表征3D打印食品材料的结构特性[31]。如图5所示,未添加食用胶的样品呈现松散凝胶网络,表面存在明显褶皱与孔隙,持水能力较弱且结构稳定性不足,导致打印成品易发生形变塌陷。添加食用胶后,蛋白质网络致密性逐渐增强,表面球状颗粒减少,结构趋于均匀紧实。该结构上的变化,与流变学测试中观测到的储能模量增加相一致,共同表明了样品三维网络结构的增强,这通常意味着分子间交联作用的强化。尽管瓜尔豆胶与黄原胶的增量添加可减少表面颗粒,但其网络交联致密性仍存在缺陷,致使打印精度与结构维持能力受限。相比之下,0.4%可得然胶的添加使样品表面更为光滑平整,同时有效强化了蛋白质与胶体间的分子交联作用,这与图3打印效果图一致。
如图6所示,以可得然胶组为例,在100℃附近观察到一个微弱的吸热趋势,推测为特定乳蛋白组分(如肽、多肽及球蛋白肽)的变性过程;第二个吸热峰出现在175~225 ℃之间,可能由结合水的解吸作用引发,同时该温度区间也可能伴随酪蛋白变性的吸热反应,但因峰形重叠难以明确区分[32]。由于酪蛋白网络对水分的强束缚作用,需升温至约200 ℃方可完全脱除体系中的结合水。最终,DSC曲线在250 ℃后维持平稳吸热状态,聚合物骨架可能在此温度段发生热分解,化学键断裂[33]。黄原胶组仅在200 ℃以上出现宽放热峰。
添加食用胶后的奶酪样品的热变性温度和焓变如表3所示。添加食用胶后的奶酪样品,在170~240 ℃之间都出现了吸热峰,且随着胶体的添加量的增加,峰值温度上下波动。良好的热稳定性可确保材料在打印及加工过程中维持物化特性稳定,从而保障最终产品的食用安全性与品质[34]。
为了评价不同食用胶制备的奶酪样品的内部凝胶强度,分别采用尿素(Urea)、β-ME和PBS中的分子相互作用力破坏氢键、二硫键和静电相互作用。如图7所示,使用这些解离剂后进行频率扫描测试以测定弹性模数。奶酪样品中食用胶类型和添加量的不同导致样品相互作用的内力在图7a~图7o中显著变化。瓜尔豆胶样品(a~e)中,随着添加量的增加,主要是氢键对$ {\text{G}}{\text{'}} $的影响大,与其半乳甘露聚糖链上丰富的游离羟基直接相关[35]。黄原胶样品(f~j)中静电相互作用对$ {\text{G}}{\text{'}} $的影响最大,源于其阴离子特性(含-COO−、-OH等极性基团)引发的电荷络合作用。可得然胶样品(k~o)中,随着添加量的增加,尿素对$ {\text{G}}{\text{'}} $的影响先降低后增加,得出氢键对$ {\text{G}}{\text{'}} $的影响随添加量的增加先降低后增加,归因于其β-1,3-葡聚糖分子中C-2、C-4及C-6位羟基的强供体能力,可与蛋白质酰胺基形成多重氢键[36]。
在氢键对$ {\text{G}}{\text{'}} $的影响的结果中,观察到在图8中由添加0.4%可得然胶制备的奶酪样品中$ {\text{∆G}}{\text{'}} $的变化最为明显。氢键对奶酪样品的贡献大小顺序为:可得然胶>黄原胶>瓜尔豆胶。作为中性多糖,可得然胶无法通过静电作用参与分子交联,其三维网络构建主要依赖羟基与蛋白质酰胺基的氢键作用[37]。
本研究通过引入不同种类及添加量的食用胶改良再制奶酪的3D打印性能,系统评估了其流变特性、分子间作用力、热力学行为及微观结构特征。实验结果表明,在优化条件下,0.4%可得然胶的添加使体系表现出最佳打印适配性,打印后60 min内样品形态维持率最高。同时,随着可得然胶添加量增至0.4%,体系黏度、储能模量($ {\text{G}}{\text{'}} $)及分子间氢键作用呈现协同增强趋势。相比之下,黄原胶与瓜尔豆胶因网络交联致密性不足,导致打印成品表面粗糙度显著增加,尺寸精度与结构稳定性下降。综上,适量可得然胶的引入可有效提升再制奶酪的打印品质,为功能性乳制品3D打印技术提供了理论支撑。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070373
  • 接收时间:2025-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-30
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    1浙江科技大学生物与化学工程学院,浙江杭州 310023
    2杭州千岛湖康诺邦健康产品有限公司,浙江杭州 311700

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肖功年(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:乳制品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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