Article(id=1320881875082662067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070372, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753804800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852379817, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852379817, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852379817, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852379817, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=118, endPage=128, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881875330126004, articleId=1320881875082662067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction Process of Polysaccharides from Cistanche tubiflora and Its Polysaccharide Isolation, Structural Characterization and Anti-fatigue Effect, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to optimize the extraction process of Cistanche tubulosa polysaccharides (CP) and investigate their structural characteristics and anti-fatigue effects. Single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology were employed to optimize extraction conditions with the polysaccharide yield as the evaluation index. Subsequently, CP was separated and purified through DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography to obtain homogeneous polysaccharide fractions. On the basis of in vitro antioxidant activity screening, the structural properties were characterized via infrared spectroscopy, high-performance gel permeation chromatography, and ion chromatography, and animal experiments were performed to evaluate the anti-fatigue capacity of the optimal fraction. The results revealed that the optimal extraction parameters were 20 min of ultrasonication, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20, and an ultrasonic power of 220 W, under which the maximum CP yield reached 8.55%. After purification, one neutral polysaccharide (CPN) and three acidic polysaccharides (CPA-1, CPA-2, CPA-3) were isolated. The yields of CPN, CPA-1, CPA-2, and CPA-3 were 40.3%, 22.6%, 13.7%, and 9.2% respectively, with their corresponding polysaccharide component recoveries being 78.3%, 89.6%, 65.4%, and 52.7%. The antioxidant activity of the four fractions followed the order: CPA-2>CPN>CPA-1>CPA-3. Given its high yield, favorable recovery efficiency and antioxidant activity comparable to CPA-2, CPN was selected for further investigation. Structural analysis confirmed that CPN possessed characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides, was mainly composed of glucose and mannose, and might contain two components with significantly different molecular weights. In vivo experiments demonstrated that CPN could significantly prolong the weight-bearing swimming time of mice, reduce the levels of blood urea nitrogen and blood lactic acid, and increase hepatic glycogen content, thereby verifying its anti-fatigue activity. These findings lay a solid foundation for the in-depth development and anti-fatigue application of Cistanche tubulosa polysaccharides.

, authors=Jihua DUAN1, Haixia HAN2, Wenyan ZHAO3, Mingxi JIA2, Jingjing SUN2, Jixiang ZHOU2, Suqin SONG4, Dongliang ZHU3, *, Xiaowei BAO2, *, authorsList=Jihua DUAN, Haixia HAN, Wenyan ZHAO, Mingxi JIA, Jingjing SUN, Jixiang ZHOU, Suqin SONG, Dongliang ZHU, Xiaowei BAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dongliang ZHU, Xiaowei BAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881878874312900, articleId=1320881875082662067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=管花肉苁蓉多糖超声波辅助提取工艺及其多糖分离、结构特征与抗疲劳作用, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在优化管花肉苁蓉多糖(Polysaccharides of Cistanche tubulosa,CP)提取工艺,并对其结构和抗疲劳作用进行研究。以CP得率为指标,通过单因素实验结合响应面法优化提取工艺;CP经DEAE-52纤维素柱分离纯化得到均一多糖,基于体外抗氧化活性筛选多糖组分,采用红外光谱、高效凝胶渗透色谱和离子色谱进行结构表征,并评估其抗疲劳作用。结果显示,响应面法优化的最佳提取工艺是:超声时间20 min,料液比为1:20,超声功率220 W。在此条件下,CP得率为8.55%。CP分离纯化得到1个中性多糖(CPN)和3个酸性多糖(CPA-1、CPA-2、CPA-3),经测定,CPN、CPA-1、CPA-2、CPA-3得率依次为40.3%、22.6%、13.7%、9.2%,多糖组分回收率分别为78.3%、89.6%、65.4%、52.7%。四个组分抗氧化活性强弱顺序依次为:CPA-2>CPN>CPA-1>CPA-3。鉴于CPN得率高、多糖组分回收率较高,且抗氧化活性强(与CPA-2相近),故选定CPN进行后续研究。CPN具备多糖特征吸收峰,主要由葡萄糖和甘露糖构成,可能存在两种分子量差异显著的组分;动物实验表明其可显著延长小鼠负重游泳时间,降低血尿素氮与血乳酸水平,并升高肝糖原含量,证实其抗疲劳作用。本研究为肉苁蓉多糖的深度开发及抗疲劳应用奠定基础。

, authors=段继华1, 韩海霞2, 赵文燕3, 贾明玺2, 孙婧婧2, 周吉祥2, 宋素琴4, 朱东亮3, *, 包晓玮2, *, authorsList=段继华, 韩海霞, 赵文燕, 贾明玺, 孙婧婧, 周吉祥, 宋素琴, 朱东亮, 包晓玮, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱东亮, 包晓玮, authorNote=

段继华(1977−),男,本科,研究方向:食品加工及副产物利用,E-mail:

韩海霞(1979−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
朱东亮(1979−),男,博士,副主任药师,研究方向:药物分析,E-mail:。
包晓玮(1969−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2025, 46(6): 377−386., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881903419380083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=77, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙鑫, 范士君. 枸杞多糖的抗疲劳活性研究[J]. 食品与机械, 2025, 41(7): 175−182. [SUN Xin, FAN Shijun. Anti-fatigue activity of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides[J]. 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注:不同小写字母表示具有差异性显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=ah0+bpruYBuPiLxrgQNoyQ==, figureFileBig=9ieN2cP5ZmCbL1EQ6Uwnxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881889951469836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Response surface of interaction of each factor, figureFileSmall=CUTkR7e+cq+mXNEft07CvQ==, figureFileBig=aqWkGG1Rp0kdSZZacjGVTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881890026967309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各因素交互作用的响应面图, figureFileSmall=CUTkR7e+cq+mXNEft07CvQ==, figureFileBig=aqWkGG1Rp0kdSZZacjGVTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881890106659086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison of antioxidant activity of four polysaccharide components, figureFileSmall=ZwUKIVStmhj+BbP2xCLz6A==, figureFileBig=W7GzMtbFLZ49+xaJ/TRnTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881890177962255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=CN, label=图3, caption=四个多糖组分抗氧化活性比较, figureFileSmall=ZwUKIVStmhj+BbP2xCLz6A==, figureFileBig=W7GzMtbFLZ49+xaJ/TRnTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881890253459728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis of CPN, figureFileSmall=OdIRLQgT2lkQV4hwMp1aAg==, figureFileBig=yc8SU/xreUbogErGFjsJdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881890337345809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=CN, label=图4, caption=CPN傅里叶红外光谱分析, figureFileSmall=OdIRLQgT2lkQV4hwMp1aAg==, figureFileBig=yc8SU/xreUbogErGFjsJdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881891981512979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=High performance gel permeation chromatogram of CPN, figureFileSmall=ifKCgHQGxoFpuxNo5/OYzw==, figureFileBig=87KoRrQXga1jv/bPA/78/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881892052816148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=CN, label=图5, caption=CPN的HPGPC色谱图, figureFileSmall=ifKCgHQGxoFpuxNo5/OYzw==, figureFileBig=87KoRrQXga1jv/bPA/78/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881892124119317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Ion chromatographic analysis of monosaccharide standards (A) and ion chromatographic determination of monosaccharides in CPN (B), figureFileSmall=yS5/TgK89s619FSm4FBrrQ==, figureFileBig=FDNgSze/X8NqOFqkkFlMNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881892191228182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=CN, label=图6, caption=单糖标准品的离子色谱图(A)和CPN的单糖离子色谱图(B), figureFileSmall=yS5/TgK89s619FSm4FBrrQ==, figureFileBig=FDNgSze/X8NqOFqkkFlMNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881892266725656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Response surface test design

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因素水平
−101
A超声时间(min)152025
B料液比(g/mL)1:151:201:25
C超声功率(W)175200225
), ArticleFig(id=1320881892338028825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A超声时间(min)152025
B料液比(g/mL)1:151:201:25
C超声功率(W)175200225
), ArticleFig(id=1320881892400943386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Response surface experimental design and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号ABC多糖得率(%)
1−1−106.842±1.5
21−107.235±1.8
3−1108.246±0.7
41108.428±1.2
5−10−16.923±0.9
610−17.579±1.3
7−1018.265±1.6
81018.412±0.6
90−1−16.575±1.9
1001−18.232±1.1
110−118.126±0.8
120118.953±2.0
130008.665±1.4
140008.602±0.5
150008.607±1.7
160008.751±1.0
170008.675±1.2
), ArticleFig(id=1320881892480635163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号ABC多糖得率(%)
1−1−106.842±1.5
21−107.235±1.8
3−1108.246±0.7
41108.428±1.2
5−10−16.923±0.9
610−17.579±1.3
7−1018.265±1.6
81018.412±0.6
90−1−16.575±1.9
1001−18.232±1.1
110−118.126±0.8
120118.953±2.0
130008.665±1.4
140008.602±0.5
150008.607±1.7
160008.751±1.0
170008.675±1.2
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ANOVA results of regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
误差源平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型8.8590.98287.15<0.0001**
A0.2410.2469.3<0.0001**
B3.2313.23942.24<0.0001**
C2.4712.47721.77<0.0001**
AB0.01110.0113.250.1144
AC0.06510.06518.910.0034**
BC0.1710.1750.290.0002**
A21.3911.39405.76<0.0001**
B20.6710.67194.5<0.0001**
C20.3610.36103.93<0.0001**
残差0.02473.43E-03
失拟误差9.27E-0333.09E-030.840.5383
纯误差0.01543.68E-03
总误差8.8816
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回归模型方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
误差源平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型8.8590.98287.15<0.0001**
A0.2410.2469.3<0.0001**
B3.2313.23942.24<0.0001**
C2.4712.47721.77<0.0001**
AB0.01110.0113.250.1144
AC0.06510.06518.910.0034**
BC0.1710.1750.290.0002**
A21.3911.39405.76<0.0001**
B20.6710.67194.5<0.0001**
C20.3610.36103.93<0.0001**
残差0.02473.43E-03
失拟误差9.27E-0333.09E-030.840.5383
纯误差0.01543.68E-03
总误差8.8816
), ArticleFig(id=1320881892686156062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

CPN molecular weight results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
保留时间
(min)
Mp(Da)Mw(Da)Mn(Da)峰面积占比
(%)
分布系数
(Mw/Mn)
36.71354816253458921.861.36
39.9811119117794178.141.25
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CPN分子量结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
保留时间
(min)
Mp(Da)Mw(Da)Mn(Da)峰面积占比
(%)
分布系数
(Mw/Mn)
36.71354816253458921.861.36
39.9811119117794178.141.25
), ArticleFig(id=1320881892853928224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis of monosaccharide composition of CPN

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标样名称出峰时间(min)摩尔百分比(%)单糖含量(μg/mg)
甘露糖20.4830.251.668
葡萄糖44.58599.75675.043
), ArticleFig(id=1320881892933620001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

CPN单糖组成分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标样名称出峰时间(min)摩尔百分比(%)单糖含量(μg/mg)
甘露糖20.4830.251.668
葡萄糖44.58599.75675.043
), ArticleFig(id=1320881893000728866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of weight-bearing swimming time of mice (n=10, X±S)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别平均游泳时间(s)
空白对照组324±167
香菇多糖组500±187**
低剂量组348±175
中剂量组409±185*
高剂量组489±162**
), ArticleFig(id=1320881893067837731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

小鼠负重游泳时间比较(n=10,X±S)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别平均游泳时间(s)
空白对照组324±167
香菇多糖组500±187**
低剂量组348±175
中剂量组409±185*
高剂量组489±162**
), ArticleFig(id=1320881893134946596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Comparison of blood urea nitrogen, blood lactate and liver glycogen levels in mice (n=10, X±S)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别血尿素氮含量(μg/mL)血乳酸含量(mmol/L)肝糖原含量(ng/g)
空白对照组18.580±0.7532.735±0.06118.257±0.954
香菇多糖组13.580±0.770**2.439±0.058**25.543±1.095**
低剂量组17.176±0.6552.611±0.05218.625±1.102
中剂量组15.123±0.633*2.678±0.06824.870±0.954**
高剂量组15.247±0.679*2.534±0.053*22.941±1.067*
), ArticleFig(id=1320881893193666853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881875082662067, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

小鼠血尿素氮、血乳酸和肝糖原水平比较(n=10,X±S)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别血尿素氮含量(μg/mL)血乳酸含量(mmol/L)肝糖原含量(ng/g)
空白对照组18.580±0.7532.735±0.06118.257±0.954
香菇多糖组13.580±0.770**2.439±0.058**25.543±1.095**
低剂量组17.176±0.6552.611±0.05218.625±1.102
中剂量组15.123±0.633*2.678±0.06824.870±0.954**
高剂量组15.247±0.679*2.534±0.053*22.941±1.067*
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管花肉苁蓉多糖超声波辅助提取工艺及其多糖分离、结构特征与抗疲劳作用
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段继华 1 , 韩海霞 2 , 赵文燕 3 , 贾明玺 2 , 孙婧婧 2 , 周吉祥 2 , 宋素琴 4 , 朱东亮 3, * , 包晓玮 2, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(16): 118-128
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (16) : 118 -128
管花肉苁蓉多糖超声波辅助提取工艺及其多糖分离、结构特征与抗疲劳作用
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段继华1 , 韩海霞2 , 赵文燕3, 贾明玺2, 孙婧婧2, 周吉祥2, 宋素琴4, 朱东亮3, * , 包晓玮2, *
作者信息
  • 1新疆丝凯食品研发中心(有限公司),新疆昌吉 831100
  • 2新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
  • 3新疆军区保障部药品仪器检验所,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
  • 4新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院乌鲁木齐综合实验站,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
通讯作者:
朱东亮(1979−),男,博士,副主任药师,研究方向:药物分析,E-mail:。
包晓玮(1969−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

段继华(1977−),男,本科,研究方向:食品加工及副产物利用,E-mail:

韩海霞(1979−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养,E-mail:

Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction Process of Polysaccharides from Cistanche tubiflora and Its Polysaccharide Isolation, Structural Characterization and Anti-fatigue Effect
Jihua DUAN1 , Haixia HAN2 , Wenyan ZHAO3, Mingxi JIA2, Jingjing SUN2, Jixiang ZHOU2, Suqin SONG4, Dongliang ZHU3, * , Xiaowei BAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Xinjiang Sikai Food R&D Center (Co., Ltd.), Changji 831100, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
  • 3Pharmaceutical and Instrument Testing Institute, Logistics Department of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi 830052, China
  • 4Urumqi Comprehensive Experimental Station, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830052, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070372
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本研究旨在优化管花肉苁蓉多糖(Polysaccharides of Cistanche tubulosa,CP)提取工艺,并对其结构和抗疲劳作用进行研究。以CP得率为指标,通过单因素实验结合响应面法优化提取工艺;CP经DEAE-52纤维素柱分离纯化得到均一多糖,基于体外抗氧化活性筛选多糖组分,采用红外光谱、高效凝胶渗透色谱和离子色谱进行结构表征,并评估其抗疲劳作用。结果显示,响应面法优化的最佳提取工艺是:超声时间20 min,料液比为1:20,超声功率220 W。在此条件下,CP得率为8.55%。CP分离纯化得到1个中性多糖(CPN)和3个酸性多糖(CPA-1、CPA-2、CPA-3),经测定,CPN、CPA-1、CPA-2、CPA-3得率依次为40.3%、22.6%、13.7%、9.2%,多糖组分回收率分别为78.3%、89.6%、65.4%、52.7%。四个组分抗氧化活性强弱顺序依次为:CPA-2>CPN>CPA-1>CPA-3。鉴于CPN得率高、多糖组分回收率较高,且抗氧化活性强(与CPA-2相近),故选定CPN进行后续研究。CPN具备多糖特征吸收峰,主要由葡萄糖和甘露糖构成,可能存在两种分子量差异显著的组分;动物实验表明其可显著延长小鼠负重游泳时间,降低血尿素氮与血乳酸水平,并升高肝糖原含量,证实其抗疲劳作用。本研究为肉苁蓉多糖的深度开发及抗疲劳应用奠定基础。

管花肉苁蓉多糖  /  响应面法  /  提取工艺  /  结构特征  /  抗疲劳

This study aimed to optimize the extraction process of Cistanche tubulosa polysaccharides (CP) and investigate their structural characteristics and anti-fatigue effects. Single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology were employed to optimize extraction conditions with the polysaccharide yield as the evaluation index. Subsequently, CP was separated and purified through DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography to obtain homogeneous polysaccharide fractions. On the basis of in vitro antioxidant activity screening, the structural properties were characterized via infrared spectroscopy, high-performance gel permeation chromatography, and ion chromatography, and animal experiments were performed to evaluate the anti-fatigue capacity of the optimal fraction. The results revealed that the optimal extraction parameters were 20 min of ultrasonication, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20, and an ultrasonic power of 220 W, under which the maximum CP yield reached 8.55%. After purification, one neutral polysaccharide (CPN) and three acidic polysaccharides (CPA-1, CPA-2, CPA-3) were isolated. The yields of CPN, CPA-1, CPA-2, and CPA-3 were 40.3%, 22.6%, 13.7%, and 9.2% respectively, with their corresponding polysaccharide component recoveries being 78.3%, 89.6%, 65.4%, and 52.7%. The antioxidant activity of the four fractions followed the order: CPA-2>CPN>CPA-1>CPA-3. Given its high yield, favorable recovery efficiency and antioxidant activity comparable to CPA-2, CPN was selected for further investigation. Structural analysis confirmed that CPN possessed characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides, was mainly composed of glucose and mannose, and might contain two components with significantly different molecular weights. In vivo experiments demonstrated that CPN could significantly prolong the weight-bearing swimming time of mice, reduce the levels of blood urea nitrogen and blood lactic acid, and increase hepatic glycogen content, thereby verifying its anti-fatigue activity. These findings lay a solid foundation for the in-depth development and anti-fatigue application of Cistanche tubulosa polysaccharides.

polysaccharides of Cistanche tubulosa  /  response surface methodology  /  extraction process  /  structural characterization  /  anti-fatigue
段继华, 韩海霞, 赵文燕, 贾明玺, 孙婧婧, 周吉祥, 宋素琴, 朱东亮, 包晓玮. 管花肉苁蓉多糖超声波辅助提取工艺及其多糖分离、结构特征与抗疲劳作用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 118 -128 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070372
Jihua DUAN, Haixia HAN, Wenyan ZHAO, Mingxi JIA, Jingjing SUN, Jixiang ZHOU, Suqin SONG, Dongliang ZHU, Xiaowei BAO. Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction Process of Polysaccharides from Cistanche tubiflora and Its Polysaccharide Isolation, Structural Characterization and Anti-fatigue Effect[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 118 -128 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070372
管花肉苁蓉(Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight)是一种名贵药食同源植物,素有“沙漠人参”之美誉,在我国使用历史悠久[1],其主要活性成分包括多糖、苯乙醇苷类、环烯醚萜类等,其中多糖具有多种重要的生理功能,如免疫调节[2]、抗氧化[3]、抗疲劳[4]、降血糖[5]等,在医药、保健品及功能性食品等领域展现出广阔的应用前景[6]。传统的多糖提取方法,如热水浸提法、回流提取法等,存在提取时间长、效率低、能耗高以及可能破坏多糖结构和活性等问题[7−9]。目前关于管花肉苁蓉多糖的提取除了传统的热水浸提法[10]、回流提取法[11]之外,滕立平等[12]分别采用超声提取、微波提取、超声-微波协同萃取等方法,结果表明超声-微波协同提取效果最佳,提取率达到了11.00%,较传统的热水浸提法提高了1.28%,其次是微波和超声波提取法。多糖的分离纯化是从含有蛋白质、核酸、脂质等杂质的粗多糖中,获取高纯度、结构明确、生物活性稳定的多糖单体或特定组分。艾拉旦·麦麦提艾力[11]采用AB-8大孔吸附树脂对管花肉苁蓉粗多糖进行脱色、脱蛋白处理后,结合DEAE-650M纤维素柱分别用去离子水和系列浓度NaCl依次洗脱进行管花肉苁蓉粗多糖的分离,得到一种中性多糖和五种酸性多糖,后续使用六种成分的多糖进行体外抗氧化活性研究,结果表明中性多糖的抗氧化活性更好。此外,当前关于管花肉苁蓉多糖的生物活性研究多集中于抗氧化、抗炎及抗衰老[13]等方面,对其抗疲劳活性的研究较少。作为一种较新的天然产物提取手段,超声波辅助提取技术有着提取耗时短、效率佳、操作简便、无需加热或加热温度低等优势,能够有效避免高温对热敏性成分的破坏,提高有效成分的提取率和纯度,已被广泛应用于植物多糖的提取研究[14]。然而,超声波辅助提取管花肉苁蓉多糖(Polysaccharides of Cistanche tubulosa,CP)的工艺条件仍需进一步优化,以实现更高的提取效率。响应面法作为一种实用的实验设计与优化方式,通过建立数学模型,能够对多个因素及其交互作用进行综合分析和优化,从而确定最佳的工艺参数。
本研究采用响应面法优化超声波辅助提取管花肉苁蓉多糖的工艺,并对制得的粗多糖进行分离鉴定,对比几种多糖组分的体外抗氧化活性,在此基础上,对抗氧化活性强的多糖组分进行抗疲劳活性研究,旨在为管花肉苁蓉资源的深度开发利用提供科学依据和技术支持,推动管花肉苁蓉相关产品在大健康产业中的发展。
管花肉苁蓉 乌鲁木齐市干果市场;无水乙醇、丙酮、乙醚 分析纯,天津市致远化学试剂有限公司;2,2-二苯基-1-苦基腙(DPPH) 分析纯,上海如吉生物科技发展有限公司;2,2’-氮氮基-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)盐二胺(ABTS)(分析纯)、香菇多糖(纯度>98%)、血尿素氮(BUN)试剂盒、肝糖原(HG)试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;血乳酸(BLA)试剂盒 上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;SPF级雄性昆明小鼠 体重20.00±2.00 g,3~4周龄,50只,购于新疆医科大学实验动物中心(许可证号为SYXK-新2024-0001)。
XL-02A粉碎机 烨昌机械有限公司;HH-S数显恒温水浴锅 江苏省金坛市医疗器械厂;JBT/C-YCL400T/3P(D)超声波药品处理机 济宁金佰特工程机械有限公司;VP50抽滤机 北京莱伯泰科公司;RE-52B旋转蒸发器 上海亚荣生化仪器厂;80-1电动离心机 金坛市恒丰仪器厂;20111180UV-2550紫外分光光度计 岛津(上海)实验器材有限公司。
将管花肉苁蓉粉碎,过50目筛,置于圆底烧瓶,加8倍量的80%乙醇,90 ℃回流2 h后过滤,滤渣自然干燥。干燥后的滤渣中加蒸馏水,超声辅助提取,过滤,保留滤液,滤渣同法再提取一次,合并两次滤液并浓缩至原体积的1/4,于该浓缩液中加入三倍量无水乙醇,4 ℃条件静置12 h后,抽滤制得沉淀,沉淀依次用无水乙醇、丙酮、乙醚冲洗,干燥后称重,得管花肉苁蓉粗多糖(CP)。
称取5份管花肉苁蓉粉末,每份4 g,将提取时间、超声功率分别固定为20 min、175 W不变,分别试验不同料液比(1:10、1:15、1:20、1:25、1:30)下对CP得率的影响,实验重复三次。
称取5份管花肉苁蓉粉末,每份4 g,料液比为1.2.2.1得出的最佳条件,提取时间固定为20 min,分别试验不同超声功率(125、150、175、200、225 W)下对CP得率的影响,实验重复三次。
精准称取5份管花肉苁蓉粉末,每份4 g,料液比为1.2.2.1得出的最佳条件,超声功率为1.2.2.2得出的最佳功率,分别试验不同超声时间(10、15、20、25、30 min)下对CP得率的影响,实验重复三次。
基于单因素实验结果,运用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,以CP得率为响应值,选取超声时间、料液比、超声功率作为影响因素,借助Design Expert 8软件进行响应面优化设计,设置三因素三水平试验(表1),试验重复三次。
CP多糖得率计算公式如下:
$ \text{CP}\mathrm{得率}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{CP}\mathrm{重量}(\mathrm{g})}{\mathrm{管花肉苁蓉粉重量}(\mathrm{g})}\times 100 $
多糖含量测定采用硫酸蒽酮比色法[15]。首先称取20 g蒽酮置于100 mL容量瓶,向其中缓慢倒入浓硫酸定容至100 mL,配制成0.2 g/mL的硫酸蒽酮溶液。称取CP 10 mg置于100 mL容量瓶,溶解并稀释至刻度,吸取1 mL样液于10 mL试管中,加0.2 g/mL的硫酸蒽酮溶液5 mL,摇匀后,室温放置5 min,90 ℃水浴15 min,冷却至室温后于585 nm处测吸光度。以葡萄糖为对照,按照上述方法绘制标准曲线,Y=0.0081X+0.0176,R2=0.9991。将供试品溶液吸光度代入标准曲线,按照式(2)计算CP的多糖含量。
$ \mathrm{多糖含量}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{C}\times \mathrm{V}\times \mathrm{D}}{1000\mathrm{M}}\times 100 $
式中:C为供试液中多糖浓度(mg/mL);M为CP称样量(g);V为供试液体积(mL);D为稀释倍数。
按照优化的提取工艺提取CP粗提取液,参考王参政等[16]的方法,向其中加入Sevag试剂(三氯甲烷:正丁醇=4:1,V/V)除蛋白,剧烈振摇10 min,6000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液,同法重复3次。向滤液中加入8倍体积的95%乙醇,在4 ℃条件下静置24 h,离心(8000 r/min,10 min),收集沉淀,经冷冻干燥后获得CP粗品。称取100 mg CP粗品,溶于10 mL蒸馏水中,配制成质量浓度为10 mg/mL的多糖溶液,7000 r/min离心10 min去除不溶性物质,将离心后的多糖溶液过0.45 μm滤膜,加样至DEAE-52纤维素柱,依次使用蒸馏水、0.1、0.3、0.5 mol/L NaCl溶液进行梯度洗脱,通过蒽酮-硫酸比色法对每管洗脱液进行吸光度测定,将吸光度数值超过1.0的馏分合并后,浓缩、透析、冷冻干燥,制得不同多糖组分,称重并按下式计算得率及回收率。
$ \mathrm{多糖组分得率}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{多糖组分重量(g)}}{\text{CP粗品重量(g)}}\times 100 $
$ 多糖组分回收率(\text{%})= \frac{\mathrm{C}\times \mathrm{V}\times \mathrm{D}}{\mathrm{m}\times \mathrm{P}}\times 100 $
式中:C为纯化后目标组分供试液中多糖浓度(mg/mL);V为纯化后目标组分溶液体积(mL);D为目标组分检测时的稀释倍数;m为CP粗品质量(g);P为CP粗品中的多糖含量(mg/g)。
参考姜志炫等[17]方法并适当调整,制备0.2 mmol/L的DPPH工作液(需现配现用),分别取浓度为10、20、40、80、160、320、640 μg/mL的多糖组分样品溶液各1 mL,向其中各加入2 mL DPPH工作液,充分振荡混合后,在室温避光条件下静置反应30 min。每组实验均重复3次,于517 nm波长处测定反应液的吸光度(记为Ai),取3次测定结果的平均值。同时,配制相同浓度的VC溶液作为阳性对照。以多糖组分的质量浓度为横坐标,DPPH自由基清除率为纵坐标绘制曲线,按公式(5)计算多糖组分的DPPH自由基清除率:
$\rm DPPH自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1- \frac{\mathrm{A}_\text{i}-{\mathrm{A_j}}}{\mathrm{A}_0} \right)\times 100 $
式中:Ai为2 mL DPPH工作液+1 mL样品(VC)溶液的吸光度;Aj为2 mL无水乙醇+1 mL样品(VC)溶液的吸光度;A0为1 mL蒸馏水+2 mL DPPH的吸光度。
依据徐青等[18]方法并作适当修改。准备浓度分别为10、20、40、80、160、320、640 μg/mL的多糖组分样液1 mL,向每个样品中加入4 mL ABTS反应溶液,充分混合,然后在室温下避光反应6 min。测定反应溶液在734 nm处的吸光度。每个样品重复测定三次,并计算平均值。制备同浓度的VC溶液为阳性对照,以多糖组分质量浓度为横坐标,ABTS+自由基清除率为纵坐标,绘制曲线,按公式(6)计算多糖组分的ABTS+自由基清除率:
$\rm ABTS^+自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1- \frac{\mathrm{A_i}-{A_j}}{\mathrm{A}_0} \right)\times 100 $
式中:Ai为1 mL样品溶液(VC)+4 mL ABTS的吸光度;Aj为1 mL样品溶液(VC)+4 mL蒸馏水的吸光度;A0为1 mL蒸馏水+4 mL ABTS的吸光度。
参照ZHANG等[19]的方法并加以修改。取2 mg预处理过的多糖组分,将其与200 mg干燥的溴化钾混合,研磨后压片,在400~4000 cm−1的波数范围内,以4 cm−1的分辨率连续扫描32次。
参照张嘉园[20]的方法并加以修改。称取多糖组分样品5 mg,以浓度为0.05 mol/L的NaCl溶液配制成5 mg/mL的样品溶液,经离心处理后取上层清液,通过0.22 μm的水系微孔滤膜过滤,再运用HPGPC法测定多糖组分的分子量,检测过程采用高效凝胶渗透色谱串联柱。
检测器:Waters示差检测器;色谱柱:Shodex OHpak SB-804 HQ、Shodex OHpak SB-806M HQ 聚合物基质水溶性 SEC (GFC) 色谱柱(单柱规格均为内径 8 mm,柱长 300 mm;SB-804 HQ排阻极限1000 kDa,SB-806M HQ 排阻极限 20000 kDa),两根串联;流动相:0.05 mol/L NaCl溶液;流速:0.50 mL/min;柱温:40 ºC;进样量:30 μL。绘制lgMp-RT(Mp峰位分子量)、lgMw-RT(Mw重均分子量)、lgMn-RT(Mn数均分子量)标准曲线,计算分子量大小。lgMp-RT校正曲线方程为:y=−0.1359x+9.4523,R2=0.9974;lgMw-RT校正曲线方程为:y=−0.1375x+9.5035,R2=0.9976;lgMn-RT校正曲线方程为:y=−0.1368x+9.4749,R2=0.9971。
参照SUN等[21]的方法处理多糖组分样品,采用离子色谱法分析。分别称取5 mg的鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖醛酸、氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐、氨基半乳糖盐酸盐,另取10 mg岩藻糖;将上述所有单糖溶解后定容至10 mL制成标准品母液,再按系列梯度浓度进行稀释。采用Thermo U3000液相色谱系统,配备Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱(规格4.6×250 mm,5 μm);流动相为乙腈与磷酸盐缓冲液(含12 g/L磷酸二氢钾,用2 mol/L氢氧化钠调节pH至6.8)按17:83的体积比组成的混合液,采用等度洗脱方式;设定流速为0.8 mL/min,柱温保持在30 ℃,检测波长设为250 nm,每次进样量为10 μL。
本次动物试验的伦理申请编号为2023048。取50只小鼠适应性喂养3 d,随机分为空白对照组、阳性对照组(给予香菇多糖,剂量为300 mg/kg)、多糖组分低剂量组(150 mg/kg)、多糖组分中剂量组(300 mg/kg)、多糖组分高剂量组(600 mg/kg),每组10只。多糖组分低、中、高剂量组溶液进行灌胃;空白对照则以等量生理盐水进行灌胃。该给药过程持续15 d,期间小鼠可正常饮水与进食。
各组小鼠末次灌胃5 h后,于小鼠尾部系上重量为其体重7%的铅丝,随后将小鼠放入水深60 cm、水温维持在30±2 ℃的游泳箱内进行游泳。记录小鼠自入水时刻起,至头部沉入水中10 s仍无法浮出水面的时长,此时长即为负重力竭游泳时间。
负重游泳实验结束后,通过眼眶采血法采集小鼠血液,将血液收集于肝素抗凝管中,以3000 r/min的转速离心10 min。按照试剂盒说明书要求操作测定血尿素氮含量。
吸取20 μL血清,按照试剂盒说明书进行操作,在波长530 nm、光径1 cm的条件下,以双蒸水调零,测定各管的吸光度值,并计算血乳酸含量。
小鼠采血完毕后立即通过引颈方式处死,迅速解剖,取出肝脏组织用生理盐水漂洗以去除血渍,用滤纸拭干,称80 mg肝脏组织放入试管,加入3倍体积、pH为8.0的碱液至试管中,经沸水浴煮20 min后进行流水冷却处理。将糖原水解液按照试剂盒说明书操作,测定肝糖原含量。
数据均以平均值±标准差(X±S)表示,使用SPSS 17.1软件分析处理数据,通过单因素方差分析(one-way,ANOVA)比较各组间差异,同时进行方差齐性检验,以P<0.05作为差异具有统计学意义的判定标准。图表绘制使用Origin 2021和Graphpad prism 9软件完成。
CP得率随着料液比的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,当溶剂为管花肉苁蓉样品的20倍时,得率达5.7%,继续增加料液比,得率减少(图1A),可能是溶剂增大,稀释了多糖,致使多糖没有被乙醇沉淀完全,从而造成损失,因此确定料液比为1:20。
超声功率由125 W提升至200 W,CP得率呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05);功率提升至225 W时,CP得率略有升高,但200 W与225 W组无统计学显著性差异(P>0.05)(图1B)。综合提取效率与生产能耗成本,确定最优超声功率为200 W。
CP得率随着超声时间的增加呈现先上升后略有下降的趋势,当超声20 min时,得率达8.4%,进一步延长超声时间,得率没有明显变化(图1C),这可能是由于超声时间延长,多糖得率达到饱和,因此确定超声时间为20 min。
基于图1的结果,运用Box-Behnken的中心组合试验设计原理,借助Design Expert 8软件针对超声时间、料液比、超声功率三个因素开展响应面优化设计,以CP得率作为响应值,试验设计及结果见表2。得到回归方程模型为:Y=8.66+0.17A+0.64B+0.56C−0.053AB−0.13AC−0.21BC−0.57A2−0.40B2−0.29C2。对回归模型的方差分析结果列于表3。回归模型的P值小于0.0001,表明回归方程的模型极具显著性;失拟项P值为0.5383,大于0.05,说明此模型的失拟项不显著,实验误差较小。R2=0.9973,R2Adj=0.9938,二者均接近于1.0000,且变异系数CV=0.73%较小,意味着该模型与实验的拟合度优良,因此可选用此模型对CP的提取工艺条件进行优化。此外,从表3中还可看出,除了交互项AB,所有一次项和二次项对响应值的影响均为极显著(P<0.01),AC、BC交互项极显著(P<0.01)。这表明,每个实验因素对响应值的影响并非简单的线性关联。
在响应面图中,曲线越弯曲,该因素对CP得率产生的影响就越显著;等高线呈椭圆形时,表明所研究因素之间的交互作用对响应值影响显著,呈圆形则表示交互作用不显著[22−24]。如图2所示,超声功率和超声时间、超声功率和料液比之间对响应值存在显著的相互作用。它们对CP得率的影响,从高到低排序如下:料液比>超声功率>超声时间。超声时间与料液比之间的交互作用对CP得率没有显著影响。
通过响应面分析与优化,预测CP提取最佳条件为:超声时间为20.26 min,料液比为1:22.34,超声功率219.73 W。在此条件下,预测CP得率为8.95%。考虑到实际生产中的节能诉求,对上述条件予以调整,最终优化条件确定为:超声时间20 min,料液比为1:20,超声功率220 W。在此条件下进行验证,CP得率为8.55%,与预测值8.95%相较,相差0.4%,较为接近,表明该模型能够有效地预测CP得率。
测得CP中多糖含量为24.2%。使用蒸馏水和0.1、0.3、0.5 mol/L NaCl溶液对CP进行洗脱和透析纯化后,得到4个多糖组分,其中蒸馏水洗脱制得中性多糖组分CPN,得率为40.3%,经0.1、0.3、0.5 mol/L NaCl溶液洗脱制得3个酸性多糖组分,分别记为CPA-1、CPA-2、CPA-3,得率依次为22.6%、13.7%、9.2%,经测定,CPN、CPA-1、CPA-2、CPA-3多糖组分回收率分别为78.3%、89.6%、65.4%、52.7%。
如图3所示,随着浓度增加,CPN、CPA-1、CPA-2、CPA-3对DPPH自由基清除率、ABTS+自由基清除率也逐渐增加,但是四个多糖组分的抗氧化活性强弱不同,经计算,VC、CPN、CPA-1、CPA-2、CPA-3对DPPH自由基清除率的IC50分别是45.7、101.8、124.4、70.9、280 μg/mL,表明对DPPH自由基清除率强弱顺序依次为:VC>CPA-2>CPN>CPA-1>CPA-3;对ABTS+自由基清除率的IC50分别是43、120.5、140.1、94.5、248.9 μg/mL,表明对ABTS+自由基清除率强弱顺序依次为:VC>CPA-2>CPN>CPA-1>CPA-3。经过对CPN、CPA-1、CPA-2、CPA-3四个多糖组分得率、多糖组分回收率及抗氧化活性等方面综合考虑,由于CPN得率高、多糖组分回收率较高,抗氧化活性强,因此,选择CPN继续后续研究。
CPN的红外光谱图的解析结果如图4所示,在波数4000~400 cm−1范围内,CPN样品显示出多糖特有的吸收峰:3397.31 cm−1处的强且宽的吸收峰对应于多糖分子之间或内部氢键O-H伸缩振动的强吸收峰[25]。2926.51 cm−1附近的中等强度尖峰对应于甲基(-CH3)或次甲基(-CH2)基团的C-H伸缩振动[26]。1633.19 cm−1吸收峰可能为糖水化物的糖环伸缩振动[27]。1450~1200 cm−1的吸收峰1417.50、1369.77以及1239.71 cm−1为C-H的变角振动吸收峰[28],它和C-H的伸缩振动共同构成了糖环的特征吸收。1154.18 cm−1处的吸收峰对应于吡喃糖中的C-O-C伸缩振动[29]。1150~1010 cm−1范围内,1080.18 cm−1和1023.68 cm−1处的强吸收峰进一步证实了吡喃糖苷的存在,这两处吸收源于C-O-H或者C-O-C结构中C-O键的弯曲振动[30]。930.01 cm−1呈现吡喃环的非对称环伸缩振动峰。波数848.76 cm−1处为吡喃糖α-端基差向异构体的C-H变角振动峰[31]。761.96 cm−1对应于吡喃环的对称环伸缩振动峰[32]。
研究表明,天然多糖的生物活性与其分子量分布及结构均一性密切相关[33]。本研究通过高效凝胶渗透色谱(HPGPC)测定了CPN的分子量特性,结果如图5、表4所示。CPN的HPGPC谱图中存在两个未完全分离的色谱峰(峰的保留时间分别为36.713 min和39.981 min),表明其可能包含两种分子量差异显著的组分。通过标准曲线计算可知,峰1(36.713 min):重均分子量(Mw)为6253 Da,数均分子量(Mn)为4589 Da,分子量分布多分散指数(PDI=Mw/Mn)为1.36。多分散指数在1~2之间通常表明该组分为中等分散性的高分子量多糖,此数值在同类多糖研究中处于中等水平,意味着该多糖可能由不同聚合度的同系物组成,其分子大小存在一定范围的差异。这种中等分散性可能影响多糖在溶液中的物理性质,如黏度等,进而对其生物活性产生潜在作用。与过往部分管花肉苁蓉多糖分子量研究相比,该高分子量组分的数值与肖林霞等[34]报道有所不同,他们研究中该类多糖的分子量相对更低,这可能源于提取工艺、样本来源等差异。峰2(39.981 min):重均分子量(Mw)为1177 Da,数均分子量(Mn)为941 Da,多分散指数为1.25。多分散指数接近1,显示其为低分散性的低分子量组分[35]。在多糖研究范畴内,此类低分散性的低分子量物质可能为寡糖片段或降解产物。其形成原因可能是在提取过程中,部分多糖因物理或化学作用发生了降解,也可能本身就是管花肉苁蓉多糖结构中的低分子量部分。在管花肉苁蓉多糖的整体结构与功能中,这类低分子量组分可能参与特定的分子识别过程,或对高分子量多糖的聚集态等产生影响。相较于对管花肉苁蓉多糖低分子量部分的研究,本研究中该组分的分子量及分散性与之存在区别,进一步凸显了不同研究间多糖特性的多样性。
综上所述,本研究通过HPGPC分析揭示了CPN复杂的分子量分布特征,为深入探究其结构与生物活性之间的关系奠定了基础,后续研究可围绕不同分子量组分的分离、结构鉴定以及生物活性测试展开,以全面阐释管花肉苁蓉多糖的作用机制。
CPN的单糖组成结果如图6、表5所示,CPN由葡萄糖、甘露糖组成,其摩尔百分比分别为99.75%、0.25%,表明CPN是一种以葡萄糖为主的多糖。罗欣杰等[36]检测到管花肉苁蓉多糖主要由葡萄糖(73.405%)、半乳糖(5.381%)、鼠李糖(5.02%)组成,可能是因为不同方法制备所致。
本研究通过负重游泳实验评估了CPN的抗疲劳作用。结果显示(表6),与空白对照组相比,CPN中剂量组小鼠力竭游泳时间具有显著差异(P<0.05),表明CPN中剂量能够显著(P<0.05)延长小鼠力竭游泳时间;香菇多糖对照组、CPN高剂量组力竭游泳时间与空白对照组相比,具有显著差异(P<0.01),表明香菇多糖以及CPN高剂量能显著(P<0.01)延长小鼠力竭游泳时间。综上所述,CPN能显著延长小鼠力竭游泳时间,表现出较好的抗疲劳作用。
如表7所示,与空白对照组相比,CPN中剂量、高剂量均能显著降低血尿素氮含量(P<0.05),高剂量显著降低血乳酸含量(P<0.05),CPN中剂量、高剂量均能显著增加肝糖原含量(P<0.01,P<0.05),表明CPN具有抗疲劳作用。
多糖是肉苁蓉发挥药理作用的主要活性成分[37],富含酰化苯乙醇苷、松果菊苷和醋栗苷,具有多方面的药理作用[38]。目前,关于管花肉苁蓉多糖的研究仍较为有限。在管花肉苁蓉多糖的提取方法上,通常采用热水浸提法为基础工艺,同时结合超声辅助法[39]、微波辅助法[12]和酶法[40]等辅助提取技术以提高提取效率。本研究利用单因素实验结合响应面法对管花肉苁蓉多糖的超声辅助提取工艺进行了优化,确定最佳提取条件为:料液比为1:20、超声时间为20 min、超声功率220 W,在此条件下管花肉苁蓉粗多糖得率达8.55%,超声辅助提取技术[41]通过空化效应、机械振动等作用破坏植物细胞壁,加速多糖溶出,而本研究中优化的工艺参数平衡了提取效率与能耗:20 min的超声时间既能保证多糖充分释放,又避免了长时间超声导致的多糖降解;1:20的料液比在减少溶剂浪费的同时,为多糖溶出提供了充足介质;220 W的功率则在避免过热破坏多糖结构的前提下,最大化了超声的破壁效果。这一结果与现有研究相比具有明显优势:与热水浸提法[42](提取时间120 min)相比,本工艺提取时间缩短83.3%,得率也明显提升;与超声-微波协同提取法[12](得率11%)相比,虽得率略低,但超声功率(220 W)低于超声-微波协同提取功率(550 W),能耗相对降低。表明超声辅助提取在管花肉苁蓉多糖制备中具有高效性和实用性。这一优化结果为管花肉苁蓉多糖的工业化生产提供了可行的参数参考。
经DEAE-52纤维素柱分离得到的4种多糖组分(CPN、CPA-1、CPA-2、CPA-3)在抗氧化活性上呈现较为明显的差异。体外抗氧化活性结果显示,其抗氧化能力由高到低依次为CPA-2>CPN>CPA-1>CPA-3,这可能与各组分的结构差异相关:CPA-2作为酸性多糖,可能含有较多羧基(-COOH),而羧基可通过提供质子清除自由基(如DPPH自由基),故抗氧化活性最强[43];CPN虽为中性多糖,但其分子量分布包含低分子量组分(Mw=1177 Da,峰面积占比78.14%),低分子量多糖更易穿透细胞膜,与自由基接触面积更大[44],故抗氧化活性仅次于CPA-2。此结果与文献中酸性多糖抗氧化活性普遍高于中性多糖,但低分子量中性多糖可通过提高生物利用度弥补电荷劣势的结论一致[45]。由于四个多糖组分中,CPN得率最高(40.3%),且具有较强的抗氧化活性,经纯化后,多糖纯度提高了63.2%,符合产业转化的实际需求,因此,选择CPN进行后续的多糖主要结构特征分析、抗疲劳活性研究。
氧化应激是导致疲劳产生的重要机制——机体运动过程中产生的大量活性氧会损伤细胞结构,降低能量代谢效率[46]。CPN较强的体外抗氧化活性提示其可能通过清除自由基、抑制脂质过氧化等途径缓解疲劳,而其作为中性多糖的结构稳定性(相比酸性多糖更耐酸碱和温度变化)也使其在体内发挥作用时更易保持活性,这也是选择CPN研究抗疲劳作用的原因之一。
肝糖原是机体运动时的核心能量储备,其含量不足会导致ATP生成减少,加速疲劳产生。本文抗疲劳实验结果显示,CPN具有较好的抗疲劳作用。在本文对其主要结构特征的分析中可知,其具有典型的多糖特征吸收峰,且可能包含两种分子量差异显著的组分,主要由葡萄糖和甘露糖组成。这一结构特征为其抗疲劳作用提供了物质基础:葡萄糖作为己糖激酶的底物,可快速转化为6-磷酸葡萄糖,进而合成肝糖原,为短时间高强度运动提供即时能量;甘露糖则通过异构化为果糖-6-磷酸,激活磷酸果糖激酶活性,增强肝糖原储备[47],同时抑制糖原磷酸化酶活性,减少运动中糖原的过度消耗;两种差异分子量的组分可能分别发挥快速供能(低分子量)和长效缓释(高分子量)的作用,低分子量组分因分子链短、水溶性好,易被肠道快速吸收进入血液,转化为葡萄糖供能;高分子量组分则在肠道内缓慢降解,持续释放单糖,为长时间耐力运动提供稳定能量支持,这种“快速供能+长效缓释”的模式可有效避免运动中能量骤降导致的疲劳感,与本研究中“CPN延长小鼠负重游泳时间”的结果直接呼应。结合其抗氧化活性,进一步推测CPN的抗疲劳机制可能是“抗氧化-能量代谢调节”的协同作用——既通过清除活性氧、减轻氧化应激损伤保护线粒体功能,又通过调节糖代谢增加肝糖原储备、优化能量供给效率,从而从“减少损伤”和“增强供给”两个关键环节缓解疲劳,然而,这一推测有待于进一步研究。
本研究通过单因素实验结合响应面法,优化了管花肉苁蓉多糖(CP)的超声波辅助提取工艺。确定最佳提取条件为超声时间20 min、料液比为1:20、超声功率220 W,在此工艺下,CP得率可达8.55%。经DEAE-52纤维素柱分离纯化后,从CP中得到了1个中性多糖(CPN)和3个酸性多糖(CPA-1、CPA-2、CPA-3),它们的得率依次为40.3%、22.6%、13.7%、9.2%,多糖组分回收率分别为78.3%、89.6%、65.4%、52.7%。体外抗氧化实验显示,这四个组分的抗氧化活性强弱顺序为CPA-2>CPN>CPA-1>CPA-3。综合考虑得率、多糖组分回收率及抗氧化活性,选择CPN进行后续研究。结构解析表明,CPN具有多糖特征吸收峰,可能包含两种分子量差异显著的组分,且主要由葡萄糖、甘露糖组成。抗疲劳活性研究结果显示,CPN能够延长小鼠负重游泳时间,降低血尿素氮和血乳酸水平,同时升高肝糖原含量,表明CPN具有显著的抗疲劳作用。本研究明确了管花肉苁蓉多糖的优化提取工艺,揭示了CPN的主要结构特征及其抗疲劳活性,为管花肉苁蓉多糖的开发利用以及其在抗疲劳领域的应用提供了坚实的理论基础。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070372
  • 接收时间:2025-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-30
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    1新疆丝凯食品研发中心(有限公司),新疆昌吉 831100
    2新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
    3新疆军区保障部药品仪器检验所,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
    4新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院乌鲁木齐综合实验站,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052

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朱东亮(1979−),男,博士,副主任药师,研究方向:药物分析,E-mail:。
包晓玮(1969−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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