Article(id=1320880379129611149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070364, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753804800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852023155, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852023155, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852023155, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852023155, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=336, endPage=347, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880379322549134, articleId=1320880379129611149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Elucidation of Color Quality Characteristics of Purple Leaf Tea with Varying Purpleness Based on Metabolomics, columnId=1320880262846722580, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Modern Analysis and Intelligent Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Five tea plant accessions exhibiting varying purpling levels were selected to investigate the color parameters and metabolomic characteristics of fresh purple leaf tea leaves and their baked green tea infusions, using CIELAB colorimetry, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-electrostatic field orbital trap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS), and photodiode array detector (PDA) detection, in order to elucidate the chemical basis of color differences in purple leaf tea. Results showed that, as purpling deepened, the L* (lightness) and b* (yellowness) values of both fresh tea leaves and baked green tea infusions significantly decreased, while a* (redness) values generally increased. These changes were all highly correlated with anthocyanin content. Metabolomics identified a total of 122 compounds, and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) effectively distinguished the tea samples. Analysis revealed that the color differences in purple leaf tea were not only determined by the total anthocyanin content, but were also closely related to the relative proportions of their core anthocyanin components. Specifically, the orange-red color of red purple (RP) infusions primarily originated from their abundance in cyanidin derivatives and higher content of theaflavins; Whereas the deep-purple hue of deep purple (DP) infusions was dominated by the highly abundant delphinidin derivatives. PDA spectral analysis confirmed that cyanidin-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-p-coumaroyl) galactopyranoside and delphinidin-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-p-coumaroyl) galactopyranoside were the major color contributors for RP and DP accessions, respectively. Furthermore, flavonol glycoside was key component forming the yellow base of green leaf (GL) infusions, and these, along with anthocyanins and tea pigments, synergistically constructed the color characteristics of the tea infusion through copigmentation effects. This study elucidated the intrinsic chemical compounds determining the color gradient and hue differentiation of purple leaf tea, which could provide a scientific basis for the quality evaluation of purple leaf tea.

, authors=Gaozhong YANG1, 2, Chenggang FANG3, *, Jiang SHI1, Yue ZHANG1, Liqiu ZHANG4, Zhi LIN1, Haipeng LÜ1, *, authorsList=Gaozhong YANG, Chenggang FANG, Jiang SHI, Yue ZHANG, Liqiu ZHANG, Zhi LIN, Haipeng LÜ, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chenggang FANG, Haipeng LÜ, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880382594106271, articleId=1320880379129611149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于代谢组学的不同紫化程度紫叶茶的色泽品质特征解析, columnId=1320880262997717526, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=现代分析与智能检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为阐明不同紫化程度紫叶茶色泽差异的化学物质基础,本研究选取了五种不同紫化程度的茶树品种/品系,采用CIELAB色度测定、超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱质谱(Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Electrostatic Field Orbital Trap Mass Spectrometry,UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS)及光电二极管阵列检测器(Photodiode Array Detector,PDA)技术等,分析了紫叶茶鲜叶及其烘青绿茶茶汤的色泽参数与代谢物特征。结果表明,随着紫化程度加深,茶鲜叶和烘青绿茶茶汤的亮度(L*)和黄度(b*)值显著下降,红度(a*)值则整体呈上升趋势,且这些变化均与花青素含量水平高度相关。代谢组学技术从紫叶茶中共鉴定出122种化合物,使用偏最小二乘判别分析(Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis,PLS-DA)能将各茶样有效区分。分析发现,紫叶茶的色泽品质差异不仅取决于花青素总量,更与其主要花青素组分的相对比例紧密相关。其中,红紫色(RP)茶汤的橙红色源于富含矢车菊素衍生物及较高含量茶黄素类物质,而深紫色(DP)茶汤的深邃紫色则由占绝对优势的飞燕草素衍生物主导。PDA光谱分析证实了矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷和飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷分别是RP和DP品系的主要呈色贡献者。此外,黄酮醇糖苷是构成绿叶茶(GL)黄色基底的关键成分,其与花青素、茶色素等通过共色效应协同构建了茶汤的色泽特征。本研究揭示了决定紫叶茶色泽梯度与色调差异的主要化学成分差异,可为紫叶茶的品质评价提供科学依据。

, authors=杨高中1, 2, 方成刚3, *, 施江1, 张悦1, 张丽秋4, 林智1, 吕海鹏1, *, authorsList=杨高中, 方成刚, 施江, 张悦, 张丽秋, 林智, 吕海鹏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=方成刚, 吕海鹏, authorNote=

杨高中(1996−),男,博士研究生,研究方向:茶叶品质化学与营养健康,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
方成刚(1980−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:茶叶生物化学与加工,E-mail:。
吕海鹏(1980−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:茶叶品质化学与营养健康,E-mail:。
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2中国农业科学院研究生院,北京 100081, bio={"content":"

杨高中(1996−),男,博士研究生,研究方向:茶叶品质化学与营养健康,E-mail:

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Inheritance and quantitative trait loci analyses of the anthocyanins and catechins of Camellia sinensis cultivar ‘Ziyan’ with dark-purple leaves[J]. Physiologia Plantarum, 2020, 170(1): 109−119., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880393335717899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880379129611149, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIN M, SUN C, GAO Q, et al. Effect of five polyphenols on the stability of purple cabbage anthocyanins in simulated beverage systems containing L-ascorbic acid[J]. 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注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05);每个点代表一个生物学重复样本。GL:绿色叶,LP:浅紫色,RP:红紫色,MP:中紫色,DP:深紫色;图3、图6同。

, figureFileSmall=qfbRVfZHBbAZC9U1QjQCQg==, figureFileBig=W0swoGuNWF6MwPJf2Ycu3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880387627271134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880379129611149, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Color difference parameters and total anthocyanin content (by pH-differential method) of tea infusions from cultivars with varying purple pigmentation levels, figureFileSmall=5gW70Ng5ZB0SjrErRHd/1g==, figureFileBig=KO439/8V3B2MuQiTwq0ckg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880387690185695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880379129611149, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同紫化程度茶样茶汤的色差参数及花青素总量(基于pH示差法), figureFileSmall=5gW70Ng5ZB0SjrErRHd/1g==, figureFileBig=KO439/8V3B2MuQiTwq0ckg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880387774071776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880379129611149, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Metabolite classes and compound number (a) and relative abundance (b) of tea samples with varying purple pigmentation levels, figureFileSmall=866VszXjxX/z3iGJZeoAnw==, figureFileBig=zalnb6964b40QFwDAkuUtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880387857957857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880379129611149, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同紫化程度茶样代谢物类别和数量(a)及相对丰度(b), figureFileSmall=866VszXjxX/z3iGJZeoAnw==, figureFileBig=zalnb6964b40QFwDAkuUtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880387929261026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880379129611149, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=PLS-DA score plot (a) and VIP plot (b) of metabolites in tea samples with varying purple pigmentation levels, figureFileSmall=zMSh9oTIBTakXbhrWFy1cw==, figureFileBig=DkeDoHFwobW8AfL51fRZ9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880388008952803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880379129611149, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同紫化程度茶样代谢物偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)得分图(a)及VIP图(b), figureFileSmall=zMSh9oTIBTakXbhrWFy1cw==, figureFileBig=DkeDoHFwobW8AfL51fRZ9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880388109616100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880379129611149, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Concentrations of anthocyanin-type compounds in tea infusions from cultivars with varying purple pigmentation levels, figureFileSmall=JRYAL75G7B/TRSwGiQlUYw==, figureFileBig=THFNCSJvUPDeI+epmuax3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880388180919269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880379129611149, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同紫化程度茶样茶汤中花青素类成分浓度, figureFileSmall=JRYAL75G7B/TRSwGiQlUYw==, figureFileBig=THFNCSJvUPDeI+epmuax3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880388256416742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880379129611149, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Heatmap of major water-soluble pigment contents in tea infusions from cultivars with varying purple pigmentation levels and their correlation with tea infusion color difference parameters, figureFileSmall=RyPrdkTxAE780ZYzxRnW8Q==, figureFileBig=lJZT92HRubXdgHq3rrn0kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880388331914215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880379129611149, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同紫化程度茶样茶汤中主要水溶性色素含量热图及其与茶汤色差参数的相关性热图, figureFileSmall=RyPrdkTxAE780ZYzxRnW8Q==, figureFileBig=lJZT92HRubXdgHq3rrn0kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880388403217384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880379129611149, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Absorption spectra of tea infusions from cultivars with varying purple pigmentation levels at 525 nm, figureFileSmall=KFzsBYYkHM9Vzw1dhwHnhg==, figureFileBig=tCepwNIlZAbrWq2FVdNHGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880388491297769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880379129611149, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同紫化程度茶样茶汤在525 nm波长下的吸收光谱, figureFileSmall=KFzsBYYkHM9Vzw1dhwHnhg==, figureFileBig=tCepwNIlZAbrWq2FVdNHGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880388554212330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880379129611149, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Standard curve equations and coefficient of determination (R2) of anthocyanin components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号花青素组分标准曲线R2
1飞燕草素-3,5-二葡萄糖苷y=5631566x−8247480.989
2飞燕草素-3-O-半乳糖苷y=93995900x−1019250000.998
3飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷y=94558200x−615137000.999
4矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷y=152925030x−961452241.000
5矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷y=80800700x−683173000.999
6天竺葵素y=6831730x−114301931.000
7天竺葵素-3-O-半乳糖苷y=107803259x−158180300.999
8芍药素y=9856129x−540419401.000
9芍药素-3-O-半乳糖苷y=52134800x+15623301.000
10飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-香豆酰)葡萄糖苷*y=5631566x−8247480.989
11飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-
香豆酰)半乳糖苷*
y=5631566x−8247480.989
12矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-香豆酰)葡萄糖苷*y=5631566x−8247480.989
13矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-香豆酰)半乳糖苷*y=5631566x−8247480.989
14矮牵牛素-(E)-对香豆酰半乳糖苷*y=5631566x−8247480.989
), ArticleFig(id=1320880388633904107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880379129611149, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

花青素组分的标准曲线方程及决定系数(R2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号花青素组分标准曲线R2
1飞燕草素-3,5-二葡萄糖苷y=5631566x−8247480.989
2飞燕草素-3-O-半乳糖苷y=93995900x−1019250000.998
3飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷y=94558200x−615137000.999
4矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷y=152925030x−961452241.000
5矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷y=80800700x−683173000.999
6天竺葵素y=6831730x−114301931.000
7天竺葵素-3-O-半乳糖苷y=107803259x−158180300.999
8芍药素y=9856129x−540419401.000
9芍药素-3-O-半乳糖苷y=52134800x+15623301.000
10飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-香豆酰)葡萄糖苷*y=5631566x−8247480.989
11飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-
香豆酰)半乳糖苷*
y=5631566x−8247480.989
12矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-香豆酰)葡萄糖苷*y=5631566x−8247480.989
13矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-香豆酰)半乳糖苷*y=5631566x−8247480.989
14矮牵牛素-(E)-对香豆酰半乳糖苷*y=5631566x−8247480.989
), ArticleFig(id=1320880388713595884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880379129611149, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Key chromophoric compounds identified and mapped by PDA absorption spectra in purple leaf tea infusions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物光谱检测器
保留时间(min)
质谱检测器
保留时间(min)
理论m/z实际m/z实际MS/MS
飞燕草素-3-O-半乳糖苷7.3317.443465.1033465.1021303.0495,393.3646,229.0493,153.0181
矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷8.2498.317449.1084449.1075287.0547,255.0667,273.0772
飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)葡萄糖苷12.79112.851611.1395611.1383303.0495,465.1023,229.0492,153.0183
飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷13.29613.381611.1395611.1383303.0495,465.1023,229.0492,153.0183
矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷13.79713.858595.1446595.1442287.0547,449.1086,213.0551,145.0495
), ArticleFig(id=1320880388797481965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880379129611149, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于PDA吸收光谱映射鉴定的紫叶茶茶汤中的关键呈色物质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物光谱检测器
保留时间(min)
质谱检测器
保留时间(min)
理论m/z实际m/z实际MS/MS
飞燕草素-3-O-半乳糖苷7.3317.443465.1033465.1021303.0495,393.3646,229.0493,153.0181
矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷8.2498.317449.1084449.1075287.0547,255.0667,273.0772
飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)葡萄糖苷12.79112.851611.1395611.1383303.0495,465.1023,229.0492,153.0183
飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷13.29613.381611.1395611.1383303.0495,465.1023,229.0492,153.0183
矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷13.79713.858595.1446595.1442287.0547,449.1086,213.0551,145.0495
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基于代谢组学的不同紫化程度紫叶茶的色泽品质特征解析
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杨高中 1, 2 , 方成刚 3, * , 施江 1 , 张悦 1 , 张丽秋 4 , 林智 1 , 吕海鹏 1, *
食品工业科技 | 现代分析与智能检测 2026,47(18): 336-347
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食品工业科技 |现代分析与智能检测 2026 , 47 (18) : 336 -347
基于代谢组学的不同紫化程度紫叶茶的色泽品质特征解析
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杨高中1, 2 , 方成刚3, * , 施江1, 张悦1, 张丽秋4, 林智1, 吕海鹏1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国农业科学院茶叶研究所/农业农村部特种经济动植物生物学与遗传育种重点实验室,浙江杭州 310008
  • 2中国农业科学院研究生院,北京 100081
  • 3云南省农业科学院园艺作物研究所,云南昆明 650205
  • 4云南省普洱市农业科学研究所,云南普洱 665000
通讯作者:
方成刚(1980−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:茶叶生物化学与加工,E-mail:。
吕海鹏(1980−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:茶叶品质化学与营养健康,E-mail:。
作者简介:

杨高中(1996−),男,博士研究生,研究方向:茶叶品质化学与营养健康,E-mail:

Elucidation of Color Quality Characteristics of Purple Leaf Tea with Varying Purpleness Based on Metabolomics
Gaozhong YANG1, 2 , Chenggang FANG3, * , Jiang SHI1, Yue ZHANG1, Liqiu ZHANG4, Zhi LIN1, Haipeng LÜ1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
  • 2Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • 3Horticultural Research Institute Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China
  • 4Pu'er Agricultural Sciences Research Institute, Pu'er 665000, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070364
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为阐明不同紫化程度紫叶茶色泽差异的化学物质基础,本研究选取了五种不同紫化程度的茶树品种/品系,采用CIELAB色度测定、超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱质谱(Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Electrostatic Field Orbital Trap Mass Spectrometry,UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS)及光电二极管阵列检测器(Photodiode Array Detector,PDA)技术等,分析了紫叶茶鲜叶及其烘青绿茶茶汤的色泽参数与代谢物特征。结果表明,随着紫化程度加深,茶鲜叶和烘青绿茶茶汤的亮度(L*)和黄度(b*)值显著下降,红度(a*)值则整体呈上升趋势,且这些变化均与花青素含量水平高度相关。代谢组学技术从紫叶茶中共鉴定出122种化合物,使用偏最小二乘判别分析(Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis,PLS-DA)能将各茶样有效区分。分析发现,紫叶茶的色泽品质差异不仅取决于花青素总量,更与其主要花青素组分的相对比例紧密相关。其中,红紫色(RP)茶汤的橙红色源于富含矢车菊素衍生物及较高含量茶黄素类物质,而深紫色(DP)茶汤的深邃紫色则由占绝对优势的飞燕草素衍生物主导。PDA光谱分析证实了矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷和飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷分别是RP和DP品系的主要呈色贡献者。此外,黄酮醇糖苷是构成绿叶茶(GL)黄色基底的关键成分,其与花青素、茶色素等通过共色效应协同构建了茶汤的色泽特征。本研究揭示了决定紫叶茶色泽梯度与色调差异的主要化学成分差异,可为紫叶茶的品质评价提供科学依据。

紫叶茶  /  色泽品质  /  代谢组学  /  花青素  /  共色效应

Five tea plant accessions exhibiting varying purpling levels were selected to investigate the color parameters and metabolomic characteristics of fresh purple leaf tea leaves and their baked green tea infusions, using CIELAB colorimetry, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-electrostatic field orbital trap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS), and photodiode array detector (PDA) detection, in order to elucidate the chemical basis of color differences in purple leaf tea. Results showed that, as purpling deepened, the L* (lightness) and b* (yellowness) values of both fresh tea leaves and baked green tea infusions significantly decreased, while a* (redness) values generally increased. These changes were all highly correlated with anthocyanin content. Metabolomics identified a total of 122 compounds, and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) effectively distinguished the tea samples. Analysis revealed that the color differences in purple leaf tea were not only determined by the total anthocyanin content, but were also closely related to the relative proportions of their core anthocyanin components. Specifically, the orange-red color of red purple (RP) infusions primarily originated from their abundance in cyanidin derivatives and higher content of theaflavins; Whereas the deep-purple hue of deep purple (DP) infusions was dominated by the highly abundant delphinidin derivatives. PDA spectral analysis confirmed that cyanidin-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-p-coumaroyl) galactopyranoside and delphinidin-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-p-coumaroyl) galactopyranoside were the major color contributors for RP and DP accessions, respectively. Furthermore, flavonol glycoside was key component forming the yellow base of green leaf (GL) infusions, and these, along with anthocyanins and tea pigments, synergistically constructed the color characteristics of the tea infusion through copigmentation effects. This study elucidated the intrinsic chemical compounds determining the color gradient and hue differentiation of purple leaf tea, which could provide a scientific basis for the quality evaluation of purple leaf tea.

purple leaf tea  /  color quality  /  metabolomics  /  anthocyanins  /  co-pigmentation
杨高中, 方成刚, 施江, 张悦, 张丽秋, 林智, 吕海鹏. 基于代谢组学的不同紫化程度紫叶茶的色泽品质特征解析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 336 -347 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070364
Gaozhong YANG, Chenggang FANG, Jiang SHI, Yue ZHANG, Liqiu ZHANG, Zhi LIN, Haipeng LÜ. Elucidation of Color Quality Characteristics of Purple Leaf Tea with Varying Purpleness Based on Metabolomics[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 336 -347 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070364
茶叶具有宜人的风味品质和多种健康益处,广受全球消费者青睐[1]。在丰富的茶树(Camellia sinensis L.)种质资源中,以紫叶茶为代表的特异性资源因呈现独特的叶色特征和富含花青素等生物活性物质,在全球茶叶生产国受到广泛关注[2],例如,中国的‘紫娟’‘紫嫣’‘丹妃’等茶树品种[3],日本的‘Sunrouge’[4],肯尼亚的‘TRFK 306’系列[5],以及斯里兰卡的‘TRI 2043’等[6]。紫叶茶的幼嫩组织中大量积累花青素成分,从而赋予其从红紫到深紫的独特外观[7−9],深入解析其色泽形成的化学机制具有重要的研究价值。
当前,紫叶茶的相关研究已取得重要进展。分子生物学方面的研究已阐明花青素的生物合成主要受类黄酮途径中关键酶基因(如查尔酮合酶、二氢黄酮醇还原酶和花青素合酶)和MYB转录因子的调控[7,10]。在化学成分分析鉴定方面,研究发现紫叶茶富含花青素(3.02~6.97 mg/g),主要为飞燕草素-3-O-半乳糖苷和矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷[11];而常规绿叶茶花青素含量极低(约0.01 mg/g)[12]。花青素赋予植物橙红至蓝紫多种色调,是紫叶茶独特红紫外观形成的主因[10,12–13]。然而,色泽的呈现并非仅是总花青素含量的简单反映,而是由不同色素的比例及其复杂的理化相互作用决定。紫叶茶呈现出“红紫”或“深紫”的色泽差异,其核心花青素在呈色上的“构效关系”仍有待开展系统研究。此外,茶汤色泽是包含花青素、黄酮醇、茶黄素及聚酯型儿茶素等多类水溶性色素的复杂显色体系[7]。这些物质间的“共色效应”能显著影响花青素的色泽表现和稳定性,然而它们在不同紫叶茶汤色形成中的协同贡献与具体机制仍不明确。
结合多光谱检测的代谢组学分析方法,如超高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列检测器-质谱联用(Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detector-Mass Spectrometry,UHPLC-PDA-MS)与时间切片方法,通过同时捕获化合物的紫外-可见光谱(190~640 nm)与质谱数据,能够快速、高效地筛选并识别食品或植物中的呈色化合物[14–15]。该技术以PDA光谱为核心,结合保留时间、吸光度阈值及质谱特征进行过滤,能够有效区分并鉴定复杂基质中的呈色组分,显著提高呈色物质鉴定的效率与准确性。本研究选取了涵盖绿色至深紫色的五个代表性茶树品种/品系作为研究对象,旨在深入解析紫叶茶色泽品质特征形成机制;通过整合CIELAB色度学分析、超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱质谱(Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Electrostatic Field Orbital Trap Mass Spectrometry,UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS)代谢组学技术及PDA光谱验证,量化茶汤色泽参数并进行相关性分析;同时深入剖析各品系间的代谢物差异,识别关键呈色物质,并分析探讨花青素、黄酮糖苷和茶色素等呈色物质对紫叶茶色泽协同调控的分子机制。
五种不同紫化程度的茶树品种/品系 根据叶色分类为:浅紫色(Light purple,LP)‘M15-10’品系、红紫色(Red purple,RP)‘紫娟’品种、中紫色(Middle purple,MP)‘M71-4’品系、深紫色(Deep purple,DP)‘紫嫣’品种,并设置绿色(Green leaf,GL)‘龙井43’品种作为对照。茶鲜叶于2025年4月分别在江苏省茶叶研究所玉山基地和云南省普洱市农业科学研究所制备,采摘标准为一芽二叶;花青素标准品包括:矢车菊素、飞燕草素、锦葵色素、天竺葵素、矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷、矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-O-阿拉伯糖苷、飞燕草素-3-O-半乳糖苷、飞燕草素-3,5-二葡萄糖苷、锦葵色素-3-O-半乳糖苷、锦葵色素-3,5-二葡萄糖苷、锦葵色素-3-O-葡糖苷、天竺葵素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素-3,5-二葡萄糖苷、牵牛花素-3-O-葡萄糖苷和芍药素-3-O-半乳糖苷;茶黄素类化合物包括:茶黄素、茶黄素-3'-没食子酸酯、茶黄素-3-没食子酸酯和茶黄素-3,3'-双没食子酸酯;其他标准品包括:山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷(紫云英苷)、山奈酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、山柰酚-3-O-鼠李糖苷(阿福豆苷)、山奈酚-7-O-鼠李糖苷、杨梅素-3-O-鼠李糖苷(杨梅苷) 上述试剂纯度均为HPLC级(95%~99%),购自武汉中标科技有限公司;儿茶素、表儿茶素、没食子儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、儿茶素没食子酸酯,可可碱、茶碱、没食子酸、咖啡酸、香豆酸、新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸、柠檬酸、奎尼酸、水杨酸、茶没食子素、原花青素A1、原花青素B1、原花青素B2、原花青素B3、原花青素B4 上述试剂纯度均为HPLC级(>98%),购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司;甲酸(色谱纯) 购自上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;乙腈、甲醇 色谱纯,购自德国默克公司;纯净水 购自杭州娃哈哈集团有限公司。
6CGZ65/2型电炒锅组、6CTH-6型茶叶提香机 购自浙江上洋机械股份有限公司;Tube Mill control型研磨机 购自德国IKA公司;DK-S11型电热恒温水浴锅 购自上海森信实验仪器有限公司;Centrifuge 5810 R型离心机 购自德国Eppendorf公司;P7型分光光度计 购自上海美谱达仪器有限公司;CM-3500d型台式分光测色计 购自柯尼卡美能达(中国)投资有限公司;Q-Exactive UltiMateTM 3000超高效液相系统和高分辨四极杆静电场轨道阱质谱仪 购自美国Thermo Fisher公司;HSS T3柱色谱柱(2.1 mm×150 mm,1.8 µm) 购自美国Waters公司;Z50型微单相机 购自上海尼康直营店;CR-10 PLUS型分光测色仪 购自深圳市三恩时科技有限公司。
烘青绿茶的加工流程包括摊放(6 h,含水率67.4%~68.3%)、杀青(电炒锅,约6 min,锅温230/210/190 ℃三段控制)、揉捻(20 min,含水率53.0%~54.5%)和干燥(初烘温度90 ℃,10 min;复烘温度70 ℃,30 min)。最终成品含水率低于5%,分装密封保存。样品经碾磨机粉碎成茶粉后,在4 ℃条件下冷藏备用。
茶鲜叶图像使用Z50型微单相机采集,拍摄参数为:M档,快门速度为1/125 s,光圈为F10,ISO为640。鲜叶色差参数使用便携式分光测色仪采集,测量前进行黑白校准。对每个品种的第二叶鲜叶进行采集,每个品种随机挑选6个叶片进行采集,每个叶片随机移动6个位点进行测量,即每个品种采集36个位点。测量模式为SCI/SCE(包含镜面反射/不包含镜面反射),光源条件为D65(标准D65光源),视场角为10°,平台测量口径为Φ4 mm。测量指标为CIELAB,其中:L*表示亮度,范围从0(黑)到100(白)。a*表示红/绿值,正值表示红色,负值表示绿色。b*表示黄/蓝值,正值表示黄色,负值表示蓝色。根据a*和b*值,计算色度(C*)和色相角(h)。C*值表示颜色的纯度或饱和度,值越大表示颜色越鲜艳。h表示颜色的色相,例如0°为红色,90°为黄色,180°为绿色,270°为蓝色。C*值、h的计算公式如下:
$ {\mathrm{C}}^{\text{*}}= \sqrt{{(a^\text{*})}^{2}+{(b^\text{*})}^{2}} $
$ {\mathrm{h}}={\mathrm{arctan}}\left(\frac{b^\text{*}}{a^\text{*}} \right) $
茶汤冲泡参照GB/T 23776-2018《茶叶感官审评方法》:准确称取3 g成品茶样置于审评杯中,加入150 mL的100 ℃的纯净水,冲泡5 min后滤出茶汤于白色瓷质审评碗中。茶汤于25 ℃室温下静置30 min,以避免水蒸气影响图像采集。使用Z50型微单相机采集茶汤图像。相机参数为:M档,快门速度为1/125 s,光圈为F10,ISO为400。
茶汤颜色特性使用台式分光测色计测定,配备一个矩形透明比色皿(50 mm×38 mm,光程10 mm)。测量前进行空白校准,颜色参数采用CIELAB颜色空间进行量化,测定L*、a*、b*值后,采用1.2.2所述公式计算C*和h。
参照文献[11],采用pH示差法测定茶样品中花青素总量,具体步骤为:pH1.0缓冲液为0.20 mol/L盐酸-氯化钾,pH4.5缓冲液为0.4 mol/L乙酸钠。所有样品分别用pH1.0和pH4.5缓冲液稀释2倍,静置50 min。使用分光光度计分别在520 nm和700 nm波长处测量吸光度。花青素总量(以矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷当量计,单位为mg/g提取物)和吸光度A的计算公式如下:
$\rm \mathrm{花青素总量(mg/g)=(A/\varepsilon L)\times Mw\times DF\times V/Wt} $
$ \mathrm{A=(A}_{ \mathrm{520\;nm}} \mathrm{-A}_{ \mathrm{700\;nm}} \mathrm{)pH1.0-(A}_{ \mathrm{520\;nm}} \mathrm{-A}_{ \mathrm{700\;nm}} \mathrm{)pH4.5} $
其中,A为吸光度值;DF为稀释因子;V为最终体积(mL);Wt为茶叶样品重量(g);Mw为矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷的分子量(449.2 g/mol);L为光程长度(cm);ε为矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷在520 nm处的摩尔消光系数(2.69×104 L/(mol·cm))。
代谢组学分析方法参照Yang等[16]的方法并稍作修改。样品前处理步骤如下:准确称取1 g茶粉置于50 mL离心管中,加入50 mL 100 ℃纯净水,冲泡5 min后立即置于冰水浴中冷却。样品在8000 r/min条件下离心10 min,上清液经0.22 µm水系针式滤膜过滤。每个样本设置三个重复。
UHPLC条件:UltiMateTM 3000超高效液相系统,配备Waters Acquity HSS T3色谱柱。柱温为40 ℃,进样体积为3 μL,流速为0.4 mL/min。流动相A为含0.1%(v/v)甲酸的甲醇溶液,流动相B为含0.1%(v/v)甲酸的乙腈溶液。梯度洗脱程序:0 min时,B相2%;0.5 min时,B相2%;10 min时,B相15%;18 min时,B相40%;20 min时,B相90%;20.9 min时,B相90%;21 min时,B相2%;25 min时,B相2%。
Q-Exactive-MS条件:电喷雾电离(ESI)模式,正离子模式下毛细管电压为3.5 kV,离子传输管温度320 ℃,辅助气温度400 ℃,鞘气体流速比率45,辅助气流速比率10。扫描模式为Full MS/dd-MS2(TopN),扫描范围m/z 80~1200 Da。Full MS和dd-MS2的分辨率分别为70000和15000。碰撞能量采用归一化碰撞能量(NCE)20、40、60。
PDA条件:峰宽为0.02 min(2.5 Hz),扫描范围为360~600 nm,光谱带宽为1 nm,采集信号为280、360、440和525 nm。
数据采集和分析处理软件分别为Xcalibur 2.1.1 和Compound Discoverer 3.2(Thermo Fisher)软件。化合物鉴定通过与标准品本地数据库匹配,并结合在线数据库(HMDB 5.0、mzCloud)比对进行。
配制9种花青素标样母液,质量浓度均为1 mg/mL。使用0.1%盐酸水溶液将混标母液稀释,制备成浓度为100、50、25、10、1、0.1 μg/mL的系列混合标准溶液。采用1.2.5中的分析方法进行分析鉴定,并根据各花青素组分的相对峰面积及其对应的浓度,计算并绘制标准曲线方程及其相关系数(表1)。
所有实验均进行三次重复测定。采用GraphPad Prism 9软件(GraphPad Software,San Diego,USA)进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),并采用Tukey’s HSD检验进行多重比较。热图和相关性分析使用TBtools软件完成。偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)在Metaboanalyst 6.0在线平台(https://www.metaboanalyst.ca/home.xhtml)上进行,数据预处理步骤包括标准化、变换和缩放。
如图1所示,不同紫化程度茶树鲜叶的形态及所制烘青绿茶的茶汤颜色存在明显差异。采用分光测色仪量化不同紫化程度茶鲜叶的色泽特征,结果表明,各茶样间鲜叶色差参数存在显著差异(图2)。亮度(L*)值反映了鲜叶的明暗程度。GL的L*值最高(33.30±0.81),显著高于所有紫叶茶(P<0.05),呈现最明亮的色泽。在紫叶茶品系中,L*值随紫化程度的加深呈现出总体下降的趋势,其中RP的亮度最低(15.60±1.34)。这一下降趋势与花青素的积累量密切相关。花青素作为一种强吸光色素,其在液泡中的大量积累会显著增加对入射光的吸收,从而减少叶片表面的漫反射光总量,导致视觉上的暗化和L*值的降低[17]。
a*值用于区分红绿-色相,正值为红色,负值为绿色。GL呈现典型的绿色特征,其a*值为显著负值(−12.33±0.22)。与此相反,所有紫叶茶的a*值均显著高于GL(P<0.05)。其中,RP的a*值达到最高正值(3.68±1.43),表现出强烈的红色调。一个值得关注的现象是,视觉上呈深紫色的DP,其a*值却为负值(−2.09±1.13),与LP(−1.54±1.88)无显著差异。这表明DP的深紫色并非由纯粹的红色调主导,其背后可能涉及更复杂的呈色机理。例如,其花青素组分可能以矢车菊素或飞燕草素等偏蓝紫色调的类型为主,这类花青素在红光区(>600 nm)吸收较弱,而其与叶绿素的叠加效应可能最终导致在CIELAB色空间中a*值呈现负数[18]。
b*值代表鲜叶的黄蓝程度,正值为黄色,与饱和度(C*)和色调角(h)共同描述了颜色的具体色度特征。GL具有最高的b*值(30.70±1.25)和C*值(33.10±1.09),其h值(111.98°±1.15°)位于第二象限,对应其鲜亮的黄绿色外观。紫叶茶品系的b*值和C*值均显著低于GL,这可能归因于花青素对叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的“遮蔽效应”。花青素在500~550 nm波段(绿光-黄光区)有强吸收峰,这可能导致叶片中原有黄、绿色素的反射的相对减少,进而促使b*值降低和整体颜色饱和度(C*)的下降[19]。此外,h值随紫化程度加深而显著降低,色调从黄绿向红紫偏移。RP的h值最低(44.80°±12.63°),明确指向红紫色区域。
茶汤色泽是评价茶叶品质的重要指标,其视觉表现受水溶性色素组成的影响。分析结果表明,不同紫叶茶茶汤的亮度和色调参数与花青素含量差异显著(图3)。GL茶汤的L*值最高(95.70±0.03),b*值也最高(23.56±0.20),呈现出典型的明亮黄绿色汤色。随着紫化程度的增加,紫叶茶汤的L*值和b*值均显著下降,其中RP(L*:81.56±0.70)和DP(b*:7.48±0.07)分别达到最低值。相关性分析证实了这一趋势,花青素总量与L*值(rL*=−0.89,P<0.001)和b*值(rb*=−0.78,P<0.001)均呈极显著负相关。在茶汤的弱酸性环境(通常pH4~6)中,花青素主要以有色的花色苷阳离子形式存在,其在约520 nm波长处有强烈的吸收峰,此区域覆盖了绿光和黄光波段[17]。因此,花青素含量越高,对黄绿色光的吸收越强,导致茶汤透光率降低(L*值下降),并可能减弱茶汤中其他黄色素(如黄酮醇类、茶黄素等)的色泽表现(b*值下降)[14]。
茶汤的红色调(a*值)和色相(h值)主要受花青素影响。GL茶汤的a*值为负(−5.32±0.06),h值处于黄绿色象限(102.73°±0.04°)。所有紫叶茶汤的a*值均向正值偏移,h值则向红色象限移动。其中,RP的红色特征最强(a*值最高:4.01±0.06),h值也较低(65.45°±1.48°),表现出显著的红汤特征。茶汤a*值与花青素总量呈极显著正相关(ra*=0.82,P<0.001),而h值则呈极显著负相关(rh=−0.78,P<0.001),表明花青素是紫叶茶汤红色调的主要来源。
值得注意的是,茶汤的饱和度(C*)也受到花青素的显著影响。GL茶汤的C*值最高(24.15±0.22),而所有紫叶茶汤的C*值均显著降低,并与花青素总量呈极显著负相关($r_{{\mathrm{C}}^{\text{*}}} $=−0.78,P<0.001)。在茶汤中,花青素分子可以与大量无色的化合物(如儿茶素、黄酮醇、酚酸等)通过分子间作用力形成超分子复合物[20–21]。这种相互作用不仅能增强花青素的稳定性,还会引起其吸收光谱发生“红移”(bathochromic shift)和“增色效应”(hyperchromic effect),使得颜色从纯红色向紫红色或蓝色偏移。同时混合了其他色素的背景色,可能共同导致整体颜色的纯度(即饱和度C*)下降[22]。这可以解释为何DP的a*值(3.42±0.23)虽高但不及RP,其色泽更偏向于一种饱和度较低的暗紫红色。
综上所述,茶汤的L*值、a*值和b*值在不同品系间存在显著差异,并与花青素总量呈现高度相关性。花青素的积累与茶汤亮度降低、红色调增强、黄色调减弱密切相关。茶汤的饱和度(C*值)和色调角(h值)也与花青素总量呈显著负相关,反映出茶汤整体颜色由黄绿向红紫转变且饱和度降低。
为探究不同紫化程度茶树鲜叶的化学基础,采用UHPLC-Q-Exactive/MS靶向代谢组学技术,对样品进行了全面的代谢谱分析。经与化学标准品及数据库比对,共鉴定出122种化合物,归属于11大类(图4a),包括氨基酸、花青素、儿茶素及其寡聚体、黄酮糖苷、酚酸、生物碱等。各化合物类别的相对丰度显示(图4b),生物碱在所有茶样中均占主导地位(48.68%~57.22%),尤以RP(57.22%)和LP(54.83%)最为丰富,代表性化合物如咖啡碱和可可碱可能赋予紫叶茶更强的苦味。氨基酸(18.76%~33.66%)在GL(33.66%)和MP(31.71%)中相对丰度较高,以茶氨酸和谷氨酸为主,这提示其可能具有更突出的鲜爽口感。儿茶素(10.36%~14.87%)和儿茶素寡聚体(1.19%~2.84%)在RP(分别为14.87%和2.84%)中显著富集,关键化合物如EGCG、ECG和原花青素B4可能增强其涩味特性[23–24]。花青素(0.02%~0.86%)在DP(0.86%)和RP(0.69%)中相对丰度最高,代表性化合物包括飞燕草素-3-O-β-D-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷和矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷,而GL(0.02%)几乎不可检测。酚酸(3.37%~4.13%)在DP(4.13%)和RP(4.00%)中较丰富,以茶没食子素和水杨酸为主。黄酮糖苷(0.87%~1.48%)在DP(1.48%)中最为突出,如山柰酚-3-葡萄糖基芸香糖苷,可能是深紫色表型的重要贡献者。黄酮和黄酮醇(0.01%~0.03%)、碳水化合物(0.05%~0.07%)、核酸及其衍生物(0.45%~0.81%)和有机酸(0.12%~0.16%)的相对丰度较低,但仍对茶的风味和功能特性有一定贡献,如腺苷(核酸衍生物)和奎尼酸(有机酸)。
PLS-DA分析结果(图5a)清晰地展示了五个品系在代谢谱上的显著分离(PC1=37.9%,PC2=26.8%),表明其化学成分存在本质差异。交叉验证显示模型具有出色的解释力和预测力(R2=0.99,Q2=0.96),确保了后续差异化合物识别的可靠性。变量投影重要性(VIP)值分析揭示了影响分类的关键代谢物,基于VIP>1.0的化合物共计26种(图5b)。其中,花青素类化合物占据主导,共有13种。在呈色物质方面,花青素类化合物如飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)葡萄糖苷(VIP=2.68)、矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷(VIP=2.59)等显示出较高VIP值,飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(VIP=2.40)、矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)葡萄糖苷(VIP=2.26)等花青素衍生物的较高VIP值强调了它们在品系间呈色差异中的重要贡献。这些酰化花青素因其结构中引入了酚酸基团(如对香豆酸),不仅增强了自身的稳定性,还通过分子内共色效应使其颜色更趋向于蓝紫色,这有助于解释DP呈现深紫而非纯红的现象[25]。这些花青素类成分大部分在DP和RP茶样中富集,是紫叶茶茶汤呈现独特紫色颜色的重要呈色成分。有趣的是,黄酮醇类化合物山奈酚(VIP=3.34)和槲皮素(VIP=2.92)表现出极高的VIP值,但它们主要在GL中富集,可能作为绿叶茶茶汤呈现黄色的重要呈色成分。此外,酚酸类化合物如香豆酸(VIP=2.12)、小木麻黄碱(VIP=1.04)和没食子酸(VIP=1.03),以及氨基酸类化合物如L-精氨酸(VIP=1.33)和γ-氨基丁酸(VIP=1.02)大部分在GL中富集,可能与其鲜味和抗氧化特性相关。
水溶性色素是构成茶汤色泽的主要成分,其中花青素作为一类关键水溶性色素,其种类、含量及修饰模式是决定紫叶茶色泽与品质的核心因素。本研究通过对14种主要花青素单体进行定量,旨在揭示不同紫叶茶品系呈色差异的分子机制,并建立其组分特征与色度参数之间的构效关系。
为进一步全面解析紫叶茶中花青素的组成,本研究在已通过标准品鉴定的9种花青素组分之外,参照Saito等[4]对‘Sunrouge’茶中酰基化花青素的鉴定方法,并结合高分辨质谱(UHPLC-Q-Exactive/MS)技术,对不同紫叶茶样品中的酰基化花青素组分进行了鉴定。本研究识别出以下5种主要的酰基化花青素,其鉴定结果结合了精确分子量、保留时间及二级质谱碎片信息,具体如下:
飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)葡萄糖苷/半乳糖苷:这两种同分异构体具有相同的精确分子量,UHPLC-Q-Exactive/MS检测到m/z [M]+为611.1395,与飞燕草素-3-O-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)己糖苷的理论值高度吻合。尽管葡萄糖和半乳糖在完整分子量上无法区分,但它们在色谱行为上表现出不同的保留时间,证实了异构体的存在。其二级质谱图(MS/MS)中均观察到特征碎片离子,包括失去对香豆酰基团(146 Da)后的m/z 465(飞燕草素-3-O-己糖苷),以及继续失去己糖基团(162 Da)后的飞燕草素母核特征碎片m/z 303。其中,特定保留时间检测到的m/z [M]+为611.1395的化合物与文献报道的飞燕草素-3-O-(6-对香豆酰)-半乳糖苷的特征一致[4],其二级质谱碎片信息进一步验证了该酰基化糖苷结构。矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)葡萄糖苷/半乳糖苷:与飞燕草素衍生物类似,这两种同分异构体也具有相同的精确分子量。高分辨质谱检测到m/z [M]+为595.1446,与矢车菊素-3-O-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)己糖苷的理论值吻合,并在色谱上表现出不同的保留时间。二级质谱图(MS/MS)中,主要碎片离子包括失去对香豆酰基团(146 Da)后的m/z 449(矢车菊素-3-O-己糖苷),以及继续失去己糖基团(162 Da)后的矢车菊素母核碎片m/z 287。其中,特定保留时间检测到的m/z [M]+为595.1417的化合物与文献[4]报道的矢车菊素-3-O-(6-对香豆酰)-半乳糖苷的特征一致,其二级质谱碎片信息进一步印证了该结构。矮牵牛素-(E)-对香豆酰半乳糖苷:该化合物经高分辨质谱检测到m/z [M]+为625.1498,与理论值接近。其二级质谱图显示出特征性碎片离子,包括失去对香豆酰基团(146 Da)和糖基(162 Da)的碎片,以及矮牵牛素母核的特征碎片m/z 317。
值得注意的是,上述酰基化花青素(特别是飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷和矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷)在普通绿茶样品中未检测到,这进一步支持了其作为紫叶茶重要的特征性呈色物质的推断。由于部分酰基化花青素标准品难以获取,本研究在定量分析时,选用化学结构最为接近的飞燕草素-3,5-二葡萄糖苷的标准曲线作为定量依据。
分析结果表明,所检测的14种花青素单体中(图6),飞燕草素和矢车菊素的糖苷化及酰化衍生物是构成紫叶茶色素的主要成分,而芍药素、天竺葵素和矮牵牛素的衍生物含量则相对较低,这与多数紫色植物中花青素的构成模式相符[12,26]。GL中,绝大多数花青素单体未能检出或浓度低于定量限,此结果与该品系鲜叶的高亮度(L*)值、负a*值以及极低的茶汤花青素总量一致。相关性分析进一步揭示,花青素总量与叶片亮度和茶汤亮度L*值呈极显著负相关(图7)。具体而言,多种关键花青素单体,如矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷(rL*=−0.95,P<0.001)和飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)葡萄糖苷(rL*=−0.91,P<0.001),其浓度升高直接导致叶片颜色变暗(L*值降低),这是色素积累的基本呈色效应。
LP的花青素含量显著低于其他紫叶茶品系,但其积累模式已表现出典型的紫叶茶特征。其主要组分为飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷(4.40±0.08 µg/mL)和矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷(2.44±0.08 µg/mL)。酰化修饰(如对香豆酰基)通过空间位阻和电子效应,能有效保护花青素核心结构中的花色苷阳离子免受亲核攻击(如水分子),从而在弱酸性的细胞液和茶汤中极大地增强了其稳定性和颜色强度,即所谓的增色效应[19]。此外,飞燕草素-3-O-半乳糖苷和飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷也少量存在。LP较低的花青素总量与部分酰化修饰,解释了其浅紫色的表型,以及其色度参数介于绿叶与深色紫叶之间的过渡状态。这解释了其茶汤在L*、a*、b*参数上更接近GL,但a*值已开始向正值偏移的特征。MP的花青素组成则代表了从浅紫向深紫过渡的中间阶段。其大部分花青素组分含量介于LP和RP/DP之间,主要由飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷(11.34±0.96 µg/mL)和矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷(6.09±0.28 µg/mL)构成。与LP相比,MP中各类花青素含量均显著提升,这导致了其更低的L*值,并使其鲜叶茶汤的a*值低于RP和DP,呈现出“中紫色”的视觉效果。
RP呈现出独特的以矢车菊素衍生物为主导的组分特征。其两种最主要的酰化花青素的含量清晰地揭示了这一趋势:矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷的含量高达11.20±0.94 µg/mL,而飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷的含量则为7.08±0.59 µg/mL,前者约为后者的1.5倍,表明矢车菊素衍生物在该品系中具有优势地位。此外,矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷(含量2.48±0.07 µg/mL)在该品系中的含量也显著高于其他品系。从分子结构上看,矢车菊素的B环含有两个相邻的羟基,这种结构使其在酸性条件下主要吸收蓝绿光(~520 nm),从而呈现出鲜明的红色或品红色[27]。相关性分析证实,矢车菊素衍生物的含量与决定红色色度的a*值呈现出极显著的正相关,例如,矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷(ra*=0.90,P<0.001)和矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷(ra*=0.95,P<0.001)。值得注意的是,RP中天竺葵素(0.93±0.04 µg/mL)及其糖苷的含量也显著高于其他所有品系,这种通常呈现橙红色调的次要花青素,可能对RP茶汤整体的暖红色调起到了重要贡献。
DP的花青素总量显著高于LP和MP,并与RP相当,但其呈色机制截然不同,由飞燕草素衍生物占据主导地位。与RP形成鲜明对比的是,DP中飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷的含量高达17.20±0.38 µg/mL,同时矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷的含量则仅为5.68±0.40 µg/mL。这意味着在DP中,主导呈色的飞燕草素酰化衍生物含量约为矢车菊素对应衍生物含量的3倍。此外,飞燕草素-3-O-半乳糖苷(3.17±0.12 µg/mL)和飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)葡萄糖苷(2.57±0.10 µg/mL)的含量也较高。这种飞燕草素/矢车菊素衍生物比率的巨大反转,是解释DP呈色的关键因素。飞燕草素的B环含有三个相邻的羟基,比矢车菊素多一个。这个额外的羟基使其吸收光谱发生红移,即吸收更长波长的黄光,从而赋予植物组织更偏向蓝色或紫色的色泽[19]。相关性分析显示,所有飞燕草素衍生物的含量均与决定蓝色色度的b*值呈极显著的负相关(例如,飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷(rb*=−0.97,P<0.001)。b*值的降低意味着色相向蓝色偏移。因此,DP呈现的深邃紫色,及其a*值相对RP较低(偏离红色)的现象,其主要原因在于高浓度、高比例的飞燕草素衍生物将整体色调向蓝紫色方向驱动。
综上所述,紫叶茶的色泽差异,并非简单取决于花青素总量,而是在很大程度上由矢车菊素与飞燕草素这两种核心花青素的相对比例所调控。
除了前述的花青素类物质,在冲泡过程中大量溶出的黄酮醇(Flavonol)、黄酮醇糖苷(Flavonol glycosides)、茶黄素类(Theaflavins,TFs)及聚酯型儿茶素类(Theasinensins,TSs)物质,共同影响并塑造了茶汤的亮度、色调与饱和度[28]。本节旨在基于相对含量趋势及相关性分析,阐明这些物质在不同茶品系汤色形成中的特定作用。
黄酮醇及其糖苷是茶叶中的主要多酚类物质,通常呈现为无色或淡黄色,是构成茶汤黄色基底的关键成分[14]。通过对各品系茶汤中黄酮醇糖苷的相对含量进行分析,发现部分黄酮醇糖苷与茶汤黄亮色泽呈显著正相关,而其含量与紫化程度呈负相关。GL及LP的茶汤中,多种黄酮醇糖苷的含量显著高于RP和DP。以GL为例,其茶汤中槲皮素-3-葡萄糖基芸香糖苷的相对含量在所有品系中最高,分别是RP的近3倍,是DP的10倍以上。这一化学特征与茶汤的色泽参数表现出强关联性。相关性分析结果显示,山奈酚(rb*=0.96,P<0.001)、槲皮素(rb*=0.95,P<0.001)、杨梅素-3-O-半乳糖苷(rb*=0.85,P<0.001)的相对含量与代表黄色的b*值呈现出极显著的正相关。同时,它们也与茶汤亮度L*值呈极显著正相关(例如,山奈酚,rL*=0.88,P<0.001)。这表明,高含量的黄酮醇糖苷与绿茶茶汤明亮、黄绿的典型色泽密切相关。随着叶片紫化程度的加深,这些化合物的相对含量呈现下降趋势,这可能是由于在类黄酮合成途径中,更多的前体物质流向了花青素的合成,从而导致了与花青素合成存在竞争关系的黄酮醇类物质积累减少[7,29]。
茶黄素(TFs)和聚酯型儿茶素(TSs)是儿茶素在加工过程中氧化聚合的产物,前者是红茶“金圈”的主要成分,呈现橙红色;后者则色泽更深,偏红褐色[28]。尽管本研究对象为鲜叶加工所得的绿茶成品,但在绿茶加工过程中,部分多酚氧化酶仍可能被激活,或已存在少量预氧化产物,从而形成这些色素。
RP的茶汤中,茶黄素类和部分聚酯型儿茶素的相对含量远高于其他品系。例如,RP茶汤中总茶黄素(茶黄素、茶黄素-3-没食子酸酯、茶黄素-3'-没食子酸酯)的相对含量总和是GL的6~7倍。相关性分析表明,聚酯型儿茶素A(ra*=0.81,P<0.001)、聚酯型儿茶素B(ra*=0.89,P<0.001)和聚酯型儿茶素F(ra*=0.84,P<0.001)的含量与代表红色的a*值呈现出极显著的正相关。茶黄素类(TFs)则扮演了“增红”与“降暗”的双重角色,并赋予茶汤浓厚质感。与茶深红素相比,三种茶黄素单体与a*值的正相关性稍弱(ra*值在0.52~0.58之间,P<0.001),但它们与茶汤亮度L*值呈现出极显著的负相关(rL*值在−0.53至−0.58之间,P<0.001)。因此,可以推断,RP茶汤鲜明的红色调,并不仅仅是前文所述的由高含量矢车菊素衍生物所贡献。其独特的“橙红”色,主要归因于高含量的矢车菊素(提供紫红色基底)与高含量的茶黄素/聚酯型儿茶素(提供橙红色调)两者协同作用、共同叠加的结果,这也使其茶汤的a*值在所有样品中达到最高。
综上所述,茶汤的色泽并非由单一类型的化合物决定,而是不同呈色系统间复杂平衡的宏观体现。黄酮醇糖苷构成了黄色的基底,而花青素的种类和含量决定了其向“红紫”或“蓝紫”方向的偏移,茶黄素和聚酯型儿茶素等氧化产物则作为重要的“调色剂”,进一步微调和增强了最终的色泽表现。这些化合物可以通过共呈色作用与花青素相互作用,可能显著增强茶汤的色泽稳定性与色调深度[30]。共呈色作用机制涉及酚酸和黄酮类化合物通过π-π堆积或氢键与花青素分子形成复合物,抑制其降解并放大色素表现[20,31],尤其在弱酸性环境(如茶汤pH)下,没食子酸和香豆酸等可能加深紫色或红色调,从而影响DP和RP的视觉特性。
为直接阐明茶汤色泽与化合物的构效关系,本节利用液相色谱-光电二极管阵列检测器(LC-PDA)在特征波长下的吸收光谱,对前期相关性分析所推测的花青素类关键呈色物质的贡献进行可视化验证与归属。PDA检测器能实时捕获流经化合物的紫外-可见吸收光谱,提供化合物特异性光学信息。花青素类物质通常在520~530 nm(吸收绿光)表现出最大吸收,赋予茶汤紫红色。通过提取并比较不同样品在这些特征波长下的色谱图,可直观筛选并比较主要呈色物质的种类与相对含量。值得注意的是,由于LC-MS和LC-PDA检测器在仪器结构和检测原理上存在微小且恒定的保留时间(RT)延迟。为实现MS鉴定结果向PDA光谱的精确映射,计算了高丰度、峰形良好的代表性化合物在两种检测器上的平均保留时间差值(ΔRT)。该平均延迟时间被用于将MS鉴定出的化合物峰精确归属到PDA色谱图上的相应吸收峰,从而确保光谱数据与结构信息的准确对应(表2)。
为直观展示花青素类物质对茶汤紫红色调的直接贡献,图8叠加展示了五个不同紫化程度茶样在525 nm处的PDA色谱图。结果显示,绿叶茶(GL)在此波长下色谱图几乎平坦,除约22.34 min处可能存在的杂质峰外无明显吸收,这与GL茶汤典型的黄绿色泽及前期质谱分析结果(花青素含量极低)高度吻合,表明其不含或仅含极微量呈紫红色物质。与此形成鲜明对比的是,红紫色(RP)和深紫色(DP)等紫化品系在525 nm处表现出系列显著增强的吸收峰,且吸收强度随茶样紫化程度加深而增强。通过ΔRT精确归属,这些吸收峰被确认为以下关键花色苷的贡献:7.40 min处的飞燕草素-3-O-半乳糖苷、8.24 min处的矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷、12.79 min处的飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)葡萄糖苷、13.29 min处的飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷,以及13.80 min处的矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷。特别地,DP茶汤在525 nm处的最强吸收峰(13.29 min)归属于飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷,该峰显著的峰面积和特异性吸收波长表明此物质与DP茶汤的深紫色呈现密切相关,提供了重要的光谱学证据。同理,RP茶汤在525 nm处的主导吸收峰(13.80 min)归属于矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷,直观证实了其对RP茶汤红紫色调的核心贡献。这些直接的光谱学证据有力支持了本研究前述章节中关于花青素衍生物与茶汤色泽相关性的推断,将其从统计学关联性提升至了直接的功能性贡献验证。
本研究综合运用色度学、代谢组学及PDA光谱验证等方法,初步阐明了不同紫化程度紫叶茶色泽形成的内在化学机制。研究发现花青素总量与紫叶茶色泽参数(L*、b*呈负相关,a*呈正相关)紧密关联,是驱动呈色的关键物质。紫叶茶色调的精确调控主要由矢车菊素与飞燕草素的相对比例决定,即红紫色(RP)因富含矢车菊素衍生物而色泽偏红,深紫色(DP)则因飞燕草素衍生物占据主导而呈现深邃的紫蓝色调。PDA在525 nm处的吸收光谱直接印证了矢车菊素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷是RP茶汤的主导吸收峰,而飞燕草素-3-O-β-d-(6-(E)-对香豆酰)半乳糖苷是DP茶汤的最强吸收峰,证实了它们对相应品系色泽的决定性贡献。此外,共色效应显著影响茶汤最终色泽,黄酮醇糖苷构成黄色基底,而RP茶汤中较高含量的茶黄素及聚酯型儿茶素等加工产物与矢车菊素协同,共同增强了其鲜明的橙红色调。这些研究结果可为紫叶茶色泽品质评价体系的建立、特定色泽品系的培育及加工工艺优化提供了科学依据。未来研究应进一步聚焦阐明这些呈色物质在茶树生长发育和加工过程中的动态变化规律,并深入探索其与茶汤感官品质的深层关联。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070364
  • 接收时间:2025-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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    1中国农业科学院茶叶研究所/农业农村部特种经济动植物生物学与遗传育种重点实验室,浙江杭州 310008
    2中国农业科学院研究生院,北京 100081
    3云南省农业科学院园艺作物研究所,云南昆明 650205
    4云南省普洱市农业科学研究所,云南普洱 665000

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方成刚(1980−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:茶叶生物化学与加工,E-mail:。
吕海鹏(1980−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:茶叶品质化学与营养健康,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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