Article(id=1320880324645601744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070348, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753804800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852010165, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852010165, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852010165, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852010165, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=328, endPage=335, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880324893065681, articleId=1320880324645601744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Impact of Various Oak Chips on the Flavor Profile of Strong Ales, columnId=1320880262846722580, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Modern Analysis and Intelligent Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to analyze the effects of 10 types of oak chips on the aroma characteristics of strong ale using two descriptive sensory analysis methods, Polarized Projective Mapping (PPM) and Pivot Profile (PP). The results showed that contact with oak chips significantly could enhance the aroma complexity of strong ale and impart typical flavors such as caramel and smoky. Both the type of oak chips and contact time could influence the aroma characteristics of the product. Specifically, sweet oak chips and dark chocolate oak chips mainly enhanced the smoky and caramel attributes, while contact with black spice oak chips and caramel oak chips further accentuated the fruity and whiskey-like notes. The flavor differences were more significant after 4 weeks of contact compared to 2 weeks. Samples in contact with black spice, dark chocolate, and special fruit oak chips developed a new "toasted bread" characteristic. This study provides a scientific basis and data support for the flavor regulation and quality improvement of strong ale.

, authors=Xiaoyi LIU1, 2, Qian LIU3, Guiying QIAN1, 2, Yuxuan ZHU1, 2, Yueqin LIU3, Lidong HE3, Libo YUAN3, Baoqing ZHU1, 2, *, Tengfei YU3, *, authorsList=Xiaoyi LIU, Qian LIU, Guiying QIAN, Yuxuan ZHU, Yueqin LIU, Lidong HE, Libo YUAN, Baoqing ZHU, Tengfei YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Baoqing ZHU, Tengfei YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880328005239262, articleId=1320880324645601744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同橡木片对烈性艾尔香气特征的影响, columnId=1320880262997717526, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=现代分析与智能检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在通过极化投影地图法(Polarized Projective Mapping,PPM)和中心点剖面法(Pivot Profile,PP)两种描述性感官分析方法,分析10款橡木片对烈性艾尔香气特征的影响。结果表明,橡木片接触能够显著提升烈性艾尔的香气复杂度,赋予产品焦糖、烟熏味等典型风味。橡木片种类和接触时间均会影响产品香气特征。其中,甜润、黑巧克力风味橡木片主要提升烟熏和焦糖属性,黑香料、焦糖风味橡木片接触会更突出产品的果香和威士忌风味。接触4周时风味差异比接触2周更显著,并且黑香料、黑巧克力、特殊水果风味橡木片接触样品出现了“烤面包”新特征。本研究为烈性艾尔风味调控和品质提升提供了科学依据和数据支持。

, authors=刘晓艺1, 2, 刘倩3, 钱桂颖1, 2, 朱雨萱1, 2, 刘月琴3, 贺立东3, 袁黎波3, 朱保庆1, 2, *, 余腾斐3, *, authorsList=刘晓艺, 刘倩, 钱桂颖, 朱雨萱, 刘月琴, 贺立东, 袁黎波, 朱保庆, 余腾斐, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱保庆, 余腾斐, authorNote=

刘晓艺(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品感官分析与风味化学,E-mail:

刘倩(1989−),女,硕士,中级工程师,研究方向:食品工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
朱保庆(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术、感官分析与风味化学,E-mail:。
余腾斐(1984−),女,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:食品工程,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=idRvU6wvO9NhbqT5he2qGQ==, magXml=udt6QyN9U8rgsbtW5zIfSw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=VvpM+Jnfme/AMzF+dWplZw==, pdfFileSize=2504974, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=s4eypgCF9VXmkmq7ebaTmA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=QfBhCySBgZOo1ZisfJ2jDA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320880328546304489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=liuxiaoyi0000@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320880328630190572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, authorId=1320880328546304489, language=EN, stringName=Xiaoyi LIU, firstName=Xiaoyi, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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注:图中红色样品为固定极点,对MFA的构建没有贡献;后缀数字代表实验轮次,如-1表示PPM1实验中的样品;*表示盲重复样;不同颜色的圆圈代表不同实验轮次;图2同。

, figureFileSmall=1A/NFrm1SivFsvXuEajYVA==, figureFileBig=s4eypgCF9VXmkmq7ebaTmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880333722075685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Representation of the samples aged for 4 weeks (a) and the terms used to describe the samples in the first two dimensions of MFA of data from PPM (b), figureFileSmall=3cwTFY6+VMvsFKYxcbIFDQ==, figureFileBig=S3n5xtzUJJMHhn/UJdueCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880333801767462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, language=CN, label=图2, caption=陈酿4周样品的分布图(a)以及基于PPM数据的MFA前两个维度中样品的描述词分布图(b), figureFileSmall=3cwTFY6+VMvsFKYxcbIFDQ==, figureFileBig=S3n5xtzUJJMHhn/UJdueCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880333864682023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Representation of the samples aged for 2 weeks and 4 weeks (a) and the terms used to describe the samples in the first two dimensions of MFA of data from PPM (b), figureFileSmall=jI4am1I2J2XIENIVHb7ZHQ==, figureFileBig=Ai7LlrkhmnAkkHJh2kWHpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880333931790888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, language=CN, label=图3, caption=陈酿2周和4周样品的分布图(a)以及基于PPM数据的MFA前两个维度中样品的描述词分布图(b)

注:图中红色样品为固定极点,对MFA的构建没有贡献;前缀2W表示陈酿2周样品,前缀4W表示陈酿4周样品;*表示盲重复样;后缀数字代表实验轮次,如-1表示PPM1实验中的样品。

, figureFileSmall=jI4am1I2J2XIENIVHb7ZHQ==, figureFileBig=Ai7LlrkhmnAkkHJh2kWHpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880333994705449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Frequency distribution map of aroma attributes in the PP experiment for the sample aged for 2 weeks, figureFileSmall=aN3tr1trSQ/+QyquBxTW4g==, figureFileBig=RSkNEl8fEs0B47AKpWDa2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880334082785834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, language=CN, label=图4, caption=陈酿2周样品PP实验中香气属性的翻译频率图

注:CK代表陈酿时不添加木片的对照样品;YJ代表未经陈酿的样品;*表示盲重复样。

, figureFileSmall=aN3tr1trSQ/+QyquBxTW4g==, figureFileBig=RSkNEl8fEs0B47AKpWDa2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880334154089003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Frequency distribution map of aroma attributes in the PP experiment for the sample aged for 4 weeks, figureFileSmall=89r9Xi0Rv+qsM25cqSUT3A==, figureFileBig=lAQb7GQhsp3lftyofU2CEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880334246363692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, language=CN, label=图5, caption=陈酿4周样品PP实验中香气属性的翻译频率图

注:CK代表陈酿时不添加木片的对照样品;YJ代表未经陈酿的样品;*表示盲重复样。

, figureFileSmall=89r9Xi0Rv+qsM25cqSUT3A==, figureFileBig=lAQb7GQhsp3lftyofU2CEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880334309278253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Sample PP experimental CA analysis results, figureFileSmall=nv73FkiYCpJkj91P++zpjw==, figureFileBig=hgT6HfeC9kqaaGDwYFt/Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880334380581422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, language=CN, label=图6, caption=样品PP实验CA分析结果

注:图中蓝色字体为描述词;黑色字体为样品名称;*表示盲重复样;a. 陈酿2周样品;b. 陈酿4周样品;c. 陈酿2周和4周样品合并,图c中前缀2W表示陈酿2周样品,前缀4W表示陈酿4周样品。

, figureFileSmall=nv73FkiYCpJkj91P++zpjw==, figureFileBig=hgT6HfeC9kqaaGDwYFt/Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880334456078895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Information of oak chip samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
陈酿样品橡木片烘烤度简写橡木片添加量
橡木片-黑香料风味重度HXL20 g/L
橡木片-香料风味重度XL
橡木片-黑巧克力风味中(+)度HQ
橡木片-太妃糖风味中(+)度TFT
橡木片-焦糖风味中度JT
橡木片-奶油风味中度NY
橡木片-甜润风味中度TR1
橡木片-香草风味中度XC
橡木片-特殊水果风味中度SG
橡木片-天然不烘烤TR2
), ArticleFig(id=1320880334523187760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

橡木片样品信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
陈酿样品橡木片烘烤度简写橡木片添加量
橡木片-黑香料风味重度HXL20 g/L
橡木片-香料风味重度XL
橡木片-黑巧克力风味中(+)度HQ
橡木片-太妃糖风味中(+)度TFT
橡木片-焦糖风味中度JT
橡木片-奶油风味中度NY
橡木片-甜润风味中度TR1
橡木片-香草风味中度XC
橡木片-特殊水果风味中度SG
橡木片-天然不烘烤TR2
), ArticleFig(id=1320880334586102321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental design details of aged beer samples in each PPM experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品PPM1PPM2PPM3PPM4
HXL√√
XL√√*
HQ√√
TFT√√*
JT√√*
NY√√
TR1√√
XC√√
SG√*√
TR2√*√
CK√√√√
YJ√√√√
极点A√√√√
极点B√√√√
极点C√√√√
), ArticleFig(id=1320880334653211186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

每轮PPM实验所包含陈酿烈性艾尔样品实验设计细节

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品PPM1PPM2PPM3PPM4
HXL√√
XL√√*
HQ√√
TFT√√*
JT√√*
NY√√
TR1√√
XC√√
SG√*√
TR2√*√
CK√√√√
YJ√√√√
极点A√√√√
极点B√√√√
极点C√√√√
), ArticleFig(id=1320880334732902963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Definition and frequency of sensory descriptors used in evaluation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
描述词定义PPM实验描述词词频(%)PP实验描述词词频(%)
陈酿2周陈酿4周陈酿2周陈酿4周
蜂蜜蜂蜜的香甜气息,带有花香34324248
谷物谷物特有的气味,带有土香、泥香、甜香等15193434
果香香蕉、苹果、菠萝、桃子等常见水果的香气35333642
黄酒带有土香、酱香、甘草香等17173833
黄油新鲜奶油、甜奶油散发的香气761514
焦糖太妃糖或焦糖爆米花的香气29355155
酒花新鲜的啤酒花味,青草、花香和泥土的香气972636
烤面包谷物、麦麸经烘烤加工产生的一种香气00018
麦芽煮沸的麦汁香气23264564
威士忌醇厚芳香,具有令人愉快的香气,并带有刺激性19162144
橡木橡木特有的气味,带有香草香和酯香20212833
烟熏木材不完全燃烧过程中释放出的烟气26223939
), ArticleFig(id=1320880334795817524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880324645601744, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

感官评价的描述词定义及其词频

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
描述词定义PPM实验描述词词频(%)PP实验描述词词频(%)
陈酿2周陈酿4周陈酿2周陈酿4周
蜂蜜蜂蜜的香甜气息,带有花香34324248
谷物谷物特有的气味,带有土香、泥香、甜香等15193434
果香香蕉、苹果、菠萝、桃子等常见水果的香气35333642
黄酒带有土香、酱香、甘草香等17173833
黄油新鲜奶油、甜奶油散发的香气761514
焦糖太妃糖或焦糖爆米花的香气29355155
酒花新鲜的啤酒花味,青草、花香和泥土的香气972636
烤面包谷物、麦麸经烘烤加工产生的一种香气00018
麦芽煮沸的麦汁香气23264564
威士忌醇厚芳香,具有令人愉快的香气,并带有刺激性19162144
橡木橡木特有的气味,带有香草香和酯香20212833
烟熏木材不完全燃烧过程中释放出的烟气26223939
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不同橡木片对烈性艾尔香气特征的影响
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刘晓艺 1, 2 , 刘倩 3 , 钱桂颖 1, 2 , 朱雨萱 1, 2 , 刘月琴 3 , 贺立东 3 , 袁黎波 3 , 朱保庆 1, 2, * , 余腾斐 3, *
食品工业科技 | 现代分析与智能检测 2026,47(18): 328-335
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食品工业科技 |现代分析与智能检测 2026 , 47 (18) : 328 -335
不同橡木片对烈性艾尔香气特征的影响
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刘晓艺1, 2 , 刘倩3 , 钱桂颖1, 2, 朱雨萱1, 2, 刘月琴3, 贺立东3, 袁黎波3, 朱保庆1, 2, * , 余腾斐3, *
作者信息
  • 1北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院,林业食品加工与安全北京市重点实验室,北京 100083
  • 2北京林业大学,河北省森林食物资源可持续利用与开发重点实验室,北京 100083
  • 3华润雪花啤酒(中国)有限公司,广东深圳 518101
通讯作者:
朱保庆(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术、感官分析与风味化学,E-mail:。
余腾斐(1984−),女,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:食品工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘晓艺(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品感官分析与风味化学,E-mail:

刘倩(1989−),女,硕士,中级工程师,研究方向:食品工程,E-mail:

Impact of Various Oak Chips on the Flavor Profile of Strong Ales
Xiaoyi LIU1, 2 , Qian LIU3 , Guiying QIAN1, 2, Yuxuan ZHU1, 2, Yueqin LIU3, Lidong HE3, Libo YUAN3, Baoqing ZHU1, 2, * , Tengfei YU3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization and Development of Forest Food Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3China Resources Snow Breweries Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518101, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070348
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本研究旨在通过极化投影地图法(Polarized Projective Mapping,PPM)和中心点剖面法(Pivot Profile,PP)两种描述性感官分析方法,分析10款橡木片对烈性艾尔香气特征的影响。结果表明,橡木片接触能够显著提升烈性艾尔的香气复杂度,赋予产品焦糖、烟熏味等典型风味。橡木片种类和接触时间均会影响产品香气特征。其中,甜润、黑巧克力风味橡木片主要提升烟熏和焦糖属性,黑香料、焦糖风味橡木片接触会更突出产品的果香和威士忌风味。接触4周时风味差异比接触2周更显著,并且黑香料、黑巧克力、特殊水果风味橡木片接触样品出现了“烤面包”新特征。本研究为烈性艾尔风味调控和品质提升提供了科学依据和数据支持。

烈性艾尔  /  橡木片  /  感官特征  /  极化投影地图法(PPM)  /  中心点剖面法(PP)

This study aimed to analyze the effects of 10 types of oak chips on the aroma characteristics of strong ale using two descriptive sensory analysis methods, Polarized Projective Mapping (PPM) and Pivot Profile (PP). The results showed that contact with oak chips significantly could enhance the aroma complexity of strong ale and impart typical flavors such as caramel and smoky. Both the type of oak chips and contact time could influence the aroma characteristics of the product. Specifically, sweet oak chips and dark chocolate oak chips mainly enhanced the smoky and caramel attributes, while contact with black spice oak chips and caramel oak chips further accentuated the fruity and whiskey-like notes. The flavor differences were more significant after 4 weeks of contact compared to 2 weeks. Samples in contact with black spice, dark chocolate, and special fruit oak chips developed a new "toasted bread" characteristic. This study provides a scientific basis and data support for the flavor regulation and quality improvement of strong ale.

strong ale  /  oak chips  /  sensory characteristics  /  polarized projective mapping (PPM)  /  pivot profile (PP)
刘晓艺, 刘倩, 钱桂颖, 朱雨萱, 刘月琴, 贺立东, 袁黎波, 朱保庆, 余腾斐. 不同橡木片对烈性艾尔香气特征的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 328 -335 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070348
Xiaoyi LIU, Qian LIU, Guiying QIAN, Yuxuan ZHU, Yueqin LIU, Lidong HE, Libo YUAN, Baoqing ZHU, Tengfei YU. Impact of Various Oak Chips on the Flavor Profile of Strong Ales[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 328 -335 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070348
啤酒是世界上消费量最大的酒精饮料[1]。烈性艾尔(Strong Ale)是啤酒家族中历史最为悠久的成员之一,其酿造历史可追溯至中世纪甚至更早的时期[2]。与普通啤酒相比,烈性艾尔以其更高的酒精度(通常高于6% ABV)、浓郁的麦芽香气和复杂多变的风味特征而著称[3]。近年来,烈性艾尔重新受到我国啤酒爱好者的青睐,迫切需要对烈性艾尔的风格和陈酿工艺进行深入研究。
橡木桶作为威士忌、葡萄酒、雪莉酒等烈酒的重要陈酿工具,不仅可以提供适当的氧化环境,还可以向酒液中释放多种风味物质,从而改善酒的香气品质[4−5]。然而,橡木桶造价昂贵,可利用次数有限,且陈酿过程耗时较长,导致生产成本居高不下。为了解决这一问题,研究者们开发了多种替代技术[6−8]。其中,橡木片作为一种替代品,在发酵过程中或发酵后添加到酒中,能够显著降低陈酿成本和时间[9−10]。橡木片可由不同种类的橡木(如美国橡木、法国橡木或欧洲橡木)制成[11],并通过不同程度的烘烤(如轻度、中度或重度)来影响酒的风味[12],从而为酿酒师提供了更多的灵活性和选择空间。目前橡木片已在葡萄酒[13−15]、烈酒[16−17]领域得到了广泛应用,但其在啤酒特别是烈性艾尔中的应用仍较为有限[18−19]。由于啤酒在酒精度、pH和基质组成等方面与葡萄酒和烈酒存在本质差异,直接借鉴葡萄酒或烈酒的橡木片陈酿理论存在局限性,因此有必要对橡木片陈酿的烈性艾尔香气特征进行研究,以建立适用于烈性艾尔啤酒的陈酿理论和方法。
描述性感官分析方法是评估食品饮料感官特性的重要工具。近年来,极化投影地图作为一种新型描述性感官分析方法,在投影地图的基础上进行了改良[20−21]。该方法要求感官分析师依据Napping预实验结果,选定特定样品作为固定极点,评价员根据被测样品与极点样品的感官接近度将其摆放在纸上[22]。该方法已应用于固体饮料、果汁、酒等[23−25]。此外,中心点剖面法是一种新型的感官评价方法[26−27],该方法通过选择一组具有代表性的样品,围绕一个中心点(通常是基准样品或标准样品)进行感官测试,以比较不同样品在感官属性(如味道、气味、质地等)上的差异,从而评估产品的整体感官表现[28−30]。尽管上述方法在多种食品体系中显示出良好的适用性,但目前尚未见其应用于烈性艾尔啤酒香气评价的相关报道。烈性艾尔独特的生产工艺和原料构成往往导致香气成分多样且相互作用显著,传统感官方法在全面捕捉其细微差异方面可能存在局限。因此,将PPM与PP两种方法引入烈性艾尔香气研究,不仅有助于更精准、系统地解析其香气特征与差异,还可为复杂风味饮料的感官评价提供新的方法论支持,具有重要的研究价值与应用潜力。
本研究旨在利用PPM和PP两种感官评价方法分析10款橡木片接触不同时间(2周和4周)对烈性艾尔香气特征的影响,以明确橡木片对烈性艾尔香气的提升作用。本研究的开展也可为烈性艾尔感官评价提供新的方法学支持。
烈性艾尔原酒(原麦汁浓度24.82°P,酒精度12.25%vol)、桶陈6个月烈性艾尔 A(全新美橡桶陈酒,原麦汁浓度24.95°P,酒精度12.33%vol)、B(二手波本桶陈酒,原麦汁浓度25.84°P,酒精度13.05%vol)、C(二手龙舌兰桶陈酒,原麦汁浓度25.21°P,酒精度12.6%vol) 华润啤酒技术研究院提供;10款橡木片(橡木片信息见表1) 英纳帝斯公司。
DHF-2T酒窖恒温恒湿机 杭州松井电器有限公司;YP-2002电子天平 上海精密仪器仪表有限公司。
将发酵结束并经过澄清处理的烈性艾尔啤酒在无菌条件下转移至1 L密封玻璃罐中,置于16 ℃恒温避光环境中陈酿2周和4周。其中处理组在每罐啤酒中添加20 g的单一款式橡木片,空白对照组除不添加任何橡木片外,其余处理条件与实验组完全一致。所有样品在实验前均贮藏在4 ℃,实验开始前室温静置1 h恢复16 ℃以供使用。
评价小组由12名熟悉感官评价方法且有啤酒评价经验的评价员(9名女性,3名男性,年龄在22~25岁之间,均为来自北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院的学生)组成。在正式实验前对评价小组进行8 h的啤酒感官培训。本研究严格遵循《赫尔辛基宣言》伦理准则,所有实验流程均通过北京林业大学人类研究伦理审查委员会批准(批准号:BJFUPSY-2024-051)。所有参与感官评价的受试者均签署书面知情同意书。
本研究的所有感官评估均在环境可控的感官分析实验室内进行,实验室环境条件符合国际感官分析标准[31]。
为确保感官评价的客观性和准确性,每位评价员均独立完成测试。实验过程中,评价员之间禁止任何交流,以避免外部因素对评估结果的干扰[32]。此外,每个样品均根据拉丁方设计以随机顺序呈递给评价人员,并采用三位数随机编码,以消除潜在的顺序效应和主观偏差[33]。
PPM实验中的最开始和关键的一步是极点样品选择[20,33]。本研究选择三款桶陈且香气有显著差异的烈性艾尔产品作为极点样品。为避免评价员疲劳,同时保持必要的重复,PPM实验分为四轮独立的,分别记为PPM1~PPM4。从10款处理组样品中选出5款作为每轮PPM的待评价样品,每轮设置两款盲重复样,以评估评价员的重复性。每轮结束后休息10 min,缓解嗅觉疲劳再进行下一轮次评价。表2展示了每轮PPM实验所包含的样品实验设计细节。
实验以网格纸左下角为原点(0,0),三个极点样品预先放置在A2尺寸(40 cm×60 cm)的网格纸上,坐标分别为A(10 cm,10 cm)、B(25 cm,25 cm)和C(40 cm,10 cm)。这种布局设计允许在每个极点之间以及极点外部放置样品。实验要求所有评价员仅评估样品的香气,并为每种产品自由生成描述词。评价员首先嗅闻固定的极点样品,熟悉并记忆其香气特征,然后依次嗅闻其他样品,与3个极点进行对比,根据样品的相似性将其放置在网格纸上[20,34]。香气相似的产品位置接近,具有不同香气特征的产品彼此相距较远。实验允许小组成员重复嗅闻样品。实验过程中提供了口头和书面的详细说明,以确保结果的准确性和一致性。
PP实验要求评价员通过对比嗅闻参照样品(P样品)和待测样品,感知并描述待测样品在香气属性上比参照样品更强或更弱的特征[35]。选择未经陈酿的烈性艾尔样品作为参照样,分2轮评价,每轮按照随机顺序向评价员提供7对样品(一次一对),每对样品由参照样与待测样品组成。要求评价员先嗅闻参照样,然后嗅闻样品对中的待测样品并与参照样比较,在回答表中记录比参照样更强或更弱的香气属性,允许小组成员重复嗅闻样品。每轮设置一款盲重复样,以评估重复性。每轮结束后休息10 min,缓解嗅觉疲劳再进行下一轮次评价。
PPM实验中样品在A2网格纸上的位置通过手动测量,即以网格纸左下角为零点,计算每位评价员样品坐标。通过多重因子分析(Multiple Factor Analysis,MFA)对坐标数据进行分析,生成样品分布图。进一步将经过删减合并的香气描述词作为附加变量进行空间投影,从而直观呈现描述词与样品香气特征之间的关联性。
PP实验中数据需要先进行转换后开展对应分析(Correspondence Analysis,CA)。数据转化主要是通过列联表统计每个样品的描述词频次,计算正负频次差值作为属性强度估计;然后将负值数据通过平移转换为非负值,得到所有数值为正值的数值矩阵。上述数据处理均使用XLSTAT 2019(Addinsoft,New York,NY,USA)进行。
依据GB/T 16861-1997《感官分析 通用多元分析方法鉴定和选择用于建立感官剖面的描述词》,对PPM和PP中收集到的描述词进行汇总处理。将重复术语、快感术语及意义不明确的术语进行删减后,筛选实验中词频>5%的描述词。最终,共保留12个感官描述词用于描述样品的香气特征(表3)。组织评价小组成员进行讨论,结合文献[14]确定描述词的定义(表3)。
由表3可知,橡木片与样品接触2周时,谷物、黄酒、焦糖、酒花、麦芽、烟熏描述词在PP实验中的词频百分比明显高于PPM实验,而蜂蜜、果香、黄油、威士忌、橡木的词频百分比在两个实验中差别不大。接触4周时,在PP实验中收集到了“烤面包味”描述词。同时,蜂蜜、谷物、黄酒、焦糖、酒花、麦芽、威士忌、橡木、烟熏描述词的词频百分比在PP实验中更高,但果香、黄油属性词频无明显差异。
PPM结果的整体多重因子分析如图1、图2所示,图1a(整体MFA)显示了陈酿2周PPM1~PPM4叠加的结果,其解释方差的变异率为37.22%。图2a(整体MFA)显示了陈酿4周PPM1~PPM4叠加的结果,其解释方差的变异率为45.43%。同一轮次中盲重复样呈现聚集分布,且跨轮次相同样品在空间中保持邻近,表明经过培训后的评价员具备优异的组内一致性与组间区分能力,同时证实了PPM方法在区分样品香气特征方面的可靠性。图1b和图2b分别展示了评价员描述样品的12个高频描述词在PPM实验MFA分析中第一维和第二维的投影。
陈酿2周时,样品被分为2组,TR2、XL、SG陈酿样品位于F1的正半轴,HQ、TFT、JT、XC、TR1、HXL陈酿样品位于F1的负半轴。结合图1a中样品的位置可知,F1轴右侧的TR2、XL、SG、YJ、CK样品具有典型的麦芽、谷物、酒花等属性,香气特征更接近极点C(二手龙舌兰桶陈酒)。F1轴左侧上方的HQ、TFT、JT、XC样品突出属性为“蜂蜜味”“果香味”,说明橡木片接触能提升样品中原有的香气,可能是由于其促进了具有花香、果香的酯类化合物产生,与柿白兰地在橡木片陈酿过程中香气成分变化的规律相吻合[36]。而F1轴左侧下方的TR1、HXL、NY样品则更具有“橡木味”“焦糖味”“烟熏味”,与极点B(二手波本桶陈酒)香气特征更相似。
陈酿4周时,TR2、SG陈酿样品位于F1的正半轴,HQ、TFT、JT、XC、TR1、HXL、XL、NY陈酿样品位于F1的负半轴。将样品位置分布图与描述词投影联合分析发现,TR1、JT、TFT陈酿样品与极点B(二手波本桶陈酒)相似,展现出“焦糖味”“橡木味”“烟熏味”的特征;NY、HQ、XL、HXL陈酿样品的突出属性为“蜂蜜味”“果香味”“黄油味”,更接近极点A(全新美橡桶陈酒);而TR2对烈性艾尔的香气影响有限,这使得该样品与原酒和空白对照样品更类似,展现出麦芽、谷物、黄酒香气特征。
为了比较不同橡木片及陈酿时间对烈性艾尔香气的影响,将陈酿2周和4周的PPM感官数据联合分析,结果详见图3。结果发现,陈酿2周和4周的TR2样品与原酒及空白对照位置相近,说明未经烘烤处理的橡木片对烈性艾尔的香气特征未产生显著影响。HQ、JT、TR1、HXL陈酿2周的样品大致分布在F1与F2负半轴区域,陈酿4周样品分布整体呈上移趋势,香气特征由蜂蜜、果香味变为焦糖、烟熏味。NY陈酿2周和4周样品均分布在第二象限,与烟熏、焦糖等香气相关,而TFT、SG、XL、XC陈酿样品在2周和4周时香气变化不大,在样品位置分布图上各自聚集。
前人研究追踪了橡木桶陈酿啤酒的感官变化,发现陈酿初期(3个月内)橡木风味化合物缓慢释放并和酒液成分初始融合[37];当陈酿时间延长至6个月时,不同木材类型陈酿样品香气产生明显的差异,例如美国橡木桶呈现更突出的果香、木质风味[38]。相比于橡木桶,橡木片由于完全浸泡在酒液中,其橡木源挥发性化合物的提取效率会提高、速率会加快。而本研究使用橡木片陈酿4周即可得到类似的典型属性,说明橡木片作为橡木桶的良好替代品,能更快地赋予烈性艾尔理想的香气。
记录PP实验中所有评价员对全部样品的描述词引用次数,用“正频次”(属性高于P样品的频次)减去“负频次”(属性低于P样品的频次),差值便是样品该感官属性得分。通过“属性强度翻译”,将最小负值的绝对值与列联表中所有数据相加,生成数据全部为非负值PP列联表[35]。使用生成的列联表数据绘制热图,并将香气属性频率数值叠加,结果如图4和图5所示。
由图4可知,使用橡木片陈酿2周的样品与原酒相比麦芽、谷物、黄酒和酒花香气强度均下降,焦糖、蜂蜜、果香、橡木香气强度提升,烟熏、黄油及威士忌属性强度因橡木片种类不同而呈现不同的变化趋势。TR1、HQ、XC、NY、TFT、JT赋予样品明显的焦糖、蜂蜜、果香和橡木香气,同时TR1、HQ陈酿样品还具有较强的烟熏味。HXL提升了陈酿样品的果香、橡木香气,TR2提升了陈酿样品的烟熏、蜂蜜、果香香气,SG和XL为样品带来了焦糖、蜂蜜香气。
根据图5可知,绝大多数橡木片陈酿4周的样品麦芽、酒花、谷物和黄酒香气强度与原酒相比有所降低,焦糖、果香、蜂蜜、橡木香气强度均提升,烟熏、黄油及威士忌属性强度因橡木片种类不同而呈现不同的变化趋势,这与陈酿2周时香气属性变化相似。其中HXL提升了样品烟熏、黄油和烤面包香气,SG、XC也提高了样品的烤面包香气强度,NY、TFT赋予了样品黄酒属性。使用橡木片陈酿4周带来的香气属性与陈酿2周时相比频率明显提升,并且出现了2周陈酿所不具备的烤面包香气特征,这说明延长陈酿时间在一定程度上提高了样品的香气强度,对香气演变有显著影响。
为了探究橡木片陈酿烈性艾尔的香气特征分布规律,对PP列联表数据进行CA分析,根据样品的感官特性创建空间分布图。陈酿2周样品PP列联表的CA分析结果如图6a所示。前两个维度的总解释方差为80.77%,其中F1贡献率为66.17%,F2贡献率为14.60%。图6b为陈酿4周样品PP列联表的CA分析结果,前两个维度的总解释方差为73.64%,其中F1贡献率为59.07%,F2贡献率为14.57%。重复样在图中的位置邻近,说明评价小组的重复性良好。
样品分布在四个不同象限中,这意味着评价小组使用PP方法可以很好地区分不同风格的样品。当陈酿时间为2周时,JT、TFT、HXL、NY、SG陈酿样品具有“果香”、“蜂蜜”、“威士忌”等属性;XL、HQ、XC陈酿样品突出香气属性为“烟熏”、“焦糖”;而TR2陈酿样品、原酒和空白对照样品更具有“麦芽”、“谷物”香气。
陈酿时间为4周时,样品香气特征略有变化。JT、HXL、TR1、HQ、NY陈酿样品表现出“焦糖”、“果香”、“烤面包”的特征;XL、SG、TR2陈酿样品突出香气属性为“蜂蜜”、“橡木”和“威士忌”;XC、TFT及原酒与空白对照都具有“酒花”、“麦芽”、“谷物”香气。
图6c是保留了陈酿2周与陈酿4周样品共同的描述词后进行的CA分析结果。由图6c可知,橡木片陈酿样品与原酒相比向F1负半轴移动,其麦芽、谷物香气强度比原酒更弱。而陈酿2周和4周的烈性艾尔样品在F1和F2轴上的位置存在差异,整体向右下方偏移,说明随着陈酿时间从2周延长到4周,多数样品在香气特征上发生了变化。HQ、TR1、NY、HXL、JT陈酿样品特征香气由“蜂蜜”、“威士忌”转化为“橡木”、“焦糖”和“果香”;SG陈酿样品麦芽和谷物香气强度进一步下降,“蜂蜜”、“橡木”香气强度增强;TFT、XC陈酿样品的蜂蜜属性减弱,“麦芽”、“谷物”香气的强度则呈现先下降后上升的趋势。与PPM实验发现的规律相同,4周陈酿样品焦糖、橡木属性上升,这与甘蔗酒橡木陈酿过程中的变化也是类似的[39]。
本研究分别通过极化投影地图法(PPM)和中心点剖面法(PP)两种感官分析方法,使用有经验、经过训练的评价小组系统评价了10款橡木片陈酿烈性艾尔的香气特征。结果表明,橡木片接触显著改变了烈性艾尔的香气特征,“焦糖”“橡木”“蜂蜜”和“果香”等香气显著增强。不同橡木片对烈性艾尔香气的影响存在差异,其中,TR1、HQ等主要增强烟熏和焦糖属性,而HXL、JT等会突出果香和威士忌风味,这些差异可能与橡木片的烘烤工艺或木材来源有关。此外,接触时间也影响香气特征变化,接触4周相比2周样品间表现较大差异,部分样品(如HQ、TR1)的香气从“蜂蜜”“果香”向“焦糖”“烟熏”转变。本研究为橡木片在烈性艾尔啤酒陈酿中的应用提供科学依据,为啤酒感官研究提供方法学参考,对精酿啤酒风味优化和工艺改进具有重要指导价值。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070348
  • 接收时间:2025-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-30
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    1北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院,林业食品加工与安全北京市重点实验室,北京 100083
    2北京林业大学,河北省森林食物资源可持续利用与开发重点实验室,北京 100083
    3华润雪花啤酒(中国)有限公司,广东深圳 518101

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朱保庆(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术、感官分析与风味化学,E-mail:。
余腾斐(1984−),女,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:食品工程,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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