Article(id=1320881125837353316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070327, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753632000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852201183, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852201183, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852201183, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852201183, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=72, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881127879979365, articleId=1320881125837353316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation Coupled with Subcritical Extraction on the Polyphenol Content, Composition, and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Persimmon Peel, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the utilization potential of polyphenolic resources in persimmon peel waste, electron beam irradiation (EBI) coupled with conventional solvent extraction (CE) and subcritical extraction (SE) (EBI-CE, EBI-SE) were explored to investigate the effects of different extraction methods on polyphenol yields from persimmon peel. Based on this, the crude polyphenolic extracts from persimmon peel were purified, and the composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of the purified persimmon peel polyphenols were further analyzed. The results showed that the contents of persimmon peel polyphenols in SE and EBI-SE were 34.93 mg GAE/g DW and 31.93 mg GAE/g DW, respectively, which were 4.92 and 4.50 times that of CE. After purification, the content of persimmon peel polyphenols extracted by SE was 661.39 mg GAE/g DW and the antioxidant activity was also 4~5 times higher than that extracted by CE. A total 455 phenolic compounds, including 134 phenolic acids and 177 flavonoids were identified by UPLC-MS/MS. Gallic acid (5.73 mg/g DW) and quercetin (1.48 mg/g DW) contents in the polyphenols extracted by SE were extremely higher when compared to CE (0.02 mg/g DW and 0.30 mg/g DW, respectively). The EC50 values of DPPH radical scavenging of these two monophenols were 35.83 μg/mL and 67.97 μg/mL, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that quercetin and gallic acid were the key antioxidant monophenols in persimmon peel polyphenol extracts, with their concentrations exhibiting a positive correlation with total phenolic content. This study provides valuable insights for the valorization of persimmon peel waste as a sustainable source of natural antioxidants.

, authors=Xinyi ZHANG, Di ZHAO, Ruona LI, Kaiyang ZHU, Jiayi HU, Huaide XU, Mei LI*, authorsList=Xinyi ZHANG, Di ZHAO, Ruona LI, Kaiyang ZHU, Jiayi HU, Huaide XU, Mei LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mei LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881129717084530, articleId=1320881125837353316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=电子束辐照耦合亚临界萃取对柿皮多酚含量、组成及其体外抗氧化活性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高柿皮废弃物中多酚资源的开发价值,本文将电子束辐照(Electron beam irradiation,EBI)与传统溶剂提取(Conventional extraction,CE)、亚临界萃取(Subcritical extraction,SE)进行耦合(EBI-CE,EBI-SE),探究不同提取方法对柿皮多酚含量的影响。在此基础上对柿皮多酚粗提物进行纯化,分析柿皮多酚纯化物的组成及体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,SE和EBI-SE的柿皮多酚含量分别为34.93 mg GAE/g DW和31.93 mg GAE/g DW,是CE的4.92和4.50倍;纯化后SE柿皮多酚含量为661.39 mg GAE/g DW,抗氧化活性为传统溶剂提取的4~5倍;UPLC-MS/MS鉴定出该纯化物含有455种酚类物质,其中酚酸类134种、黄酮类177种。结合HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS定量分析,SE的柿皮多酚纯化物中没食子酸和槲皮素含量较高,分别为5.73 mg/g DW和1.48 mg/g DW,显著高于CE(0.02 mg/g DW和0.30 mg/g DW);其DPPH·半数清除浓度EC50值分别为35.83 μg/mL和67.97 μg/mL;由多元统计分析可知,槲皮素和没食子酸是柿皮多酚提取物中关键的抗氧化活性单体酚,其含量与总酚含量呈正相关。本研究将为柿皮资源开发天然抗氧化剂提供一定的理论基础。

, authors=张心怡, 赵迪, 李若娜, 朱凯阳, 胡嘉怡, 徐怀德, 李梅*, authorsList=张心怡, 赵迪, 李若娜, 朱凯阳, 胡嘉怡, 徐怀德, 李梅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李梅, authorNote=

张心怡(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然活性物质提取与功能评价,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李梅(1987−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:经济林果副产物高值化利用,E-mail:。
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张心怡(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然活性物质提取与功能评价,E-mail:

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Antioxidants, 2022, 11(9): 1784., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881525957177700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=51, rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VRBA J, KREN V, VACEK J, et al. Quercetin, quercetin glycosides and taxifolin differ in their ability to induce AhR activation and CYP1A1 expression in HepG2 cells[J]. 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Phytotherapy Research, 2022, 36(2): 778−807., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320881512405381351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881512413769960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, companyId=1320881512405381351, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881512426352873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, companyId=1320881512405381351, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西北农林科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西咸阳 712100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320881516578713879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of different extraction methods on the amount of polyphenols extracted from persimmon peel, figureFileSmall=fIuje3JZmCG2uy6+z8kXyQ==, figureFileBig=A1j+qS4F9+TzJEX8cBMCgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881516662599960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同提取方法对柿皮多酚含量的影响

注:CE:传统溶剂提取;SE:亚临界萃取;EBI-CE:电子束耦合传统溶剂提取;EBI-SE:电子束耦合亚临界萃取;不同小写字母表示不同提取方法柿皮多酚含量差异显著,P<0.05,图2同。

, figureFileSmall=fIuje3JZmCG2uy6+z8kXyQ==, figureFileBig=A1j+qS4F9+TzJEX8cBMCgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881516763263257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Polyphenol contents (A) and antioxidant capacities (B) of CE, SE, and EBI-SE after purification, figureFileSmall=25zWS1aZOgo+Z4Yjw2ZxmQ==, figureFileBig=ByI82M0JNuIV6ZAkQsOH5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881516838760730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, language=CN, label=图2, caption=CE、SE、EBI-SE纯化后多酚含量(A)和抗氧化能力(B), figureFileSmall=25zWS1aZOgo+Z4Yjw2ZxmQ==, figureFileBig=ByI82M0JNuIV6ZAkQsOH5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881516901675291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Qualitative analysis of polyphenols, figureFileSmall=dtDVqvcGVNeP3lRCdY5AjA==, figureFileBig=JoyQGSxsfBLszIbXBfuzIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881516977172764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, language=CN, label=图3, caption=多酚定性分析

注:(A)酚类物质数量饼图;(B)CE与SE(a)、EBI-SE(b)差异酚类物质数量韦恩图;(C)多酚样品总离子流色谱图;(D)物质聚类热图。

, figureFileSmall=dtDVqvcGVNeP3lRCdY5AjA==, figureFileBig=JoyQGSxsfBLszIbXBfuzIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881517040087325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Bar chart of difference multipliers for phenolic compounds, figureFileSmall=Zqcm7igaUXpNfHpM230CYw==, figureFileBig=3ZaECStm+RHBeqlei2mPeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881517115584798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, language=CN, label=图4, caption=差异酚类物质的差异倍数条形图

注:A:SE与CE;B:EBI-SE与CE;C:EBI-SE与SE。

, figureFileSmall=Zqcm7igaUXpNfHpM230CYw==, figureFileBig=3ZaECStm+RHBeqlei2mPeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881517199470879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Monomeric phenol content of purified persimmon peel polyphenols by CE, SE, and EBI-SE (A) and EC50 values of monomeric phenol for DPPH radical scavenging (B), figureFileSmall=uuga4l2vDk8o3XoZFWTShw==, figureFileBig=LpuaRzYlwUalFP8XH3b5Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881517274968352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, language=CN, label=图5, caption=CE、SE、EBI-SE柿皮多酚纯化物中单体酚含量(A)和单体酚DPPH·清除能力比较(B)

注:不同小写字母表示不同柿皮多酚纯化物中单体酚含量和单体酚DPPH·清除率EC50值差异显著,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=uuga4l2vDk8o3XoZFWTShw==, figureFileBig=LpuaRzYlwUalFP8XH3b5Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881517337882913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Multivariate data analysis of persimmon peel polyphenols by different extraction methods, figureFileSmall=jWqm5jfclYN/pef7idKRvA==, figureFileBig=cBh9zmj/yszbywoUq0u2Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881517400797474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同提取方法柿皮多酚的多变量数据分析

注:(A)单体含量与总酚含量主成分分析图;(B)单体含量与抗氧化活性主成分分析图;(C)层次聚类热图;(D)单体与抗氧化活性间相关性分析图,*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=jWqm5jfclYN/pef7idKRvA==, figureFileBig=cBh9zmj/yszbywoUq0u2Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881517463712035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

MS parameters of monomer phenols

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号酚类单体分子式母离子(m/z)子离子(m/z)碰撞能离子模式标准曲线R2
1没食子酸C7H6O5168.99124.9518负离子y=865066x+36423.60.999
2儿茶素C15H14O6288.99245.0015负离子y=394283x−327970.999
3芦丁C27H30O16608.99299.9535负离子y=775717x−692.2300.999
4金丝桃苷C21H20O12462.99300.0529负离子y=1604830x+29762.10.999
5异槲皮苷C21H20O12462.99270.9545负离子y=458024x−19408.20.996
6槲皮素C15H10O7300.99150.9021负离子y=250556x−16757.80.999
), ArticleFig(id=1320881517560181028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881125837353316, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单体酚质谱采集参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号酚类单体分子式母离子(m/z)子离子(m/z)碰撞能离子模式标准曲线R2
1没食子酸C7H6O5168.99124.9518负离子y=865066x+36423.60.999
2儿茶素C15H14O6288.99245.0015负离子y=394283x−327970.999
3芦丁C27H30O16608.99299.9535负离子y=775717x−692.2300.999
4金丝桃苷C21H20O12462.99300.0529负离子y=1604830x+29762.10.999
5异槲皮苷C21H20O12462.99270.9545负离子y=458024x−19408.20.996
6槲皮素C15H10O7300.99150.9021负离子y=250556x−16757.80.999
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电子束辐照耦合亚临界萃取对柿皮多酚含量、组成及其体外抗氧化活性的影响
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张心怡 , 赵迪 , 李若娜 , 朱凯阳 , 胡嘉怡 , 徐怀德 , 李梅 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(17): 72-81
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (17) : 72 -81
电子束辐照耦合亚临界萃取对柿皮多酚含量、组成及其体外抗氧化活性的影响
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张心怡(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然活性物质提取与功能评价,E-mail:

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张心怡 , 赵迪, 李若娜, 朱凯阳, 胡嘉怡, 徐怀德, 李梅*
作者信息
  • 西北农林科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西咸阳 712100
通讯作者:
李梅(1987−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:经济林果副产物高值化利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张心怡(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然活性物质提取与功能评价,E-mail:

Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation Coupled with Subcritical Extraction on the Polyphenol Content, Composition, and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Persimmon Peel
Xinyi ZHANG , Di ZHAO, Ruona LI, Kaiyang ZHU, Jiayi HU, Huaide XU, Mei LI*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070327
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为提高柿皮废弃物中多酚资源的开发价值,本文将电子束辐照(Electron beam irradiation,EBI)与传统溶剂提取(Conventional extraction,CE)、亚临界萃取(Subcritical extraction,SE)进行耦合(EBI-CE,EBI-SE),探究不同提取方法对柿皮多酚含量的影响。在此基础上对柿皮多酚粗提物进行纯化,分析柿皮多酚纯化物的组成及体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,SE和EBI-SE的柿皮多酚含量分别为34.93 mg GAE/g DW和31.93 mg GAE/g DW,是CE的4.92和4.50倍;纯化后SE柿皮多酚含量为661.39 mg GAE/g DW,抗氧化活性为传统溶剂提取的4~5倍;UPLC-MS/MS鉴定出该纯化物含有455种酚类物质,其中酚酸类134种、黄酮类177种。结合HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS定量分析,SE的柿皮多酚纯化物中没食子酸和槲皮素含量较高,分别为5.73 mg/g DW和1.48 mg/g DW,显著高于CE(0.02 mg/g DW和0.30 mg/g DW);其DPPH·半数清除浓度EC50值分别为35.83 μg/mL和67.97 μg/mL;由多元统计分析可知,槲皮素和没食子酸是柿皮多酚提取物中关键的抗氧化活性单体酚,其含量与总酚含量呈正相关。本研究将为柿皮资源开发天然抗氧化剂提供一定的理论基础。

柿皮  /  多酚  /  亚临界溶剂萃取  /  电子束辐照  /  定性分析

To enhance the utilization potential of polyphenolic resources in persimmon peel waste, electron beam irradiation (EBI) coupled with conventional solvent extraction (CE) and subcritical extraction (SE) (EBI-CE, EBI-SE) were explored to investigate the effects of different extraction methods on polyphenol yields from persimmon peel. Based on this, the crude polyphenolic extracts from persimmon peel were purified, and the composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of the purified persimmon peel polyphenols were further analyzed. The results showed that the contents of persimmon peel polyphenols in SE and EBI-SE were 34.93 mg GAE/g DW and 31.93 mg GAE/g DW, respectively, which were 4.92 and 4.50 times that of CE. After purification, the content of persimmon peel polyphenols extracted by SE was 661.39 mg GAE/g DW and the antioxidant activity was also 4~5 times higher than that extracted by CE. A total 455 phenolic compounds, including 134 phenolic acids and 177 flavonoids were identified by UPLC-MS/MS. Gallic acid (5.73 mg/g DW) and quercetin (1.48 mg/g DW) contents in the polyphenols extracted by SE were extremely higher when compared to CE (0.02 mg/g DW and 0.30 mg/g DW, respectively). The EC50 values of DPPH radical scavenging of these two monophenols were 35.83 μg/mL and 67.97 μg/mL, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that quercetin and gallic acid were the key antioxidant monophenols in persimmon peel polyphenol extracts, with their concentrations exhibiting a positive correlation with total phenolic content. This study provides valuable insights for the valorization of persimmon peel waste as a sustainable source of natural antioxidants.

persimmon peel  /  polyphenol  /  subcritical extraction  /  electron beam irradiation  /  qualitative analysis
张心怡, 赵迪, 李若娜, 朱凯阳, 胡嘉怡, 徐怀德, 李梅. 电子束辐照耦合亚临界萃取对柿皮多酚含量、组成及其体外抗氧化活性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 72 -81 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070327
Xinyi ZHANG, Di ZHAO, Ruona LI, Kaiyang ZHU, Jiayi HU, Huaide XU, Mei LI. Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation Coupled with Subcritical Extraction on the Polyphenol Content, Composition, and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Persimmon Peel[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 72 -81 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070327
柿子(Diospyros kaki)是原产于中国的标志性水果,目前在热带到温带等气候条件适宜的地区广泛种植,具有食用、药用等经济价值。中国是全球最大的柿子生产国,种植面积可达97万公顷[1]。柿子成熟后不易长期保存,除鲜食外,大部分被进一步深加工制成柿饼、柿干、浓缩柿子汁等。柿皮作为柿子深加工过程中的主要副产物(约占柿子重量的10%[2]),常被丢弃处理造成资源浪费。柿皮中含有酚酸类、黄酮类,以及单宁类等酚类物质[3]。Izuchi等[4]采用溶剂法对柿皮中多酚类物质进行提取,槲皮素的含量达2.6 mg/g。Gorinstein等[5]的研究表明柿皮是多酚富集的重要部位,没食子酸、阿魏酸、原儿茶酸等酚类物质的含量和抗氧化活性显著高于果肉部分。因此,柿皮有望成为应用于功能性食品和抗氧化剂开发等方面的多酚的新来源。
提取技术对多酚含量和组成具有显著影响[6]。然而目前关于柿皮多酚提取方法的研究较少,且主要集中于溶剂回流提取[7−8]、酶法提取[9]、超声波辅助提取[10−11]等,开发新型高效的提取技术对柿皮资源高附加值转化具有重要意义。近年来,亚临界萃取(Subcritical extraction,SE)技术因其高效、环保的特点备受关注。亚临界状态是指在一定压力下,高于沸点、低于临界点的温度区间内溶剂液化的状态。利用溶剂在近临界状态下的特殊物化性质(低黏度、高扩散性、介电常数下降等),可显著提高目标化合物的提取效率[12]。此外,柿皮细胞壁主要由纤维素、半纤维素和果胶等多糖构成,结构致密,并与多酚类物质形成稳定复合物,导致溶剂渗透和溶质扩散受阻[13−15]。电子束辐照(Electron beam irradiation,EBI)是一种先进的食品加工与农产品改性技术。高能电子束能够穿透物料,通过电离和激发作用有效断裂细胞壁中的纤维素、半纤维素和果胶等大分子的化学键,使致密的细胞结构变得疏松多孔,从而极大减小传质阻力为活性物质的释放创造有利条件。邹光铭等[16]的研究发现低剂量(5 kGy)可以破坏核桃青皮细胞壁结构,中剂量(10 kGy)能进一步打断糖苷键和氢键。Qi等[17]发现13 kGy剂量可以使核桃青皮的原花青素提取率增加32.93%。EBI预处理技术速度快、效率高、穿透力强且剂量易于控制,具有解决植物多酚提取效率低的潜力。然而目前的研究主要集中在EBI预处理破坏植物细胞壁从而提高多酚得率,关于EBI预处理与SE提取技术的耦合对于柿皮多酚的提取研究相对较少,以及该技术对柿皮多酚含量、抗氧化活性、组成等的影响未见报道。
基于此,本文以柿皮粉为原料,将EBI预处理与传统溶剂提取法(Conventional extraction,CE)、SE进行耦合(EBI-CE,EBI-SE),探究不同提取方法对柿皮多酚提取量的影响;并以CE组为对照,考察SE、EBI-SE对柿皮多酚纯化物体外抗氧化能力(DPPH·、ABTS+·、羟基自由基清除和铁离子还原抗氧化能力)、多酚组成和特征单体酚含量的影响;在此基础上通过DPPH·清除率EC50值及单体酚含量与抗氧化能力的相关性筛选关键抗氧化活性单体酚,以期为柿皮多酚高效提取和加工利用提供理论参考。
柿皮 陕西省富平骄弘农业发展有限公司提供;无水乙醇、甲醇、氢氧化钠、碳酸钠 分析纯,广东光华科技有限公司;2,2'-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)、二苯基苦味酰肼自由基(DPPH)、福林酚 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;FRAP总抗氧化能力试剂盒 福州飞净生物科技有限公司;NKA-9大孔树脂 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;没食子酸、槲皮素、芦丁、金丝桃苷、儿茶素、二氢槲皮素、异槲皮苷、木犀草苷标准品(纯度98%) 成都草源康生物科技有限公司。
D2-10 MeV/20 kV高能直线电子加速器 杨凌核盛辐照技术有限公司;SHABA水浴恒温振荡器 金坛宏华仪器厂;JM-38D-40液晶单频超声波仪器 深圳市洁盟清洗设备有限公司;FCFSK-2.5L亚临界萃取设备 郑州予华仪器制造有限公司;SHB-D (Ш) A循环水多用真空泵 河南省泰斯特仪器有限公司;Spark酶标仪 奥地利Tecan Austria GmbH;UV-2600i紫外分光光度计 岛津仪器苏州有限公司;DLSB-5/20低温冷却循环泵 武汉德力祥仪器设备有限公司;BUCHI R-100旋转蒸发仪 瑞士步琦公司;Vertex 70傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 德国Bruker公司;HC-3018R高速冷冻离心机 安徽中科中佳科学仪器有限公司;FDA5-2.5真空冷冻干燥机 金西盟(北京)仪器有限公司;SHIMADZU Nexera X2超高效液相色谱仪、Applied Biosystems 4500 QTRAP串联质谱仪、LCMS-8045高效液相色谱质谱仪 岛津仪器有限公司。
柿皮40 ℃烘干,粉碎,过40目筛。柿皮粉装入聚乙烯自封袋中进行EBI预处理(剂量为15 kGy)。经EBI预处理和未处理的柿皮粉放置4 ℃储存,备用。
将EBI预处理前和后的柿皮粉与70%乙醇溶液按料液比1:25(g/mL)混合,40 ℃恒温水浴振荡提取40 min,8000 r/min离心15 min,上清液抽滤得到柿皮多酚粗提液。
将EBI预处理前和后的柿皮粉末按料液比1:50(g/mL)加入70%乙醇溶液于亚临界萃取设备的反应釜中,温度设置为160 ℃,压力1 MPa,提取时间40 min。后续步骤同1.2.2.1。
采用福林酚法[18]测定总酚含量。0.5 mL没食子酸溶液或样品溶液与2.5 mL 10%福林酚试剂混合后室温避光反应3 min,加入2 mL 7.5%碳酸钠溶液避光反应30 min后于765 nm处测定吸光值,根据没食子酸标准曲线y=3.0835x+0.0322(R2=0.9992)计算多酚含量。
采用静态吸附-解吸附方法使用NKA-9大孔树脂对多酚进行纯化[19]。CE、SE、EBI-SE多酚粗提液于40 ℃旋蒸浓缩除去乙醇,浓缩液加入一定体积无水乙醇使浓缩液中乙醇浓度为20%,加入预活化的树脂。25 ℃下振荡吸附12 h,抽滤,用蒸馏水清洗树脂除去可溶性糖、蛋白等杂质。最后,80%乙醇溶液在25 ℃条件下振荡解吸12 h,抽滤,收集解吸液旋蒸浓缩后真空冷冻干燥。
参考先前报道的方法略有修改[20],配制0.01、0.03、0.05、0.07、0.09 mg/mL的VC标准水溶液,用无水乙醇配制0.2 mmol/L DPPH工作液,吸取100 μL样品或VC标准水溶液,加入1 mL DPPH工作溶液,室温避光条件下反应30 min后于517 nm处测定吸光度,结果以每克柿皮多酚纯化物中VC当量毫克数(mg VC/g DW)表示。
根据Zhou等[20]的方法进行ABTS+自由基清除能力的测定。配制0.01、0.03、0.05、0.07、0.09 mg/mL的VC标准水溶液,将7 mmol/L ABTS溶液和2.45 mmol/L K2S2O8室温避光条件按照1:1混合16 h得到ABTS储备溶液。将ABTS储备溶液稀释至吸光度为0.7±0.02得到ABTS工作液。100 μL样品或VC标准水溶液与1 mL ABTS工作溶液室温避光反应6 min后,于734 nm处测定吸光度,结果以每克柿皮多酚纯化物中VC当量毫克数(mg VC/g DW)表示。
使用总抗氧化能力试剂盒测定提取物的铁还原能力,于593 nm处测定吸光度,结果以每克柿皮多酚纯化物中VC当量毫克数(mg VC/g DW)表示。
·OH清除活性的测定方法参考Shen等[21]的报道并略加修改。配制0.08、0.16、0.24、0.32、0.4 mg/mL的VC标准溶液,1 mL水杨酸乙醇溶液、1 mL稀释样品或VC标准溶液、1 mL 9 mmol/L FeSO4溶液和1 mL 0.01% H2O2溶液混合后在37 ℃反应15 min后于510 nm处测定吸光度,结果以每克柿皮粉末多酚纯化物中VC当量毫克数(mg VC/g DW)表示。
参考Wang等[22]的方法,使用超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)对CE、SE、EBI-SE柿皮多酚纯化物进行组成分析。用70%甲醇配制0.5 mg/mL的样品溶液,涡旋15 min后12000 r/min离心3 min。取上清液过0.22 μm有机滤膜,保存于进样瓶,以备分析。
液相色谱条件如下:色谱柱Agilent SB-C18(1.8 µm,2.1 mm×100 mm),柱温 40 ℃;流动相:A相为超纯水(含0.1%的甲酸),B相为乙腈(含0.1%的甲酸);洗脱梯度:0.00 min B相比例为5%,9.00 min内B相比例线性增加到95%,并维持在95% 1 min,10.00~11.10 min,B相比例降为5%,并以5%平衡至14 min;流速0.35 mL/min;进样量2 μL。
质谱条件:电喷雾离子源温度500 ℃;离子喷雾电压(IS)5500 V(正离子模式)/−4500 V(负离子模式);离子源气体Ⅰ(GSⅠ),气体Ⅱ(GSⅡ)和气帘气(CUR)分别设置为50、60和25 psi,碰撞诱导电离参数设置为高。分析采用多反应监测(MRM)模式,在质谱分析时插入QC样本以评估整个分析过程的稳定性和重现性。
质谱数据使用Analyst 1.6.3软件采集,基于二级质谱图与迈维代谢数据库MWDB(metware database)进行比对,去除含K+、Na+、NH4+的重复信号、同位素信号和其它碎片离子。Level 1水平表示样本物质二级质谱、保留时间与数据库物质匹配得分为0.7 分以上;Level 2水平表示样本物质二级质谱、保留时间与数据库物质匹配得分为0.5~0.7 分。Level 3水平表示物质Q1、Q3、RT、DP、CE 与数据库物质核对一致。利用MultiQuant 3.0.3 软件对所有样本的色谱峰进行积分与校正,最终以色谱峰面积作为各代谢物的相对定量值用于后续分析。
参考李俊[23]的方法并略加修改,使用HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS对CE、SE、EBI-SE柿皮多酚纯化物中的没食子酸、槲皮素、芦丁、金丝桃苷、儿茶素、异槲皮苷进行定量分析。用70%甲醇配制0.5 mg/mL的样品溶液和不同浓度酚类单体标准品溶液,过0.22 μm有机滤膜,保存于进样瓶中,待测。
液相色谱条件为:色谱柱GL Sciences InertSustainTMC18(5 µm,4.6×25 mm),柱温35 ℃;流动相:A相为超纯水(含有0.1%的甲酸),B相为乙腈(含有0.1%的甲酸);梯度洗脱程序:0~11 min,7% B;11~18 min,25% B;18~25 min,30% B;25~30 min,45% B;30~35 min,50% B;35~36 min,40% B;36~45 min,7% B;流速,0.6 mL/min;进样量:5 μL。
质谱仪参数如下:ESI离子源,负离子模式,雾化器流量3 L/min,加热气流量10 L/min,接口温度300 ℃,脱溶剂温度526 ℃,干燥气流量10 L/min,MRM模式。不同酚类单体质谱采集参数如表1所示。以不同质量浓度标准品的峰面积(x)和质量浓度(y)绘制标准曲线(表1)。样品测定获得的峰面积代入标准曲线计算出样品中单体酚含量,并以mg/g纯化物干重(DW)表示。
测定方法同 1.2.5.1。建立样品质量浓度与 DPPH·清除率的量效关系,结果表示为EC50值,即DPPH·清除率达到50%所需样品的质量浓度(μg/mL)。
所有实验数据至少重复测定三次,以平均值($ \overline{{\mathrm{x}}} $)±标准差(SD)表示。采用IBM SPSS Statistics 20软件对实验数据进行单因素方差分析、多重比较(Duncan法);Origin 2024软件进行绘图,P<0.05代表差异性显著,P<0.01代表差异性极显著。
如图1所示,CE多酚含量最低(7.10 mg GAE/g DW),SE多酚含量最高(34.93 mg GAE/g DW),为CE的4.92倍(P<0.05)。EBI-CE多酚含量为8.04 mg GAE/g DW,比CE提升13%。EBI-SE多酚含量为31.93 mg GAE/g DW,较单一SE下降8.6%(P<0.05),是CE的4.50倍(P<0.05)。由此可见,不同方法提取的柿皮多酚含量存在显著差异。CE常压条件下溶剂的穿透力和扩散效率较低,难以充分破坏柿皮致密的细胞壁结构,导致胞内酚类物质无法有效溶出。与CE相比,EBI-CE显著提高了多酚含量,这可能与辐照处理引起的细胞壁结构破裂、膜通透性增强,促进酚类物质从细胞内向外扩散有关[24−25]。SE状态下溶剂介电常数显著降低,极性增强,且在较高温度时分子的热运动加剧,渗透能力增强,物质的传质效率提高[26]。同时,由于SE高温和压力状态足以使柿皮粉的细胞壁纤维素和半纤维素发生水解,细胞壁网状结构松弛,孔隙率提升,溶剂渗透速率提高,多酚与多糖或蛋白质之间的相互作用被打破结合态多酚得到释放,因此,SE提取的柿皮多酚含量显著高于CE[27−28]。Wang等[29]应用亚临界乙醇萃取辣木叶黄酮类化合物时,提取率较传统乙醇回流法提高了26.7%,Yu等[30]、Bodoira等[31]也有相同的研究结果。关于EBI与SE耦合后柿皮多酚提取效果不如SE的原因目前还不太清楚,这可能与EBI处理造成柿皮粉中某些酚类物质结构改变,从而引起柿皮多酚含量降低有关。基于此,后续研究不再考虑EBI-CE,仅比较CE、SE和EBI-SE提取的柿皮多酚体外抗氧化能力和多酚组成差异。
为明确SE和EBI-SE相较于CE来说对柿皮多酚抗氧化活性的影响,本文采用NKA-9大孔树脂对柿皮多酚除杂后,以DPPH·、ABTS+·、·OH清除以及FRAP对纯化后的柿皮多酚进行体外抗氧化活性评价。如图2A所示,纯化后SE的多酚含量最高(661.39 mg GAE/g DW);EBI-SE次之(498.29 mg GAE/g DW),均显著高于CE(133.77 mg GAE/g DW)(P<0.05)。三种提取方法的柿皮多酚纯化物抗氧化能力如图2B所示,SE多酚纯化物的DPPH·清除能力(283.05 mg VC/g DW)和铁还原能力(376.99 mg VC/g DW)分别为CE(64.23 mg VC/g DW和94.56 mg VC/g DW)的4.41倍和3.99倍,与EBI耦合后DPPH·清除能力和铁还原能力分别下降11.1%和20.2%(P<0.05)。EBI可能促进了细胞壁和细胞膜的破裂,引入更多杂质竞争或屏蔽活性位点造成抗氧化能力的降低[32]。在ABTS+·清除能力方面,EBI-SE多酚纯化物(453.53 mg VC/g DW)与SE(451.57 mg VC/g DW)没有差异,为CE(85.72 mg VC/g DW)的5.29倍(P<0.05)。两种提取方法多酚纯化物的·OH清除能力(136.93 mg VC/g DW和129.78 mg VC/g DW)均显著优于CE(P<0.05),分别为CE的3.81倍和3.61倍。EBI处理可能导致部分多酚氧化、聚合、异构化,从而影响EBI-SE柿皮多酚在不同抗氧化模型中的表现[33]。
多酚的生物活性不仅取决于总含量,更与单体酚类组成密切相关[34]。为进一步探究SE和EBI-SE抗氧化能力与CE的差异,本文采用UPLC-MS/MS对CE、SE、EBI-SE多酚纯化物进行了多酚广泛靶向代谢组学定性分析。共鉴定出455种酚类物质,其中酚酸类134种、黄酮类177种、木脂素和香豆素类130种,鞣质9种,其它类5种(图3A)。黄酮类物质数量最多,占比达38.90%;其次是酚酸类,占比达29.45%;木脂素和香豆素占比为28.57%。这三类物质共占酚类物质的96.92%,表明柿皮多酚纯化物的抗氧化能力与酚类物质浓度呈正相关。进一步对比SE与CE和EBI-SE与CE之间差异物质(图3B),可以看出SE与CE相比较有360种差异物质,EBI-SE与CE相比较有353种差异物质,显著出现的差异物质表明SE和EBI-SE与CE相比,均能显著改变酚类物质组成,可以进一步提高柿皮的利用价值。同时,SE与EBI-SE之间的差异物质数量远少于与CE之间的差异,且共有334种差异物质,这表明EBI-SE与SE有共性的提取特点。
SE、EBI-SE、CE多酚纯化物的总离子流色谱图如图3C所示,可以看出三种提取方法得到的柿皮多酚谱存在差异。酚酸类和黄酮类已被研究证实为关键抗氧化活性物质基础[35−36]。因此,本研究主要关注检测到的单体酚二级质谱匹配置信度为Level 1的酚酸类和黄酮类物质,为后续分析建立高可信度的筛选范围。对CE、SE、EBI-SE中Level 1的酚酸类和黄酮类进行聚类分析(图3D),根据颜色的渐变可显示出物质峰强度的高低,基于物质峰面积数据的相似性直观反映物质组成谱的分布情况,分支越靠近,说明它们在整体多酚组成上越相似。由此可见,SE和EBI-SE酚酸类和黄酮类物质的组成谱相似度更高,不同于CE,这表明EBI处理是在SE的基础上影响酚类组成谱。
根据正离子模式和负离子模式下多酚物质的峰强度信息计算差异倍数(Fold Change,FC),将SE与CE、EBI-SE与CE和EBI-SE与SE log2FC值由大到小排序前10进行比较,结果如图4所示。在此基础上,重点关注log2FC≥2的柿皮酚类物质。由图4可以看出,与CE相比,SE中酚酸酯类如没食子酸乙酯、阿魏酸乙酯等表现出上调,EBI-SE也表现出相同的趋势。但其水解后母体酚酸结构是发挥抗氧化能力的关键[37−38]。差异物质中没食子酸、槲皮素、芦丁、儿茶素等,这些酚类物质已被研究证明具有显著的抗氧化活性[39−44]。对于没食子酸,SE和EBI-SE在高温高压下极性降低、扩散能力增强的优势,可能更有效地水解酯键或破坏细胞结构,释放出游离的酚酸。除没食子酸外,槲皮素相对于CE在SE中上调,然而与SE相比,在EBI-SE中表现下调。芦丁、异槲皮苷、金丝桃苷作为槲皮素的糖苷衍生物在SE中下调,这可能是因为在亚临界状态提取过程中发生了物质转化,在高温高压环境下糖苷键发生断裂或水解,转化为了游离态苷元槲皮素,槲皮素表现出上调。除此之外,儿茶素也表现相同的趋势,SE和EBI-SE过程中的高温高压条件会导致热敏性化合物发生降解或转化[45]。这六种具有显著抗氧化活性的差异酚类物质的含量变化可以调控不同多酚纯化物抗氧化活性差异。
进一步对CE、SE、EBI-SE中没食子酸、槲皮素、金丝桃苷、异槲皮苷、芦丁和儿茶素进行了HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS定量分析,并分析了单体酚抗氧化活性强弱。如图5A所示,这六种物质中,没食子酸含量在SE和EBI-SE中含量最高,分别为5.73 mg/g和5.50 mg/g,显著高于CE(P<0.05)。除没食子酸外,SE还显著提高了槲皮素含量(1.48 mg/g),加入EBI预处理后有所下降(1.08 mg/g),但仍显著高于CE(P<0.05)。异槲皮苷和金丝桃苷作为槲皮素C3位羟基结合葡萄糖与半乳糖形成的糖苷化衍生物,其含量在不同提取方法中表现不同。金丝桃苷在SE中含量(1.34 mg/g)显著低于CE(P<0.05),这可能是由于SE过程中溶剂极性改变使其糖苷键水解断裂,发生了向游离苷元槲皮素的转化[46]。EBI-SE提高了金丝桃苷的含量(1.60 mg/g),但异槲皮苷在EBI-SE中的含量(2.78 mg/g)显著低于SE中的3.14 mg/g(P<0.05)。电子束可能更能接触空间位阻小的葡萄糖苷键,使其断裂导致异槲皮苷含量降低,金丝桃苷的半乳糖苷键空间构象更稳定,EBI影响较小[47−48]。糖基的立体构型差异导致二者在植物细胞壁基质中的空间可及性、与周围大分子的结合方式以及键的稳定性存在差别,SE过程可能直接影响到键能或稳定性敏感的糖苷键,EBI处理造成的糖苷键断裂与空间可及性有关[49]。然而EBI-SE、SE中儿茶素含量显著低于CE(P<0.05),SE的高温高压可能破坏了儿茶素的结构,导致儿茶素氧化或聚合。
图5B为不同提取方法得到的六种差异单体酚对DPPH·清除率的效果。EC50值越小表明该单体酚清除50%DPPH·所需的浓度越低,其抗氧化能力越强。不同单体酚的EC50值由小到大依次为:没食子酸(35.83 μg/mL)、槲皮素(67.97 μg/mL)、儿茶素(94.11 μg/mL)、芦丁(133.94 μg/mL)、金丝桃苷(155.82 μg/mL)、异槲皮苷(192.10 μg/mL)。没食子酸清除能力最强,可能是因为其分子含三个相邻酚羟基可高效提供氢原子中和自由基的结构优越性,并且浓度-清除率拟合曲线斜率陡峭,低浓度时清除率迅速上升,符合小分子结构快速反应特性[50]。槲皮素清除能力强于儿茶素,这可能是因为儿茶素缺乏槲皮素的共轭体系,同时槲皮素的邻二酚羟基通常比儿茶素间位羟基活性更强[51]。糖基引入可能阻碍酚羟基与自由基接触[52],槲皮素比糖苷芦丁活性更高,金丝桃苷和异槲皮苷也需更高浓度才能达到相同清除率。由此推断,SE和EBI-SE柿皮多酚显著的抗氧化活性与没食子酸和槲皮素低EC50相关。
为证实关键差异单体酚与不同提取方法总酚含量之间的整体关联性及抗氧化活性贡献之间的关系,采用主成分分析和相关性分析进一步揭示各组样品中酚类含量和抗氧化活性之间的差异(图6A和B)。
由图6A可知,主成分1(principal component 1,PC1)的方差贡献率为64.4%,主成分2(PC2)的方差贡献率为28.0%,两个主成分的累计方差贡献率为92.4%,说明其可以较好地反映样品间绝大部分的差异信息。EBI-SE和SE集中于PC1正方向,CE独立分布于PC1负方向。槲皮素、没食子酸、芦丁与总酚呈正相关,儿茶素、异槲皮苷和金丝桃苷与总酚呈负相关,证明槲皮素和没食子酸含量增加是EBI-SE总酚含量升高的主要原因。层次聚类分析热图(图6C)将单体酚类物质含量和类别与不同提取方法进行关联,酚酸类物质没食子酸和黄酮类成分槲皮素、芦丁聚为一簇,黄酮类物质儿茶素、异槲皮苷和金丝桃苷聚为一簇,与PCA结果保持一致。酚酸类物质没食子酸含量特征在SE与EBI-SE间差异较小,表明两种提取方法的差异主要体现在黄酮类物质的提取,这与之前的定量结果分析相一致。单体酚含量与抗氧化活性指标DPPH·、ABTS+·、·OH清除以及FRAP之间的主成分分析和相关性反映了SE、EBI-SE中抗氧化作用最大的关键单体酚。由图6B可知,前两个主成分累计方差贡献率达94.6%(PC1:74.6%;PC2:20.0%),表明该模型能够较好地解释酚类物质与抗氧化活性之间的整体变异。从主成分分析的载荷变量可以看出,抗氧化活性向量指向PC1正方向,没食子酸和槲皮素与PC1高度正相关,表明没食子酸和槲皮素是对抗氧化活性贡献最大的单体酚。图6D分析了柿皮多酚中六种差异单体酚含量与多酚抗氧化能力之间的相关性,没食子酸与槲皮素含量之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与·OH清除能力和FRAP相关系数分别为0.97和0.82,呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。儿茶素与ABTS+·、·OH清除能力以及FRAP呈现负相关。金丝桃苷与槲皮素含量呈现负相关,与异槲皮苷含量显著负相关(P<0.05),也说明三者在EBI-SE和SE提取过程中存在相互转化现象。金丝桃苷与DPPH·清除能力呈现极显著负相关(P<0.01),说明金丝桃苷含量升高会降低整体抗氧化活性。芦丁与ABTS+·、·OH清除能力以及FRAP正相关系数分别为0.41、0.85和0.63,异槲皮苷与DPPH·清除能力正相关系数为0.76,与ABTS+·和·OH清除能力呈负相关。芦丁和异槲皮苷与抗氧化活性的正相关性普遍弱于其苷元槲皮素,这与糖苷化修饰可能会削弱黄酮醇类化合物抗氧化能力一致。综上所述,SE和EBI-SE均能提高没食子酸和槲皮素这两种低EC50成分的含量,导致其抗氧化活性增强,EBI-SE改变槲皮素及其糖苷金丝桃苷和槲皮苷的组成谱,影响柿皮多酚的抗氧化活性。这为柿皮多酚定向提取和高效利用提供了重要依据。
本文探究了CE、SE和EBI-SE对柿皮多酚提取效果、抗氧化活性和组成的影响。结果表明,SE可以使柿皮多酚含量达到34.93 mg GAE/g DW,是CE的4.92倍。EBI-SE使柿皮多酚含量达31.93 mg GAE/gDW,是CE的4.50倍。相比之下,EBI的加入对柿皮多酚含量没有增益。与CE相比,EBI-SE和SE具有共性的提取特点,能改变多酚的组成谱。多酚的抗氧化能力与单体组成、含量和结构共同决定,EBI-SE在不同抗氧化模型中表现不同,但均优于CE。通过单体酚定量、抗氧化活性以及相关性分析可知,SE能提高柿皮多酚中关键抗氧化活性单体没食子酸和槲皮素的含量,EBI-SE对柿皮多酚中槲皮素及其糖苷金丝桃苷、异槲皮苷的含量产生影响,进而影响了其抗氧化能力。后续研究可深入探讨EBI剂量对SE条件下柿皮中槲皮素及其糖苷转化的影响,为柿皮多酚定向提取提供理论支持。

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2026年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070327
  • 接收时间:2025-07-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-28
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    西北农林科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西咸阳 712100

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李梅(1987−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:经济林果副产物高值化利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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