Article(id=1320883785118368741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881884691808691, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070316, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753632000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852835206, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1782835200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852835206, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852835206, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852835206, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881884691808691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='522', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782835200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852382109, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852382109, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=215, endPage=225, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883786909336550, articleId=1320883785118368741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Sulfation Modification of Moutan Cortex Polysaccharides and Its Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activities, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: We optimized the sulfation modification process of Moutan cortex polysaccharide (MCP) and systematically evaluated the structural characteristics, antioxidant activity, and hypoglycemic potency of sulfated MCP (S-MCP). Methods: MCP were sulfated using concentrated sulfuric acid method. The process parameters were optimized using single-factor experiments, response surface methodology, and using degree of substitution (DS) as an index. S-MCP structure was characterized by FTIR, DLS, and SEM. Its antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results: Optimal sulfation conditions for MCP included 39 min esterification time, 1.5 mL concentrated sulfuric acid, and 30 mg of ammonium sulfate. Under these conditions, the DS of S-MCP was 0.07391±0.0020. Structural characterization confirmed successful introduction of sulfate groups onto S-MCP. The S-MCP particle size (294.44±40.62 nm) was smaller than that of MCP (356.32±26.07 nm), and its microscopic characteristics changed from loose and porous to fragmented and layered. In vitro activity experiments showed respective scavenging rates of S-MCP against DPPH, ABTS+, and hydroxyl radicals of 64.85%, 82.42%, and 71.34% at 3.0 mg/mL significantly higher than those of MCP. Scavenging was also shown to be concentration-dependent. S-MCP displayed more potent inhibition of α-glucosidase (43.92% at 1.0 mg/mL) than MCP (31.31%). The mouse glucose tolerance test results showed that S-MCP significantly reduced the blood glucose levels after starch and sucrose loading, and decreased the area under the curve. Conclusion: Sulfation can effectively enhance MCP antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities, providing a scientific basis for their development and application in functional foods and pharmaceuticals.

, authors=Weishuang TONG, Yanqun MAI, Mengshuai WANG, Chi ZHANG, Zhangzhi WANG, Wenpo FENG, Weiwei FAN, Yuanhao QIU*, Huashan GAO*, authorsList=Weishuang TONG, Yanqun MAI, Mengshuai WANG, Chi ZHANG, Zhangzhi WANG, Wenpo FENG, Weiwei FAN, Yuanhao QIU, Huashan GAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuanhao QIU, Huashan GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883789044237305, articleId=1320883785118368741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=牡丹皮多糖硫酸化修饰及其抗氧化和降血糖活性研究, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:优化牡丹皮多糖(MCP)硫酸化修饰工艺,系统评价硫酸化牡丹皮多糖(S-MCP)的结构特征、抗氧化活性及降血糖作用。方法:采用浓硫酸法对MCP进行硫酸化修饰,基于单因素实验与响应面法,以取代度为指标优化工艺参数;采用FTIR、DLS和SEM对产物S-MCP进行结构表征;体内外评估其抗氧化和降血糖活性。结果:最优硫酸化工艺条件为:酯化时间39 min、浓硫酸用量1.45 mL、硫酸铵用量30 mg,所得S-MCP取代度为0.07391±0.0020。结构表征证实了S-MCP成功引入硫酸酯基,其粒径(294.44±40.62 nm)小于MCP(356.32±26.07 nm),显微特征由疏松多孔变为破碎层状。体外活性实验表明,S-MCP对DPPH、ABTS+及羟基自由基的清除率(3.0 mg/mL时分别为64.85%、82.42%、71.34%)显著高于MCP,且呈浓度依赖性;对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率(1.0 mg/mL时为43.92%)优于MCP(31.31%)。细胞毒性结果分析表明,硫酸化后的牡丹皮多糖对细胞无显著的毒副作用。小鼠糖耐量实验显示,S-MCP可显著降低淀粉和蔗糖负荷后的血糖水平,减小曲线下面积。结论:硫酸化修饰能有效增强MCP的抗氧化及降血糖活性,为其在功能食品和医药领域的开发应用提供科学依据。

, authors=佟伟霜, 麦延群, 王梦帅, 张弛, 王张之, 冯文坡, 范卫卫, 邱渊皓*, 高华山*, authorsList=佟伟霜, 麦延群, 王梦帅, 张弛, 王张之, 冯文坡, 范卫卫, 邱渊皓, 高华山, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邱渊皓, 高华山, authorNote=

佟伟霜(1983−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:资源植物开发与利用研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
邱渊皓(1987−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:糖化学及其药理学活性研究,E-mail:。
高华山(1983−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:微生物与生化药学研究,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ddIylyCFzf9vVzv8aDaqgw==, magXml=uXB45nfdHhF8zaIRA6NmLg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=KCH0+2cf72CIHoKGkhix/g==, pdfFileSize=4767910, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=JmG73ZGMVLIGvBH5SqL64g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=fs7Tad70DbuICPB5+joZZg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320883789413336062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xiaoshuang1210@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320883789488833536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, authorId=1320883789413336062, language=EN, stringName=Weishuang TONG, firstName=Weishuang, middleName=null, lastName=TONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Pingdingshan University, Henan Funiu Mountain Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Pingdingshan 467000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320883789555941376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, authorId=1320883789413336062, language=CN, stringName=佟伟霜, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=平顶山学院,河南省伏牛山药用资源利用与分子医学工程技术研究中心,河南平顶山 467000, bio={"content":"

佟伟霜(1983−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:资源植物开发与利用研究,E-mail:

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佟伟霜(1983−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:资源植物开发与利用研究,E-mail:

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Journal of Zhejiang University(Medical Sciences), 2013, 42(6): 632−637,665., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320883789337838586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883789346227195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, companyId=1320883789337838586, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Pingdingshan University, Henan Funiu Mountain Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Pingdingshan 467000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883789354615804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, companyId=1320883789337838586, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=平顶山学院,河南省伏牛山药用资源利用与分子医学工程技术研究中心,河南平顶山 467000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320883796195524659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different factors on the degree of substitution of sulfated MCP, figureFileSmall=Nk5bhnoycNW1513eZdhzLg==, figureFileBig=JmG73ZGMVLIGvBH5SqL64g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883796493320244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同因素对硫酸化牡丹皮多糖取代度的影响

注:A酯化时间;B浓硫酸用量;C硫酸铵用量。

, figureFileSmall=Nk5bhnoycNW1513eZdhzLg==, figureFileBig=JmG73ZGMVLIGvBH5SqL64g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883796665286709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Response surface and contour plots of the effects of interactions among esterification time, dosage of concentrated sulfuric acid, and dosage of ammonium sulfate on the degree of sulfation of MCP, figureFileSmall=TScn+DXR1/DJgB656ACryA==, figureFileBig=1leke/yo2WglAQG82CEuKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883796904362038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=CN, label=图2, caption=酯化时间、浓硫酸用量、硫酸铵用量之间的交互作用对MCP硫酸化取代度影响的响应曲面及等高线图, figureFileSmall=TScn+DXR1/DJgB656ACryA==, figureFileBig=1leke/yo2WglAQG82CEuKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883796971470903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=FTIR spectroscopy of MCP and S-MCP, figureFileSmall=fE2ZHgKNOEzCEu0c52wcpA==, figureFileBig=AgwqJW8mu9B+WbsMuYZ/xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883797034385464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=CN, label=图3, caption=牡丹皮多糖与硫酸化牡丹皮多糖的红外光谱, figureFileSmall=fE2ZHgKNOEzCEu0c52wcpA==, figureFileBig=AgwqJW8mu9B+WbsMuYZ/xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883797105688633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=DLS particle size distribution and polydispersity index of MCP and S-MCP, figureFileSmall=NpfPXYAKSeYBy+NuUp2EEA==, figureFileBig=GM8UgiFqRNK6vDKpUtlQmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883797315403834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=CN, label=图4, caption=牡丹皮多糖与硫酸化牡丹皮多糖的DLS粒径分布和多分散性指数

注:A:MCP,B:S-MCP。

, figureFileSmall=NpfPXYAKSeYBy+NuUp2EEA==, figureFileBig=GM8UgiFqRNK6vDKpUtlQmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883797374124091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Scanning electron microscope images of MCP and S-MCP, figureFileSmall=uCSfmfrUgw8A6qVv1ZxPWg==, figureFileBig=XBZ3GIAoJc2Hgt4lcA59Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883797445427260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=CN, label=图5, caption=牡丹皮多糖与硫酸化牡丹皮多糖的扫描电镜视野图像

注:A:MCP,A-1:3000倍,A-2:5000倍,A-3:30000倍;B:S-MCP,B-1:3000倍,B-2:5000倍,B-3:30000倍。

, figureFileSmall=uCSfmfrUgw8A6qVv1ZxPWg==, figureFileBig=XBZ3GIAoJc2Hgt4lcA59Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883797562867773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison of in vitro antioxidant activities of MCP, S-MCP and VC, figureFileSmall=W6wcHbwnqcCYIgAINlGbtg==, figureFileBig=POrMiGRYd/ZoMZAVJlYHTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883797642559550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=CN, label=图6, caption=牡丹皮多糖、硫酸化牡丹皮多糖和VC的体外抗氧化活性对比

注:A-DPPH自由基清除率;B-ABTS+自由基清除率;C-羟基自由基清除率。

, figureFileSmall=W6wcHbwnqcCYIgAINlGbtg==, figureFileBig=POrMiGRYd/ZoMZAVJlYHTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883797755805759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Hypoglycemic activity of MCP before and after sulfation modification, figureFileSmall=4kM2kIPtgBoczAdkrS5x+Q==, figureFileBig=DerEvc/FaDPG7Ubrt/8c3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883797827108928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=CN, label=图7, caption=牡丹皮多糖硫酸化修饰前后的降血糖活性, figureFileSmall=4kM2kIPtgBoczAdkrS5x+Q==, figureFileBig=DerEvc/FaDPG7Ubrt/8c3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883797906800705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of different concentrations of MCP, S-MCP on the survial rate of RAW264.7 cells, figureFileSmall=z9qtseOori2lL2CHMnGdQg==, figureFileBig=fHmiL+O7gpqpsbQgzKkjBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883797969715266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同浓度的牡丹皮多糖、硫酸化牡丹皮多糖对RAW264.7细胞存活率的影响, figureFileSmall=z9qtseOori2lL2CHMnGdQg==, figureFileBig=fHmiL+O7gpqpsbQgzKkjBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883798078767171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effects of different carbohydrate groups (starch, glucose, sucrose) on OGTT blood glucose fluctuations and area under the curve, figureFileSmall=XNO0eKIV1DE3c+FcAs2btg==, figureFileBig=AHD5B5kn7RBzaMajxyxitw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883798166847556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同碳水化合物组(淀粉、葡萄糖、蔗糖)对OGTT血糖波动及曲线下面积的影响

注:A、B、C分别为淀粉、葡萄糖、蔗糖组正常小鼠OGTT血糖变化;D、E、F分别为淀粉、葡萄糖、蔗糖组相应曲线下面积结果及统计分析。*P<0.05显著,**P<0.01极显著。

, figureFileSmall=XNO0eKIV1DE3c+FcAs2btg==, figureFileBig=AHD5B5kn7RBzaMajxyxitw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883798250733637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factors and levels of response surface Box-Behnken (BBD) experimental design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A酯化时间(min)B浓硫酸用量(mL)C硫酸铵用量(mg)
−1301.020
0401.530
1502.040
), ArticleFig(id=1320883798326231110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面Box-Benhnken (BBD)试验设计因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A酯化时间(min)B浓硫酸用量(mL)C硫酸铵用量(mg)
−1301.020
0401.530
1502.040
), ArticleFig(id=1320883798393339975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sample addition table for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity test of MCP, S-MCP and acarbose

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项目加入量(μL)
PBS
溶液
PNPG
溶液
Na2CO3
溶液
α-糖苷酶MCP/S-MCP/阿卡波糖
样品组A8020802020
样品空白组a1002080/20
对照组B100208020/
对照空白组b1202080//
), ArticleFig(id=1320883798464643144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

牡丹皮多糖、硫酸化牡丹皮多糖、阿卡波糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性测试加样表

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项目加入量(μL)
PBS
溶液
PNPG
溶液
Na2CO3
溶液
α-糖苷酶MCP/S-MCP/阿卡波糖
样品组A8020802020
样品空白组a1002080/20
对照组B100208020/
对照空白组b1202080//
), ArticleFig(id=1320883800113004617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Response surface experimental design and results

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试验号A酯化时间
(min)
B浓硫酸用量
(mL)
C硫酸胺用量
(mg)
取代度
1402.0200.03323
2301.5200.05586
3502.0300.03672
4301.5400.05133
5401.5300.07524
6501.0300.03896
7302.0300.03368
8402.0400.04491
9401.5300.07494
10401.5300.07788
11501.5200.05089
12501.5400.05253
13401.0400.04338
14401.0200.04611
15301.0300.04981
16401.5300.07318
17401.5300.07267
), ArticleFig(id=1320883800180113482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A酯化时间
(min)
B浓硫酸用量
(mL)
C硫酸胺用量
(mg)
取代度
1402.0200.03323
2301.5200.05586
3502.0300.03672
4301.5400.05133
5401.5300.07524
6501.0300.03896
7302.0300.03368
8402.0400.04491
9401.5300.07494
10401.5300.07788
11501.5200.05089
12501.5400.05253
13401.0400.04338
14401.0200.04611
15301.0300.04981
16401.5300.07318
17401.5300.07267
), ArticleFig(id=1320883800263999563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of variance results of the regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型0.003890.000469.37<0.0001**
A酯化时间0.000010.00002.760.1409
B浓硫酸用量0.000110.000118.150.0037**
C硫酸铵用量4.590×10−614.590×10−60.75460.4138
AB0.000010.00007.930.0259*
AC9.517×10−619.517×10−61.560.2512
BC0.000110.00018.530.0223*
A20.000610.0006101.71<0.0001**
B20.002210.0022361.93<0.0001**
C20.000410.000469.32<0.0001**
残差0.000076.083×10−6
失拟项0.000038.574×10−62.030.2517
纯误差0.000044.215×10−6
总离差0.003816
), ArticleFig(id=1320883800356274252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

回归模型的方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型0.003890.000469.37<0.0001**
A酯化时间0.000010.00002.760.1409
B浓硫酸用量0.000110.000118.150.0037**
C硫酸铵用量4.590×10−614.590×10−60.75460.4138
AB0.000010.00007.930.0259*
AC9.517×10−619.517×10−61.560.2512
BC0.000110.00018.530.0223*
A20.000610.0006101.71<0.0001**
B20.002210.0022361.93<0.0001**
C20.000410.000469.32<0.0001**
残差0.000076.083×10−6
失拟项0.000038.574×10−62.030.2517
纯误差0.000044.215×10−6
总离差0.003816
), ArticleFig(id=1320883800456937549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

IC50 linear regression equations and calculation results of MCP, S-MCP and VC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品DPPH·ABTS+··OH
IC50(mg/mL)TopIC50(mg/mL)TopIC50(mg/mL)Top
MCP0.36238.96%0.15870.08%0.10959.47%
S-MCP0.24464.85%0.11282.42%0.08471.34%
VC0.04195.98%0.007896.80%0.02894.44%
), ArticleFig(id=1320883800540823630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

牡丹皮多糖、硫酸化牡丹皮多糖和VC的IC50线性回归方程与计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品DPPH·ABTS+··OH
IC50(mg/mL)TopIC50(mg/mL)TopIC50(mg/mL)Top
MCP0.36238.96%0.15870.08%0.10959.47%
S-MCP0.24464.85%0.11282.42%0.08471.34%
VC0.04195.98%0.007896.80%0.02894.44%
), ArticleFig(id=1320883800905728079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

IC50 linear regression equations and calculation results of the inhibition rates of MCP, S-MCP and acarbose on α-glucosidase

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品IC50(mg/mL)Top(%)
阿卡波糖0.006787.07
MCP0.08631.31
S-MCP0.07643.92
), ArticleFig(id=1320883800985419856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883785118368741, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

牡丹皮多糖、硫酸化牡丹皮多糖和阿卡波糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率的IC50线性回归方程与计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品IC50(mg/mL)Top(%)
阿卡波糖0.006787.07
MCP0.08631.31
S-MCP0.07643.92
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牡丹皮多糖硫酸化修饰及其抗氧化和降血糖活性研究
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佟伟霜 , 麦延群 , 王梦帅 , 张弛 , 王张之 , 冯文坡 , 范卫卫 , 邱渊皓 * , 高华山 *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(13): 215-225
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (13) : 215 -225
牡丹皮多糖硫酸化修饰及其抗氧化和降血糖活性研究
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佟伟霜(1983−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:资源植物开发与利用研究,E-mail:

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佟伟霜 , 麦延群, 王梦帅, 张弛, 王张之, 冯文坡, 范卫卫, 邱渊皓* , 高华山*
作者信息
  • 平顶山学院,河南省伏牛山药用资源利用与分子医学工程技术研究中心,河南平顶山 467000
通讯作者:
邱渊皓(1987−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:糖化学及其药理学活性研究,E-mail:。
高华山(1983−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:微生物与生化药学研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

佟伟霜(1983−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:资源植物开发与利用研究,E-mail:

Sulfation Modification of Moutan Cortex Polysaccharides and Its Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activities
Weishuang TONG , Yanqun MAI, Mengshuai WANG, Chi ZHANG, Zhangzhi WANG, Wenpo FENG, Weiwei FAN, Yuanhao QIU* , Huashan GAO*
Affiliations
  • Pingdingshan University, Henan Funiu Mountain Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Pingdingshan 467000, China
出版时间: 2026-07-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070316
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目的:优化牡丹皮多糖(MCP)硫酸化修饰工艺,系统评价硫酸化牡丹皮多糖(S-MCP)的结构特征、抗氧化活性及降血糖作用。方法:采用浓硫酸法对MCP进行硫酸化修饰,基于单因素实验与响应面法,以取代度为指标优化工艺参数;采用FTIR、DLS和SEM对产物S-MCP进行结构表征;体内外评估其抗氧化和降血糖活性。结果:最优硫酸化工艺条件为:酯化时间39 min、浓硫酸用量1.45 mL、硫酸铵用量30 mg,所得S-MCP取代度为0.07391±0.0020。结构表征证实了S-MCP成功引入硫酸酯基,其粒径(294.44±40.62 nm)小于MCP(356.32±26.07 nm),显微特征由疏松多孔变为破碎层状。体外活性实验表明,S-MCP对DPPH、ABTS+及羟基自由基的清除率(3.0 mg/mL时分别为64.85%、82.42%、71.34%)显著高于MCP,且呈浓度依赖性;对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率(1.0 mg/mL时为43.92%)优于MCP(31.31%)。细胞毒性结果分析表明,硫酸化后的牡丹皮多糖对细胞无显著的毒副作用。小鼠糖耐量实验显示,S-MCP可显著降低淀粉和蔗糖负荷后的血糖水平,减小曲线下面积。结论:硫酸化修饰能有效增强MCP的抗氧化及降血糖活性,为其在功能食品和医药领域的开发应用提供科学依据。

响应面  /  牡丹皮多糖  /  硫酸化修饰  /  抗氧化  /  降血糖

Objective: We optimized the sulfation modification process of Moutan cortex polysaccharide (MCP) and systematically evaluated the structural characteristics, antioxidant activity, and hypoglycemic potency of sulfated MCP (S-MCP). Methods: MCP were sulfated using concentrated sulfuric acid method. The process parameters were optimized using single-factor experiments, response surface methodology, and using degree of substitution (DS) as an index. S-MCP structure was characterized by FTIR, DLS, and SEM. Its antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results: Optimal sulfation conditions for MCP included 39 min esterification time, 1.5 mL concentrated sulfuric acid, and 30 mg of ammonium sulfate. Under these conditions, the DS of S-MCP was 0.07391±0.0020. Structural characterization confirmed successful introduction of sulfate groups onto S-MCP. The S-MCP particle size (294.44±40.62 nm) was smaller than that of MCP (356.32±26.07 nm), and its microscopic characteristics changed from loose and porous to fragmented and layered. In vitro activity experiments showed respective scavenging rates of S-MCP against DPPH, ABTS+, and hydroxyl radicals of 64.85%, 82.42%, and 71.34% at 3.0 mg/mL significantly higher than those of MCP. Scavenging was also shown to be concentration-dependent. S-MCP displayed more potent inhibition of α-glucosidase (43.92% at 1.0 mg/mL) than MCP (31.31%). The mouse glucose tolerance test results showed that S-MCP significantly reduced the blood glucose levels after starch and sucrose loading, and decreased the area under the curve. Conclusion: Sulfation can effectively enhance MCP antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities, providing a scientific basis for their development and application in functional foods and pharmaceuticals.

response surface methodology  /  Moutan cortex polysaccharide  /  sulfation modification  /  antioxidant  /  hypoglycemic
佟伟霜, 麦延群, 王梦帅, 张弛, 王张之, 冯文坡, 范卫卫, 邱渊皓, 高华山. 牡丹皮多糖硫酸化修饰及其抗氧化和降血糖活性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (13) : 215 -225 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070316
Weishuang TONG, Yanqun MAI, Mengshuai WANG, Chi ZHANG, Zhangzhi WANG, Wenpo FENG, Weiwei FAN, Yuanhao QIU, Huashan GAO. Sulfation Modification of Moutan Cortex Polysaccharides and Its Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activities[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (13) : 215 -225 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070316
牡丹皮为芍药科植物牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)的干燥根皮,又称丹皮、粉丹皮、洛阳花等[1]。其性微寒,味苦辛,具有清热解毒、活血化瘀的功效,常用于治疗跌打损伤、闭经痛经等症状[2]。牡丹皮始载于《神农本草经》,用药历史悠久,是一种兼具药用与食用价值的药材,适用于制作功能饮料、保健品以及日用食品。牡丹皮广泛分布于中国,尤以安徽、四川、甘肃、陕西等地为主[3]。安徽铜陵凤凰山的凤丹皮品质上乘,南陵产者则称瑶丹皮;四川的重庆垫江、灌县盛产川丹皮,康定、泸定等地则出产西丹皮[4]。牡丹皮富含多糖、萜类、有机酸、黄酮及香豆素等活性物质,药理研究显示其具有心血管调节、免疫增强、抗肿瘤、保肝及抗菌抗炎等诸多活性作用[5−6]。其中,牡丹皮多糖是牡丹皮重要的活性成分之一,具有抗炎[7]、肠道菌群调节[8]以及免疫调节[9]等多种生物活性,且生物活性强、安全性高,广泛应用于保健食品、化妆品、医药领域。
天然多糖是自然界中普遍存在的生物大分子,由单糖连接而成,因其良好的生物特性和活性,在畜牧、食品、医药和化妆品等领域具有广泛应用前景[10]。天然多糖因生物活性有限,通常使用化学修饰增强其活性。根据相关文献报道,硫酸化、磷酸化、乙酰化及羧甲基化等方法常用于多糖的改性[11−12]。特别是硫酸化修饰,通过添加硫酸基团至糖基中,改变结构以提升活性,赋予多糖抗炎、提高免疫、抗凝血等新的药理作用[13]。同时,修饰后的多糖不仅可以作为抗肿瘤、抗病毒的候选化合物,还可作为免疫增强剂、抗氧化添加剂,以及用于保湿抗衰老的活性成分[14−15]。目前,针对牡丹皮多糖硫酸化修饰研究尚不足。
以牡丹皮为研究对象,采用浓硫酸法对牡丹皮多糖(MCP)进行硫酸化修饰,通过单因素实验结合响应面法获得最佳酯化条件,利用FTIR、DLS和SEM初步鉴定修饰前后的多糖结构,比较硫酸化修饰前后牡丹皮多糖的抗氧化活性、降血糖活性及细胞毒性,旨在明确牡丹皮多糖的硫酸化修饰工艺,进一步提高其生物活性,为牡丹皮多糖在功能食品和医药领域的进一步开发与利用提供参考依据和数据支撑。
牡丹皮 购于张仲景大药房(平顶山市新华区),经平顶山学院范卫卫老师鉴定,质量符合2020年版《中国药典》规定;SPF级ICR雄性小鼠 45只,8周龄,体质量30±4 g,购自辽宁长生生物技术股份有限公司,动物许可证号SCXK(辽)2025-0001。动物实验经平顶山学院生物医学伦理委员会批准(批准号2025-014),动物饲养于平顶山学院动物实验中心,温度25±2 ℃,相对湿度为55%±5%,间隔12 h交替照明;小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7 南京凯基生物科技发展有限公司,培养条件:DMEM完全培养基(含体积分数为10%的胎牛血清、体积分数为1%的青霉素-链霉素溶液),置于37 ℃、5% CO2、相对湿度>95%的恒温培养箱中培养;氢氧化钠、硫酸铵 郑州派尼化学试剂厂;30%过氧化氢、三氯乙酸、Na2CO3 天津市致远化学试剂有限公司;DPPH 福州飞净生物科技有限公司;维生素C(VC) 合肥博美生物科技有限公司;过硫酸钾、氯化钡 天津市大茂化学试剂厂;硫酸亚铁、明胶 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;水杨酸、ABTS 酷尔化学科技有限公司;硫酸钾 天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司;正丁醇 天津市德恩化学试剂有限公司;阿卡波糖、α-葡萄糖苷酶、PNPG 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司。
TG16G高速离心机 湖南凯达科学仪器有限公司;XT-350高速万能粉碎机 浙江永康红太阳机电有限公司;RE-2000A旋转蒸发仪 巩义科技有限公司;FA1104电子天平 上海舜宇恒平科学仪器有限公司;DHG-9202-1S电热恒温干燥箱 上海鸿都电子科技有限公司;SHZ-D(Ⅲ)循环水式真空泵 河南省予华仪器有限公司;Bio Tek Synergy H1全功能微孔板检测仪 美国伯腾仪器有限公司;SCIENTZ-10ND冷冻干燥机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;KH-100超声波清洗仪 昆山禾创超声仪器有限公司;PHS-3C酸度计 上海晶磁仪器有限公司;XL-30环场扫描电镜 荷兰Philips公司;TENSOR-37傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 德国Bruker公司;Mastersizer-2000激光粒度仪 山东耐克特分析仪器有限公司。
将牡丹皮打粉,过80目筛,置于索氏提取器中进行脱脂预处理,在65 ℃条件下用石油醚脱脂24 h,蒸发有机溶剂后烘干备用。称取300.0 g加入3000 mL蒸馏水,加热回流提取2 h,过滤,滤渣重复上述操作1次,合并滤液,加入1%活性炭进行脱色处理,搅拌均匀30 min过滤即可。经浓缩后,加入4倍体积95%乙醇,置4 ℃冰箱,静置过夜,弃去滤液,经真空冷冻干燥得到牡丹皮粗多糖(Moutan cortex polysaccharide,MCP)。
取0.02 g牡丹皮粗多糖和适量硫酸铵置于离心管中,加入1.5 mL正丁醇,在冰浴中加入适量浓硫酸,温和搅拌均匀使多糖充分溶解,待反应完成后,以氢氧化钠调节溶液pH至中性。加入3倍体积的95%乙醇,搅拌后进行醇沉,常温放置并静置过夜;经10000 r/min离心10 min,收集沉淀,加入蒸馏水溶解;随后转入到3.5 kDa透析袋中,透析48 h,再次以10000 r/min离心10 min,取上清进行旋蒸浓缩;最后通过冷冻干燥获得硫酸化修饰的牡丹皮多糖(Sulfated Moutan cortex polysaccharide,S-MCP)。
固定取浓硫酸1.0 mL,硫酸铵用量为10 mg,酯化时间分别为10、20、30、40、50 min,测定取代度。
固定取硫酸铵10 mg,酯化时间为40 min,浓硫酸用量分别为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mL,测定取代度。
固定取浓硫酸1.0 mL,酯化时间为40 min,硫酸铵用量分别为10、20、30、40、50 mg,测定取代度。
在单因素实验基础上,采用Design-Expert 13软件,以酯化时间(A)、浓硫酸用量(B)和硫酸铵用量(C)为影响因子,以取代度为响应值,进行3因素3水平响应面试验(表1)。
参照李瑶等[16]的方法,并稍作修改,采用硫酸钡比浊法测定硫酸根离子含量。称取108.75 mg硫酸钾粉末,加入1 mol/mL盐酸定容至100 mL,即得0.6 mg/mL硫酸基标准贮存液。量取400 μL硫酸钾溶液(0.01875、0.0375、0.075、0.15、0.3、0.6 mg/mL)于离心管中,再加入3%三氯乙酸7.6 mL和0.5%氯化钡-明胶溶液400 μL后充分混匀,静置15 min,在360 nm波长处测定吸光度值Ai,用明胶溶液代替氯化钡-明胶溶液测吸光度值Aj,使用(Ai−Aj)对硫酸根的质量绘制标准曲线,最终得到硫酸基标准溶液标准曲线回归方程为Y=0.2611X+0.0071,相对系数为R2=0.9983,说明拟合度良好。
利用1 mol/L盐酸与硫酸化牡丹皮多糖充分摇匀制备2 mg/mL储存液,并置于沸水浴下反应1 h,吸取200 μL反应液按照标准曲线法测定Ai、Aj。根据测得的标准曲线计算硫酸基含量(S)并计算取代度(DS)。取代度的计算公式为:
$ \rm{DS}(\text{%})=\frac{1.62\times S}{32-1.02\times S}\times\mathrm{100} $
式中:DS为样品取代度(%);S为硫酸根的百分含量(%)。
将经过干燥处理的KBr粉末与MCP或S-MCP粉末混合后进行研磨并压制成片,随后在室温条件下,利用FTIR在500~4000 cm−1的波数范围内对其进行扫描分析。
采用无水乙醇将MCP、S-MCP稀释至2~3 mg/mL,倒入塑料比色皿约2/3处,使用马尔文粒径分析仪进行扫描分析。
采用SEM观察MCP和S-MCP的分子形态。将冻干多糖样品均匀铺于碳导电双面胶上,去除过量样品后喷金处理,在1.0 kV加速电压下聚焦成像。
参照高华山等[17]实验方法,并稍作修改,配制0.04 mg/mL DPPH无水乙醇溶液。量取100 μL MCP或S-MCP溶液(0.00293、0.00586、0.0117、0.0234、0.0469、0.0938、0.188、0.375、0.75、1.50、3.00 mg/mL)于96微孔板中,并加入100 μL 0.04 mg/mL DPPH记为Ai;100 μL无水乙醇代替DPPH记为Aj;将100 μL S-PMCP溶液替换为无水乙醇为Ao。避光静置30 min,在分光光度计517 nm处测定各自吸光度,以VC作为阳性对照。DPPH自由基清除率计算如下:
$ \rm{DPPH自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left(\mathrm{1}-\frac{{A_i-A_j}}{{A_o}}\right)\times \mathrm{100}$
式中:Ai是样品组的吸光度值;Aj是对照组的吸光度值;Ao是空白组的吸光度值。
参照李国巍等[18]实验方法,并稍作修改。将7 mmol/L ABTS溶液和2.45 mmol/L过硫酸钾溶液同等体积混合均匀,避光过夜反应12 h,并用无水乙醇稀释ABTS母液使其吸光度在0.7±0.1范围内,得到ABTS储存液。取100 μL MCP或S-MCP溶液(0.00293、0.00586、0.0117、0.0234、0.0469、0.0938、0.188、0.375、0.75、1.50、3.00 mg/mL)于96微孔板中,并加入100 μL ABTS储存液记为Ai;100 μL无水乙醇代替ABTS储存液记为Aj;将100 μL S-PMCP溶液替换为无水乙醇为Ao。室温静置10 min,在分光光度计734 nm处测定各自吸光度,以VC作为阳性对照。ABTS+自由基清除率计算如下:
$ \rm {ABTS^+自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left(\mathrm{1}-\frac{{A_i-A_j}}{{A_o}}\right)\times \mathrm{100} $
式中:Ai是样品组的吸光度值;Aj是对照组的吸光度值;Ao是空白组的吸光度值。
参照李洁茹等[19]实验方法,并稍作修改。取1 mL MCP或S-MCP溶液(0.00293、0.00586、0.0117、0.0234、0.0469、0.0938、0.188、0.375、0.75、1.50、3.00 mg/mL)于离心管中,依次加入3.0 mmol/L硫酸亚铁溶液1 mL,3.0 mmol/L水杨酸-乙醇溶液1 mL,2.5 mmol/L H2O2溶液1 mL进行反应记为Ai;将1 mL H2O2溶液替换为1 mL蒸馏水为Aj;将1 mL S-PMCP溶液替换为1 mL的无水乙醇溶液记为Ao。充分摇匀并置于37 ℃恒温水浴锅中反应50 min,在分光光度计510 nm处测定各自吸光度,以VC作为阳性对照。羟基自由基清除率计算如下:
$ \rm{羟基自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left(\mathrm{1}-\frac{{A_i-A_j}}{{A_o}}\right)\times \mathrm{100} $
式中:Ai是样品组的吸光度值;Aj是对照组的吸光度值;Ao是空白组的吸光度值。
参照潘玥等[20]试验方法,并稍作修改。采用二倍稀释法将MCP、S-MCP和阿卡波糖进行梯度稀释至1.0~0.00001 mg/mL。设置样品组A、样品空白组a、对照组B和对照组b,试剂加入量见表2。向离心管依次加入MCP/S-MCP/阿卡波糖溶液、pH6.8磷酸钠缓冲液(PBS溶液)和0.2 U/mL α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液,混匀后于37 ℃水浴反应10 min。随后加入1% PNPG溶液,再次混匀并37 ℃水浴反应25 min。最后加入80 μL 1.0 mol/L碳酸钠溶液混匀,用酶标仪于405 nm测定OD值,每组做3个平行实验。抑制率计算公式如下:
$ \rm \mathrm{抑制率}(\text{%})=\left(\mathrm{1}-\frac{{\text{OD}}_{\text{A}}-{\text{OD}}_{\text{a}}}{{\text{OD}}_{\text{B}}-{\text{OD}}_{\text{b}}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:ODA为实验组吸光值;ODa为实验空白组吸光值;ODB为对照组吸光值;ODb为对照空白组吸光值。
将小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7,分散吹打混匀,吸取90 μL加入新培养基的细胞混悬液以5×104个/mL的密度接种于96孔板,培养24 h后采用不同终浓度的MCP和S-MCP(100、250、500 μg/mL)作用48 h,采用MTT法检测MCP和S-MCP对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7的细胞毒性,并通过公式计算细胞存活率。使用酶标仪于450 nm波长下测定吸光度值,以评估两种多糖对细胞活性的影响。细胞存活率按以下公式计算:
$ \mathrm{细胞存活率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\text{OD}}_{\text{A}}-{\text{OD}}_{\text{a}}}{{\text{OD}}_{\text{B}}-{\text{OD}}_{\text{b}}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:ODA为实验组吸光值;ODa为实验细胞调零组吸光值;ODB为对照组吸光值;ODb为对照细胞调零组吸光值。
选取血糖范围在4.0~9.0 mmol/L的小鼠45只雄性小鼠,按体重随机分为9组。每3组对应一种糖负荷类型(葡萄糖组、蔗糖组、淀粉组),每种糖负荷类型含4个处理组(每组n=5):生理盐水组、阿卡波糖组、MCP组和S-MCP组。适应性饲养7 d后,禁食3 h,尾静脉采血测定空腹血糖基础值。各组分别给予生理盐水、阿卡波糖(0.5 mg/kg)、MCP(0.5 mg/kg)、S-MCP(0.5 mg/kg),随后灌胃葡萄糖(2.0 g/kg)、蔗糖(4.0 g/kg)、淀粉(6.0 g/kg)作为负荷做糖耐量实验,并分别于15、30、60、120、180 min测定血糖值。
所有实验均设置三次重复,数据以均值±标准差表示。采用Excel软件进行数据整理与基本分析,并通过Design-Expert 13软件完成响应面分析。利用Origin 2021或GraphPad Prism 10.1.2进行作图并计算半数清除浓度(IC50)。多组比较(空白组、阿卡波糖组、MCP组及S-MCP组)采用GraphPad Prism 10.1.2进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),设定P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
实验结果表明,硫酸化牡丹皮多糖的酯化时间在10~40 min范围内,取代度随酯化时间延长逐渐上升,40 min时达峰值为0.0600±0.0023,这是因为浓硫酸作为核心磺化剂,可提供硫酸基团(-SO3H)与多糖羟基(-OH)发生亲电取代反应,直接推动多糖链上硫酸基的引入[21−22];但浓硫酸兼具强酸性与水解性,反应初期“促磺化”占主导,超过40 min后,浓硫酸会催化糖苷键断裂引发多糖主链降解,导致取代度下降[16],如图1A所示。
浓硫酸用量从0.5~1.5 mL时,产物取代度持续上升,并于1.5 mL时达到0.06678±0.0043的峰值。然而过量浓硫酸用量(>1.5 mL)反而导致取代度下降,推测原因可能是过量硫酸破坏了多糖分子结构[23],如图1B所示。这进一步体现浓硫酸“促磺化”与“促降解”的双重作用,即适量时驱动硫酸基团与多糖羟基结合,过量则引发多糖结构破坏。
硫酸铵用量在10~30 mg范围内,产物取代度随用量增加而升高,并于30 mg时达到0.07463±0.0026的峰值,如继续增加硫酸铵用量(>30 mg)则导致取代度下降,可能是由于硫酸铵溶解后产生过量NH4+会改变体系离子强度及局部酸碱环境,这不仅易引起多糖分子水解降解及板结现象,还会干扰硫酸基团与多糖羟基的有效结合,并诱发分子聚集和副反应,最终致使硫酸化反应不充分,取代度下降[16,24],如图1C所示。硫酸铵作为反应微环境调节剂,通过溶解后产生的NH4+与浓硫酸电离出的离子共同形成特定离子环境,促进硫酸基团向多糖羟基的转移,从而提高磺化效率[25]。最终确定较优工艺为酯化时间40 min、浓硫酸用量1.5 mL、硫酸铵用量30 mg。
采用Design-Expert 13软件对试验结果进行回归拟合分析,建立模型,结果如表3所示,得到酯化时间(A)、浓硫酸用量(B)和硫酸铵用量(C)3个因素的回归方程为:
Y=0.0748−0.0014A−0.0037B+0.0008C+0.0035AB+0.0015AC+0.0036BC−0.0121A2−0.0229B2−0.0100C2。
该回归方程的决定系数R2=0.9889,表明模型可解释响应值中约98.89%由试验因素引起的变化,拟合效果良好。校正系数R2Adj=0.9747,说明在考虑自变量个数后,模型仍能稳定解释约97.47%的响应变异。该模型的F=69.37,P<0.0001,说明模型极显著。如表4所示,对方差结果进行分析得出,酯化时间与浓硫酸用量的交互作用(AB)对取代度的影响显著(P<0.05);酯化时间与硫酸铵用量的交互作用(AC)对取代度的影响不显著;浓硫酸用量与硫酸铵用量的交互作用(BC)对取代度的影响显著(P<0.05);通过参照F值的大小可得出3个因素对S-MCP的取代度的影响程度为:浓硫酸用量(B)>酯化时间(A)>硫酸铵用量(C)。
响应曲面的坡度直观体现了各因素对S-MCP取代度的影响。坡度越陡,等高线越接近椭圆且离心率越大,表明该因素的影响越显著;坡度平缓则影响较小[26]。此外,等高线的形状和分布能揭示因素间的交互作用,其椭圆形且密集的等高线说明交互作用较强,而圆形或稀疏的等高线则表明交互作用较弱[27]。
通过对图2分析得出,AB、BC的交互作用响应曲面坡度较陡,等高线呈明显椭圆形,说明这些因素间的交互作用显著(P<0.05);AC交互作用响应曲面坡度较缓,说明该因素间的交互作用不显著。从方差分析数据可以看出,BC交互效应的影响最为显著,其次是AB交互效应,最后是AC交互效应。这一影响程度排序与回归方程的方差分析结果相互印证,证实了所建模型的可靠性。
基于单因素实验结果,通过响应面分析法优化得到S-MCP最佳硫酸化条件为:酯化时间(A)为39.2928 min,浓硫酸用量(B)为1.4575 mL,硫酸铵用量(C)为30.1738 mg,预测硫酸化多糖的取代度为0.07500。实际操作中将参数调整为酯化时间(A)为39 min,浓硫酸用量(B)为1.45 mL,硫酸铵用量(C)为30 mg进行验证。经三次平行实验测得S-MCP的取代度为0.07391±0.0020,与理论预测值相比相对误差较小,证实回归模型可靠性及牡丹皮多糖硫酸化工艺参数的合理性,说明模型拟合良好。
如图3所示,对MCP及其S-MCP的FTIR数据分析发现未修饰的MCP在3400~3200 cm−1处显示羟基(-OH)的伸缩振动宽峰,2930~2850 cm−1处为C-H的弱峰,1050~1000 cm−1处为糖环骨架的C-O-C和C-O-H强峰。研究发现,硫酸化修饰后的多糖在1250~1220 cm−1和850~800 cm−1处出现新峰,分别对应硫酸酯基(-OSO3−)的S=O不对称伸缩振动和C-O-S对称伸缩振动,810 cm−1附近的峰提示硫酸酯基可能优先取代在半乳糖的C-6位[16]。经实验发现,S-MCP在832.74 cm−1处有吸收峰,推测可能是硫酸酯基(-OSO3−)的C-O-S对称伸缩振动,表明硫酸化反应成功。此外,S-MCP在1132.62 cm−1处的吸收峰与李瑶等[16]报道的硫酸化紫菜多糖在1123.29 cm−1处的特征吸收峰位置接近。根据该研究,该峰可归属于S=O键的不对称伸缩振动,进一步支持硫酸基团的成功引入。
多分散性指数(Polymer dispersity index,PDI)是评估颗粒均匀性的关键指标,通常情况下,PDI介于0.1~0.5之间,表示分散体系良好。MCP的PDI为0.510±0.32,表明其颗粒溶液存在粒径差异,但整体稳定;S-MCP的PDI为0.391±0.24,说明该颗粒均一性优于MCP。DLS显示MCP流体力学尺寸为356.32±26.07 nm,而S-MCP为294.44±40.62 nm,如图4所示。实验结果表明,硫酸化修饰可使多糖颗粒尺寸减小,降低了MCP的多分散性指数。
不同倍率电镜观察显示,MCP与S-MCP形貌差异显著。MCP表现为粗糙、不规则的块状团聚体,表面凹凸不平,多孔隙褶皱,如图5A所示。这种形貌是天然多糖分子链通过氢键等作用缠绕聚集的结果,进而形成松散但复杂的聚集体。经硫酸化改性后,微观形貌有明显变化,整体更分散舒展,表面相对平滑,团聚减少,如图5B所示。硫酸基团的引入改变了分子间相互作用,破坏原有氢键网络并引入静电斥力,削弱了分子链间的缔合作用[28]。这使得分子链更容易分散开,最终形成更规整、细化的微观结构。
通过对比MCP和S-MCP抗氧化实验结果,分析得出,S-MCP对DPPH、ABTS+及羟基自由基均表现出浓度依赖的清除能力,即抗氧化效果随着多糖浓度的增加而不断增高。在DPPH自由基体系中,溶液褪色程度随多糖浓度升高而增强,浓度从0.00293 mg/mL增至3.0 mg/mL时,清除率由初始值提升至64.85%±3.25%,但浓度超过1.5 mg/mL后增速减缓,如图6A所示。ABTS+自由基体系中,同等浓度梯度下清除率最高达82.42%±1.15%,低浓度阶段清除效率提升更显著,如图6B所示。羟基自由基清除实验体系中,3.0 mg/mL浓度时清除率可达71.34%±2.56%,且在0.00293~3.0 mg/mL范围内随浓度增加呈上升趋势,如图6C所示。通过实验对比发现,S-MCP的清除效果明显优于MCP,但仍弱于抗坏血酸(VC),推测可能与不同自由基的作用机制及分子结构差异有关。
通过GraphPad Prism 10.6.1分析添加浓度(X)与抑制率(Y)的线性关系,得出IC50值和Top值,如表5所示,MCP清除DPPH、ABTS+和羟基自由基的IC50值分别为0.362、0.158和0.109 mg/mL,Top值分别为38.96%、70.08%、59.47%。MCP进行硫酸化修饰后,其清除DPPH、ABTS+和羟基自由基的能力均得到较大提升,IC50值降低,Top值显著升高,分别为64.85%、82.42%、71.34%,抗氧化活性显著增强。这种提升可能源于硫酸化引入的负电荷基团改变了多糖结构,提供了更多活性位点或优化了空间构象,从而更有效地清除自由基。
由图7可知,随浓度增加,MCP、S-MCP及阿卡波糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率持续上升,1.0 mg/mL时抑制率分别为31.31%±1.76%、43.92%±2.18%和87.07%±3.42%。结果表明,阿卡波糖抑制作用效果最佳,而S-MCP抑制活性明显优于MCP。
通过GraphPad Prism 10.6.1分析添加浓度(X)与抑制率(Y)的线性关系,计算IC50值和Top值,如表6所示。MCP对α-葡萄糖苷酶的IC50值为0.086 mg/mL,Top值31.31%,经硫酸化得到的S-MCP的IC50值变化不大,Top值明显提高(43.92%),而阳性对照阿卡波糖的IC50值为0.0067 mg/mL,Top值为87.07%。这表明硫酸化增强了MCP的抑制活性,可能源于硫酸根基团改善了与酶活性位点的相互作用,但是S-MCP的活性仍明显低于阿卡波糖。
由图8可知,在100、250与500 μg/mL的测试浓度下,MCP及S-MCP对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7的存活率均未产生显著影响,说明硫酸化改性后的牡丹皮多糖对细胞无明显毒副作用。
以阿卡波糖为阳性对照,将MCP、S-MCP进行糖耐量试验,结果如图9A、图9C所示,以淀粉和蔗糖为底物,阿卡波糖、MCP和S-MCP给药后15、30、60 min,均能够降低血糖(与对照组比较),曲线下面积计算结果显示(图9D、图9F),阿卡波糖和S-MCP的曲线下面积显著降低(P<0.05,与对照组比较),MCP组能够降低曲线下面积,但是无显著性差异。以葡萄糖为底物,阿卡波糖、MCP和S-MCP给药后,均不能够降低血糖(与对照组比较),曲线下面积计算结果显示(图9B、图9E),各组的曲线下面积无显著性(与对照组比较)。以上结果说明S-MCP能够抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶,从而降低小鼠血糖水平。
多糖的化学修饰是改变生物分子特性、提高生物活性的重要手段,其中硫酸化修饰是重要的手段之一[29]。该修饰能够显著影响多糖的生物活性,而取代度(DS)则是评价修饰效果的关键指标[30]。本研究通过响应面法确定最佳工艺条件为:酯化时间39 min、浓硫酸用量1.45 mL、硫酸铵用量30 mg,此时取代度达0.07391±0.0020。单因素分析表明,各因素(酯化时间、浓硫酸与硫酸铵用量)对DS的影响均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,可能由于反应初期,酯化剂充分扩散促进硫酸基取代,而过量反应时间或试剂会导致多糖糖苷键断裂,这与李瑶等[16]在紫菜多糖硫酸化中观察到的“过量试剂导致多糖降解”现象相吻合[16]。MCP的取代度低于椰子吸器多糖[31](DS=0.79)和鸡油菌多糖[32](DS=1.23),可能与MCP的单糖组成、糖苷键类型、羟基活性及修饰方法有关[33−34]。
FTIR光谱显示,S-MCP在1250~1220 cm−1(源于S=O不对称伸缩振动)和850~800 cm−1(源于C-O-S对称伸缩振动)出现新峰,与紫菜多糖[16]在801.47、1123.29 cm−1处有硫酸基团的特征吸收峰及青钱柳多糖在820 cm−1的硫酸基信号相接近[35],进一步印证MCP成功引入了硫酸基。SEM显示S-MCP从MCP的疏松多孔结构转变为破碎层状,表明硫酸化修饰改变了MCP的表面结构,该结果支持硫酸化修饰会改变蛹虫草培养物多糖的理化性质和结构的观点[36]。
多糖的抗氧化活性主要源于其多糖链提供氢原子的能力,硫酸基团的存在能够增强氢原子的供给能力,从而促进多糖的抗氧化作用[14,37]。体外抗氧化结果显示,S-MCP对DPPH、ABTS+和羟基自由基的清除率(3.0 mg/mL时分别为64.85%、82.42%、71.34%)显著高于MCP,呈现浓度依赖性,这与硫酸化修饰增强多糖抗氧化活性的普遍规律相吻合[38−40],其机制可能与硫酸基的强电负性有关,硫酸基可通过电子转移或氢原子捐赠中和自由基,促进其与自由基的接触[13,33]。S-MCP对ABTS+自由基清除率(82.42%)高于DPPH,可能因ABTS+自由基为水溶性,硫酸化多糖的亲水性增强使其更易发挥作用,这与Xie等[41]提出的“硫酸化多糖对水溶性自由基清除更高效”的结论相一致。
α-葡萄糖苷酶是调节餐后高血糖的治疗靶点,抑制α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶等消化酶活性是调节餐后高血糖的有效方法[42]。许多研究表明,多糖的硫酸化修饰(黑加仑多糖的硫酸化修饰[43]、羊栖菜多糖的硫酸化修饰[44]、大麦多糖硫酸化修饰[45]等)可以提高多糖的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。体外α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制实验结果显示,S-MCP对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率(1.0 mg/mL时43.92%)显著高于MCP(31.31%)。体内糖耐量实验中,S-MCP可显著降低淀粉/蔗糖负荷小鼠的血糖曲线下面积,对葡萄糖负荷小鼠的血糖调节无显著差异,说明其通过抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的作用,从而抑制碳水化合物的水解减少葡萄糖吸收,这一结果与苍耳水提物通过抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶降低血糖的机制相吻合[46]。体内与体外实验结果对比发现,体内的糖苷酶抑制活性与阿卡波糖接近,可能与S-MCP在体内经过降解,进一步增强了其糖苷酶抑制活性相关。
本研究采用浓硫酸法对牡丹皮多糖(MCP)进行硫酸化修饰,通过单因素实验结合响应面法优化获得最佳工艺条件,并成功制备出硫酸化牡丹皮多糖(S-MCP)。结构表征显示S-MCP引入硫酸基,粒径减小,显微结构改变;活性实验表明,其抗氧化(对DPPH、ABTS+、羟基自由基清除率)和降血糖(抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶、改善小鼠糖耐量)活性显著强于MCP,且对细胞无显著毒副作用。后续可进一步分析修饰后多糖的结构特征变化,包括硫酸基取代位点及取代度稳定性等关键参数阐明其生物活性增强的结构机制,为牡丹皮多糖作为医药保健品天然成分的开发应用提供理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070316
  • 接收时间:2025-07-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-28
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    平顶山学院,河南省伏牛山药用资源利用与分子医学工程技术研究中心,河南平顶山 467000

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邱渊皓(1987−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:糖化学及其药理学活性研究,E-mail:。
高华山(1983−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:微生物与生化药学研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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