Article(id=1320166642424861417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070303, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753372800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681855063, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681855063, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681855063, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681855063, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=376, endPage=386, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166642663936746, articleId=1320166642424861417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Dynamic Changes and Correlation Analysis of Volatile Flavor Compounds and Microbial Communities of Zhenjiang Aromatic Vinegar during Aging, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar, one of the most renowned traditional Chinese cereal vinegars, is favored by consumers for its elegant and complex aroma. Aging is a critical process that significantly shapes its final flavor and quality. However, the succession of microbial communities and their impact on volatile flavor compounds during aging remain unclear. This study aimed to systematically investigate the dynamic changes and correlation analysis of volatile flavor compounds and microbial communities of Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar during aging. A total of 808 volatile flavor compounds were identified, and their contents differed after aging. The total content of volatile flavor compounds peaked at Y3, while the content of pyrans was highest at Y10. Twelve compounds contributed significantly to the overall aroma of Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar. With extended aging, the OAV of compounds like 2,4,5-trimethyloxazole increased, whereas those of others, such as α,α,4-trimethylcyclohex-3-ene-1-methylmercaptan decreased. Aging enhanced the unique aromatic properties and improved the flavor of Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota were the dominant bacterial phyla during aging, with Firmicutes abundance peaking at Y3. Key bacterial genera in the fermentation stage, such as Pseudomonas, remained abundant during aging. Parengyodontium was the predominant fungal genus, while Meyerozyma exhibited phased changes during aging. Aspergillus and Penicillium emerged after a decrease in total acidity at Y5. Correlation analysis indicated that Aspergillus, Penicillium and Pseudomonas were significantly associated with approximately 75% of the key aroma compounds. Fungi might exert a greater influence on key aroma compounds than bacteria during aging. The findings deepen the understanding of flavor compounds and microbial communities in aged Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar, providing a theoretical basis for the optimization and quality control of aging.

, authors=Guoping LI1, Zongbao SUN2, Qinglong JI1, Qian HU1, Ranran XING1, Ping WANG1, Jiyong SHI2, Jiukai ZHANG1, *, Ying CHEN1, authorsList=Guoping LI, Zongbao SUN, Qinglong JI, Qian HU, Ranran XING, Ping WANG, Jiyong SHI, Jiukai ZHANG, Ying CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiukai ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166644597510905, articleId=1320166642424861417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=镇江香醋陈酿过程中挥发性风味化合物与微生物群落的动态变化及相关性分析, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

镇江香醋是中国广受欢迎的传统谷物醋之一,因其优雅而复杂的香味深受消费者青睐。镇江香醋的风味和质量与其陈酿过程密切相关。然而,在陈酿过程中微生物群落的演替及其对挥发性风味化合物的影响仍不清楚,本研究旨在系统探讨镇江香醋陈酿过程中挥发性风味化合物、微生物演替的动态变化及其相互关系。结果共鉴定出808种挥发性风味化合物,陈酿前后化合物的含量存在差异。陈酿第3年(Y3)挥发性风味化合物的总体含量达到峰值,吡喃类在第10年(Y10)含量显著高于其他年份。12种化合物对镇江香醋的整体香气有显著贡献,随着陈酿时间的延长,2,4,5-三甲基噁唑等化合物OAV增加,α,α,4-三甲基环己3-烯-1-甲硫醇等化合物OAV减少。陈酿增强了镇江香醋独特的芳香特性,并改善了其风味。高通量测序分析表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)为陈酿过程中的优势细菌门,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)在Y3时达到峰值,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)等在发酵过程中占优的细菌属在陈酿过程中依然占比丰富。拟侧齿霉属(Parengyodontium)为陈酿过程中占据绝对优势的真菌属,迈耶氏酵母属(Meyerozyma)在陈酿过程中呈阶段性变化趋势,曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)和青霉菌属(Penicillium)在Y5总酸量降低后开始出现。相关性分析表明,曲霉菌属、青霉菌属和假单胞菌属与约75%的关键香气化合物显著相关。陈酿过程中,真菌对关键香气化合物的影响可能大于细菌。本研究结果丰富了对陈酿镇江香醋中风味物质与微生物群落的认识,可为其陈酿过程的优化和质量控制提供理论依据。

, authors=李国萍1, 孙宗保2, 姬庆龙1, 胡谦1, 邢冉冉1, 王娉1, 石吉勇2, 张九凯1, *, 陈颖1, authorsList=李国萍, 孙宗保, 姬庆龙, 胡谦, 邢冉冉, 王娉, 石吉勇, 张九凯, 陈颖, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张九凯, authorNote=

李国萍(1995−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品真实性鉴别,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张九凯(1986−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品真实性鉴别,E-mail:。
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李国萍(1995−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品真实性鉴别,E-mail:

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李国萍(1995−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品真实性鉴别,E-mail:

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注:(A)挥发性化合物的分类和占比;(B)挥发性风味化合物数量的变化情况;(C)总挥发性化合物浓度变化情况;(D)不同类别挥发性化合物的浓度变化情况。

, figureFileSmall=vevalRUyG5y8KVmlNcH/oA==, figureFileBig=HrgIOr7i3vxdExWCIeCcCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167175952909257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166642424861417, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=OPLS-DA of volatile flavor compounds in aged Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar, figureFileSmall=sh2dSL9jCH4GOoh6Jnt2GA==, figureFileBig=rxmx6puwmktrNCiS5b9Zew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167176032601034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166642424861417, language=CN, label=图2, caption=陈酿镇江香醋中挥发性风味化合物的OPLS-DA

注:(A)OPLS-DA得分图;(B)200次置换检验图;(C)挥发性风味化合物OPLS-DA模型的VIP得分图。

, figureFileSmall=sh2dSL9jCH4GOoh6Jnt2GA==, figureFileBig=rxmx6puwmktrNCiS5b9Zew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167176116487115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166642424861417, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Heat map of variations in the content of aromatic active compounds in Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar with different aging years, figureFileSmall=rfaAearQfZyq7NlvsRQ9gg==, figureFileBig=xwZgL/htatCFOCNykyL4YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167176175207372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166642424861417, language=CN, label=图3, caption=镇江香醋中香气活性化合物含量随陈酿年份变化的热图, figureFileSmall=rfaAearQfZyq7NlvsRQ9gg==, figureFileBig=xwZgL/htatCFOCNykyL4YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167176242316237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166642424861417, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes in microbial community composition in Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar with different aging years, figureFileSmall=MscBTeciaX3pHMrCWZYGBQ==, figureFileBig=jtcTGhjv48TUupF1sUf1Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167176301036494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166642424861417, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同陈酿年份镇江香醋中微生物群落组成变化

注:(A)细菌门水平;(B)真菌门水平;(C)细菌属水平;(D)真菌属水平。

, figureFileSmall=MscBTeciaX3pHMrCWZYGBQ==, figureFileBig=jtcTGhjv48TUupF1sUf1Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167176363951055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166642424861417, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Interaction network between bacterial genera and fungal genera, figureFileSmall=OQStdPJUhcpA80fzZxsiRw==, figureFileBig=Nl6sKX9lqRNm9eQopYehdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167177995535312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166642424861417, language=CN, label=图5, caption=细菌属与真菌属之间的相互作用网络

注:红线为显著正相关(r>0.6,P<0.05),蓝线为显著负相关(r<0.6,P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=OQStdPJUhcpA80fzZxsiRw==, figureFileBig=Nl6sKX9lqRNm9eQopYehdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167178079421393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166642424861417, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Correlation analysis of microorganisms and key aroma compounds, figureFileSmall=LBCj8ZannGRvLoHh15XKzQ==, figureFileBig=apuffNP55max9KIhANHfhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167178150724562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166642424861417, language=CN, label=图6, caption=微生物与关键香气化合物的相关性分析

注:(A)细菌、真菌与关键香气挥发性化合物Mantel-test分析;(B)关键香气化合物与细菌属的Spearman相关性热图(前10位平均相对丰度)。红色表示正相关,而蓝色表示负相关;(C)关键香气化合物与真菌属(前10位平均相对丰度)的Spearman相关性热图。绿色表示正相关,而红色表示负相关。颜色越深,相关性越强(*P<0.05,**P<0.01,**P<0.001)。

, figureFileSmall=LBCj8ZannGRvLoHh15XKzQ==, figureFileBig=apuffNP55max9KIhANHfhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167178230416339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166642424861417, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Microbial metabolic network of the correlation between the microbial community (top 10 average relative abundance) and key aroma compounds, figureFileSmall=z28kcQ/2ztIA+Ik5G7HR0w==, figureFileBig=/3o/mhDV47Q3hydoEr0wMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167178322691028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166642424861417, language=CN, label=图7, caption=微生物群落(前10位平均相对丰度)与关键香气化合物相关性的微生物代谢网络

注:中间圆圈代表关键香气化合物,左边圆圈代表真菌属,右边圆圈代表细菌属。红色和蓝色的线分别表示正相关和负相关。节点的大小表示连通度的大小。

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镇江香醋陈酿过程中挥发性风味化合物与微生物群落的动态变化及相关性分析
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李国萍 1 , 孙宗保 2 , 姬庆龙 1 , 胡谦 1 , 邢冉冉 1 , 王娉 1 , 石吉勇 2 , 张九凯 1, * , 陈颖 1
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(11): 376-386
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (11) : 376 -386
镇江香醋陈酿过程中挥发性风味化合物与微生物群落的动态变化及相关性分析
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李国萍1 , 孙宗保2, 姬庆龙1, 胡谦1, 邢冉冉1, 王娉1, 石吉勇2, 张九凯1, * , 陈颖1
作者信息
  • 1中国质量检验检测科学研究院,北京 100176
  • 2江苏大学食品与生物工程学院,江苏镇江 212013
通讯作者:
张九凯(1986−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品真实性鉴别,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李国萍(1995−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品真实性鉴别,E-mail:

Dynamic Changes and Correlation Analysis of Volatile Flavor Compounds and Microbial Communities of Zhenjiang Aromatic Vinegar during Aging
Guoping LI1 , Zongbao SUN2, Qinglong JI1, Qian HU1, Ranran XING1, Ping WANG1, Jiyong SHI2, Jiukai ZHANG1, * , Ying CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1Chinese Academy of Quality and Inspection & Testing, Beijing 100176, China
  • 2School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070303
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镇江香醋是中国广受欢迎的传统谷物醋之一,因其优雅而复杂的香味深受消费者青睐。镇江香醋的风味和质量与其陈酿过程密切相关。然而,在陈酿过程中微生物群落的演替及其对挥发性风味化合物的影响仍不清楚,本研究旨在系统探讨镇江香醋陈酿过程中挥发性风味化合物、微生物演替的动态变化及其相互关系。结果共鉴定出808种挥发性风味化合物,陈酿前后化合物的含量存在差异。陈酿第3年(Y3)挥发性风味化合物的总体含量达到峰值,吡喃类在第10年(Y10)含量显著高于其他年份。12种化合物对镇江香醋的整体香气有显著贡献,随着陈酿时间的延长,2,4,5-三甲基噁唑等化合物OAV增加,α,α,4-三甲基环己3-烯-1-甲硫醇等化合物OAV减少。陈酿增强了镇江香醋独特的芳香特性,并改善了其风味。高通量测序分析表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)为陈酿过程中的优势细菌门,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)在Y3时达到峰值,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)等在发酵过程中占优的细菌属在陈酿过程中依然占比丰富。拟侧齿霉属(Parengyodontium)为陈酿过程中占据绝对优势的真菌属,迈耶氏酵母属(Meyerozyma)在陈酿过程中呈阶段性变化趋势,曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)和青霉菌属(Penicillium)在Y5总酸量降低后开始出现。相关性分析表明,曲霉菌属、青霉菌属和假单胞菌属与约75%的关键香气化合物显著相关。陈酿过程中,真菌对关键香气化合物的影响可能大于细菌。本研究结果丰富了对陈酿镇江香醋中风味物质与微生物群落的认识,可为其陈酿过程的优化和质量控制提供理论依据。

镇江香醋  /  陈酿过程  /  挥发性风味化合物  /  微生物群落  /  相关性分析

Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar, one of the most renowned traditional Chinese cereal vinegars, is favored by consumers for its elegant and complex aroma. Aging is a critical process that significantly shapes its final flavor and quality. However, the succession of microbial communities and their impact on volatile flavor compounds during aging remain unclear. This study aimed to systematically investigate the dynamic changes and correlation analysis of volatile flavor compounds and microbial communities of Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar during aging. A total of 808 volatile flavor compounds were identified, and their contents differed after aging. The total content of volatile flavor compounds peaked at Y3, while the content of pyrans was highest at Y10. Twelve compounds contributed significantly to the overall aroma of Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar. With extended aging, the OAV of compounds like 2,4,5-trimethyloxazole increased, whereas those of others, such as α,α,4-trimethylcyclohex-3-ene-1-methylmercaptan decreased. Aging enhanced the unique aromatic properties and improved the flavor of Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota were the dominant bacterial phyla during aging, with Firmicutes abundance peaking at Y3. Key bacterial genera in the fermentation stage, such as Pseudomonas, remained abundant during aging. Parengyodontium was the predominant fungal genus, while Meyerozyma exhibited phased changes during aging. Aspergillus and Penicillium emerged after a decrease in total acidity at Y5. Correlation analysis indicated that Aspergillus, Penicillium and Pseudomonas were significantly associated with approximately 75% of the key aroma compounds. Fungi might exert a greater influence on key aroma compounds than bacteria during aging. The findings deepen the understanding of flavor compounds and microbial communities in aged Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar, providing a theoretical basis for the optimization and quality control of aging.

Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar  /  aging  /  volatile flavor compounds  /  microbial communities  /  correlation analysis
李国萍, 孙宗保, 姬庆龙, 胡谦, 邢冉冉, 王娉, 石吉勇, 张九凯, 陈颖. 镇江香醋陈酿过程中挥发性风味化合物与微生物群落的动态变化及相关性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 376 -386 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070303
Guoping LI, Zongbao SUN, Qinglong JI, Qian HU, Ranran XING, Ping WANG, Jiyong SHI, Jiukai ZHANG, Ying CHEN. Dynamic Changes and Correlation Analysis of Volatile Flavor Compounds and Microbial Communities of Zhenjiang Aromatic Vinegar during Aging[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 376 -386 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070303
食醋是一种古老的发酵产品,赋予食物独特的酸味、鲜味和香气,是烹饪中必不可少的酸性调味品。食醋含有多酚、类胡萝卜素、植物甾醇和维生素等多种生物活性化合物[1]。研究表明,经常食用醋具有多种健康益处,包括缓解疲劳、刺激食欲、抗氧化、抗菌、降糖、降血脂等[1−3]。传统中国醋,又称谷物醋,有3000多年的悠久历史[4−5]。其中,镇江香醋以其独特的香气和制作工艺而闻名,被誉为中国“四大名醋”之一。镇江香醋通常以糯米、麸皮和大糠为主要原料,通过自然固态发酵生产,包括曲制、淀粉糖化和酒精发酵、醋酸发酵和陈酿等过程[6]。
风味是评价食醋品质的关键指标,也是影响消费者偏好和接受度的直观属性。食醋的风味受原材料、发酵剂、环境等多种因素影响[7],煎煮和陈酿过程中的化学反应是醋中风味化合物形成的主要途径之一[8]。陈酿是一种贮存和缓慢成熟的过程,对食醋的生产至关重要。通常,新鲜酿造的食醋具有强烈的刺激性气味和刺鼻的味道,需要长时间储存和陈酿来提高其质量和风味[9]。陈酿过程中,会发生一系列物理化学反应,包括美拉德反应、氧化反应、水解反应和酯化反应等[8]。这些反应可以促进吡嗪类、酯类等化合物的合成,使醋的口感更柔和、醇厚、无明显刺鼻感,从而提高醋的质量和整体风味[10]。先前的研究表明,同一批次的正荣醋在陈酿过程中醛类和吡嗪类物质增加,且产生了许多芳香活性化合物,如蛋氨酸、2-乙酰-3-乙基吡嗪和苯乙酮等[11]。山西陈醋中吡嗪(如川芎嗪)的含量明显增加[5]。2,4,5-三甲基恶唑和二甲基三硫化物等物质的含量在镇江香醋陈酿过程中变化显著[12]。
食醋发酵是一个由复杂微生物群落驱动的自发过程[13−14],存在于各个发酵阶段的关键微生物在推动发酵过程、调节有益化合物或其他影响食醋质量和风味物质的合成和积累方面发挥关键作用[15]。研究表明,镇江香醋醋酸发酵阶段,乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus)和醋酸杆菌(Acetobacter)是醋醅的丰富菌群,真菌群落以曲霉属(Aspergillus)和链格孢属(Alternaria)为主[7]。醋酸杆菌和乳酸杆菌是山西陈醋中的关键优势菌[16]。细菌和真菌作为食醋中的主要微生物,不仅在其发酵过程的不同阶段占主导地位[17],陈酿过程中也存在优势菌群的演替、变化,伴随微生物之间复杂的相互作用、共同代谢,最终形成多种生物活性物质,赋予镇江香醋独特的风味[18]。赵锐环等[19]发现不同贮藏年份禄丰香醋中细菌菌群组成差别较大,不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)在贮藏中发挥重要作用。福建永春老醋发酵期和成品期的结果表明[20],发酵阶段和前期贮存中优势真菌属为酵母菌属(Saccharomyces),后期贮藏中为发菌科未分类属(unclassified_f_Trichocomaceae)、酵母目分类不明属(norank_o_Saccharomycetales)和毕赤酵母属(Pichia)。
目前关于镇江香醋酿造过程的研究主要集中在醋酸发酵过程中的细菌群落演替和风味代谢物方面[7,13],而陈酿过程对镇江香醋影响的研究较少,仅有的研究也只是针对不同类型的镇江香醋或较短的陈酿时间进行的[11,21]。陈酿是镇江香醋中风味物质积累的重要步骤,经过长时间的陈酿,其风味成分和微生物群落如何变化、关键微生物与主要风味成分之间的相互关系尚不清楚,而这对于镇江香醋陈酿过程的优化和质量控制至关重要。因此,本研究的目的是:a.比较不同陈酿年份镇江香醋中挥发性风味化合物和关键香气物质的差异;b.分析陈酿镇江香醋微生物群落演替变化;c.揭示关键微生物与主要风味化合物之间的潜在关系,以期为镇江香醋陈酿过程的优化和质量控制提供理论参考。
镇江香醋 中国江苏恒顺醋业股份有限公司提供,通过传统的发酵技术生产,涉及不同陈酿年份(0年、1年、3年、5年、10年)并标记为Y0、Y1、Y3、Y5和Y10。每个陈酿年份共6份样品(收集3个批次,每个批次各取2个平行),每个陈酿年份各批次的加工工艺、储存环境等条件均一致。实验样品分为两部分:一部分用于风味分析,保存在4 ℃;另一部分用于DNA提取,保存在−80 ℃。正己烷(色谱纯) 德国Merck集团;2-辛醇(色谱纯)、正构烷烃(C7~C30) 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;Mag-bind® soil DNA试剂盒 美国OMEGA 生物技术公司;DNA凝胶回收试剂盒 爱思进生物技术(杭州)有限公司;PicoGreenTM ds DNA定量分析试剂盒 杭州百莱博科技有限公司。
7980A气相色谱仪 美国安捷伦科技有限公司;Pegasus BT飞行时间质谱仪 美国力克公司;DB-WAX 型色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)、DVB/CAR/PDMS型SPME萃取头(50/30 μm,2 μm) 美国安捷伦科技有限公司;NovaSeq PE250高通量测序仪 美国Illumina公司。
样品前处理:称取5 mL食醋样品置于20 mL的顶空进样瓶中,加入20 μL 2-辛醇(10 mg/kg)作为内标溶液,在80 ℃下孵育10 min。使用DVB/CAR/PDMS(50/30 μm,2 μm)型SPME萃取头在80 ℃下富集萃取挥发性风味化合物30 min后,在245 ℃气相色谱进样口热解吸5 min。
气相色谱条件:采用DB-WAX色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)分离挥发性风味化合物。载气为氦气,流速为1.0 mL/min,升温程序:初始温度40 ℃保持3 min,然后以10 ℃/min的速度线性上升到230 ℃,最后以230 ℃保持5 min。
质谱条件:电子电离(EI)模式,电离能为70 eV,离子源温度为220 ℃,质量扫描范围35~450 m/z,溶剂延迟3 min。
使用Chroma TOF软件进行数据采集和预处理,如自动基线去噪和平滑、峰拾取、质谱反卷积和峰对齐。挥发性化合物通过以下标准进行定性:将化合物的质谱图通过与NIST数据库中的碎片离子谱图和保留指数(Retention Index,RI)匹配,筛选出匹配度大于70%且保留指数在100以内的化合物。其中,RI是根据正构烷烃标准品在相同条件下的保留时间计算的,计算公式如下:
$ \text{RI=100n+100×}\frac{{\text{T}}_{\text{x}}-{\text{T}}_{\text{n}}}{{\text{T}}_{\text{n+1}}-{\text{T}}_{\text{n}}} $
式中:Tx表示挥发性风味化合物的保留时间,min;Tn表示含有n个碳原子的正构烷烃的保留时间,min;Tn+1表示含有n+1个碳原子的正构烷烃的保留时间,min。
本研究挥发性化合物的鉴定等级在Level 2以上。挥发性风味化合物以2-辛醇为内标进行半定量分析,通过比较每种挥发性风味化合物与内标的色谱峰面积计算其含量。计算公式如下:
$ {\text{C}}_{\text{x}}=\frac{{\text{S}}_{\text{x}}}{\rm{S_i}}\times{\text{C}}_{\text{i}} $
式中:Sx表示挥发性风味化合物的峰面积;Si表示2-辛醇的峰面积;Ci表示2-辛醇的含量;Cx表示2-辛醇的含量,μg/kg。
挥发性风味化合物的定量浓度除以从“空气、水和其他媒介的气味阈值汇编”和参考文献[22]中获得的气味阈值,计算OAV。一般来说,OAV>1的化合物对整体香气的贡献显著较大。
将食醋样品离心(4 ℃,10000×g)5 min,收集沉淀。使用OMEGA Mag-bind® soil DNA试剂盒,按照说明书提取样品总DNA。对于细菌,使用引物338F(5'-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCA-3')和806R(5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3')通过PCR扩增细菌的16S V3-V4区域。对于真菌,使用引物ITS5F(5'-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3')和ITS2R(5'-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3')扩增内部转录间隔1(ITS1)区域。PCR产物经2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳确认,并使用gel Recovery Kit纯化。使用Quant-iT PicoGreenTM dsDNA试剂盒进行定量后进行文库构建。委托中科新生命生物科技有限公司,应用Illumina NovaSeq PE250测序平台对产物进行高通量测序。
使用IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0软件进行数据统计分析;使用Origin 2019软件作挥发性风味化合物的变化情况图及微生物群落的相对丰度图;采用SIMCA-P 15.0软件进行正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)等多元统计分析;使用迈维云平台,选取Spearman秩相关系数>0.6且相关性显著P<0.05的物质进行关联网络可视化,并采用热图形式对相关性结果进行可视化展示。
食醋的风味来自醇类、酮类、酸类、醛类和酯类等化合物的相互协调。为了探究不同陈酿年份镇江香醋之间挥发性风味化合物的差异,研究采用顶空固相微萃取气相色谱飞行时间质谱技术,对五种镇江香醋中的挥发风味化合物进行检测。共鉴定出808种挥发性风味化合物(图1A),包括含氮化合物(139)、醇类(90)、卤素(88)、酯类(71)、烯烃类(68)、苯类(61)、酮类(50)、烷烃类(48)、含硫化合物(41)、醚类(32)、呋喃类(24)、酸类(22)、醛类(21)、杂环化合物(19)、环氧化合物(17)、吡喃类(8)和其他类(9)。之前关于镇江香醋挥发性化合物的研究表明,醇类、酯类、酮类、醛类、酸类和杂环类化合物是其主要的挥发性成分,本研究不仅检测到了这几类化合物,鉴定出的更多成分进一步丰富了对镇江香醋挥发性成分的认识。检测到的化合物种类也存在于其他食醋中,如正荣陈醋、浙江玫瑰醋、山西陈醋和四川沙醋[10−11,23]。图1B展示了镇江香醋陈酿过程中挥发性风味化合物数量的变化情况,在Y0、Y1、Y3、Y5和Y10中分别发现了808、803、807、805和805种挥发性风味化合物,陈酿前后香气化合物的种类变化微小,而含量变化较大,这与前人研究山西陈醋的结论类似[5]。本研究中镇江香醋的挥发性风味化合物总含量在陈酿1年后下降,之后呈上升趋势,在陈酿3年后达到最高浓度(86530.64 μg/kg),之后在Y5和Y10时挥发性风味化合物的总含量下降(图1C)。
此外,对不同陈酿年份镇江香醋中不同类别挥发性风味化合物的浓度变化进行了比较(图1D)。结果显示,不同类别的化合物在陈酿过程中的变化趋势各不相同,表明陈酿时间对陈醋的风味有重要影响。新鲜食醋中卤素(13190.71 μg/kg)、酯类(9138.21 μg/kg)、含氮化合物(6880.15 μg/kg)、醇类(5541.95 μg/kg)和含硫化物(5174.50 μg/kg)含量较高。含氮化合物(11673.89 μg/kg)、醇类(8016.33 μg/kg)、醛类(943.66 μg/kg)、烷烃(2845.37 μg/kg)、烯烃(701.67 μg/kg)、苯类(7115.14)、酯类(13779.26 μg/kg)、醚类(3448.28 μg/kg)、卤素(16533.81 μg/kg)、杂环类(2356.75 μg/kg)、酮类(5092.73 μg/kg)、亚砜类(8101.16 μg/kg)含量在Y3时显著高于其他陈酿年份(P<0.05)。而吡喃类的浓度(853.99 μg/kg)在Y10时显著高于其他年份(P<0.05)。这表明适当延长陈酿时间有助于挥发性风味化合物浓度的积累。
陈酿过程中挥发性风味化合物的变化可能与酯化、氧化还原和美拉德反应等有关,这些反应导致关键香气成分的动态转化、积累和平衡[24−25]。例如,食醋中的醇类主要是通过酿酒酵母降解糖、脱羧和氨基酸脱氨作用形成的,适量的醇类可以使醋味更加和谐醇厚、减弱醋酸的辛辣味[26]。本研究中醇类化合物的总含量虽然在Y3时最高,但整体与陈酿时间呈负相关,这与之前关于镇江香醋的研究结果相似[11,21]。2,3-丁二醇是食醋中的主要醇类,其含量在Y3时达到最高值4.42 μg/kg,之后含量陈酿时间逐渐减少至Y10的1.13 μg/kg。苯乙醇在Y0中的含量最高为59.2 μg/kg,在陈酿过程中也急剧下降至Y10的2.05 μg/kg。陈酿过程中这些物质的减少可能是由于它们参与了酯化或氧化反应[27]。
镇江香醋中存在乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、乳酸丁酯等丰富的酯类,可能是由于糖化和酒精发酵以及食醋陈酿过程中酸和醇之间的酯化反应产生的[21]。乙酸乙酯作为食醋中的典型酯类,其含量与陈酿时间呈正相关,在Y5时含量达到最高值161.13 μg/kg,Y10时含量有所降低,但仍高于Y0。相反,乳酸乙酯、乳酸丁酯等酯类含量在Y1时降低,Y3时含量显著增加,之后随着陈酿时间的增加而逐渐降低;1,3-丙二醇二乙酸酯的含量与陈酿时间呈负相关,这可能是由于化学水解导致的[11]。酯类的总含量经过1年陈酿后降低,并在Y3时达到最高,之后随着陈酿时间的延长而降低。挥发性酸是食醋中最重要的香气类别之一,主要是在醋酸发酵阶段形成,可能是产生酯类化合物的前体物质[11]。辛酸、2-甲基辛酸、庚酸和壬酸等大部分酸类化合物的含量在陈酿过程中呈阶段性变化:Y1时略有下降,Y3出现回升,之后逐年降低。
镇江香醋陈酿过程中醛类、酮类的总含量变化趋势与酯类相似。一些醛类化合物的含量在陈酿过程中有所增加。比如,丙醛在Y3时含量由6.57 μg/kg急剧增加到187.21 μg/kg,Y5和Y10含量分别为99.08 μg/kg和58.48 μg/kg。陈酿后期丙醛的含量虽然有所降低,但仍明显高于新鲜食醋。之前的研究表明,醛类可能是通过美拉德反应过程中的糖脱水,或通过酒精氧化及某些微生物对芳香族氨基酸的作用而产生的[21]。酮类化合物主要是通过美拉德反应或在发酵过程中通过微生物的作用产生的[11]。最重要的是,在镇江香醋陈酿过程中检测到了丰富的含氮杂环化合物,包括吡嗪类、噁唑类等,这些化合物主要来源于美拉德反应,可以增强食醋整体香气的复杂性。2,3-二甲基吡嗪、2,6-二甲基-吡嗪、2,5-二甲基-吡嗪和2,4,5-三甲基噁唑等吡嗪类和噁唑类化合物经过长时间陈酿后含量明显增加,2,3-二甲基吡嗪在Y10时含量(128.27 μg/kg)明显高于Y0(31.16 μg/kg)。
呋喃化合物是多种糖在高温下的重要热解产物,在镇江香醋生产过程中,添加了炒制过的大米作为着色剂使醋的颜色变黑,这可能是呋喃类化合物产生的原因[21]。挥发性含硫化合物包括硫醇、硫醚、硫酯、噻吩、噻唑等,在许多发酵食品中均存在,也是醋中重要的芳香化合物。在陈酿过程中也鉴定出了二甲基二硫醚、二乙基硫醚、戊硫醇和二甲基三硫醚等含硫化合物,这些化合物可以通过美拉德反应中含硫氨基酸的Strecker降解或微生物发酵形成[27]。
正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)作为一种有监督的多元判别分析统计方法,可有效筛选关键差异物质[28]。本研究为了评估不同陈酿年份镇江香醋挥发性风味化合物含量的差异,通过建立OPLS-DA模型进行进一步分析(图2)。如图2A所示,所有样本点都在95%的Hotelling置信区间内,表明平行样本的重现性非常好。Y1和Y3的样品聚类紧密,但不完全重叠,表明这两个陈酿年份之间的挥发性风味化合物高度相似。相比之下,Y0与其他样品的距离最大,表明新醋和陈醋的挥发性风味化合物存在显著差异,说明陈酿在一定程度上对镇江香醋的风味形成有显著影响。在OPLS-DA模型中,R2X、R2Y和Q2分别为0.669、0.967和0.793,表明该模型具有良好的稳定性和预测能力。为了验证判别模型的质量,进行了200次置换检验,得到 R2Y=0.96、Q2=0.92且Q2所有蓝色点形成的回归线与Y轴相交于负半轴,说明模型未过拟合(图2B)。变量重要性投影(variable importance in the projection,VIP)表征了风味物质在样品中的重要程度,VIP值越大,挥发性风味化合物对样品区分度的贡献值就越大[28]。根据建立的OPLS-DA模型,共筛选出VIP>1的差异挥发性风味化合物185种(图2C)。
特定化合物对镇江香醋整体香气的贡献程度依赖于它们在镇江香醋中的浓度及其OAV[29]。不同挥发性风味化合物对镇江香醋香气的贡献不同,为了进一步阐明关键挥发性风味化合物对镇江香醋整体风味的贡献,基于OAV大于1的筛选条件,在185种差异挥发性风味化合物中筛选出12种化合物,它们对镇江香醋的整体香气有显著贡献(图3)。
2-甲氧基-5-甲基苯酚、丙醛和乙酸仲丁酯的OAV随陈酿时间逐渐增大。1-戊硫醇和2,4,5-三甲基噁唑的OAV在陈酿前期逐渐增加,分别在Y3和Y5达到最高值后逐渐降低。先前的研究表明,与新鲜的镇江香醋相比,陈年的镇江香醋表现出更高的焦糖味和黄油味[27]。2,4,5-三甲基噁唑是一种含氮杂环化合物,具有强烈的焦糖和烧焦气味,主要来源于美拉德反应。据报道,随着时间的推移,2,4,5-三甲基噁唑的含量明显增加,对陈年镇江香醋的香气有较大贡献[27],这些发现与本研究一致。此外,乙酸仲丁酯赋予宜人的味道,1-戊硫醇提供美味的味道,丙醛具有花香味,这些挥发性风味化合物增强了陈酿镇江香醋独特的芳香特性。相反,α,α,4-三甲基环己3-烯-1-甲硫醇、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯、2-壬醇和苯甲酰氯的OAV整体随着陈酿时间的延长逐渐减少。与Y0相比,(E)-3-辛烯-1-醇的OAV在陈酿1~5年时均降低,而Y10时稍有增加。以上结果表明陈酿后镇江香醋的异味、刺鼻味等不愉快的味道逐渐减少,风味得到改善。上述气味的混合共同导致了镇江香醋在陈酿过程中的最终风味。
综上所述,陈酿过程中香气化合物OAV的变化表明,陈酿时间可以显著影响和促进镇江香醋的香气特性。然而,由于缺乏某些挥发性风味化合物的阈值,一些关键贡献化合物可能尚未得到充分证明。因此,上述发现需要进一步验证和完善。
为明确镇江香醋陈酿过程中的微生物群落组成,从门和属水平对不同陈酿年份镇江香醋样品进行了分析。在门水平上(图4A),变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是陈酿镇江香醋中的优势门。其中,变形菌门的相对丰度在所有陈酿样品中均最高,说明变形菌门是陈酿阶段最具优势的细菌门。这一发现与不同贮藏年限的禄丰香醋中观察到的结果一致[19]。随着陈酿时间的延长,变形菌门的相对丰度从84.74%(Y0)增加到88.39%(Y10),而放线菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度变化趋势则相反。放线菌门和厚壁菌门在Y0时相对丰度分别为11.24%和3.78%,在Y1时分别下降至8.04%和0.83%。放线菌门在Y5时达到峰值(12.64%),在Y10时下降到(7.92%)。厚壁菌门在Y3时达到峰值(4.87%),随后逐渐下降Y10时的1.43%。
在属水平上(图4C),排名前10位的属分别是假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)、甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)、伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)、分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)、雷尔氏菌属(Ralstonia)、慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)和污泥单胞菌属(Pelomonas)。在陈酿过程中,不存在相对丰度占绝对优势的细菌属。一些在镇江香醋发酵过程中占优势的细菌属在陈酿过程中依然占比丰富,如:假单胞菌、不动杆菌和甲基杆菌。随着陈酿时间的增加,假单胞菌属的相对丰度从Y1时的15.48%下降到Y3时的10.54%,在Y10时达到峰值(19.58%)。不动杆菌属的相对丰度在Y3时达到最大值。先前的研究表明,在镇江香醋发酵过程中,淀粉糖化阶段以假单胞菌属和不动杆菌属为优势属,在酒精发酵初期也占主导地位[7]。不动杆菌属和甲基杆菌属对醋味的形成至关重要[19]。不同贮藏年限的禄丰香醋中不动杆菌属的含量为9%~10%[19],与本研究结果(12.04%~14.74%)相似。不动杆菌属在食品工业中被用于生产乳脂、磷脂、阿拉桑和叶黄素[13]。研究表明,镇江香醋的核心酿造微生物甲基杆菌属并不直接代谢产生风味的物质,而是通过协调孢子、乳酸菌、乙酸菌等产生风味的微生物之间的关系来促进风味化合物的合成[30]。甲基杆菌属广泛应用于草莓香精4-羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)呋喃酮的生产[13]。伯克霍尔德菌属和鞘氨醇单胞菌属也是镇江香醋发酵过程中常见的细菌属。在本研究中,鞘氨醇单胞菌属的相对丰度开始上升,在Y5时达到峰值(6.05%),在Y10时下降到2.26%。
此外,在镇江香醋陈酿过程中还检测到在发酵阶段起重要作用的细菌,包括芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、乳球菌属(Lactococcus)和明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)。芽孢杆菌属是不同类型大曲中的优势菌属,能够产生各种水解酶(包括淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶),用于糖原降解和产生风味化合物[31]。已有研究表明,芽孢杆菌属是参与镇江香醋发酵的功能菌之一,与醋中风味物质的形成有关。芽孢杆菌属、乳酸杆菌属和明串珠菌属具有降解己糖的潜在能力,乳酸杆菌属可能是葡萄糖的主要使用者[32]。同时,乳酸杆菌是主要的产酸菌,其相对丰度与乳酸含量呈正相关,对醋的风味有重要贡献[33]。在醋的酿造过程中,将芽孢杆菌属保持在一定范围内有利于醋的发酵[34]。然而,在陈酿过程中,芽孢杆菌属和乳酸杆菌属的含量很低。研究表明,芽孢杆菌属和乳酸杆菌属等微生物在陈酿醋中通常会导致产气、沉淀、浑浊、恶臭、成膜等一系列变质现象[34]。因此,认为这种低含量的现象是合理的。
在门水平上(图4B),镇江香醋陈酿过程中的真菌群落属于两个门:子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)。在陈酿过程中,子囊菌门是绝对的优势真菌门,其相对丰度在所有样品中均超过97.27%,在Y1和Y3中甚至高达100%。担子菌门在Y5中可被检出,类似的结果在其他食醋的发酵过程中也存在,如海南渣醋[30,35]。
真菌群落排名前10位的属(图4D)为拟侧齿霉属(Parengyodontium)、迈耶氏酵母属(Meyerozyma)、曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)、枝孢菌属(Cladosporium)、青霉菌属(Penicillium)、篮状菌属(Talaromyces)、马拉色菌属(Malassezia)、甘氏霉菌属(Gamszarea)、链格孢菌属(Alternaria)和戈卢别夫氏菌属(Golubevia)。本文首次在镇江香醋陈酿过程中发现真菌相对丰度最高的属为拟侧齿霉属,总丰度高达82.11%~94.40%。拟侧齿霉属是一种常见真菌,具有耐盐、嗜温等适应能力,广泛分布于海洋、土壤等环境中,可分泌纤维素酶、蛋白酶等次级代谢产物,对黑曲霉、金黄色葡萄球菌及创伤弧菌等病原菌有显著的抑制活性[36−37]。发酵过程中醋酸菌和假单胞菌属等细菌可将乙酸转化为细菌纤维素[38],而拟侧齿霉属可利用纤维素为碳源生长,这可能是其在镇江香醋陈酿过程中占据绝对优势的主要原因,后续需进一步研究确认。
迈耶氏酵母属为第二优势属,在陈酿过程中呈阶段性变化趋势,前期略微减少后逐年增多,相对丰度在Y5达到峰值后急剧下降。曲霉菌属主要通过分泌淀粉酶、蛋白酶等酶分解蛋白质、淀粉等大分子物质,为食醋发酵中其他微生物群提供肽、氨基酸等小分子营养物[30]。本研究中曲霉菌属和青霉菌属在陈酿早期含量极低,在Y5总酸量降低后开始出现。枝孢菌属和链格孢菌属主要来源于大曲和发酵谷物的原料,在陈酿早期偶有检出。已有研究表明,链格孢菌属、青霉菌属、曲霉菌属和马拉色菌属都是食醋中常见真菌[39−40],其中链格孢菌属是镇江香醋醋醅的优势属之一[7]。迈耶氏酵母属和枝孢菌属能分泌酯酶和糖淀粉酶,是发酵食品中常见的真菌,如红曲发酵奶酪、中国酱香型白酒和发酵香肠等[31,39,41]。
复杂的微生物代谢在发酵食品的品质和风味形成中起着至关重要的作用。微生物的相互作用对它们的演替和稳定性有显著影响。为了揭示镇江香醋陈酿过程中微生物之间可能存在的“合作”或“竞争”关系,采用Spearman相关系数对真菌属和细菌属进行分析,并构建网络图(|r|>0.6,P<0.05)(图5)。结果显示,排名前10位的细菌属中,伯克霍尔德菌属与不动杆菌属呈显著正相关,表明两者之间存在相互支持的关系。鞘氨醇单胞菌属与慢生根瘤菌属呈显著正相关,与假单胞菌属呈显著负相关。前10个真菌属之间呈显著正相关。其中,链格孢菌属和甘氏霉菌属分别与枝孢菌属和篮状菌属呈显著正相关。青霉菌属与曲霉菌属和马拉色菌属呈正相关。在细菌真菌相互作用方面,分枝杆菌属与甘氏霉菌属呈显著正相关。相反,伯克霍尔德菌属与青霉菌属和马拉色菌属呈显著负相关。低丰度属之间呈正相关关系,表明它们在维持陈酿系统中微生物群落稳定方面具有潜在作用。相比之下,高丰度微生物与其他微生物表现出负相关,这可能归因于优势微生物之间对营养和空间的竞争性相互作用[42]。
发酵过程中风味物质的形成主要是由相关微生物的代谢活动产生的。因此,使用Mantel-test分析探索了细菌和真菌与12种关键香气化合物之间的潜在关系(图6A)。细菌与大多数关键香气化合物呈正相关,而(E)-3-辛烯-1-醇和1-戊硫醇与细菌呈负相关。2-甲氧基-5-甲基苯酚、丙醛和乙酸仲丁酯等6个化合物与真菌呈负相关。其中,苯甲酰氯与细菌呈显著正相关,2,4,5-三甲基恶唑与真菌呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。
随后,为了进一步阐明在陈酿过程中对风味物质形成起重要作用的具体微生物(属水平),本研究选取相对丰度最高的10个细菌属和真菌属作为优势菌群,分析其与12种关键香气化合物的相关性,并利用相关性热图进行可视化(图6B,图6C)。如图6B所示,6种优势真菌(拟侧齿霉属、篮状菌属、甘氏霉菌属、曲霉菌属、青霉菌属和马拉色菌属)和2种优势细菌(伯克霍尔德菌属和鞘氨醇单胞菌属)与关键香气化合物的相关性最高。细菌中,伯克霍尔德氏菌属与甲酸乙烯酯呈显著正相关(P<0.05),鞘氨醇单胞菌属与丙醛和乙酸仲丁酯呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。因此,陈酿镇江香醋的果香和令人愉悦的味道可能归因于鞘氨醇单胞菌。对于真菌(图6C),2-甲氧基-5-甲基苯酚与拟侧齿霉属呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。甲酸乙烯酯与篮状菌属(P <0.01)和甘氏霉菌属(P<0.001)呈极显著正相关。其中,2,4,5-三甲基恶唑与青霉菌属高度相关(r=0.90),这可能是陈酿镇江香醋产生焦糖和烧焦气味的原因之一。强化曲霉菌有利于改善食醋的风味[9]。4种化合物(α,α,4-三甲基环己3-烯-1-甲硫醇、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、2-壬醇和苯甲酰氯)在本研究中与曲霉菌属和青霉菌属呈显著负相关。同样,(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛和苯甲酰氯与马拉色菌呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛具有谷物、油炸、脂肪、西瓜和湿羊毛味。高浓度的挥发性含硫化合物通常表现为“臭鸡蛋”“洋葱”“熟白菜”或“硫磺”的异味和刺鼻气味[43−44]。因此,陈酿镇江香醋中不良气味的减少和风味的改善可能归因于曲霉、青霉菌和马拉色菌属。此外,邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯与曲霉菌属呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。
从建立的相关性网络图中可看出(图7),细菌与关键香气化合物共产生11条边,真菌与关键香气化合物产生15条边,这表明真菌在镇江香醋陈酿过程中对关键香气化合物的影响可能更大[45]。曲霉菌属和青霉菌属与关键香气化合物的连通度最高,均达到5,假单胞菌属次之,连通度为3。同时,这些微生物与9种关键香气化合物显著相关,约占关键香气化合物的75%。这些结果表明,曲霉菌属、青霉菌属和假单胞菌属是影响关键香气化合物的重要微生物。因此,这三种属水平的微生物可以认为是镇江香醋陈酿过程中的核心微生物。
本研究分析了不同陈酿年份镇江香醋中挥发性风味物质和微生物群落的动态演变,化合物的总浓度随着陈酿时间的延长呈动态变化,并在陈酿3年时最高。共检测出808种化合物,185种是陈酿过程中的差异化合物,12种为关键香气化合物。OAV结果表明,陈酿时间是陈年镇江香醋香气形成的重要因素。陈酿过程中微生物群落组成变化显著。子囊菌门和拟侧齿霉属分别是优势真菌门和真菌属,迈耶氏酵母属在陈酿前期占比丰富,Y10时相对丰度急剧下降,而曲霉菌属和青霉菌属在陈酿早期含量极低,在Y5总酸量降低后开始出现。变形菌门和放线菌门为优势细菌门,与真菌不同的是,陈酿过程中不存在相对丰度占绝对优势的细菌属,假单胞菌属等在镇江香醋发酵过程中占优的细菌属在陈酿过程中依然有丰富的占比。陈酿过程中丰富的微生物群落对挥发性风味物质的形成有着重要影响。6种优势真菌和2种优势细菌与关键香气化合物显著相关。曲霉菌、青霉菌和马拉色菌可能是导致陈酿镇江香醋异味和刺鼻气味减少的微生物,青霉菌可能是引起陈年镇江香醋焦糖味和烧焦味的真菌。陈酿过程中,真菌对关键香气化合物的影响可能大于细菌。曲霉菌属、青霉菌属和假单胞菌属是陈酿过程中的核心微生物属。本研究丰富了陈酿过程中镇江香醋的研究思路,可为镇江香醋陈酿过程中的优化和质量控制提供有价值的参考。
受到样品数量、样品批次以及某些挥发性风味化合物缺乏阈值等限制,该研究仍存在以下局限性:并不是检测到的所有化合物都有其对应的阈值,因此,一些可能对镇江香醋陈酿过程有重要贡献的挥发性化合物由于缺乏气味阈值而未被阐明。高通量测序揭示了微生物群落组成。本文首次在镇江香醋陈酿过程中发现真菌相对丰度最高的属为拟侧齿霉属,由于本研究的样本数量、样本批次有限,该结果的普遍性和代表性需要进一步验证。由于高通量测序方法无法区分死菌与活菌,测序结果部分来源于发酵过程中残留的DNA片段,导致微生物含量变化可能源自不同批次间的样本差异,而不是陈酿过程中的富集增殖。后续应扩大样本数量,并依照国家标准对不同陈酿年份的样本进行霉菌和酵母计数,验证结果的普遍性和准确性。此外,对微生物群落功能和代谢途径的解析仍不够深入,未来可进一步探讨镇江香醋微生物群落与风味形成的具体机制等。

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2026年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070303
  • 接收时间:2025-07-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-25
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    1中国质量检验检测科学研究院,北京 100176
    2江苏大学食品与生物工程学院,江苏镇江 212013

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张九凯(1986−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品真实性鉴别,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
Number of
genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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