Article(id=1320883805016150909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881884691808691, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070290, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753372800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852839949, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1782835200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852839949, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852839949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852839949, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881884691808691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='522', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782835200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852382109, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852382109, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=204, endPage=214, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883805213283198, articleId=1320883805016150909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research on the Modification of Blueberry Residue Fiber by Ultrasound-assisted Enzymatic Method and Its Improvement of Storage Quality of Low-fat Yogurt, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the texture deterioration and whey separation problems of low-fat yogurt due to its low fat content and enhance its storage quality. In this study, the blueberry pulp dietary fiber (BPDF) was first modified by ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic method, and the optimal process was determined through single-factor and response surface optimization. Subsequently, the influence of different concentrations of modified BPDF on the storage quality of low-fat yogurt was explored. The results showed that under the conditions of ultrasonic power of 443 W, treatment time of 20 min, addition amount of compound enzyme of 2.5%, temperature of 60 ℃, and enzymatic hydrolysis time of 2.5 h, the yield of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) prepared was the highest, reaching 15.87%. Moreover, its water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, swelling power and solubility were all significantly improved (P<0.05). Furthermore, the modified BPDF was applied to low-fat yogurt, which could significantly enhance the texture and rheological indicators such as hardness, cohesion, and storage modulus (G') of the product within a 28-day refrigeration period (P<0.05). Among them, the group with 2% modified BPDF addition performed the best throughout the storage period. Not only was the whey precipitation rate 29.72% lower than that of the control group at 28 days of storage, but also the antioxidant performance was higher (the DPPH free radical scavenging rate was always above 80%, and the ABTS+ free radical scavenging rate remained above 60%), and the sensory score ranked first among all groups. This study provides a new solution for improving the storage quality of low-fat yogurt and the high-value utilization of fruit residue.

, authors=Xuwei ZHANG1, Jiahui CHEN2, Yufeng LIU2, Changgui LEI1, Yuzhu MENG3, Aili LI2, *, authorsList=Xuwei ZHANG, Jiahui CHEN, Yufeng LIU, Changgui LEI, Yuzhu MENG, Aili LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Aili LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883807151051665, articleId=1320883805016150909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=超声辅助酶法改性蓝莓果渣纤维及其提升低脂酸奶贮存品质的研究, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为改善低脂酸奶因脂肪含量低而出现的质构劣化与乳清析出问题,并提升其贮存品质。本研究首先采用超声辅助酶法对蓝莓果渣膳食纤维(Blueberry pulp dietary fiber,BPDF)进行改性,经单因素和响应面法优化确定最佳工艺。随后,探讨了不同浓度改性BPDF对低脂酸奶贮存品质的影响。结果表明,在超声功率443 W、处理时间20 min,复合酶添加量2.5%、温度60 ℃、酶解时间2.5 h条件下,所制备的可溶性膳食纤维(Soluble dietary fiber,SDF)得率最高,达到15.87%,且其持水力、持油力、膨胀力及溶解性等均显著提高(P<0.05)。将改性BPDF应用于低脂酸奶中,在28 d冷藏期内可显著提升产品的硬度、内聚性以及储能模量(G')等质构与流变学指标(P<0.05)。其中,含2%改性BPDF添加组在整个贮存期内表现最佳,不仅在贮存28 d时乳清析出率较对照组降低29.72%,且抗氧化性能较高(DPPH自由基清除率始终高于80%,ABTS+自由基清除率保持在60%以上),感官评分最高。本研究为低脂酸奶贮存品质改善与果渣高值化利用提供新方案。

, authors=张旭伟1, 陈佳慧2, 刘玉凤2, 雷昌贵1, 孟宇竹3, 李艾黎2, *, authorsList=张旭伟, 陈佳慧, 刘玉凤, 雷昌贵, 孟宇竹, 李艾黎, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李艾黎, authorNote=

张旭伟(1978−),男,硕士,讲师,研究方向:食品、农产品加工与检测,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李艾黎(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品发酵,E-mail:。
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International Dairy Journal, 2021, 114: 104938., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883827652808737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=许尨, 高鹏, 马海然, 等. 蓝莓多酚在发酵酸奶贮藏期稳定性研究[J]. 食品工业, 2021, 42(9): 167−171. [XU Meng, GAO Peng, MA Hairan, et al. Stability of blueberry polyphenols in fermented yoghurt during storage period[J]. 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The Food Industry, 2021, 42(9): 167−171., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320883807348183954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883807356572563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, companyId=1320883807348183954, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Henan Vocational College of Quality Engineering, Pingdingshan 467000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883807364961172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, companyId=1320883807348183954, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1河南质量工程职业学院食品与化工学院,河南平顶山 467000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320883807427875733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883807436264342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, companyId=1320883807427875733, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Food Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883807444652951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, companyId=1320883807427875733, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150006)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320883809256592280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883809269175193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, companyId=1320883809256592280, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Modern Service Department, Pingdingshan Technician College, Pingdingshan 467000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883809281758106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, companyId=1320883809256592280, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3平顶山技师学院现代服务系,河南平顶山 467000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320883815246058436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Influence of ultrasound-assisted enzyme conditions on the yield of SDF, figureFileSmall=kQW3Yt5Xdi1CVwTlXOkQPw==, figureFileBig=fGmzFF9au65ZShK/SYj+4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883815501910981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=CN, label=图1, caption=超声辅助酶法条件对SDF得率的影响

注:A超声功率;B超声时间;C复合酶添加量;D酶解时间;E酶解温度;不同小写字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=kQW3Yt5Xdi1CVwTlXOkQPw==, figureFileBig=fGmzFF9au65ZShK/SYj+4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883815917147078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Response surface diagram of the influence of the interaction of various factors on the SDF yield of blueberry pulp, figureFileSmall=kpcPi/vPQ8Ed/2kA/MgnLQ==, figureFileBig=RDiWbjIbSQe0ylCiDDu/Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883816001033159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各因素交互作用对蓝莓果渣SDF得率影响的响应面图

注:超声功率与超声时间(A和B);超声功率与酶解温度(C和D);超声时间与酶解温度(E和F)。

, figureFileSmall=kpcPi/vPQ8Ed/2kA/MgnLQ==, figureFileBig=RDiWbjIbSQe0ylCiDDu/Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883816068142024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Microstructure changes of BPDF before and after modification, figureFileSmall=ns/K8/PnazI3Q7N9dj25wg==, figureFileBig=Wk3iiHShwOBgi7naZv1QDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883816139445193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=CN, label=图3, caption=改性前后BPDF的微观结构变化

注:A未改性BPDF;B改性后BPDF。1为5000×;2为2000×。

, figureFileSmall=ns/K8/PnazI3Q7N9dj25wg==, figureFileBig=Wk3iiHShwOBgi7naZv1QDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883816198165450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Contact angle between BPDF and the milk system before (A) and after (B) modification, figureFileSmall=7hdSPdEBnR1G8i9sWdw+dw==, figureFileBig=XJUIk9zrwa0eK5E3zO+xfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883816282051531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=CN, label=图4, caption=改性前(A)、后(B)BPDF与乳体系间的接触角, figureFileSmall=7hdSPdEBnR1G8i9sWdw+dw==, figureFileBig=XJUIk9zrwa0eK5E3zO+xfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883816344966092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Frequency scanning curve of yogurt during storage, figureFileSmall=O23Xunr5P4CpAlu+YcMrYw==, figureFileBig=wBozIHeOyvK0LVg4h7el/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883817989133261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=CN, label=图5, caption=酸奶贮存期间的频率扫描曲线

注:A第0 d;B第7 d;C第14 d;D第21 d;E第28 d。

, figureFileSmall=O23Xunr5P4CpAlu+YcMrYw==, figureFileBig=wBozIHeOyvK0LVg4h7el/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883818081407950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Scanning electron microscope images of yogurt samples with different storage times, figureFileSmall=oZWtoakT8u0k9ejEi90Z+Q==, figureFileBig=WOfu0FNug49WyERzjVENlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883818161099727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同贮存时间酸奶样品的扫描电镜图

注:A、B、C分别为对照组、2%和3% BPDF添加量酸奶,数字0、14、28表示贮存天数。

, figureFileSmall=oZWtoakT8u0k9ejEi90Z+Q==, figureFileBig=WOfu0FNug49WyERzjVENlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883818257568720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Changes of bacterial count (A), pH (B), acidity (C) and whey precipitation rate (D) of yogurt during storage, figureFileSmall=Ph9xuoGylXE/6l0GbCZUHQ==, figureFileBig=ohEXAFnQYlgMKWcDshvpNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883818341454801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=CN, label=图7, caption=酸奶贮存期间的活菌数(A)、pH(B)、滴定酸度(C)和乳清析出率(D)变化, figureFileSmall=Ph9xuoGylXE/6l0GbCZUHQ==, figureFileBig=ohEXAFnQYlgMKWcDshvpNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883818433729490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Changes of DPPH (A) and ABTS+ (B) free radicals scavenging rates of yogurt during storage, figureFileSmall=LQvP32c0lePpJyzUxUaCsg==, figureFileBig=+TJTh8OyoRFmVRk7lVBPNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883818496644051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=CN, label=图8, caption=酸奶贮存期间的DPPH(A)、ABTS+(B)自由基清除率的变化, figureFileSmall=LQvP32c0lePpJyzUxUaCsg==, figureFileBig=+TJTh8OyoRFmVRk7lVBPNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883818572141524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Sensory scores of yogurt during storage, figureFileSmall=o9wDIM4Cs5Q5Jjdo2Eertw==, figureFileBig=orxGoW4l+lHXrX5zL9twkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883818651833301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=CN, label=图9, caption=酸奶贮存期间的感官评分

注:A第0 d;B第7 d;C第14 d;D第21 d;E第28 d。

, figureFileSmall=o9wDIM4Cs5Q5Jjdo2Eertw==, figureFileBig=orxGoW4l+lHXrX5zL9twkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883818718942166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Test design of response surface

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A超声功率(W)B超声时间(min)C酶解温度(℃)
−14001055
04502060
15003065
), ArticleFig(id=1320883818802828247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A超声功率(W)B超声时间(min)C酶解温度(℃)
−14001055
04502060
15003065
), ArticleFig(id=1320883818916074456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation form

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标评价标准
色泽(20分)颜色均一,有光泽(14~20分)
颜色均一,透亮度稍差(7~13分)
颜色暗淡(6分以下)
香气(20分)浓郁乳香味(14~20分)
淡乳香味(7~13分)
有不良气味(6分以下)
口感(30分)酸味适中,口感滑爽(21~30分)
酸味适中,但口感一般(11~20分)
口感过酸,明显感觉颗粒感(10分以下)
组织状态(30分)均匀稳定,组织细腻,无乳清析出(21~30分)
有上清液析出,出现少量沉淀(10~20分)
整体体系不均匀,出现分层现象,乳清沉淀严重
(10分以下)
), ArticleFig(id=1320883818991571929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

感官评价表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标评价标准
色泽(20分)颜色均一,有光泽(14~20分)
颜色均一,透亮度稍差(7~13分)
颜色暗淡(6分以下)
香气(20分)浓郁乳香味(14~20分)
淡乳香味(7~13分)
有不良气味(6分以下)
口感(30分)酸味适中,口感滑爽(21~30分)
酸味适中,但口感一般(11~20分)
口感过酸,明显感觉颗粒感(10分以下)
组织状态(30分)均匀稳定,组织细腻,无乳清析出(21~30分)
有上清液析出,出现少量沉淀(10~20分)
整体体系不均匀,出现分层现象,乳清沉淀严重
(10分以下)
), ArticleFig(id=1320883819071263706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Response surface test design and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A超声功率B超声时间C酶解温度SDF得率(%)
1−1−1012.02
21−109.89
3−11011.59
411010.63
5−10−110.62
610−111.54
7−10112.31
810110.53
90−1−19.21
1001−110.58
110−1110.76
1201110.45
1300015.53
1400015.78
1500015.92
1600016.01
1700016.17
), ArticleFig(id=1320883819268395995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A超声功率B超声时间C酶解温度SDF得率(%)
1−1−1012.02
21−109.89
3−11011.59
411010.63
5−10−110.62
610−111.54
7−10112.31
810110.53
90−1−19.21
1001−110.58
110−1110.76
1201110.45
1300015.53
1400015.78
1500015.92
1600016.01
1700016.17
), ArticleFig(id=1320883819327116252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of variance of the regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
回归模型97.39910.8276.10<0.0001**
A超声功率1.9511.9513.710.0076**
B超声时间0.234610.23461.650.2399
C酶解温度0.551210.55123.880.0896
AB0.342210.34222.410.1648
AC1.8211.8212.820.0090**
BC0.705610.70564.960.0612
A215.60115.60109.69<0.0001**
B236.02136.02253.27<0.0001**
C230.86130.86217.00<0.0001**
残差0.995570.1422
失拟项0.760430.25354.310.0959
纯误差0.235140.0588
矫正总值98.3916
), ArticleFig(id=1320883819385836509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
回归模型97.39910.8276.10<0.0001**
A超声功率1.9511.9513.710.0076**
B超声时间0.234610.23461.650.2399
C酶解温度0.551210.55123.880.0896
AB0.342210.34222.410.1648
AC1.8211.8212.820.0090**
BC0.705610.70564.960.0612
A215.60115.60109.69<0.0001**
B236.02136.02253.27<0.0001**
C230.86130.86217.00<0.0001**
残差0.995570.1422
失拟项0.760430.25354.310.0959
纯误差0.235140.0588
矫正总值98.3916
), ArticleFig(id=1320883819444556766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Physical properties of dietary fiber in blueberry pulp before and after modification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品持水力(g/g)持油力(g/g)膨胀力(mL/g)溶解性(%)
未改性BPDF4.15±0.06b2.68±0.02b1.54±0.03b58.35±0.39b
改性后BPDF5.73±0.04a3.89±0.01a3.39±0.07a65.52±0.65a
), ArticleFig(id=1320883819520054239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

改性前、后BPDF理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品持水力(g/g)持油力(g/g)膨胀力(mL/g)溶解性(%)
未改性BPDF4.15±0.06b2.68±0.02b1.54±0.03b58.35±0.39b
改性后BPDF5.73±0.04a3.89±0.01a3.39±0.07a65.52±0.65a
), ArticleFig(id=1320883819616523232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Texture characteristics of yogurt during storage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标贮存天
数(d)
样品
对照组1%BPDF
添加组
2%BPDF
添加组
3%BPDF
添加组
硬度
(g)
0173.50±1.18Bd180.17±1.71Bc199.97±1.87Ba191.73±1.87Bb
7184.40±2.05Ad188.27±1.04Ac223.43±2.50Aa202.03±3.40Ab
14170.57±1.20Bd176.73±1.03Bc194.43±1.23Ba185.23±1.35Bb
21159.87±1.56Cd167.23±1.15Cc182.77±1.84Ca174.20±1.42Cb
28149.93±0.68Dd159.40±0.93Dc174.17±2.14Da162.47±1.97Db
粘性
(g·s)
0219.80±4.36Bd236.63±3.15Bc268.57±3.49Ba255.03±4.89ABb
7245.07±3.37Ad259.90±3.76Ac283.40±2.93Aa267.33±5.04Ab
14214.67±3.18Bd224.30±7.84Bc265.03±3.49Ba247.37±5.77Bb
21190.13±4.72Cd206.93±4.81Cc244.37±5.57Ca223.33±4.26Cb
28170.37±2.38Dd188.60±2.93Dc228.00±3.16Da205.70±4.97Db
胶着性
(g)
072.45±1.56Bd84.95±2.75Bc115.05±3.62Ba98.85±3.82Bb
788.92±2.69Ac97.79±3.58Ac134.12±4.11Aa111.51±3.52Ab
1466.34±1.29Cc79.72±2.986Bb104.04±3.27Ba88.48±4.42BCb
2156.09±1.43Dc68.38±1.46Cb84.19±3.28Ca79.30±3.00Ca
2846.69±1.76Ec62.21±0.92Cb74.98±3.12Ca66.51±3.99Dab
内聚性
(g)
00.42±0.01Bc0.47±0.02Bbc0.58±0.02ABa0.52±0.02ABb
70.48±0.01Ac0.52±0.02Abc0.60±0.01Aa0.55±0.02Aab
140.39±0.01Bc0.45±0.01BCb0.54±0.02Ba0.48±0.02BCab
210.35±0.01Cc0.41±0.01CDb0.46±0.02Ca0.45±0.01BCab
280.31±0.02Db0.39±0.01Da0.43±0.01Ca0.41±0.02Ca
), ArticleFig(id=1320883819696215009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

酸奶贮存期间质构特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标贮存天
数(d)
样品
对照组1%BPDF
添加组
2%BPDF
添加组
3%BPDF
添加组
硬度
(g)
0173.50±1.18Bd180.17±1.71Bc199.97±1.87Ba191.73±1.87Bb
7184.40±2.05Ad188.27±1.04Ac223.43±2.50Aa202.03±3.40Ab
14170.57±1.20Bd176.73±1.03Bc194.43±1.23Ba185.23±1.35Bb
21159.87±1.56Cd167.23±1.15Cc182.77±1.84Ca174.20±1.42Cb
28149.93±0.68Dd159.40±0.93Dc174.17±2.14Da162.47±1.97Db
粘性
(g·s)
0219.80±4.36Bd236.63±3.15Bc268.57±3.49Ba255.03±4.89ABb
7245.07±3.37Ad259.90±3.76Ac283.40±2.93Aa267.33±5.04Ab
14214.67±3.18Bd224.30±7.84Bc265.03±3.49Ba247.37±5.77Bb
21190.13±4.72Cd206.93±4.81Cc244.37±5.57Ca223.33±4.26Cb
28170.37±2.38Dd188.60±2.93Dc228.00±3.16Da205.70±4.97Db
胶着性
(g)
072.45±1.56Bd84.95±2.75Bc115.05±3.62Ba98.85±3.82Bb
788.92±2.69Ac97.79±3.58Ac134.12±4.11Aa111.51±3.52Ab
1466.34±1.29Cc79.72±2.986Bb104.04±3.27Ba88.48±4.42BCb
2156.09±1.43Dc68.38±1.46Cb84.19±3.28Ca79.30±3.00Ca
2846.69±1.76Ec62.21±0.92Cb74.98±3.12Ca66.51±3.99Dab
内聚性
(g)
00.42±0.01Bc0.47±0.02Bbc0.58±0.02ABa0.52±0.02ABb
70.48±0.01Ac0.52±0.02Abc0.60±0.01Aa0.55±0.02Aab
140.39±0.01Bc0.45±0.01BCb0.54±0.02Ba0.48±0.02BCab
210.35±0.01Cc0.41±0.01CDb0.46±0.02Ca0.45±0.01BCab
280.31±0.02Db0.39±0.01Da0.43±0.01Ca0.41±0.02Ca
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Color changes of yogurt during storage

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颜色
属性
贮存天数(d)样品
对照组1% BPDF添加组2% BPDF添加组3% BPDF添加组
L*084.27±.75Aa64.48±0.34Ab62.34±0.31Ac57.24±0.17Ad
781.44±1.91ABa63.15±0.26Bb60.40±0.09Bb55.92±0.85ABc
1479.13±0.90Ba61.27±0.37Cb59.72±0.29Bc55.06±0.42BCd
2177.96±2.51BCa60.91±0.67CDb58.70±0.28Cb54.82±1.02BCc
2875.01±0.68Ca59.93±0.35Db57.19±0.17Dc53.24±0.28Cd
a*0−2.16±0.11Cc3.26±0.38Bb3.77±0.08Cb4.21±0.24Ba
7−1.22±0.23Bb3.86±0.67Aa4.49±0.12Ba4.78±0.64ABa
14−1.46±0.13Bc4.11±0.99Ab4.20±0.09BCb5.06±0.19ABa
21−1.24±0.11Bc4.05±0.18Ab4.57±0.26ABb5.31±0.13ABa
28−0.47±0.46Ad4.14±0.14Ac4.99±0.08Ab5.86±0.27Aa
b*010.70±0.69Aa6.86±0.13Ab5.61±0.55Ac5.04±0.43Ac
79.90±0.25ABa5.11±0.19Bb4.85±0.72Bb3.85±0.17Bc
149.67±0.46BCa5.05±0.13Bb4.56±0.78Cb3.80±0.21Bc
219.44±0.50BCa4.78±0.45Bb4.27±0.77Dbc3.59±0.34Bc
288.92±0.27Ca4.53±0.50Bb4.03±0.56Eb2.67±0.16Cc
), ArticleFig(id=1320883819838821347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883805016150909, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

酸奶贮存期间颜色变化

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颜色
属性
贮存天数(d)样品
对照组1% BPDF添加组2% BPDF添加组3% BPDF添加组
L*084.27±.75Aa64.48±0.34Ab62.34±0.31Ac57.24±0.17Ad
781.44±1.91ABa63.15±0.26Bb60.40±0.09Bb55.92±0.85ABc
1479.13±0.90Ba61.27±0.37Cb59.72±0.29Bc55.06±0.42BCd
2177.96±2.51BCa60.91±0.67CDb58.70±0.28Cb54.82±1.02BCc
2875.01±0.68Ca59.93±0.35Db57.19±0.17Dc53.24±0.28Cd
a*0−2.16±0.11Cc3.26±0.38Bb3.77±0.08Cb4.21±0.24Ba
7−1.22±0.23Bb3.86±0.67Aa4.49±0.12Ba4.78±0.64ABa
14−1.46±0.13Bc4.11±0.99Ab4.20±0.09BCb5.06±0.19ABa
21−1.24±0.11Bc4.05±0.18Ab4.57±0.26ABb5.31±0.13ABa
28−0.47±0.46Ad4.14±0.14Ac4.99±0.08Ab5.86±0.27Aa
b*010.70±0.69Aa6.86±0.13Ab5.61±0.55Ac5.04±0.43Ac
79.90±0.25ABa5.11±0.19Bb4.85±0.72Bb3.85±0.17Bc
149.67±0.46BCa5.05±0.13Bb4.56±0.78Cb3.80±0.21Bc
219.44±0.50BCa4.78±0.45Bb4.27±0.77Dbc3.59±0.34Bc
288.92±0.27Ca4.53±0.50Bb4.03±0.56Eb2.67±0.16Cc
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超声辅助酶法改性蓝莓果渣纤维及其提升低脂酸奶贮存品质的研究
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张旭伟 1 , 陈佳慧 2 , 刘玉凤 2 , 雷昌贵 1 , 孟宇竹 3 , 李艾黎 2, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(13): 204-214
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (13) : 204 -214
超声辅助酶法改性蓝莓果渣纤维及其提升低脂酸奶贮存品质的研究
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张旭伟1 , 陈佳慧2, 刘玉凤2, 雷昌贵1, 孟宇竹3, 李艾黎2, *
作者信息
  • 1河南质量工程职业学院食品与化工学院,河南平顶山 467000
  • 2东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150006
  • 3平顶山技师学院现代服务系,河南平顶山 467000
通讯作者:
李艾黎(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品发酵,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张旭伟(1978−),男,硕士,讲师,研究方向:食品、农产品加工与检测,E-mail:

Research on the Modification of Blueberry Residue Fiber by Ultrasound-assisted Enzymatic Method and Its Improvement of Storage Quality of Low-fat Yogurt
Xuwei ZHANG1 , Jiahui CHEN2, Yufeng LIU2, Changgui LEI1, Yuzhu MENG3, Aili LI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Henan Vocational College of Quality Engineering, Pingdingshan 467000, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150006, China
  • 3Modern Service Department, Pingdingshan Technician College, Pingdingshan 467000, China
出版时间: 2026-07-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070290
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为改善低脂酸奶因脂肪含量低而出现的质构劣化与乳清析出问题,并提升其贮存品质。本研究首先采用超声辅助酶法对蓝莓果渣膳食纤维(Blueberry pulp dietary fiber,BPDF)进行改性,经单因素和响应面法优化确定最佳工艺。随后,探讨了不同浓度改性BPDF对低脂酸奶贮存品质的影响。结果表明,在超声功率443 W、处理时间20 min,复合酶添加量2.5%、温度60 ℃、酶解时间2.5 h条件下,所制备的可溶性膳食纤维(Soluble dietary fiber,SDF)得率最高,达到15.87%,且其持水力、持油力、膨胀力及溶解性等均显著提高(P<0.05)。将改性BPDF应用于低脂酸奶中,在28 d冷藏期内可显著提升产品的硬度、内聚性以及储能模量(G')等质构与流变学指标(P<0.05)。其中,含2%改性BPDF添加组在整个贮存期内表现最佳,不仅在贮存28 d时乳清析出率较对照组降低29.72%,且抗氧化性能较高(DPPH自由基清除率始终高于80%,ABTS+自由基清除率保持在60%以上),感官评分最高。本研究为低脂酸奶贮存品质改善与果渣高值化利用提供新方案。

蓝莓果渣  /  膳食纤维  /  低脂  /  酸奶  /  贮存品质

To improve the texture deterioration and whey separation problems of low-fat yogurt due to its low fat content and enhance its storage quality. In this study, the blueberry pulp dietary fiber (BPDF) was first modified by ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic method, and the optimal process was determined through single-factor and response surface optimization. Subsequently, the influence of different concentrations of modified BPDF on the storage quality of low-fat yogurt was explored. The results showed that under the conditions of ultrasonic power of 443 W, treatment time of 20 min, addition amount of compound enzyme of 2.5%, temperature of 60 ℃, and enzymatic hydrolysis time of 2.5 h, the yield of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) prepared was the highest, reaching 15.87%. Moreover, its water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, swelling power and solubility were all significantly improved (P<0.05). Furthermore, the modified BPDF was applied to low-fat yogurt, which could significantly enhance the texture and rheological indicators such as hardness, cohesion, and storage modulus (G') of the product within a 28-day refrigeration period (P<0.05). Among them, the group with 2% modified BPDF addition performed the best throughout the storage period. Not only was the whey precipitation rate 29.72% lower than that of the control group at 28 days of storage, but also the antioxidant performance was higher (the DPPH free radical scavenging rate was always above 80%, and the ABTS+ free radical scavenging rate remained above 60%), and the sensory score ranked first among all groups. This study provides a new solution for improving the storage quality of low-fat yogurt and the high-value utilization of fruit residue.

blueberry pulp  /  dietary fiber  /  low fat  /  yogurt  /  storage quality
张旭伟, 陈佳慧, 刘玉凤, 雷昌贵, 孟宇竹, 李艾黎. 超声辅助酶法改性蓝莓果渣纤维及其提升低脂酸奶贮存品质的研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (13) : 204 -214 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070290
Xuwei ZHANG, Jiahui CHEN, Yufeng LIU, Changgui LEI, Yuzhu MENG, Aili LI. Research on the Modification of Blueberry Residue Fiber by Ultrasound-assisted Enzymatic Method and Its Improvement of Storage Quality of Low-fat Yogurt[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (13) : 204 -214 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070290
低脂酸奶作为应对全球肥胖与代谢性疾病的重要健康食品,近年来市场需求持续增长[1]。然而,较低的脂肪含量(≤1.5%)往往导致酸奶体系物理稳定性失衡问题凸显,蛋白质网络支撑力不足导致凝胶结构坍塌、脱水收缩及乳清析出[2],同时脂溶性风味物质流失造成感官品质劣化[3]。传统解决方案依赖乳清蛋白浓缩物或明胶复配体系[4],但前者成本高昂,后者存在素食适用性争议,且过度使用非天然添加剂与当前“清洁标签”消费趋势相悖。如何实现低脂酸奶品质的优化,已成为行业亟待突破的共性技术难题。
农业副产物中膳食纤维因其持水性和胶体特性,可部分模拟脂肪的物理功能,为破解上述困境提供了新途径。但天然植物纤维普遍存在不溶性组分占比高、溶解性差以及持水力弱等缺陷[5],需通过物理研磨、生物酶解或化学修饰等改性技术破坏纤维结晶结构,暴露活性基团以提升其功能特性[6]。改性方法各有特点,但也存在效率不高、条件剧烈等局限性。近年来,超声波以其低成本、高效率、操作简单、环保等优点而广受欢迎[7]。特别是超声辅助酶法作为一种绿色高效的复合改性策略,能够通过空化效应促进酶与底物的接触,协同破坏纤维结构,提高可溶性组分,同时最大限度地保留活性成分。如Li等[8]采用超声波辅助酶法将荔枝渣中的可溶性膳食纤维含量提高6.32%。现已有改性膳食纤维在普通酸奶中的应用研究。如Qin等[9]通过细研磨联合副干酪乳杆菌发酵改性柚子皮膳食纤维,从而显著提升酸奶凝胶强度;Dong等[10]发现改性胡萝卜膳食纤维可剂量依赖性增强酸奶的剪切应力、黏度及稠度指数;Tian等[11]运用射流空化结合纤维素酶改性豆渣膳食纤维,有效优化酸奶体系在贮存期的乳清沉淀速率、流变特性和质地参数。然而,改性植物纤维在低脂酸乳体系中的应用研究仍处于空白。
我国蓝莓产业年产量达78万吨(2024年)[12],位居浆果类第六大产业,加工过程中产生的果渣副产物年超23万吨[13]。蓝莓果渣富含果胶(40%~60%)和多酚类物质[14],具备高值化利用潜力,但蓝莓果渣膳食纤维(Blueberry pulp dietary fiber,BPDF)中的不溶性纤维占比较高,持水力弱,直接添加易导致产品质地粗糙。基于此,本研究提出超声辅助酶法策略,通过响应面法优化复合酶配比与超声参数,提升BPDF中可溶性组分占比,进而通过检测质构特性、流变参数、酸度变化和抗氧化性等指标,探究改性BPDF对低脂酸奶贮存品质的影响。本研究旨在为改善低脂酸奶品质,推动蓝莓果渣高值化利用提供新的解决方案。
低脂乳(脂肪含量≤1.5%)、蓝莓 市售;保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌混合菌种 丹尼斯克(中国)有限公司;耐高温α-淀粉酶(4000 U/g)、淀粉葡萄糖苷酶(10万U/g)、碱性蛋白酶(200 U/g)、纤维素酶(400 U/mg)、木聚糖酶(10万U/mg) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;氢氧化钠 天津市天力化学试剂有限公司;其余试剂均为分析纯。
AC2-4S1超净工作台 新加坡艺思高科技有限公司;TGL-16高速冷冻离心机 四川蜀科仪器有限公司;FE28 pH计 赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司;10QC色差计 深圳市三恩驰科技有限公司;SpectraMax reg iD3酶标仪 美谷分子仪器(上海)有限公司;DY-1200C超声波细胞破碎仪 上海德洋意邦仪器有限公司;DHP-9272型电热恒温培养箱 上海一恒科技有限公司;S-3400N钨灯丝扫描电子显微镜 日本日立;Theta Flow 3D光学角接触角测量仪 芬兰百欧林科技有限公司;TA.XT Plus C质构仪 英国Stable Micro System公司;HAAKE MARS60模块化旋转流变仪 赛默飞世尔科技公司。
膳食纤维提取参考于佳琪等[15]方法。鲜蓝莓榨汁后得蓝莓果渣,将蓝莓果渣与0.1 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液按1:20(g/mL)料液比混合均匀,依次进行酶解处理。首先按磷酸盐缓冲液体积800:1比例加入α-淀粉酶,90 ℃加热30 min后调pH到5.2;随后按相同比例(800:1)加入淀粉葡萄糖化酶,60 ℃水浴30 min;再以400:1比例加入碱性蛋白酶,调pH至8继续反应30 min,酶解完成后,将混合液于2500×g离心10 min后醇沉12 h。将醇沉混合物经7000×g离心10 min后收集沉淀,于烘箱中60 ℃鼓风干燥至恒重,粉碎过80目筛获得BPDF。
在固定基准条件(超声功率400 W,超声时间20 min,复合酶添加量为2%,酶解时间2.0 h,酶解温度55 ℃)下,分别考察以下五因素对蓝莓果渣的可溶性膳食纤维(Soluble dietary fiber,SDF)得率的影响:超声功率(300、350、400、450、500 W);超声时间(10、20、30、40、50 min);复合酶(纤维素酶:木聚糖酶=1:1)添加量(1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%、3.5%);酶解时间(1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5 h)和酶解温度(45、50、55、60、65 ℃)。
基于单因素实验结果,选取超声功率(A)、超声时间(B)、酶解温度(C)作为关键变量,采用三因素三水平的Box-Behnken设计,以SDF得率结果为响应值,响应面试验设计见表1。
采用GB 5009.88-2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中膳食纤维的测定》中的方法测定SDF含量。
取干燥后的改性前和改性后的BPDF样品,将其研磨后,采用扫描电子显微镜观察其在放大倍数为2000倍和5000倍下的显微结构。
准确称取0.5 g BPDF样品于离心管中,加入25 mL蒸馏水,37 ℃水浴振荡2 h,离心(2000×g,15 min),除去上清液,用滤纸擦干离心管壁残留的水分。持水力计算如式(1)所示。
$\rm 持水力(g/g)=\frac{{M}_{1}-{M}_{0}}{{M}_{0}} $
式中:M1为离心后沉淀质量,g;M0为样品干重,g。
参考Jiang等[16]的方法稍作修改,准确称取0.5 g BPDF样品干粉于离心管中,加入30 mL大豆油于37 ℃下水浴振荡2 h,离心(2000×g,10 min),除去上清液,离心管中剩余的大豆油用滤纸吸收。持油力计算如式(2)所示。
$\rm 持油力(g/g)=\frac{{M}_{2}-{M}_{0}}{{M}_{0}} $
式中:M2为离心后沉淀质量,g;M0为样品干重,g。
准确称取1.0 g BPDF样品放入量筒中,加入10 mL蒸馏水,在25 ℃下混合18 h。分别记录样品溶液的初始体积和样品溶液的水合体积。膨胀力计算如式(3)所示。
$\rm 膨胀力(mL/g)=\frac{{V}_{1}-{V}_{0}}{M} $
式中:V1为膨胀后体积,mL;V0为膨胀前体积,mL;M为样品干重,g。
参考魏旭瑶等[17]的方法,准确称取1 g样品于离心管中,加入蒸馏水30 mL,75 ℃水浴1 h,2000×g离心15 min,将上清液倒入离心管中烘干至恒重,计算如公式如(4)所示。
$ \rm{溶}解性(\text{%})=\frac{M_1}{M_0}\times100 $
式中:M1为上清液干燥后的固形物质量,g;M0为样品干重,g。
采用陈秉彦等[18]的方法,利用接触角显微镜进行评价。取200 mg冻干BPDF置于压片机上制成薄片(直径20 mm、厚度2 mm),采用快速精密滴定器滴加1 mL纯牛乳于BPDF薄片上,平衡10 s后采用高速摄像机捕捉画面,接触角通过对液滴形状进行数值分析。
低脂奶中分别添加质量体积百分比为0%、1%、2%、3%的改性BPDF,经90 ℃杀菌10 min后冷却至45 ℃,接种0.1%(w/v)的酸奶发酵剂,在42 ℃下发酵6 h,然后在4 ℃下后熟24 h,终产品于4 ℃下冷藏,分别在贮存期0(后熟结束)、7、14、21和28 d取样,进行品质指标测定。
参考Jiao等[19]的方法,并稍作修改,采用质构仪进行质构特性测定。采用P0.5探头对酸奶进行测试,设定测试距离为20 mm,下降速度1 mm/s,测试速度1 mm/s,探头返回速度10 mm/s,触发力为10 g。
采用流变仪进行流变特性测定。取酸奶样品于25 ℃下平衡5 min,选择直径为40 mm的平板。在0.5%应变下,以0.1~10 Hz的频率范围进行频率扫描测试,以确定储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')。
参考Gomes等[20]的方法,将酸奶样品薄层涂在培养皿内壁上,然后冷冻干燥。再将冻干的酸奶样品镀金膜,而后使用扫描电镜在10 kV电压下放大5000倍进行测试。
依据GB 4789.35-2023《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 乳酸菌检验》对冷藏期间酸奶中的乳酸菌总数采用稀释平板计数法测定。
酸奶酸度测定严格参照国家标准GB 5009.239-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品酸度的测定》执行:准确称取10 g酸奶样品,加入20 mL经煮沸冷却的蒸馏水稀释,以0.5%酚酞乙醇溶液为指示剂,用0.1 mol/L氢氧化钠标准溶液滴定至微红色终点,酸度结果以吉尔涅尔度(°T)表示;同步采用校准pH计直接测定酸奶pH。
乳清析出率测定参考吴俊霞等[21]的方法稍作修改,准确称取15 g酸乳样品于离心管中,以500×g离心10 min后弃去上清液,称量残留沉淀物与离心管总质量。乳清析出率按式(5)计算。
$\rm 乳清析出率(\text{%})=\frac{{m}_{1}-{m}_{2}}{{m}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:m0为酸奶质量,g;m1为离心前酸奶及离心管的质量,g;m2为弃去上清液后剩余的酸奶及离心管的质量,g。
参照Xu等[22]的方法测定DPPH自由基清除率。参照Chen等[23]的方法测定ABTS+自由基清除率。
$\rm 自由基清除率(\text{%})=\frac{{A}_{0}-\left({A}_{2}-{A}_{1}\right)}{{A}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:A2为样品测定的吸光值;A1为空白对照组的吸光值;A0为对照组的吸光值。
采用色差计对酸奶色度进行色度测定[24]。测定前,在白色参考及黑色参考标准上对设备进行校准。每个样品取3个平行测定。色度表示为L*(亮度)、a*(红-绿强度)、b*(黄-蓝强度)。
请15个经过专业培训的食品科学系人员对酸奶的感官品质进行评定,所有成员均通过GB/T 10220-2012《感官分析 方法学 总论》基础培训,从酸奶的色泽(20)、香气(20)、口感(30)和组织状态(30)进行评价打分,满分为100分(表2)。
所有实验均重复三次,结果以平均值±标准偏差表示。使用SPSS 26.0单因素方差分析(ANOVA)中的Duncan法检测各处理平均值的差异显著性。P<0.05表示差异显著。运用Origin 2021软件作图。
如图1可知,超声功率(A)和超声时间(B)对蓝莓果渣SDF得率的影响呈先升后降趋势,并分别在450 W和20 min达到峰值,得率分别为14.15%±0.18%和12.78%±0.19%。这与王萌等[25]在利用超声提取麦麸膳食纤维时的结果一致,提示适度超声能有效分解细胞壁促进SDF溶出,而过高功率或过长时间则过度破坏纤维结构导致小分子降解物增加[26−27],降低SDF得率。
复合酶添加量(C)在2.5%时的SDF得率达峰值14.14%±0.38%,提示在该浓度下,酶与底物充分结合,释放膳食纤维。而继续增加酶量可能因底物饱和效应趋于稳定,使得SDF得率不再显著增加;酶解时间(D)在1.5~2.5 h区间的SDF得率逐步提升,超时则引发酶自水解失活,该规律与周龙珠等[28]研究酶解时间对油莎豆粕SDF得率影响的结果一致。此外,SDF得率在酶解温度(E)在60 ℃时达到峰值(14.92%±0.25%),提示温度偏离最适范围时会因酶活性降低导致得率下降[29]。
响应面试验结果(表3)经Design-Expert.12.0软件分析,建立SDF得率(Y)与超声功率(A)、超声时间(B)、酶解温度(C)的二次回归方程为:Y=15.882−0.49375A+0.17125B+0.2625C+0.2925AB−0.675AC−0.42BC−1.92475A2−2.92475B2−2.70725C2。
模型方差分析结果(表4)显示回归模型极显著(P<0.0001)且失拟项不显著(P>0.05),表明该模型可靠性高。模型决定系数(R2=0.9899)与校正系数(R2adj=0.9769)证明该模型实际值与预测值拟合程度好,可以解释97.69%试验所得的SDF得率。显著性检验表明:超声功率(A)、超声功率-酶解温度交互项(AC)及二次项(A2、B2、C2)对得率的影响极显著(P<0.01),而超声时间(B)、酶解温度(C)及其交互项(AB、BC)的影响不显著(P>0.05)。从各因素影响排序为:超声功率(A)>酶解温度(C)>超声时间(B)。
图2的响应面分析表明所示,超声功率(A)和酶解温度(C)的交互效应呈现陡峭的响应曲面坡度及椭圆形等高线分布,表明AC交互作用显著(P<0.05),这与表4的方差分析结果相互验证。
利用DesignExpert.12软件,得到蓝莓果渣改性提取SDF的适宜工艺条件为超声功率443.09 W、超声时间20.17 min、酶解温度60.32 ℃。在此条件下,模型预测SDF得率为15.93%。考虑到实际操作条件的可行性,设定最优条件为:超声功率443 W、超声时间20 min、酶解温度60 ℃,进行验证实验测得蓝莓果渣SDF得率的平均值为15.87%,与理论值相接近,表明该回归模型与实际情况的拟合较好,可用于优化蓝莓果渣SDF的提取工艺。
扫描电镜图像(图3)直观显示,超声辅助酶改性显著改变了BPDF的表面形态。未改性BPDF呈现规则片状结构,表面较光滑且质地致密;而改性使得BPDF转变为疏松多孔的蜂窝状结构,沟壑与孔隙显著增多。这一形态变化使得BPDF内部结构暴露,有效比表面积大幅增加。分析认为,超声空化效应引起的高频机械剪切力破坏了膳食纤维的块状聚合结构,后续复合酶通过水解糖苷键进一步降解纤维束,从而形成多孔隙网络结构[30]。
表5显示,超声酶辅助改性使BPDF的持水力、持油力、膨胀力和溶解性分别较对照组提高了0.38、0.45、1.20、0.12倍。此增效作用可能源于改性过程诱导的纤维素氢键断裂和结构重组,促使更多亲水性羧基、羟基等基团暴露,与水结合的位点增多[31]。同时从微观结构可知,超声空化效应形成多孔褶皱结构,增大的比表面积促使疏水基团与亲油基团暴露,进而提升持油性[32]。
接触角作为表征膳食纤维在牛奶中润湿性的关键参数,接触角越小,表明膳食纤维粒子对乳相的亲和性越强,体系稳定性越高[33]。由图4可知,改性前BPDF与牛乳间的接触角较大,达到73.96°;改性后显著降至42.89°,推测原因为超声和酶处理破坏了膳食纤维的糖苷键,致使纤维结构相对松散,暴露更多亲水基团[34]。
酸奶的质构特性是反映其凝胶强弱、内部紧实程度的重要指标。由表6可知,在低温贮存期间,各组酸奶的硬度、粘性、胶着性、内聚性均呈现先增加后降低趋势,这与卢钏燚等[35]关于桑葚微胶囊酸奶贮藏期间的质构变化趋势一致,且各组均在第7 d达到质构指标峰值,贮存后期(14~28 d)的质构指标下降,可能归因于酪蛋白的凝胶聚集结构失稳[36]。贮存初期,添加改性BPDF组酸奶的质构指标均高于对照组,这可能得益于膳食纤维与蛋白质基质相交联形成稳定的三维网状结构;在贮存第21 d时,2%添加组的硬度182.77±1.84 g、粘性244.37±5.57 g·s均显著高于1%和3%添加组(P<0.05),直至贮存第28 d,该组仍维持较高水平质构特性,表明2%添加量在货架期内对维持低脂酸奶品质具有显著优势。
图5为酸奶样品的频率扫描结果。在整个贮存期内,各组样品的储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')均随频率的增加而增加,并且在0.1~10 Hz频率范围内G'值始终大于G''值。在贮存第7 d 时,各组显示出更高的G'和G'',表明形成了更强的凝胶结构。在第21 d时,除2%添加组外,其余组的G'和G''均较第14 d显著下降(P<0.05)。至贮存第28 d,2%添加组仍具有较高的固态属性,这与Fan等[37]关于二元益生菌和枸杞膳食纤维对酸奶流变特性的影响结果相似,进一步验证了改性膳食纤维对酸奶凝胶网络稳定性的积极作用。
如图6,随着贮存时间延长,各酸奶样品凝乳结构发生明显变化,表现为酪蛋白胶束脱水收缩,空隙减小,渗透压升高,其中以对照组结构劣变最明显。在贮存初期至中期(0~14 d),2%和3%添加组酸奶的凝乳结构连接较紧密,孔隙相对变小且组织分布较均匀。一方面可能是BPDF与酸奶中的酪蛋白胶束通过静电和疏水相互作用,有效地减少了孔网络结构的形成[10],另一方面可能由于BPDF优化了酪蛋白凝胶网络,有助于延缓低温贮存期因脱水收缩引起的结构劣变[38]。贮存28 d时,对照组凝乳结构呈现聚集现象,且孔隙分布不均;2% BPDF添加组酸奶空隙较小,凝乳结构收缩紧密,酪蛋白虽有聚集趋势,但整体结构相对完整;3% BPDF添加组的孔洞直径虽进一步减小,却可见较多的蛋白质聚物,这可能是由于高浓度纤维颗粒产生的空间位阻占据凝胶网络间隙所致[39]。
如图7(A),在贮存第21 d时,各组酸奶的活菌数均高于7 log CFU/g,符合GB 19302-2010《食品安全国家标准 发酵乳》要求。与对照组相比,添加BPDF可显著提高活菌数(P<0.05),可能是膳食纤维中的益生成分对乳酸菌的生长有益[40]。延长贮存期至第28 d 后,各添加组的活菌数仍高于6.00 log CFU/g。
与菌数变化趋势相一致的是,如图7(B)、图7(C)所示,在21 d贮存期间,1%~3% BPDF添加组的pH降幅(6.18%~8.70%)与滴定酸度增幅(28%~29.5%)均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),该结果印证了秦小婷[41]关于柚子皮SDF促进乳酸代谢的发现。当贮存期延长至28 d 时,BPDF添加组的滴定酸度均升至105°T以上。
如图7(D)可知,贮存至第21 d时,相较于对照组,添加1%、2%、3%的BPDF分别将乳清析出率抑制了16.23%、30.53%、42.60%。当贮存期延长至第28 d时,2%添加组的乳清析出率较对照组降低了29.72%,而质构结果欠佳的3%添加组的乳清析出率却显著低于2%添加组(P<0.05)。此现象与陈秉彦等[42]利用纳微化笋膳食纤维和Gürbüz等[43]利用木瓜籽粘液粉降低酸奶乳清析出结果一致,这可能源于高浓度纤维的两面性:一方面通过自身强持水网络锁住自由水,物理性阻断乳清分离;一方面又干扰酪蛋白交联,形成机械性凝胶缺陷。
由图8可知,随着贮存天数的增加,对照组酸奶的DPPH及ABTS+自由基清除率呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05)。而添加BPDF可延缓酸奶的抗氧化活性的降低,且具有明显的量效关系。在28 d贮存期内,2%和3%添加组的DPPH自由基清除率均高于80%;2%添加组的ABTS+自由基清除率均高于60%,3%添加组的ABTS+自由基清除率均高于65%,显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。推测原因,可能是膳食纤维中的多糖增加了超抗氧化酶的活性[11]。
各组酸奶的L*(亮度)和b*(黄-蓝强度)值均在贮存期间呈下降趋势。其中,添加BPDF酸奶的L*和b*值均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),且随着BPDF添加量的增加而降低。而各组a*值(红-绿强度)均在贮存期呈上升趋势。其中,对照组酸奶样品的a*值为负值,添加BPDF酸奶的a*值为正值(P<0.05),且随着BPDF浓度的增加a*值升高,这可能是由于膳食纤维携带的游离多酚和花青素导致光分子的吸收受到影响[44]。
如图9可知,对照组酸奶的感官评分(色泽、香气、口感和组织状态)在贮存期间呈下降趋势,这可能由于酸奶酸度明显增强,乳清析出增多,致使感官评分降低。而添加改性BPDF酸奶的感官评分相对较高,且2%添加组酸奶的感官评分显著高于1%和3%添加组(P<0.05)。在28 d贮存期内,2%添加组酸奶香气浓郁、口感适佳,其感官评分均高于80分,而3%添加组酸奶出现明显的颗粒感,评分降低为74.5分。
本研究通过超声辅助酶法协同改性BPDF,有效将其可溶性组分得率提升至15.87%,并显著增强其持水力、持油力及膨胀力,为果渣资源高值化利用提供新路径。改性BPDF在低脂酸奶体系中通过静电-疏水双重作用优化酪蛋白凝胶网络结构。尽管3%改性BPDF组表现出更优的乳清持留力和乳酸菌保存率,但其质构特性显著劣化—硬度与内聚性下降,导致感官评分降低。因此,2%添加量被确定为最优解。该组在满足贮藏稳定性基础要求(pH>4.2,滴定酸度<110°T,活菌数>106 CFU/mL)的前提下,还实现产品质构-功能-感官的综合平衡,符合工业化低脂酸奶开发的核心诉求。后续将进一步深入解析改性膳食纤维与酪蛋白互作的分子机理,同时拓展其在不同类型乳制品中的应用研究。

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2026年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070290
  • 接收时间:2025-07-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-07-01
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    1河南质量工程职业学院食品与化工学院,河南平顶山 467000
    2东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150006
    3平顶山技师学院现代服务系,河南平顶山 467000

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李艾黎(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品发酵,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
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total species (%)
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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