Article(id=1320882478408126728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070275, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753200000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852523662, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852523662, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852523662, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852523662, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=327, endPage=336, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882478676562185, articleId=1320882478408126728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Differential Analysis of Glucosinolates and Their Volatile Metabolites during Fermentation of Different Mustard Varieties, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The variety of mustard greens is a key factor influencing the formation of fermented pickle quality. By comparing microbial counts, physicochemical indicators, organic acids, glucosinolates and volatile metabolites during the fermentation of mustard (Brassica juncea) varieties, this study assessed differences in fermentation characteristics among distinct mustard cultivars. The results indicated that differences existed in microbial counts, total acidity, and organic acid content during the fermentation of the two mustard (Brassica juncea) varieties. At the end of fermentation, the yeast count in the fermentation broth of Chuanjie No.1 was approximately 1 lg CFU/mL higher than that of Chuanjie No.2. The total acid content of Chuanjie No.2 was 0.156 g/100 g higher than that of Chuanjie No.1, and the increase in lactic acid was 2.3 mg/mL higher. In terms of glucosinolates and their primary volatile metabolites, the total glucosinolate content in fresh Chuanjie No.2 was 50.09% higher than that in Chuanjie No.1, Allyl isothiocyanate, 3-butenyl isothiocyanate, phenethyl isothiocyanate, 3-butenonitrile, and acetonitrile were key differential glucosinolate metabolites that distinguished the flavor profiles of Chuanjie No.1 and Chuanjie No.2 during different fermentation stages. Correlation analysis indicated that total glucosinolates showed a negative correlation with bacteria and lactic acid bacteria during fermentation. Volatile glucosinolate metabolites of the isothiocyanate class showed a negative correlation with bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, while exhibiting a positive correlation with total glucosinolate content. The glucosinolate content in different mustard varieties might influence the growth and metabolism of fermenting microorganisms as well as fermentation quality, leading to significant variations in the final product's flavor. The experimental results provided a theoretical basis for the targeted selection of high-quality fermented mustard.

, authors=Mengting LIU1, 2, Duchen LIU3, Jiaqi LIU1, 2, Binyao WANG1, 2, Min ZHANG1, 2, Nan ZHAO2, Lihong GE1, 4, *, Yuan MEI2, *, authorsList=Mengting LIU, Duchen LIU, Jiaqi LIU, Binyao WANG, Min ZHANG, Nan ZHAO, Lihong GE, Yuan MEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lihong GE, Yuan MEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882482342383898, articleId=1320882478408126728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同品种芥菜发酵过程中硫苷及其挥发性代谢产物差异分析, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

不同品种芥菜中硫苷及硫苷代谢产物种类、含量存在差异,一定程度上影响着酸菜发酵品质的形成。通过对比两种宽柄芥发酵过程中的微生物数量、理化指标、有机酸、硫苷及其挥发性代谢产物含量等评估不同品种芥菜发酵加工特性差异。结果表明,两种宽柄芥发酵过程中微生物数量、总酸和有机酸含量均存在差异。发酵末期川芥1号水样酵母菌数量比川芥2号高了约1 lg CFU/mL,川芥2号总酸含量比川芥1号高0.156 g/100 g,乳酸增加量高了2.3 mg/mL。硫苷及其主要挥发性代谢产物方面,川芥2号鲜芥总硫苷含量比川芥1号高50.09%,烯丙基异硫氰酸酯、3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯、苯乙基异硫氰酸酯、3-丁烯腈和乙腈是区分川芥1号和川芥2号不同发酵时期风味的重要差异性硫苷代谢产物。相关性分析表明,发酵过程中总硫苷与细菌、乳酸菌呈现负相关,异硫氰酸酯类挥发性硫苷代谢产物与细菌、乳酸菌呈现负相关,与总硫苷含量呈正相关。不同品种芥菜的硫苷含量可能影响着发酵微生物生长代谢及发酵品质,导致最终产品的风味存在较大差异。实验结果为高品质发酵芥菜的定向筛选提供理论依据。

, authors=刘梦婷1, 2, 刘独臣3, 刘佳琦1, 2, 王彬尧1, 2, 张敏1, 2, 赵楠2, 葛黎红1, 4, *, 梅源2, *, authorsList=刘梦婷, 刘独臣, 刘佳琦, 王彬尧, 张敏, 赵楠, 葛黎红, 梅源, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=葛黎红, 梅源, authorNote=

刘梦婷(2000−)(ORCID:0009−0005−7543−5871),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:发酵食品生物技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
葛黎红(1989−)(ORCID:0000−0002−3262−4622),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:发酵食品生物技术,E-mail:。
梅源(1995−)(ORCID:0000−0001−7558−5179),女,硕士,研究方向:发酵工程,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=WPnTherfibk8tPOnoMAeBA==, magXml=6ZRYRmnDMXtPNgPzvtsoOA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=UNNm7Dp443kd1EP0c8xrxQ==, pdfFileSize=1907797, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=PszRPE2ck6M3wrr8MCI86g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=yE04ohLPCVKRIUmgivWdrw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320882483005083944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2583926894@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320882483126718763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, authorId=1320882483005083944, language=EN, stringName=Mengting LIU, firstName=Mengting, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
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刘梦婷(2000−)(ORCID:0009−0005−7543−5871),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:发酵食品生物技术,E-mail:

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注:a:菜中细菌菌落总数,b:菜中乳酸菌数,c:菜中酵母菌数,d.水中细菌菌落总数,e:水中乳酸菌数,f:水中酵母菌数;*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001,****表示P<0.0001,ns表示没有显著差异,P>0.05,图2~图4同。

, figureFileSmall=CGhN3QzkMIKB+GGWM3J+Eg==, figureFileBig=PszRPE2ck6M3wrr8MCI86g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882488935829856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in physicochemical indices during fermentation of different mustard varieties, figureFileSmall=IFdKaxstqS98M6gVEChraA==, figureFileBig=NIIqrkmtYCGa6j/QLKeXow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882489015521633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同品种芥菜发酵过程中理化指标变化

注:a:pH;b:总酸含量;c:还原糖含量。

, figureFileSmall=IFdKaxstqS98M6gVEChraA==, figureFileBig=NIIqrkmtYCGa6j/QLKeXow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882489338483042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes in organic acid content during fermentation of different mustard varieties, figureFileSmall=umy2odQ388RyuPi42x6pkg==, figureFileBig=I8wThOl9zr95yFt1BnCfGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882490823266659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同品种芥菜发酵过程中有机酸含量变化

注:a:柠檬酸;b:苹果酸;c:琥珀酸;d:乳酸;e:乙酸;其中菜样和水样的单位分别为mg/g、mg/mL。

, figureFileSmall=umy2odQ388RyuPi42x6pkg==, figureFileBig=I8wThOl9zr95yFt1BnCfGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882490902958436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes in total glucosinolate content during fermentation of different mustard varieties, figureFileSmall=zxpXVZIO9e+hnSBQd2JNpg==, figureFileBig=J74wh7hlXoX45kouz3BaGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882490991038821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同品种芥菜发酵过程中总硫苷含量变化, figureFileSmall=zxpXVZIO9e+hnSBQd2JNpg==, figureFileBig=J74wh7hlXoX45kouz3BaGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882491087507814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes in volatile compound abundance during fermentation of different mustard varieties, figureFileSmall=KSrqeJvJ//uhygUOZahzPA==, figureFileBig=grmyyZNp3T78HL/RqBwtEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882491179782503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同品种芥菜发酵过程中的挥发性物质丰度图, figureFileSmall=KSrqeJvJ//uhygUOZahzPA==, figureFileBig=grmyyZNp3T78HL/RqBwtEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882491272057192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=OPLS-DA score plot (a) and cross-validation model (b) of volatile aroma compounds during fermentation of different mustard varieties, figureFileSmall=mCf+HvCRhSnRBaSjQ66wOw==, figureFileBig=CZ5aeQU3wkKh0f2bUlFtyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882491452412265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同品种芥菜发酵过程挥发性成分OPLS-DA得分图(a)及交叉验证模型(b)

注:a图中1-0表示川芥1号发酵第0 d样品;2-0表示川芥2号发酵第0 d样品,以此类推。

, figureFileSmall=mCf+HvCRhSnRBaSjQ66wOw==, figureFileBig=CZ5aeQU3wkKh0f2bUlFtyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882491536298346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Differential analysis of glucosinolate metabolites during fermentation of different mustard varieties, figureFileSmall=PYK2aWIf5BlZbdPzMw/9tw==, figureFileBig=9Hx7DyRI1/ucQhgVlGEXqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882491628573035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同芥菜发酵过程中硫苷代谢产物差异分析

注:a:烯丙基异硫氰酸酯;b:3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯;c:苯乙基异硫氰酸酯;d:3-丁烯腈;e:乙腈;ND表示未检出;字母不同表示不同品种芥菜样品发酵过程中挥发性硫苷代谢物质含量差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=PYK2aWIf5BlZbdPzMw/9tw==, figureFileBig=9Hx7DyRI1/ucQhgVlGEXqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882491779567980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Heatmap of correlation between fermentation microbiota and glucosinolate metabolites in different mustard varieties, figureFileSmall=zphQaxmTLAjnltdgbs52Xw==, figureFileBig=C8e2SxhLiEgEYCERJqOZtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882491880231277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同品种芥菜发酵微生物与硫苷代谢物相关性热图

注:图中*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=zphQaxmTLAjnltdgbs52Xw==, figureFileBig=C8e2SxhLiEgEYCERJqOZtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882491951534446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Identification of volatile aroma compounds with VIP>1 based on OPLS-DA model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间(d)VIP大于1的化合物
0异硫氰酸烯丙酯、4-甲基异噻唑、叔戊基甲基醚、庚酸、3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯、异硫氰酸苯乙酯
1异硫氰酸烯丙酯、庚酸、异硫氰酸苯乙酯、3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯、二硫化碳
3异硫氰酸烯丙酯、庚酸、庚酸乙酯、3-丁烯腈、3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯
5异硫氰酸烯丙酯、庚酸乙酯、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚、3-丁烯腈、苯乙醇、二硫化碳、反式-2,4-庚二烯醛、2-丁烯醛、己酸烯丙酯、乙酸、异硫氰酸苯乙酯、癸酸甲酯、2-甲基丙烯醛、2-十一烯醛、乙氯戊烯炔醇、2-正丙基呋喃、5,7-辛烯二酸乙酯、(E)-2-庚烯醛、(Z)-癸-2-烯醛、反-2-辛烯醛、辛酸甲酯、丙烯酸-5-亚甲基-6-庚烯基酯、辛酸、苯甲醛、庚酸、1,1-二甲氧基-2-甲基丙烷、壬酸、2-(甲酰氧基)-1-苯基乙酮
7异硫氰酸烯丙酯、庚酸乙酯、庚酸、反式-2,4-庚二烯醛、乙腈、乙氯戊烯炔醇、癸酸甲酯、2-十一烯醛、(Z)-癸-2-烯醛、反-2-辛烯醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛、辛酸3-甲基丁酯、3-丁烯腈、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚、2-正丙基呋喃、己酸甲酯、5,7-辛烯二酸乙酯、2-丁烯醛
), ArticleFig(id=1320882492043809135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882478408126728, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于OPLS-DA模型分析VIP>1的挥发性化合物成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间(d)VIP大于1的化合物
0异硫氰酸烯丙酯、4-甲基异噻唑、叔戊基甲基醚、庚酸、3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯、异硫氰酸苯乙酯
1异硫氰酸烯丙酯、庚酸、异硫氰酸苯乙酯、3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯、二硫化碳
3异硫氰酸烯丙酯、庚酸、庚酸乙酯、3-丁烯腈、3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯
5异硫氰酸烯丙酯、庚酸乙酯、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚、3-丁烯腈、苯乙醇、二硫化碳、反式-2,4-庚二烯醛、2-丁烯醛、己酸烯丙酯、乙酸、异硫氰酸苯乙酯、癸酸甲酯、2-甲基丙烯醛、2-十一烯醛、乙氯戊烯炔醇、2-正丙基呋喃、5,7-辛烯二酸乙酯、(E)-2-庚烯醛、(Z)-癸-2-烯醛、反-2-辛烯醛、辛酸甲酯、丙烯酸-5-亚甲基-6-庚烯基酯、辛酸、苯甲醛、庚酸、1,1-二甲氧基-2-甲基丙烷、壬酸、2-(甲酰氧基)-1-苯基乙酮
7异硫氰酸烯丙酯、庚酸乙酯、庚酸、反式-2,4-庚二烯醛、乙腈、乙氯戊烯炔醇、癸酸甲酯、2-十一烯醛、(Z)-癸-2-烯醛、反-2-辛烯醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛、辛酸3-甲基丁酯、3-丁烯腈、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚、2-正丙基呋喃、己酸甲酯、5,7-辛烯二酸乙酯、2-丁烯醛
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不同品种芥菜发酵过程中硫苷及其挥发性代谢产物差异分析
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刘梦婷 1, 2 , 刘独臣 3 , 刘佳琦 1, 2 , 王彬尧 1, 2 , 张敏 1, 2 , 赵楠 2 , 葛黎红 1, 4, * , 梅源 2, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(15): 327-336
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (15) : 327 -336
不同品种芥菜发酵过程中硫苷及其挥发性代谢产物差异分析
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刘梦婷(2000−)(ORCID:0009−0005−7543−5871),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:发酵食品生物技术,E-mail:

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刘梦婷(2000−)(ORCID:0009−0005−7543−5871),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:发酵食品生物技术,E-mail:

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刘梦婷1, 2 , 刘独臣3, 刘佳琦1, 2, 王彬尧1, 2, 张敏1, 2, 赵楠2, 葛黎红1, 4, * , 梅源2, *
作者信息
  • 1四川师范大学生命科学学院,四川成都 610101
  • 2四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所(食物与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610066
  • 3四川省农业科学院园艺研究所/蔬菜品种改良与种质创新四川省重点实验室,四川成都 610066
  • 4西南土地资源评价与监测教育部重点实验室(四川师范大学),四川成都 610101
通讯作者:
葛黎红(1989−)(ORCID:0000−0002−3262−4622),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:发酵食品生物技术,E-mail:。
梅源(1995−)(ORCID:0000−0001−7558−5179),女,硕士,研究方向:发酵工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘梦婷(2000−)(ORCID:0009−0005−7543−5871),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:发酵食品生物技术,E-mail:

Differential Analysis of Glucosinolates and Their Volatile Metabolites during Fermentation of Different Mustard Varieties
Mengting LIU1, 2 , Duchen LIU3, Jiaqi LIU1, 2, Binyao WANG1, 2, Min ZHANG1, 2, Nan ZHAO2, Lihong GE1, 4, * , Yuan MEI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
  • 2Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology (Institute of Food Nutrition and Health), Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
  • 3Horticulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Variety Improvement Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China
  • 4Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal University) of Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610101, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070275
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不同品种芥菜中硫苷及硫苷代谢产物种类、含量存在差异,一定程度上影响着酸菜发酵品质的形成。通过对比两种宽柄芥发酵过程中的微生物数量、理化指标、有机酸、硫苷及其挥发性代谢产物含量等评估不同品种芥菜发酵加工特性差异。结果表明,两种宽柄芥发酵过程中微生物数量、总酸和有机酸含量均存在差异。发酵末期川芥1号水样酵母菌数量比川芥2号高了约1 lg CFU/mL,川芥2号总酸含量比川芥1号高0.156 g/100 g,乳酸增加量高了2.3 mg/mL。硫苷及其主要挥发性代谢产物方面,川芥2号鲜芥总硫苷含量比川芥1号高50.09%,烯丙基异硫氰酸酯、3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯、苯乙基异硫氰酸酯、3-丁烯腈和乙腈是区分川芥1号和川芥2号不同发酵时期风味的重要差异性硫苷代谢产物。相关性分析表明,发酵过程中总硫苷与细菌、乳酸菌呈现负相关,异硫氰酸酯类挥发性硫苷代谢产物与细菌、乳酸菌呈现负相关,与总硫苷含量呈正相关。不同品种芥菜的硫苷含量可能影响着发酵微生物生长代谢及发酵品质,导致最终产品的风味存在较大差异。实验结果为高品质发酵芥菜的定向筛选提供理论依据。

芥菜品种  /  发酵  /  硫苷  /  硫苷代谢产物  /  风味物质

The variety of mustard greens is a key factor influencing the formation of fermented pickle quality. By comparing microbial counts, physicochemical indicators, organic acids, glucosinolates and volatile metabolites during the fermentation of mustard (Brassica juncea) varieties, this study assessed differences in fermentation characteristics among distinct mustard cultivars. The results indicated that differences existed in microbial counts, total acidity, and organic acid content during the fermentation of the two mustard (Brassica juncea) varieties. At the end of fermentation, the yeast count in the fermentation broth of Chuanjie No.1 was approximately 1 lg CFU/mL higher than that of Chuanjie No.2. The total acid content of Chuanjie No.2 was 0.156 g/100 g higher than that of Chuanjie No.1, and the increase in lactic acid was 2.3 mg/mL higher. In terms of glucosinolates and their primary volatile metabolites, the total glucosinolate content in fresh Chuanjie No.2 was 50.09% higher than that in Chuanjie No.1, Allyl isothiocyanate, 3-butenyl isothiocyanate, phenethyl isothiocyanate, 3-butenonitrile, and acetonitrile were key differential glucosinolate metabolites that distinguished the flavor profiles of Chuanjie No.1 and Chuanjie No.2 during different fermentation stages. Correlation analysis indicated that total glucosinolates showed a negative correlation with bacteria and lactic acid bacteria during fermentation. Volatile glucosinolate metabolites of the isothiocyanate class showed a negative correlation with bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, while exhibiting a positive correlation with total glucosinolate content. The glucosinolate content in different mustard varieties might influence the growth and metabolism of fermenting microorganisms as well as fermentation quality, leading to significant variations in the final product's flavor. The experimental results provided a theoretical basis for the targeted selection of high-quality fermented mustard.

mustard varieties  /  fermentation  /  glucosinolates  /  glucosinolate metabolites  /  flavor compounds
刘梦婷, 刘独臣, 刘佳琦, 王彬尧, 张敏, 赵楠, 葛黎红, 梅源. 不同品种芥菜发酵过程中硫苷及其挥发性代谢产物差异分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 327 -336 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070275
Mengting LIU, Duchen LIU, Jiaqi LIU, Binyao WANG, Min ZHANG, Nan ZHAO, Lihong GE, Yuan MEI. Differential Analysis of Glucosinolates and Their Volatile Metabolites during Fermentation of Different Mustard Varieties[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 327 -336 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070275
发酵是一种传统的蔬菜加工方式,利用内源性酶和微生物诱导的一系列反应改变蔬菜中生物活性化合物的种类和类型,从而赋予发酵蔬菜独特的风味[1]。四川酸菜作为我国深受人们喜爱的传统发酵食品,其产品占市场份额的70%以上,是制作酸菜鱼、酸菜火锅等特色菜肴不可或缺的关键食材[2]。芥菜作为四川酸菜的主要蔬菜原料,经过盐渍后二次发酵或直接坛泡发酵等工艺后制成酸脆爽口的酸菜[3]。芥菜具有十字花科蔬菜所特有的风味,其特有风味物质主要来源于硫代葡萄糖苷(简称硫苷)[4]。硫苷是芥菜中一类含硫次级代谢产物,在芥菜发酵过程中将会降解为各种具有独特辛辣刺激呈味效果的挥发性硫苷代谢产物,对于发酵芥菜风味的形成发挥着重要作用[5−6]。芥菜原料品种是影响其发酵品质的重要因素。不同品种芥菜中硫苷含量及种类存在差异,而硫苷及其代谢产物被证实具有一定的抑菌作用,可能会影响芥菜发酵过程中发酵微生物的生长代谢,导致不同品种芥菜发酵后呈现出不同的风味效果,从而一定程度上影响着酸菜品质的形成[7]。
本研究团队在前期的实验中[8−9]已对不同品种和变种芥菜发酵前后的品质特性及风味特性上的差异进行了探究。然而,不同品种芥菜发酵过程中硫苷及代谢产物种类和含量等与微生物生长情况及风味特性的关系尚不明确,获得这些信息可以为选育具有较好加工发酵适应性的芥菜品种提供一定的理论基础。因此本研究选用2种具有田间性状差异的宽柄芥(Brassica juncea var. latipa Li)川芥1号和川芥2号为蔬菜原料,采用自然发酵工艺制备酸菜,系统监测发酵过程中其发酵微生物数量、理化指标、有机酸谱及挥发性物质等的变化,明确不同品种芥菜发酵过程中硫苷及代谢产物种类和含量等与微生物生长情况及风味特性的关系,旨在为高品质发酵芥菜的定向筛选提供理论依据。
两种宽柄芥(川芥1号、川芥2号) 四川省农业科学院园艺提供,由四川省成都市新都区四川省农业科学院新都试验基地种植采收(附图1,详见本刊官网 http://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版);发酵老母水 四川眉山某泡菜企业;食用盐、纯净水 成都观音桥菜市场;孟加拉红培养基、MRS培养基、平板计数琼脂培养基 青岛海博生物技术有限公司;烯丙基硫苷标准品、氯化钯、羧甲基纤维素钠 上海源叶生物有限公司;3,5-二硝基水杨酸 阿拉丁试剂(上海)有限公司;氢氧化钠、乳酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、乙酸 成都科隆试剂有限公司;所有试剂均为分析纯。
Synergy HTX多功能型酶标仪 美国Bio Tek有限公司;Intuvo9000-GC System-5977b气质联用色谱仪、1260液相色谱仪 美国Agilent公司;JA5003型电子天平 上海佑科仪器仪表有限公司;Seven Compact S210型pH计 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司;SPME萃取纤维(50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS) 美国Supeico公司。
将川芥1号与川芥2号的茎、叶进行切割处理后,装入丝口瓶内,随后注入4%(质量分数,下同)盐度的发酵母水按照料液比1:3填满容器并密封瓶口,置于25 ℃的恒温环境中进行为期7 d的发酵。分别在发酵第0、1、3、5、7 d五个时间点取样测定相关指标,部分菜样经过液氮速冻后冻干并研磨成粉,于−80 ℃等待后续指标测定。
无菌环境下称取25 g样品,加入225 g无菌生理盐水均质处理后使用稀释涂布法进行微生物计数;水样样品无需均质,直接梯度稀释后进行微生物计数。分别使用PCA平板、MRS平板和孟加拉红平板计数细菌总数、乳酸菌数量和酵母菌数量。
准确称取10.0 g待测菜样,加入10 mL蒸馏水,充分混匀后使用pH计测定样品pH;水样直接测定pH。泡芥菜前处理方法参考ZHAO等[10],收集前处理后的上清液用于后续理化分析。采用酸碱中和滴定法测定可滴定酸含量[11];采用二硝基水杨酸法测定样品还原糖含量[12]。
参考GE等[12]的方法对芥菜样品进行前处理操作,样品提取液经过10000 r/min常温离心10 min处理后,取上清液通过0.22 μm滤膜过滤,采用HPLC检测有机酸组成[12]。
参考胡相云等[13]的方案并稍作修改,取0.2 g经冻干打粉后的样品,加入2 mL 70%乙醇溶液,在70 ℃条件下加热15 min灭酶。在90 ℃条件下提取28 min。样液经10000 r/min离心10 min后吸取上清液,用超纯水定容至5 mL,使用上述离心参数二次离心后取上清液为硫苷提取液。
精确称取10 mg烯丙基硫苷标准品,加入1 mL超纯水配制成浓度为25.16 μmol/mL的烯丙基硫苷储备液。取7支10 mL离心管,依次加入0、0.01、0.025、0.05、0.1 mL上述储备液,并用超纯水补至1 mL。随后各管依次加入2 mL 0.1%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液和1 mL 8 mmol/L氯化钯溶液,于24 ℃环境下静置反应2 h后以第1管为空白参比,测定其余各管在540 nm处的吸光度值,并以硫苷浓度为横坐标,测定的吸光度值为纵坐标绘制硫苷标准曲线。
取1 mL 1.2.5.1中制备好的硫苷提取液,加入2 mL 0.1%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液和1 mL 8 mmol/L氯化钯,于24 ℃环境下静置反应2 h后,测定各样品在540 nm处吸光度值,再根据烯丙基硫苷标准曲线(Y=0.2985X+0.01888,R2=0.9998)计算样品中的总硫苷含量。
采用顶空微萃取气相色谱质谱联用技术(headspace soild-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spec-trometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)进行测定。称取0.5 g泡芥菜冻干粉样品用于GC-MS分析,GC-MS条件设定[14]:HP-5MS UI色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm);载气为高纯氦气(He),流速1.0 mL/min;自动无分流进样;升温程序:初温40 ℃,先维持5 min,后以4 ℃/min升至100 ℃,最后以6 ℃/min升高至250 ℃,保持10 min;电子电离(electronic ionization,EI)源,电子能量70 eV,MS传输线和离子源温度均为250 ℃;扫描范围:35~550 m/z。测定结果在美国国家标准技术研究所2001标准谱库中进行检索比对,对匹配度大于75的物质进一步定性分析,对比质谱图和标准谱图,结合保留指数和已有文献报道进行挥发性物质定性分析,以面积归一化法计算相对含量,内标法进行半定量[8]。
采用Microsoft Excel软件进行数据的标准差、平均值等归类、分析和计算,采用SIMCA 14.1进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA),柱状图和折线图由Graphpad Pism 9.5绘制,相关性热图在美吉生信云平台(https://cloud.majorbio.com/)进行绘制,相关性系数选择Pearson,选择发酵过程中微生物数与硫苷及挥发性代谢产物进行相关性分析,结果由相关性Heatmap图展示。
泡菜风味由多种微生物群落协同代谢而来,乳酸菌和酵母菌等将菜中的营养物质转化为呈香呈味化合物,从而影响泡菜的产品品质[15−16]。为明确不同品种芥菜在发酵过程中微生物的含量差异,对不同发酵时期的芥菜菜样和水样中的细菌总数、乳酸菌和酵母菌进行计数,如图1所示。
芥菜发酵过程中,菜样和发酵液中细菌总数(图1(a、d))和乳酸菌数量(图1(b、e))总体呈现先增加,在第3 d后趋于稳定的趋势。川芥1号和川芥2号新鲜菜样(发酵0 d)中细菌总数和酵母菌数未见明显差异,但川芥1号菜样中的乳酸菌数显著高于川芥2号(P<0.05),分别为6.25 lg CFU/g和5.48 lg CFU/g;随着发酵的进行,乳酸菌数量在发酵中期趋同,但发酵末川芥1号菜样中的乳酸菌数仍显著高于川芥2号(P<0.05),此时两者乳酸菌数分别为7.90 lg CFU/g和7.31 lg CFU/g。不同品种芥菜菜样酵母菌数量(图1(c))变化趋势不同,川芥1号菜样酵母菌在发酵过程中呈现下降趋势,整体波动较稳定,而川芥2号菜样中酵母菌数量变化波动更为剧烈,在第3 d达到峰值(5.77 lg CFU/g)后逐渐下降,发酵末期川芥1号菜样和发酵液中酵母菌数比川芥2号高了约1 lg CFU/g和1 lg CFU/mL。
总体来看,两种芥菜菜样和水样在发酵过程中细菌总数和乳酸菌数的变化趋势相似,均在发酵初期迅速增加,达到峰值后逐渐趋于稳定,这与以往的研究一致[17]。微生物在发酵初期开始迅速繁殖,随着发酵的进行,微生物数量在后期达到一定水平后逐渐趋于平稳,这种变化可能与发酵过程中营养物质的消耗和环境条件的变化有关[17]。相较于细菌总数和乳酸菌数来说,不同品种芥菜发酵过程中的酵母菌数量差异更大,发酵末,川芥1号酵母菌数显著高于川芥2号,其主要原因可能是不同品种芥菜中初始化学物质组成和含量上的差异对于微生物的生长具有一定的影响,对比两种芥菜发酵过程中微生物的数量变化情况发现:品种对于发酵过程中酵母菌数量的影响大于细菌。
在泡菜发酵过程中,pH、总酸和还原糖等理化指标对于评估和控制发酵质量至关重要[18]。还原糖作为微生物发酵的主要底物,其含量的变化直接关联到发酵进程和最终产品的风味[19]。如图2所示,两种芥菜发酵初期其菜样和水样中的还原糖含量均无显著差异,分别为0.022 g/100 g和0.093 g/100 g。发酵初期,水样中的还原糖含量由于微生物分泌的酶类将原辅料多糖降解为还原糖而上升,然后随着发酵的进行,发酵微生物不断生长,消耗还原糖代谢产酸,从而导致还原糖含量总体呈下降趋势[20]。到发酵终点时,菜样中的还原糖含量仍无显著差异(P>0.05),而川芥1号水样中的还原糖含量则显著低于川芥2号(P<0.05),其含量分别为0.016 g/100 g和0.138 g/100 g。川芥2号水样还原糖发酵第7 d含量有所上升,可能的原因是发酵过程中芥菜中的多糖被分解消耗,产生一定量的还原糖,并且此时酵母菌数量一定程度上有所下降,发酵微生物数量的相对下降导致其对于还原糖的消耗量有所减少,还原糖被发酵微生物消耗的量小于芥菜中多糖代谢转化而来的还原糖生成量,因此川芥2号水样中的还原糖含量有所上升[21]。
总酸(Total acid,TTA)和pH不仅调控发酵菌群增殖及代谢活动,亦充当判定泡菜成熟度的核心指标[22−23]。随着发酵的进行,两种芥菜菜样的pH在发酵末期分别降至3.74和3.69;而水样中的总酸含量则整体呈上升趋势,川芥1号和川芥2号水样中的总酸含量在发酵末期差异显著,分别达到0.41 g/100 g和0.57 g/100 g。研究表明,发酵液pH<4.0,可滴定酸含量>0.3 g/100 g时,泡菜基本发酵成熟[24]。发酵第5 d时,川芥1号和川芥2号水样总酸含量已分别达到0.45 g/100 g和0.35 g/100 g,此时泡芥菜基本发酵成熟。此外,川芥1号水样中的总酸含量在5~7 d时并未如川芥2号一样持续上升,而是一定程度的下降,其原因为川芥1号中的还原糖含量已消耗殆尽,微生物转而消耗酸,以此获取能量[25]。两种芥菜发酵过程中的理化指标变化趋势基本一致,但发酵过程中不同品种芥菜微生物对于水样还原糖的消耗量及总酸的增加量存在显著差异。
有机酸是微生物发酵的关键产物,直接决定泡菜的风味与口感,赋予了泡菜爽快的酸味和发酵的清香[26−27]。不同品种芥菜在发酵过程中各类有机酸的动态变化见图3。
川芥1号和2号鲜芥中含量最高的有机酸均为乙酸,且川芥2号鲜芥乙酸含量(23.89±1.08 mg/g)显著高于川芥1号(14.30±1.76 mg/g)(P<0.05);其次分别是苹果酸、琥珀酸、乳酸和柠檬酸;同时,川芥2号鲜芥琥珀酸含量也显著高于川芥1号,分别达3.944±0.251 mg/g和2.653±0.636 mg/g(P<0.05)。苹果酸、琥珀酸和柠檬酸均参与三羧酸循环,在发酵过程中被发酵微生物消耗利用,转化为其他物质;鲜芥中乙酸含量较高,且两种芥菜中初始乙酸含量存在一定的差异性,这可能是芥菜品种不同带来的差异,随着发酵的进行,乳酸菌成为优势菌群,产生大量乳酸导致环境的酸化,耐酸能力差的异型发酵菌生长被抑制,耐酸的同型乳酸菌(植物乳杆菌等)几乎只产乳酸,乙酸的生成增量较少,并且乙酸还会在此过程中被逐渐代谢转化为其他物质[28]。由此,发现在发酵1~3 d,菜样中除乳酸之外的四种有机酸主要呈现快速下降趋势,至发酵末期其含量低至无法检出,发酵水中乙酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸含量较低,均保持在0~0.3 mg/g;发酵第7 d乳酸的含量则达到了8.316±0.073 mg/g(川芥1号菜样)和8.11±0.17 mg/g(川芥2号菜样),这与王芮东等[28]的研究相似,说明泡菜发酵以乳酸发酵为主导,随发酵周期延长,有机酸谱趋于简化[29]。
硫代葡萄糖苷(以下简称硫苷)是芥菜在生长和发酵过程中的关键次生代谢物,其代谢产物,如异硫氰酸酯类化合物和腈类等,赋予了泡芥菜独特的辛辣风味,是评价泡芥菜品质的重要指标[30−31]。如图4所示,由于芥菜品种的差异性,川芥2号鲜芥菜样中的总硫苷含量比川芥1号高50.09%,分别为40.33±5.62 μmol/g DW(川芥2号)和26.87±4.15 μmol/g DW(川芥1号)。
随着发酵进行,不同品种芥菜菜样中的总硫苷含量间差异缩小,到发酵末期,川芥1号和川芥2号中总硫苷含量分别下降至15.20±1.60 μmol/g DW和18.95±4.39 μmol/g DW,已无明显差异。鲜芥中总硫苷含量差异较大,而发酵后差异缩小的主要原因可能在于发酵过程所带来的品质均一化,使得不同品种蔬菜中的物质最终呈现相似的含量[32]。
此外,随着发酵进行,植物组织中的硫苷析出水解,部分进入发酵液中,因此水样中的总硫苷含量呈上升趋势,至发酵末期分别达到0.131 μmol/mL和0.315 μmol/mL,川芥2号水样中总硫苷含量基本高于川芥1号,可能由于川芥2号鲜样中的起始总硫苷含量更高。
从10个芥菜样品中一共检测出127种挥发性物质,其中酯类较多,共有47种,其次是酮类(12种)、醛类(12种)、醇类(11种)、烃类(10种)和酸类(10种),最后是含硫化合物(7种)、含氮化合物(6种)、醚类(5种)、腈类(4种)、酚类(2种)和呋喃类(1种)(附表1,详见本刊官网 http://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版)。
图5为不同品种芥菜发酵过程中的挥发性物质丰度图。川芥2号鲜芥中挥发性物质更为丰富,主要由酯类(45.22%)、含硫化合物(20.95%)、酸类(18.32%)和醚类(15.18%)等多种物质组成,含硫化合物和醚类物质占比更高,发酵蔬菜中的醚类和含硫化合物主要表现为刺激性气味[9];而川芥1号鲜芥中挥发性物质则主要由酯类和酸类组成,分别占比56.99%和42.56%,其他物质则占比极微。酯类始终是川芥1号和川芥2号芥菜发酵过程中的优势化合物,平均占比达45%以上。两种芥菜发酵后期的挥发性化合物种类相较发酵前期更加丰富,醇类、醛类、含硫化合物和腈类等物质占比逐渐增加。对比两种芥菜发酵末期的物质组成,酯类物质仍为绝对的优势化合物,其次是酸类;不同的是,川芥2号发酵末期醛类物质表现出更高占比(8.81%),而川芥1号中仅含有0.37%的醛类。在以往的研究中醛类物质一般通过脂质氧化及乳酸菌代谢途径生成,主要表现为青草香和果香[26],赋予了泡菜清新感。此外,发酵末期川芥2号中的腈类占比高于川芥1号,分别为5.50%和1.78%。泡菜中的腈类多源于硫苷降解,其香气谱系跨越怡人青草、草药、肉汤,也可能呈现刺鼻硫磺或汗味[33]。
为了明确不同芥菜在发酵过程中挥发性化合物的差异性,采用正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)分析了不同品种芥菜中的挥发性物质,通过交叉验证和200次随机重分类进行建模,得分图见图6。图6(a)显示,其X轴方向解释变量(R2X)为0.927,Y轴方向解释变量(R2Y)为0.958,预测能力(Q2)为0.920,表明模型稳定可靠[30]。发酵1、3 d和发酵5、7 d的样品在OPLS-DA得分图中区分较明显,两种芥菜发酵1、3 d的样品与第一主成分呈正相关,与第二主成分呈正相关;而发酵5、7 d的样品则与第一主成分呈正相关,与第二主成分呈负相关,说明挥发性组分随发酵阶段显著分化。
对于两种芥菜不同发酵时间点进行了VIP>1的挥发性成分分析,见表1。其中川芥1号和川芥2号在0、1、3、5和7 d中VIP>1的挥发性成分分别有6种、5种、5种、28种和18种。随着发酵的进行,区分两种芥菜风味的挥发性物质种类数量呈现上升趋势,基于不同品种芥菜中原有化学物质上的差异,发酵过程中微生物的生长代谢情况发生变化,川芥1号和川芥2号发酵过程中酵母菌和乳酸菌等的数量不同,后续由微生物分解代谢作用而产生的挥发性化学物质组成及含量存在一定的差异性,由此导致了发酵中后期两种芥菜中差异性挥发性物质种类的增多。
在上述发酵过程中众多的差异性挥发性化合物中,值得注意的是由硫苷代谢而来的异硫氰酸酯类和腈类化学物质,这些挥发性物质大多呈现辛辣刺激性气味,这也是芥菜独特气味的主要来源之一,不同品种芥菜中原有硫苷组成和含量的差异对于发酵后芥菜的风味特性具有重要的影响[34−35]。
从不同发酵时期的芥菜样品中共检测出14种挥发性硫苷代谢产物,其中含有10种异硫氰酸酯类、4种腈类物质(附表2,详见本刊官网 http://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版)。在这14种挥发性硫苷代谢产物中烯丙基异硫氰酸酯、3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯、苯乙基异硫氰酸酯、3-丁烯腈和乙腈在整个发酵过程中VIP>1,是区分川芥1号和川芥2号不同发酵时期风味的重要差异性物质,其相对含量见图7。
不同的硫苷代谢产物表现出不同的风味特性[36]。在一些文献中,烯丙基异硫氰酸酯被描述为硫味、硫磺味,苯乙基异硫氰酸酯为尖锐刺激性气味,而3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯通常表现为辛辣味[37]。烯丙基异硫氰酸酯是两种新鲜芥菜中相对含量最高的硫苷代谢产物,但在不同品种芥菜中的含量存在明显的差异性,分别为890.442±299.36 mg/kg和4990.705±329.16 mg/kg(图7(a))。川芥2号鲜芥中的差异性硫苷代谢产物,如烯丙基异硫氰酸酯、3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯、苯乙基异硫氰酸酯和3-丁烯腈等的含量均高于川芥1号鲜芥。
川芥2号发酵0 d硫苷代谢产物含量高于川芥1号,可能的原因是川芥2号中总硫苷含量高于川芥1号,鲜芥经切分后细胞破碎,其中的黑芥子酶流出与硫苷相反应,将硫苷分解为不同的代谢产物[31],鲜芥中总硫苷含量较高的川芥2号代谢得到的挥发性代谢产物含量因此高于川芥1号。发酵显著降低了三种异硫氰酸酯的含量,这一点在部分关于十字花科蔬菜发酵的研究中同样有所体现[38]。至发酵末期,川芥1号和2号中三种异硫氰酸酯类物质的降解率分别为97.5%~98.3%和99.3%~99.9%。两种芥菜中的差异性异硫氰酸酯类物质降解主要时间点不同:川芥1号集中在发酵1~3 d,而川芥2号中这些物质的降解分别集中于0~1 d以及3~5 d,川芥2号中异硫氰酸酯类硫苷代谢产物的完全降解速率更慢,持续时间更长,其原因可能是除黑芥子酶外,硫苷还可被部分发酵微生物选择性的分解代谢,川芥1号和川芥2号中硫苷的组成及含量存在差异,因此可能在不同的时期被不同的发酵微生物分解代谢为相应的异硫氰酸酯类物质[31]。并且发酵过程中部分硫苷代谢产物含量有所回升,这可能是由于硫苷的前体物质在某些阶段被合成或释放,进而转化为硫苷,导致硫苷代谢产物含量升高,或是微生物的代谢途径发生改变,使得部分硫苷被重新合成或释放,导致硫苷代谢产物含量小幅度升高[7]。
研究表明,3-丁烯腈和乙腈主要表现为辛辣气味[6]。对比发酵前后,两种芥菜中3-丁烯腈含量的变化趋势具有极大的差别:川芥1号中3-丁烯腈含量由0.368±0.052 mg/kg升至1.472±0.083 mg/kg,增加了300.10%;而川芥2号中3-丁烯腈含量则主要呈现下降趋势,由14.49±1.74 mg/kg降至3.572±0.308 mg/kg,下降了75.35%,不同芥菜发酵过程中3-丁烯腈变化趋势的不同与上文所述异硫氰酸酯类的差异性原因一致。除此以外,仅在川芥2号发酵7 d的样品中检出乙腈,其含量为3.122±0.02 mg/kg(图7(e)),且乙腈也是发酵第7 d挥发性风味化合物的重要区分物质之一。
为了验证硫苷代谢产物与发酵微生物的相关性,对微生物参数与硫苷及其挥发性代谢产物进行Spearman相关分析(图8)。
分析结果表明:异硫氰酸酯类硫苷代谢产物、细菌、乳酸菌和总硫苷四者之间存在显著相关性。多数硫苷代谢产物(如异硫氰酸烯丙酯、3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯、异硫氰酸丁酯、异硫氰酸异戊酯、异硫氰酸异丁酯、异硫氰酸戊酯、3-(甲硫基)丙基异硫氰酸酯、2-甲基丁基异硫氰酸酯、苯乙基异硫氰酸酯等)与细菌总数、乳酸菌数呈显著负相关,而与酵母菌数不呈现相关关系。然而前文微生物计数结果显示不同品种芥菜发酵过程中酵母菌数量差距较为明显,对此可能的原因是硫苷及其代谢产物并不直接影响酵母菌演替,而是通过影响部分乳酸菌的生长代谢,在一定程度上改变发酵环境,从而间接性对酵母菌数量进行调控[9]。在此期间未受硫苷影响的其他乳酸菌迅速生长,补充了受硫苷影响乳酸菌数量上的空隙[39-43],因此发酵过程中乳酸菌和细菌总数没有太大的区别。发酵体系中微生物群落结构及菌株差异对硫苷转化的具体作用机制仍需深入解析。
其次,异硫氰酸酯类与总硫苷含量呈现正相关,但腈类与发酵微生物及总硫苷含量之间却不存在直接相关性。在前人对于硫苷降解条件及相应产物的报道中[31],发现硫苷在发酵前期中性条件下经植物中黑芥子酶分解转化为异硫氰酸酯类;硫苷在发酵过程中也可由部分发酵微生物选择性分解为其他非异硫氰酸酯类代谢产物,因此异硫氰酸酯类与总硫苷含量呈现正相关,与发酵微生物呈现反相关。
腈类主要在酸性条件下合成,可能不受发酵微生物的直接影响,但受发酵中后期产酸菌产酸导致的酸性环境影响。该阶段硫苷已基本被分解为其他代谢产物,腈类物质极有可能由硫苷代谢后的小分子物质经酸性环境的促使合成,因此与总硫苷含量和发酵微生物没有直接相关关系。
本研究使用具有一定农艺性状差异的两种宽柄芥(川芥1号和川芥2号)进行自然发酵,对发酵过程中的品质指标进行了对比分析,不同品种芥菜发酵过程中微生物数量、还原糖、总酸、有机酸和挥发性风味物质含量均表现出显著差异。两种芥菜发酵状况良好,在还原糖消耗情况和酵母菌数量上表现出了显著差异,发酵末期川芥1号水样中的还原糖含量显著性低于川芥2号,川芥1号菜样和水样中的酵母菌数相较川芥2号高了约1 lg CFU/g和1 lg CFU/mL。不同品种宽柄芥均进行了良好的乳酸发酵,川芥2号水样总酸含量较川芥1号高0.156 g/100 g,乳酸增加量比川芥1号高了约2.3 mg/mL。
此外,本研究进一步分析了不同品种芥菜发酵过程中硫苷及代谢产物的变化规律,并与微生物数量进行了相关性分析。结果表明,不同品种鲜芥硫苷总含量差异显著,川芥2号鲜芥总硫苷含量比川芥1号高50.09%。发酵过程中川芥2号挥发性成分组成更丰富,烯丙基异硫氰酸酯、3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯、苯乙基异硫氰酸酯、3-丁烯腈和乙腈是区分川芥1号和川芥2号不同发酵时期风味的重要差异性硫苷代谢产物,两种宽柄芥中的这些差异性硫苷代谢产物在发酵过程中表现出的含量、消耗速率和被消耗的时间点上具有一定的区别。发酵过程中异硫氰酸酯类与细菌、乳酸菌呈现负相关,与总硫苷含量呈正相关,腈类与微生物和总硫苷没有相关关系。不同品种芥菜中硫苷及其代谢产物的含量与组成一定程度上影响着发酵微生物的生长代谢,导致最终产品的风味存在较大差异。但仍需进一步分析发酵体系中不同组成的硫苷对于微生物结构以至于最终对于酸菜风味呈现的影响。实验结果为芥菜发酵品质评价和发酵专用芥菜变种与品种筛选提供了一定的理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070275
  • 接收时间:2025-07-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-23
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    1四川师范大学生命科学学院,四川成都 610101
    2四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所(食物与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610066
    3四川省农业科学院园艺研究所/蔬菜品种改良与种质创新四川省重点实验室,四川成都 610066
    4西南土地资源评价与监测教育部重点实验室(四川师范大学),四川成都 610101

通讯作者:

葛黎红(1989−)(ORCID:0000−0002−3262−4622),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:发酵食品生物技术,E-mail:。
梅源(1995−)(ORCID:0000−0001−7558−5179),女,硕士,研究方向:发酵工程,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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