Article(id=1320882457986060427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070269, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753200000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852518792, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852518792, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852518792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852518792, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=318, endPage=326, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882459865108620, articleId=1320882457986060427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Two Enzyme-producing Yeasts on Volatile Flavor Substances during Cheddar Cheese Maturation, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the effects of two enzyme-producing yeasts, Kluyveromyces marxianus (M19) and Pichia fermentans (M26) on the flavor of cheese, SPME-GC-MS and electronic nose detection were used to identify the volatile compounds in Cheddar cheese produced without (control) and with Kluyveromyces marxianus (M19) and Pichia fermentans (M26). The results showed that a total of 64 volatile compounds were detected across the three groups of cheese samples, including 10 acids, 16 alcohols, 19 esters, 6 aldehydes, 8 ketones, 2 lactones and 3 others. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis of the detected volatile compound content and types revealed that the main volatile substances in the cheese group with M26 addition were acids, alcohols, esters, and ketones. The main volatile substances in the cheese group with M19 addition were alcohols, while the main volatile substances in the control group were alcohols. Comparative analysis of key flavor substances based on relative odor activity value (ROAV) during cheese ripening showed that the M19 group exhibited the highest number of volatile flavor compounds at 20 days of ripening, including acetic acid, isoamyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol, ethanol, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl acetate, phenethyl acetate, ethyl decanoate, ethyl butyrate, and benzaldehyde. In contrast, the M26 group at 30 days of ripening primarily contained acetic acid, isoamyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol, and ethyl hexanoate. Among these, ethyl hexanoate showed the highest ROAV in both treatment groups, indicating it as the most critical flavor compound in cheeses fermented with enzyme-producing yeasts, imparting distinct fruity and wine-like aromas. The odor of the M19 fermented cheese experimental group was strongest when the maturity period was 20 days, indicating that M19 fermented cheese could more efficiently promote cheese flavor formation, shorten the maturation period to 20 days, and help reduce production costs and improve efficiency. However, the flavor development ability of M26 fermented cheese was relatively weak, which might lead to a single flavor and a long maturation cycle of the product. These findings provide a valuable reference for the application of yeast in cheese production.

, authors=Min LIU, Wan HAN, Zhaoting DOU, Jingxian GUO, authorsList=Min LIU, Wan HAN, Zhaoting DOU, Jingxian GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882461609939097, articleId=1320882457986060427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=两种产酶酵母菌对契达干酪成熟期间挥发性风味物质的影响, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究马克斯克鲁维酵母(M19)和发酵毕赤酵母(M26)两种产酶酵母菌对干酪风味的影响,本实验采用SPME-GC-MS和电子鼻检测技术对不添加(空白对照)和添加马克斯克鲁维酵母(M19)和发酵毕赤酵母(M26)制作的契达干酪成熟期间挥发性化合物种类进行鉴定。结果表明,3组干酪样品中共检测出挥发性化合物64种,其中酸类10种、醇类16种、酯类19种、醛类6种、酮类8种、内酯类2种和其他类3种,将测得的挥发性化合物含量及种类进行PCA与聚类分析发现,添加M26干酪组主要挥发性物质为酸类、醇类、酯类以及酮类,添加M19干酪组主要挥发性物质为醇类,空白对照组主要挥发性物质为醇类,通过ROAV 对干酪成熟期间关键风味物质进行比较分析,发现添加M19干酪组在成熟期20 d时的挥发性风味化合物最多,包括乙酸、异戊醇、正戊醇、乙醇、己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯、癸酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯和苯甲醛。而添加M26干酪组在成熟期30 d挥发性风味化合物主要包括乙酸、异戊醇、正戊醇和己酸乙酯。其中己酸乙酯在两组干酪中 ROAV最大,是产酶酵母菌发酵后的干酪中最重要的风味物质,使干酪呈现水果香和酒香。其中以成熟期为20 d时M19发酵干酪实验组的气味最强烈,说明M19发酵干酪能更高效地促进干酪风味形成,缩短成熟周期至20 d,有助于降低生产成本、提升效率。而M26发酵干酪风味开发能力较弱,可能导致产品风味单一、成熟周期长。研究结果为干酪生产中酵母菌的使用提供参考。

, authors=刘敏, 韩琬, 窦兆婷, 郭京先, authorsList=刘敏, 韩琬, 窦兆婷, 郭京先, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

刘敏(1975−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:农畜产品贮藏加工,E-mail:

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刘敏(1975−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:农畜产品贮藏加工,E-mail:

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刘敏(1975−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:农畜产品贮藏加工,E-mail:

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Food and Fermentation Industries, 2023, 49(5): 116−123., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882461869985946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882461878374555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, companyId=1320882461869985946, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Vocational and Technical College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Baotou 014109, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882461890957468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, companyId=1320882461869985946, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=内蒙古农业大学职业技术学院,内蒙古包头 014109)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320882465883934909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Proportion of various volatile compounds in Cheddar cheese, figureFileSmall=oyCT6TVyCY0BF3XNvrr0QA==, figureFileBig=2rAGPsN9IxCH0lOwBM1jvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882465972015294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, language=CN, label=图1, caption=契达干酪各类挥发性化合物占比, figureFileSmall=oyCT6TVyCY0BF3XNvrr0QA==, figureFileBig=2rAGPsN9IxCH0lOwBM1jvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882466211090623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Electronic nose radar diagram of Cheddar cheese at different ripening stages, figureFileSmall=TJ43dx92ffqq8CBZp8YzdA==, figureFileBig=bl8SMLpcr6F+FazDSXymWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882466282393792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同成熟期契达干酪的电子鼻雷达图, figureFileSmall=TJ43dx92ffqq8CBZp8YzdA==, figureFileBig=bl8SMLpcr6F+FazDSXymWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882466374668481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=PCA of flavor compounds of Cheddar cheese at different maturation stages, figureFileSmall=RBbfGIYSSpZT3xoFiqHgdA==, figureFileBig=KE2ExnkS1X7nEy50Ch6S8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882466466943170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同成熟期契达干酪风味物质PCA

注:01~03表示成熟期0 d时的结果;101~103表示成熟期10 d时的结果;201~203表示成熟期20 d时的结果;301~303表示成熟期30 d时的结果。

, figureFileSmall=RBbfGIYSSpZT3xoFiqHgdA==, figureFileBig=KE2ExnkS1X7nEy50Ch6S8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882466546634947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Flavor material load diagram of Cheddar cheese at different maturation stages, figureFileSmall=c+aA61kxbTX5OOwNOt6rXw==, figureFileBig=kTjNM5seiWgKdoXXjxfX2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882466609549508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同成熟期契达干酪风味物质载荷图, figureFileSmall=c+aA61kxbTX5OOwNOt6rXw==, figureFileBig=kTjNM5seiWgKdoXXjxfX2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882466706018501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Cyclic heat map of flavor substances of Cheddar cheese at different maturation stages, figureFileSmall=0sx+14pguFXMtnyEEF8zmg==, figureFileBig=XVUR1ZZjtOfkMbejIHm+Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882466836041926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同成熟期契达干酪风味物质环状热图, figureFileSmall=0sx+14pguFXMtnyEEF8zmg==, figureFileBig=XVUR1ZZjtOfkMbejIHm+Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882468488597703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Circos diagram of the dynamic flavor compounds of Cheddar cheese at different maturation stages, figureFileSmall=ZdmsUVqTB4v2dZ8l6Yjq5g==, figureFileBig=c6w2Qb7/v/DuGTQUpG0MYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882468585066696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同成熟期契达干酪风味物质动态Circos图, figureFileSmall=ZdmsUVqTB4v2dZ8l6Yjq5g==, figureFileBig=c6w2Qb7/v/DuGTQUpG0MYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882468681535689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Relative contents of volatile flavor compounds in cheese at different maturation stage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号化合物相对含量(%)
K-0M19-0M26-0K-10M19-10M26-10K-20M19-20M26-20K-30M19-30M26-30
A1甲基丙二酸−0.9±0.10b1.70±0.05a−−0.20±0.032.40±0.04a−2.02±0.05b2.40±0.05a−0.22±0.02b
A2正戊酸−−1.38±0.08−−0.21±0.01−−−0.33±0.03b−6.34±0.04a
A3正己酸−−1.38±0.02−−−−−−−−−
A4乙酸−−6.79±0.0914.36±0.06a−7.66±0.06b19.22±0.02a1.68±0.08c8.13±0.03b7.50±0.02a−4.35±0.05b
A5辛酸−−1.22±0.02−−−−−−−−−
A63-羟基月桂酸−−0.42±0.02−−−−−−−−−
A73-甲基戊酸−0.23±0.03−−−0.16±0.03−−−0.10±0.01−−
A87-酮基辛酸−−−−−0.14±0.02−−0.18±0.050.12±0.02−−
A9丙二酸−−−−−−19.22±0.02a−8.13±0.03b4.35±0.05−−
A10乳酸−−0.58±0.08−−−−−−−−−
B1二乙二醇−0.93±0.03a0.41±0.01b2.15±0.05a0.69±0.09b0.28±0.04c2.44±0.04a−2.01±0.01b2.48±0.08−−
B22-氨基乙醇−−6.56±0.06−−1.11±0.01−0.70±0.05b9.07±0.07a8.40±0.03a−2.26±0.02b
B3异戊醇−−4.66±0.063.72±0.02c10.30±0.05a7.80±0.02b3.53±0.03b11.98±0.03a−2.94±0.04b−6.28±0.08a
B4正戊醇−−4.66±0.06−10.30±0.02a7.80±0.10b−11.98±0.04a11.31±0.06b−−6.28±0.04
B52,3-丁二醇−−0.27±0.07−−−−−−−−−
B62-辛醇−−0.16±0.06−−−−−−−−−
B73-甲基-2-庚醇−−0.24±0.04−
B86-甲基-2-庚醇−−0.24±0.02−−−−−−−−−
B92-乙基己醇−−0.68±0.08−−−2.27±0.07a−0.62±0.02b−−−
B10苯乙醇−−4.21±0.01−1.35±0.05b5.09±0.09a−4.93±0.03b11.52±0.02a−−3.25±0.05
B112-十六醇−−0.30±0.050.46±0.06−−−−−−−−
B12十六醇−0.63±0.03−−−−−−0.12±0.020.12±0.02−−
B13环癸醇1.20±0.02a0.82±0.02b−−−−−−−−−
B141-苯基-2-丙醇−−−0.25±0.05−−0.21±0.01−−−0.32±0.02−
B152-丙基-1-戊醇−−−−−−2.27±0.05−−−−−
B16乙醇−−−−−−−36.59±0.04−−−−
C1乙酸甲酯−−2.94±0.04−−−−−−−−−
C2甲氧基乙酸乙酯−−3.88±0.08−−−−−−−−−
C3异己酸乙酯−0.16±0.06−−0.32±0.02a0.36±0.06a0.37±0.02b0.36±0.06b0.53±0.03a0.58±0.03a0.49±0.09ab0.39±0.09b
C4乙酸壬酯−−−0.33±0.03−−−−0.32±0.02−−−
C5己酸乙酯−−−−−−−0.36±0.02−−−0.39±0.01
C6邻苯二甲酸正丁异辛酯−−−0.26±0.06−−−−−−−−
C7顺式-7-十六碳烯酸甲酯−−−0.22±0.02−−−−−−−−
C8丙酸壬酯−−−0.19±0.04−−−−
C9邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯−−−0.33±0.03−−−−−−−−
C10棕榈酸甲酯−−−0.26±0.06a0.13±0.03b−−−−−−−
C11乙酸乙酯−−−−1.30±0.05−−2.60±0.10−−−−
C122-乙基丁酸烯丙酯−−−−0.32±0.02−−0.12±0.07−−−−
C13辛酸乙酯−−−−0.26±0.06−−0.95±0.05−−−−
C14乙酸苯乙酯−−−−0.48±0.08−−1.62±0.02−−0.50±0.05−
C15癸酸乙酯−−−−−−−0.95±0.05−−−−
C16异丁酸2-苯乙酯−−−−−−−1.62±0.02−−−−
C173-氧丁基乙酸酯−−−−−−−−−−0.30±0.05
C18碳酸甲乙酯−−−−−−−0.62±0.02−−−−
C19丁酸乙酯−−−−−−−0.22±0.02−−−−
D1丁二醛−−0.13±0.03−−−−−−−−−
D22-苯基乙醛0.26±0.06b−2.43±0.03a0.53±0.03a0.33±0.03b−−1.34±0.04b2.51±0.01a0.37±0.07a0.31±0.01a0.15±0.05b
D3正壬醛−−−0.49±0.01−−−−−−−−
D4苯甲醛−−−−−−−0.32±0.02−−−−
D5十三醛−0.41±0.01−−−−−−−−−−
D6L-(-)-甘油醛−−−−0.12±0.02−−−−−−−
D6L-(-)-甘油醛−−−−0.12±0.02−−−−−−−
E12-甲基四氢呋喃-3-酮−−0.67±0.07−−−−−−−−−
E2羟基丙酮−−2.94±0.04−−−−−−−−−
E33-羟基-2-丁酮−−0.24±0.04−−−−−−−−−
E44-羟基-2-丁酮−−−−−−−2.60±0.05−−−−
E54-甲基-2-己酮1.01±0.01a0.45±0.05b−0.62±0.02a0.13±0.03c0.24±0.04b0.63±0.03−−0.62±0.02−−
E65-苯基戊烷-2-酮−−−−−−−1.62±0.02−−0.42±0.04a0.18±0.01b
E72-壬酮1.73±0.03−−−−−0.63±0.01−−0.62±0.02−−
E88-羟基-2-辛酮−−−0.33±0.03−−−−−−−−
F1丁位壬内酯0.19±0.04−−−−−0.28±0.08a−0.29±0.01a0.60±0.05a−0.31±0.06b
F2Γ-二甲基丁内酯0.23±0.03−−0.38±0.08a0.13±0.03b−0.28±0.03a0.12±0.02b0.29±0.05a−−0.12±0.02
G1L-丙氨酰甘氨酸−−6.56±0.063.64±0.04a1.40±0.05c1.95±0.01b2.27±0.03a2.05±0.02b0.20±0.03c1.67±0.07b−5.97±0.07a
G2肌氨酸−−6.56±0.012.52±0.02a−1.95±0.05b2.30±0.05b2.05±0.05b21.69±0.01a2.22±0.02b−5.97±0.02a
G3乳酰胺−−−−45.05±0.05a16.78±0.08b34.07±0.07a14.47±0.07c26.60±0.01b2.85±0.05b−28.47±0.07a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882468790587594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同成熟阶段干酪中挥发性风味化合物相对含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号化合物相对含量(%)
K-0M19-0M26-0K-10M19-10M26-10K-20M19-20M26-20K-30M19-30M26-30
A1甲基丙二酸−0.9±0.10b1.70±0.05a−−0.20±0.032.40±0.04a−2.02±0.05b2.40±0.05a−0.22±0.02b
A2正戊酸−−1.38±0.08−−0.21±0.01−−−0.33±0.03b−6.34±0.04a
A3正己酸−−1.38±0.02−−−−−−−−−
A4乙酸−−6.79±0.0914.36±0.06a−7.66±0.06b19.22±0.02a1.68±0.08c8.13±0.03b7.50±0.02a−4.35±0.05b
A5辛酸−−1.22±0.02−−−−−−−−−
A63-羟基月桂酸−−0.42±0.02−−−−−−−−−
A73-甲基戊酸−0.23±0.03−−−0.16±0.03−−−0.10±0.01−−
A87-酮基辛酸−−−−−0.14±0.02−−0.18±0.050.12±0.02−−
A9丙二酸−−−−−−19.22±0.02a−8.13±0.03b4.35±0.05−−
A10乳酸−−0.58±0.08−−−−−−−−−
B1二乙二醇−0.93±0.03a0.41±0.01b2.15±0.05a0.69±0.09b0.28±0.04c2.44±0.04a−2.01±0.01b2.48±0.08−−
B22-氨基乙醇−−6.56±0.06−−1.11±0.01−0.70±0.05b9.07±0.07a8.40±0.03a−2.26±0.02b
B3异戊醇−−4.66±0.063.72±0.02c10.30±0.05a7.80±0.02b3.53±0.03b11.98±0.03a−2.94±0.04b−6.28±0.08a
B4正戊醇−−4.66±0.06−10.30±0.02a7.80±0.10b−11.98±0.04a11.31±0.06b−−6.28±0.04
B52,3-丁二醇−−0.27±0.07−−−−−−−−−
B62-辛醇−−0.16±0.06−−−−−−−−−
B73-甲基-2-庚醇−−0.24±0.04−
B86-甲基-2-庚醇−−0.24±0.02−−−−−−−−−
B92-乙基己醇−−0.68±0.08−−−2.27±0.07a−0.62±0.02b−−−
B10苯乙醇−−4.21±0.01−1.35±0.05b5.09±0.09a−4.93±0.03b11.52±0.02a−−3.25±0.05
B112-十六醇−−0.30±0.050.46±0.06−−−−−−−−
B12十六醇−0.63±0.03−−−−−−0.12±0.020.12±0.02−−
B13环癸醇1.20±0.02a0.82±0.02b−−−−−−−−−
B141-苯基-2-丙醇−−−0.25±0.05−−0.21±0.01−−−0.32±0.02−
B152-丙基-1-戊醇−−−−−−2.27±0.05−−−−−
B16乙醇−−−−−−−36.59±0.04−−−−
C1乙酸甲酯−−2.94±0.04−−−−−−−−−
C2甲氧基乙酸乙酯−−3.88±0.08−−−−−−−−−
C3异己酸乙酯−0.16±0.06−−0.32±0.02a0.36±0.06a0.37±0.02b0.36±0.06b0.53±0.03a0.58±0.03a0.49±0.09ab0.39±0.09b
C4乙酸壬酯−−−0.33±0.03−−−−0.32±0.02−−−
C5己酸乙酯−−−−−−−0.36±0.02−−−0.39±0.01
C6邻苯二甲酸正丁异辛酯−−−0.26±0.06−−−−−−−−
C7顺式-7-十六碳烯酸甲酯−−−0.22±0.02−−−−−−−−
C8丙酸壬酯−−−0.19±0.04−−−−
C9邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯−−−0.33±0.03−−−−−−−−
C10棕榈酸甲酯−−−0.26±0.06a0.13±0.03b−−−−−−−
C11乙酸乙酯−−−−1.30±0.05−−2.60±0.10−−−−
C122-乙基丁酸烯丙酯−−−−0.32±0.02−−0.12±0.07−−−−
C13辛酸乙酯−−−−0.26±0.06−−0.95±0.05−−−−
C14乙酸苯乙酯−−−−0.48±0.08−−1.62±0.02−−0.50±0.05−
C15癸酸乙酯−−−−−−−0.95±0.05−−−−
C16异丁酸2-苯乙酯−−−−−−−1.62±0.02−−−−
C173-氧丁基乙酸酯−−−−−−−−−−0.30±0.05
C18碳酸甲乙酯−−−−−−−0.62±0.02−−−−
C19丁酸乙酯−−−−−−−0.22±0.02−−−−
D1丁二醛−−0.13±0.03−−−−−−−−−
D22-苯基乙醛0.26±0.06b−2.43±0.03a0.53±0.03a0.33±0.03b−−1.34±0.04b2.51±0.01a0.37±0.07a0.31±0.01a0.15±0.05b
D3正壬醛−−−0.49±0.01−−−−−−−−
D4苯甲醛−−−−−−−0.32±0.02−−−−
D5十三醛−0.41±0.01−−−−−−−−−−
D6L-(-)-甘油醛−−−−0.12±0.02−−−−−−−
D6L-(-)-甘油醛−−−−0.12±0.02−−−−−−−
E12-甲基四氢呋喃-3-酮−−0.67±0.07−−−−−−−−−
E2羟基丙酮−−2.94±0.04−−−−−−−−−
E33-羟基-2-丁酮−−0.24±0.04−−−−−−−−−
E44-羟基-2-丁酮−−−−−−−2.60±0.05−−−−
E54-甲基-2-己酮1.01±0.01a0.45±0.05b−0.62±0.02a0.13±0.03c0.24±0.04b0.63±0.03−−0.62±0.02−−
E65-苯基戊烷-2-酮−−−−−−−1.62±0.02−−0.42±0.04a0.18±0.01b
E72-壬酮1.73±0.03−−−−−0.63±0.01−−0.62±0.02−−
E88-羟基-2-辛酮−−−0.33±0.03−−−−−−−−
F1丁位壬内酯0.19±0.04−−−−−0.28±0.08a−0.29±0.01a0.60±0.05a−0.31±0.06b
F2Γ-二甲基丁内酯0.23±0.03−−0.38±0.08a0.13±0.03b−0.28±0.03a0.12±0.02b0.29±0.05a−−0.12±0.02
G1L-丙氨酰甘氨酸−−6.56±0.063.64±0.04a1.40±0.05c1.95±0.01b2.27±0.03a2.05±0.02b0.20±0.03c1.67±0.07b−5.97±0.07a
G2肌氨酸−−6.56±0.012.52±0.02a−1.95±0.05b2.30±0.05b2.05±0.05b21.69±0.01a2.22±0.02b−5.97±0.02a
G3乳酰胺−−−−45.05±0.05a16.78±0.08b34.07±0.07a14.47±0.07c26.60±0.01b2.85±0.05b−28.47±0.07a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882468895445195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

ROAV analysis results of key flavor compounds in Cheddar cheese at different maturation periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风味物质香气描述[3,20]感觉阈值
(µg/L)
ROAV
K-0M19-0M26-0K-10M19-10M26-10K-20M19-20M26-20K-30M19-30M26-30
乙酸酸味22000−−1.7034.65−0.481.180.110.350.30−0.25
辛酸酸败味500−−13.25−−−−−−−−−
异戊醇−30000−−0.8513.920.540.360.160.55−0.08−0.27
正戊醇−4000−−6.35−4.022.71−4.162.67−−2.01
乙醇甜味10000−−−−−−−5.08−−−−
己酸乙酯果香味5−−−−−−−100−−−100
乙酸乙酯水果香340−−−−5.97−−10.62−−−−
辛酸乙酯苹果味5−−−−81.25−−−−−−−
乙酸苯乙酯花香味250−−−−3.00−−9.00−−2.05−
癸酸乙酯椰子味200−−−−−−−6.60−−−−
丁酸乙酯苹果味20−−−−−−−15.28−−−−
苯甲醛杏仁味85−−−−−−−5.23−−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320882468979331276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882457986060427, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同成熟时期契达干酪关键风味物质ROAV分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风味物质香气描述[3,20]感觉阈值
(µg/L)
ROAV
K-0M19-0M26-0K-10M19-10M26-10K-20M19-20M26-20K-30M19-30M26-30
乙酸酸味22000−−1.7034.65−0.481.180.110.350.30−0.25
辛酸酸败味500−−13.25−−−−−−−−−
异戊醇−30000−−0.8513.920.540.360.160.55−0.08−0.27
正戊醇−4000−−6.35−4.022.71−4.162.67−−2.01
乙醇甜味10000−−−−−−−5.08−−−−
己酸乙酯果香味5−−−−−−−100−−−100
乙酸乙酯水果香340−−−−5.97−−10.62−−−−
辛酸乙酯苹果味5−−−−81.25−−−−−−−
乙酸苯乙酯花香味250−−−−3.00−−9.00−−2.05−
癸酸乙酯椰子味200−−−−−−−6.60−−−−
丁酸乙酯苹果味20−−−−−−−15.28−−−−
苯甲醛杏仁味85−−−−−−−5.23−−−−
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两种产酶酵母菌对契达干酪成熟期间挥发性风味物质的影响
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刘敏 , 韩琬 , 窦兆婷 , 郭京先
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(15): 318-326
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (15) : 318 -326
两种产酶酵母菌对契达干酪成熟期间挥发性风味物质的影响
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刘敏 , 韩琬, 窦兆婷, 郭京先
作者信息
  • 内蒙古农业大学职业技术学院,内蒙古包头 014109
作者简介:

刘敏(1975−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:农畜产品贮藏加工,E-mail:

Effects of Two Enzyme-producing Yeasts on Volatile Flavor Substances during Cheddar Cheese Maturation
Min LIU , Wan HAN, Zhaoting DOU, Jingxian GUO
Affiliations
  • Vocational and Technical College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Baotou 014109, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070269
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为研究马克斯克鲁维酵母(M19)和发酵毕赤酵母(M26)两种产酶酵母菌对干酪风味的影响,本实验采用SPME-GC-MS和电子鼻检测技术对不添加(空白对照)和添加马克斯克鲁维酵母(M19)和发酵毕赤酵母(M26)制作的契达干酪成熟期间挥发性化合物种类进行鉴定。结果表明,3组干酪样品中共检测出挥发性化合物64种,其中酸类10种、醇类16种、酯类19种、醛类6种、酮类8种、内酯类2种和其他类3种,将测得的挥发性化合物含量及种类进行PCA与聚类分析发现,添加M26干酪组主要挥发性物质为酸类、醇类、酯类以及酮类,添加M19干酪组主要挥发性物质为醇类,空白对照组主要挥发性物质为醇类,通过ROAV 对干酪成熟期间关键风味物质进行比较分析,发现添加M19干酪组在成熟期20 d时的挥发性风味化合物最多,包括乙酸、异戊醇、正戊醇、乙醇、己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯、癸酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯和苯甲醛。而添加M26干酪组在成熟期30 d挥发性风味化合物主要包括乙酸、异戊醇、正戊醇和己酸乙酯。其中己酸乙酯在两组干酪中 ROAV最大,是产酶酵母菌发酵后的干酪中最重要的风味物质,使干酪呈现水果香和酒香。其中以成熟期为20 d时M19发酵干酪实验组的气味最强烈,说明M19发酵干酪能更高效地促进干酪风味形成,缩短成熟周期至20 d,有助于降低生产成本、提升效率。而M26发酵干酪风味开发能力较弱,可能导致产品风味单一、成熟周期长。研究结果为干酪生产中酵母菌的使用提供参考。

马克斯克鲁维酵母  /  发酵毕赤酵母  /  契达干酪  /  SPME-GC-MS  /  电子鼻  /  风味物质

In order to study the effects of two enzyme-producing yeasts, Kluyveromyces marxianus (M19) and Pichia fermentans (M26) on the flavor of cheese, SPME-GC-MS and electronic nose detection were used to identify the volatile compounds in Cheddar cheese produced without (control) and with Kluyveromyces marxianus (M19) and Pichia fermentans (M26). The results showed that a total of 64 volatile compounds were detected across the three groups of cheese samples, including 10 acids, 16 alcohols, 19 esters, 6 aldehydes, 8 ketones, 2 lactones and 3 others. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis of the detected volatile compound content and types revealed that the main volatile substances in the cheese group with M26 addition were acids, alcohols, esters, and ketones. The main volatile substances in the cheese group with M19 addition were alcohols, while the main volatile substances in the control group were alcohols. Comparative analysis of key flavor substances based on relative odor activity value (ROAV) during cheese ripening showed that the M19 group exhibited the highest number of volatile flavor compounds at 20 days of ripening, including acetic acid, isoamyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol, ethanol, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl acetate, phenethyl acetate, ethyl decanoate, ethyl butyrate, and benzaldehyde. In contrast, the M26 group at 30 days of ripening primarily contained acetic acid, isoamyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol, and ethyl hexanoate. Among these, ethyl hexanoate showed the highest ROAV in both treatment groups, indicating it as the most critical flavor compound in cheeses fermented with enzyme-producing yeasts, imparting distinct fruity and wine-like aromas. The odor of the M19 fermented cheese experimental group was strongest when the maturity period was 20 days, indicating that M19 fermented cheese could more efficiently promote cheese flavor formation, shorten the maturation period to 20 days, and help reduce production costs and improve efficiency. However, the flavor development ability of M26 fermented cheese was relatively weak, which might lead to a single flavor and a long maturation cycle of the product. These findings provide a valuable reference for the application of yeast in cheese production.

Kluyveromyces marxianus  /  Pichia fermentans  /  Cheddar cheese  /  SPME-GC-MS  /  electronic nose  /  flavor substances
刘敏, 韩琬, 窦兆婷, 郭京先. 两种产酶酵母菌对契达干酪成熟期间挥发性风味物质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 318 -326 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070269
Min LIU, Wan HAN, Zhaoting DOU, Jingxian GUO. Effects of Two Enzyme-producing Yeasts on Volatile Flavor Substances during Cheddar Cheese Maturation[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 318 -326 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070269
近年来,干酪在我国的消费量逐渐增长,但其独特风味主要形成于成熟阶段[1−2]。其成熟过程分为初级和次级代谢[3−4];初级代谢决定基本风味;次级代谢形成特有风味。国内干酪市场需求持续增长,然而本土产能低下,大多依赖进口。目前,进口干酪的发展受价格偏高、其较为浓烈的风味与国内消费者的饮食习惯不符,以及成熟时间周期过长等因素制约。尽管在生乳干酪的微生物群落中,乳酸菌(LAB)占据主导地位,但酵母菌对风味形成与生化进程具有关键作用[5],酵母菌通过与乳酸菌互作形成协同效应,既促进乳酸菌生长,也显著提升干酪的感官品质。此外,添加产酶酵母菌可大幅缩短成熟时间,在保证干酪品质的同时降低生产成本。近年来,国际干酪研究聚焦于风味解析、新型发酵剂与益生菌开发、减脂干酪质构优化及功能性成分强化;国内研究则紧跟国际前沿,着力于本土特色乳源干酪开发、工艺创新以适配国人消费习惯,并深入探索其营养与功能特性,推动产业向多元化、功能化与本地化方向发展。因此,研究两种产酶酵母菌对干酪成熟期间风味的影响,对提高契达干酪风味稳定性方面进行研究,为开发干酪新型风味发酵剂或附属发酵剂奠定理论基础。研究成果对于提升干酪产品生产与消费,推动我国干酪产业的快速发展具有重要意义。
目前,加入辅助发酵剂已被大量应用于干酪生产以改变其风味和加速成熟过程[6]。关于酵母菌发酵干酪,国内外已有大量的研究,主要集中于成熟过程中干酪的理化和风味变化。de Freitas等[7]研究Cantal干酪发酵过程中发现,添加乳酸克鲁维酵母菌(Kluyveromyces lactis)作辅助培养物能引起一些挥发性气味化合物浓度的较大变化,这种影响对于乙醇、乙酯、一些醛、支链醇、支链酸和1-辛烯-3-醇尤其明显,能够显著影响Cantal干酪风味。Sevinc-Demircan[8]等将Yarrowia lipolytica、Debaryomyces hansenii和Kluyveromyces lactis分别掺入四批奶酪中,含有Y. lipolytica的奶酪最受欢迎,它含有更多的短链脂肪酸,尤其是丁酸。Bertuzzi等[9]将汉逊德巴利酵母DPC6258与一些细菌涂抹于成熟的切达干酪,酵母菌和细菌培养物都能够在奶酪表面较好生长并成为奶酪表面的主要微生物群,生产出具有可接受的外观和新颖风味及香气特征的奶酪品种。
GC-MS、电子鼻被广泛应用于食品风味评价[10],电子鼻是基于传感器阵列,快速简便但缺乏定性及定量方法[11−13]。GC-MS凭借高效分离与高灵敏度可实现挥发性成分的精确定鉴定[14]。两者联合,可以构建一个既快速高效又科学准确的挥发性物质分析体系,广泛应用于多个领域。
目前,大多数关于干酪产品的研究主要集中在乳酸菌上[15],而酵母在塑造整体产品质量方面的研究仍然有限。传统发酵乳制品中富含优质的自然菌株,能提供丰富的菌系和酶系,多元化产品的功能成分。因此,首次尝试将产酶酵母菌作为辅助发酵剂用于契达干酪的制作,本研究将筛选得到的2株产酶酵母菌M19和M26应用于契达干酪加工中,通过SPME-GC-MS技术确定不同成熟时期干酪中的关键风味化合物,并对其进行主成分分析与聚类分析。采用雷达图对电子鼻检测干酪中气味差异进行分析,发现添加产酶酵母菌有助于改善契达干酪在成熟后期出现的不良气味,缩短成熟时间,从而降低干酪的生产成本。本文旨在探讨两种产酶酵母菌对干酪成熟过程中关键挥发性风味物质生成种类的影响,为其后续在干酪工业化生产中的应用提供理论支持。
产酶酵母菌M19和M26 内蒙古农业大学职业技术学院实验室筛选(从赤峰市、锡林郭勒盟、通辽市和兴安盟市采集酸奶、马奶酒、干酪);生牛乳 内蒙古自治区包头市萨拉齐牧区;商业乳酸菌发酵剂(R-707)、凝乳酶(890 IMCU/g) 科汉森(北京)贸易有限公司;YDP固体培养基、YDP液体培养基 青岛海博生物技术有限公司;食盐 中国盐业股份有限公司。
SHHY-38小型干酪槽 上海顺仪实验设备有限公司;Trace1300-ISQ 气相色谱-质谱联用仪 美国Thermo Fisher科技公司;751微米CAR/PDMS萃取头 美国Supelco公司;PH/T16MM台式高速离心机 湖南赫西仪器装备有限公司;KG-SX-700立式压力蒸汽灭菌锅 上海莱睿科学仪器有限公司;HWS-250B恒温生化培养箱 北京恒诺利兴科技有限公司;HHS-11-1恒温水浴锅 上海博迅实业有限公司医疗设备厂;DL-CJ-2ND1洁净工作台 北京东联哈尔仪器制造有限公司;837FT0921电子鼻 上海瑞玢智能科技有限公司;
生牛乳→过滤杀菌(65 ℃)→冷却(30 ℃)→添加乳酸菌发酵剂(2%(v/v))→调整酸度加凝乳酶→凝乳(pH为4.4)→切割→排出乳清→添加M19和M26发酵剂(2%(v/v))→堆酿→切块→压榨→成型→包装→成熟。
生牛乳:全脂生鲜奶。
过滤杀菌:利用纱布进行过滤并于65 ℃进行杀菌。
冷却:通过排水对奶酪槽中的牛乳进行冷却至30 ℃。
添加乳酸菌发酵剂:乳酸菌商业发酵剂以2%(v/v)添加量接种至牛乳中。
调整酸度加凝乳酶:将凝乳酶与1%的食盐水混合置于37 ℃水浴锅中活化1 h待用,凝乳酶添加量为0.01%~0.02%,且凝乳时间控制在40±5 min。
凝乳:凝乳过程保持35℃恒温静置,待pH降至4.4±0.05时,辅以切割确认凝乳程度。
切割及排乳清:用切割器对干酪进行切割,升温等待乳清析出后用滤网排出。
添加酵母菌发酵剂:酵母菌发酵剂2%(v/v)的添加量,将产酶酵母菌菌悬液倒入凝乳中。
堆酿及切块:每15 min反转堆积一次,共反转7次,将干酪切成1 cm方块并加盐搅拌。
压模成型:将空白对照组和实验组干酪放入模具内,用纱布分别包好,在加压模具下继续排乳清3 h,然后缓慢升压,继续压榨3 h效果更佳。
包装:将干酪用无菌袋包装。
成熟:将压榨成型的干酪置于5 ℃无菌环境中发酵40 d,每间隔48 h在干酪表面用纱布均匀擦拭5%的无菌盐水,保证干酪湿度,并有效预防和抑制干酪表面有害微生物的生长繁殖。
根据以上方法,制得三种干酪,空白对照组为仅接种商业乳酸菌发酵干酪、实验组为接种M19和商业乳酸菌以及接种M26和商业乳酸菌发酵干酪。三种干酪的成熟期均为30 d,在成熟期的第0、10、20、30 d分别对干酪进行取样,探究其风味随成熟时间的变化情况。
参照王蓓等[16]的方法加以改进。固相微萃取基本条件:将2.0 g干酪样品装入到20 mL萃取瓶,于60 ℃水浴加热30 min后,将预先活化好的固相微萃取纤维头插入瓶内顶空部位进行50 min的挥发性成分富集,萃取结束后取出纤维头并插入到气相色谱汽化室中进行GC-MS分析。
气相色谱条件:色谱柱为DB-WAX毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm),载气为氦气,柱温箱初始温度35 ℃,进样口温度250 ℃,不分流进样,载气流速1 mL/min,柱温箱升温程序为35 ℃保持4 min,4 ℃/min升至100 ℃,6 ℃/min升至150 ℃,5 ℃/min升至230 ℃,保持5 min。
质谱条件:电子电离源,电离能量70 eV,离子源温度为230 ℃,接口温度250 ℃,质量扫描范围为20~350 amu。
挥发性物质定性及定量分析:由安捷伦质谱数据处理系统与NIST 11标准库结合自动检索各组分质谱数据,根据定性分析报告中各物质的峰面积和总面积的百分比计算出每种物质的相对含量。
依据相对气味活度值(ROAV)法定量分析不同成熟阶段化合物对契达干酪风味的贡献程度[17]。
ROAV计算公式如下:
$ \rm{ROAV}=100\times\frac{C_i}{C_{max}}\times\frac{T_{max}}{T_i} $
式中:Ci:各挥发性物质的相对含量,%;Ti:各挥发性物质的感觉阈值,µg/L;Cmax:对样品总体风味贡献最大组分的相对含量,%;Tmax:对样品总体风味贡献最大组分的感觉阈值,µg/L。
准确称取6 g不同成熟期契达干酪置于30 mL专用进样瓶瓶后,加盖密封,60 ℃水浴锅富集30 min后进行测试,插入电子鼻探头吸取顶端空气进行检测分析,电子鼻参数设置:检测时间60 s,预进样5 s,清洗时间120 s,气体流速1 L/min,每个样品测5次平行。
实验均重复3次,数据以平均数±标准差表示。采用SPSS22.0进行方差分析和差异性显著分析,P<0.05表示差异显著。并采用Origin2021对挥发性化合物进行主成分分析(PCA)、相关性和聚类分析。
将三组干酪(空白对照组、M19发酵干酪实验组、M26发酵干酪实验组)进行GC-MS检测,挥发性化合物种类以及各类物质在样品中的占比见图1。由图1可知,空白对照组中共检测出7类挥发性化合物,分别为:酸(53.41%)、醇(32.43%)、酯(2.54%)、醛(1.66%)、酮(6.19%)、内酯(1.54%)、其他(2.23%),其中酸类为主要风味物质;M19发酵干酪中共检测出7类挥发性化合物,分别为酸(2.84%)、醇(61.52%)、酯(13.68%)、醛(2.83%)、酮(5.22%)、内酯(0.25%)、其他(13.66%),其中醇类为主要风味物质;M26发酵干酪中共检测出7类挥发性化合物,分别为酸(25.15%)、醇(47.27%)、酯(8.83%)、醛(5.24%)、酮(4.26%)、内酯(0.99%)、其他(8.26%),其中醇类为主要风味物质。结果表明添加产酶酵母菌的契达干酪在成熟后期的挥发性风味物质主要以醇类为主。
由表1可知,在不同成熟期三组干酪(空白对照组、M19发酵干酪实验组、M26发酵干酪实验组)中共检测出64种挥发性风味化合物,其中酸类10种、醇类16种、酯类19种、醛类6种、酮类8种、内酯类2种和其他类3种。
酸类物质的种类和数量对干酪的风味具有重要贡献,也是酮、醛类物质的前体[18]。随着成熟期的延长,在10~30 d时,空白对照组中乙酸含量显著高于实验组(M19和M26发酵干酪)的乙酸含量(P<0.05),可能是因为产酶酵母菌的添加减少了酸类物质的形成,同时改善乙酸浓度偏高所导致的刺鼻气味与尖酸味[19]。酮类物质主要通过脂肪酸和氨基酸的降解或多不饱和脂肪酸的氧化反应生成,这些化合物能赋予干酪独特的风味特征;其中2-壬酮呈现花香味和蘑菇味,3-羟基-2-丁酮则产生奶油香气[20]。仅在M26发酵干酪实验组中检测出羟基丙酮,赋予干酪焦糖味[21];醛类物质主要来源于不饱和脂肪酸降解、氨基酸转氨作用或Strecker降解[22],醛类主要在发酵毕赤酵母M26组中检出,空白组与马克斯克鲁维酵母M19实验组中检出的含量较少,可能是由于醛类物质在产生后被迅速氧化还原为相应的醇和酸。且在成熟期20 d时,仅有M19发酵干酪实验组中检测出苯甲醛,该物质能为干酪带来坚果味[23]。在M26发酵干酪实验组中,2-苯基乙醛为主要醛类物质,呈现风信子香气,低浓度时有杏仁和樱桃香味。其含量与其他两组具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。
醇类物质分别通过乳糖降解过程、氨基酸转化反应以及甲基酮的还原作用三种代谢途径生成。由于其感官识别阈值相对较高,对干酪主体风味的直接贡献度较低,主要承担着风味修饰功能[24]。醇类在空白对照组、M19发酵干酪和M26发酵干酪中相对含量分别为32.43%、61.52%、47.27%。在干酪成熟10 d时,二己二醇、异戊醇为三组干酪共有物质,其中异戊醇为三组干酪中相对含量最高的挥发性化合物,分别为空白对照组(3.72%)、M19发酵干酪实验组(10.30%)、M26发酵干酪实验组(7.80%)。实验组中异戊醇含量与空白组异戊醇含量差异显著(P<0.05),它可以赋予契达干酪类似于发酵面包和酵母味[25]。
酯类物质是干酪中重要的风味成分[26],由乳脂肪水解产生的脂肪酸与乳糖代谢生成的醇类经酯化反应形成[27]。在干酪成熟20 d时,空白对照组酯类物质相对含量为0.37%、M19发酵干酪实验组相对含量为9.78%、M26发酵干酪实验组相对含量为0.85%,并且M19发酵干酪实验组中酯类物质相对含量显著高于其他两组干酪(P<0.05)。其中,乙酸乙酯贡献菠萝甜香和苹果香味[28];辛酸乙酯具有杏仁味和香蕉味[29];癸酸乙酯赋予干酪葡萄酒的芳香特征[30];乙酸苯乙酯赋予干酪玫瑰、蜂蜜和苹果的混合香气[31],这些酯类物质共同作用,改善契达干酪在成熟后期出现的不良风味。
根据对三组干酪中挥发性化合物的分析可以推测得出加入产酶酵母菌使契达干酪在成熟过程中挥发性化合物的种类变得更加全面,同时在风味方面也得到了一定改善。
对三组干酪(空白对照组、M19发酵干酪实验组、M26发酵干酪实验组)的电子鼻数据作雷达图,对比结果如图2所示。电子鼻每个传感器对3种干酪均有明显的响应,且响应值均不相同,其中M26实验组10 d在传感器S2上响应值强烈,S2传感器分别对醇类和烷烃类物质敏感,赋予干酪甜味;空白对照组成熟期在20 d时,传感器S11响应值最大,响应值为1.0892;实验组干酪在0~30 d时在传感器S9上的响应值强烈,表明不同成熟期干酪中醇类、酮类和苯类物质风味特征明显,赋予干酪甜味和焦糖味,此外,空白对照组在20 d时,在这8个传感器(S5、S7、S8、S10、S11、S12、S16、S17)上的响应值要高于实验组,说明含有较多的氮气、天然气、液化气、烷烃、硫化物,主要表现为硫化物和烷烃类化合物,是空白对照组后期所产生的不良风味;M19发酵干酪实验组和M26发酵干酪实验组在传感器S4、S9、S14、S15、S18响应值要高于空白对照组,风味主要表现为甲烷、乙醇、丙酮和甲苯,为干酪贡献了甜味、焦糖味和黄油味。由此可见,3组干酪的香气特性有较大差异,且M19和M26发酵干酪实验中香气物质最丰富,特别是酮类和醇类,这与GC-MS检测结果基本一致。
PCA是一种多元统计分析方法,对三组干酪(空白对照组、M19发酵干酪实验组、M26发酵干酪实验组)所测得的64种挥发性物质相对含量进行PCA。如图3、图4所示,PC1的贡献率为23.3%,PC2的贡献率为20.0%。两个主成分的累计贡献率为43.3%,说明此模型有效。空白对照组、M19发酵干酪实验组以及M26发酵干酪实验组总体上分别处于不同象限,由此可以说明产酶酵母菌发酵后的干酪中的化合物存在显著性差异。总体看来,样品组内散点分布集中,说明组内差异较小,样本数据具有良好的重复性。所以采用GC-MS测定三组干酪中的挥发性物质能够很好地证明产酶酵母菌发酵后的干酪在挥发性组分方面存在差异。PC1与3-甲基-2-庚醇(B7)、6-甲基-2-庚醇(B8)、2,3-丁二醇(B5)、甲氧基乙酸乙酯(C2)等物质呈正相关。PC2与己酸乙酯(C5)、乙酸苯乙酯(C14)、乙酸乙酯(C11)、苯甲醛(D4)等物质呈正相关。根据物质分布来看,M26发酵干酪实验组中挥发性化合物数量相较其他两组样品更为丰富,包括酸类、醇类、酯类以及酮类,这说明经过成熟后的契达干酪在风味方面发生了明显变化,而且酸类物质也可以为后续其他物质的形成提供前体物质。M19发酵干酪实验组的挥发性化合物中酯类物质占据主导地位,主要由醇类与酸类进一步发生反应生成,这些物质为干酪本身提供了果香,并且酸和醛在后期发酵过程中也为其他香气物质的形成奠定了基础。而空白对照组中的挥发性化合物主要以醇类物质为主,为干酪贡献酒香。
聚类热图与动态 Circos 图结合和深度解析数据聚类及关联模式,以渐进色带对应颜色标签的占比形式将检测得到的各挥发性化合物与三组干酪的相关性直观地展现出来。结合图5和图6分析可知,在0~20 d时,M26发酵干酪实验组中酸类(A)和醇类(B)物质相对含量及种类较多,其中包括正己酸(A3)、辛酸(A5)、3-羟基月桂酸(A6)、乳酸(A10)、2,3-丁二醇(B5)、2-辛醇(B6)和3-甲基-2-庚醇(B7)、6-甲基-2-庚醇(B8)等物质,它们为契达干酪增添了奶香味、肥皂味、水果香气和一定的保鲜作用。在10~20 d时,M19发酵干酪实验组中酯类(C)占据主导地位,主要包括己酸乙酯(C5)、乙酸乙酯(C11)、辛酸乙酯(C13)、乙酸苯乙酯(C14)、癸酸乙酯(C15)、异丁酸2-苯乙酯(C16)等物质,这些物质共同作用为契达干酪增添了甜味、奶香味、水果味及花香味等,使其在香气方面更加丰富。在0~10 d时,空白对照组中酯类(C)为主要香气贡献物质,其中邻苯二甲酸正丁异辛酯(C6)、顺式-7-十六碳烯酸甲酯(C7)、丙酸壬酯(C8)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(C9)、棕榈酸甲酯(C10)等物质共同为契达干酪贡献了奶香味。这一结果与表1及PCA一致。
在产酶酵母菌发酵后的契达干酪中检测到多种挥发性物质,但其中只有部分物质对3组干酪(空白对照组、M19发酵干酪实验组、M26发酵干酪实验组)风味具有贡献,其余物质只是起到风味修饰作用。ROAV是评价挥发性物质对食品风味贡献的常用方法,一般认为ROAV≥1时对样品风味贡献较大,并且与食品的风味贡献呈正相关,当0.1≤ROAV<1时在样品中只是对风味起到了修饰作用,ROAV<0.1则对样品风味影响甚微[32]。由表2可知,M19发酵干酪实验组在20 d成熟期中的关键风味物质最多,根据ROAV大小顺序,分别为己酸乙酯>丁酸乙酯>乙酸乙酯>乙酸苯乙酯>癸酸乙酯>苯甲醛>乙醇>正戊醇>异戊醇>乙酸,共10种,因此己酸乙酯呈现的水果香和酒香是主要香气特征[26]。空白对照组中仅有2种关键风味物质,分别为乙酸>异戊醇,主要贡献酵母味、酸涩味[33]。M26发酵干酪实验组在30 d成熟期中关键风味物质共有4种,分别为己酸乙酯>正戊醇>异戊醇>乙酸。其中己酸乙酯在两组实验组干酪中ROAV最大,是产酶酵母菌发酵后的干酪中最重要的风味物质,呈现水果香和酒香。综上,实验组共同气味特征为水果香和酒香,其中以成熟期为20 d时M19发酵干酪实验组的气味最强烈,说明M19发酵干酪能更高效地促进干酪风味形成,缩短成熟周期至20 d,有助于降低生产成本、提升效率。而M26发酵干酪风味开发能力较弱,可能导致产品风味单一、成熟周期长。经由上述研究可以发现经过产酶酵母菌发酵的契达干酪在关键风味方面得到了很大的改善。
本实验通过SPME-GC-MS结合电子鼻技术对空白对照组、M19发酵干酪实验组和M26发酵干酪实验组中的挥发性化合物进行检测,共检测出挥发性化合物64种,其中酸类10种、醇类16种、酯类19种、醛类6种、酮类8种、内酯类2种和其他类3种。PCA与聚类分析发现,M26发酵干酪实验组中挥发性化合物数量更丰富,包括正己酸(A3)、辛酸(A5)、3-羟基月桂酸(A6)、乳酸(A10)、2,3-丁二醇(B5)、2-辛醇(B6)和3-甲基-2-庚醇(B7)、6-甲基-2-庚醇(B8)物质;M19发酵干酪实验组主要挥发性化合物为己酸乙酯(C5)、乙酸乙酯(C11)、辛酸乙酯(C13)、乙酸苯乙酯(C14)、癸酸乙酯(C15)、异丁酸2-苯乙酯(C16)物质;空白对照组主要挥发性化合物为邻苯二甲酸正丁异辛酯(C6)、顺式-7-十六碳烯酸甲酯(C7)、丙酸壬酯(C8)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(C9)、棕榈酸甲酯(C10)物质,为后续风味物质的形成奠定了基础。此外,电子鼻与GC-MS测定结果基本一致,均表明不同契达干酪间香气物质有较大差异,其中M19和M26发酵干酪实验中香气物质最丰富。通过ROAV对产酶酵母菌发酵后的契达干酪关键风味物质进行判定,发现M19发酵干酪实验组在20 d成熟期中关键风味物质最多,而M26发酵干酪实验组在30 d成熟期中关键风味物质相对较少,分别为10种和4种;说明M19发酵干酪能更高效地促进干酪风味形成,缩短成熟周期至20 d,有助于降低生产成本、提升效率。而M26发酵干酪风味开发能力较弱,可能导致产品风味单一、成熟周期长。空白对照组中关键风味物质种类较少,仅有2种关键风味物质,说明经过产酶酵母菌发酵后的契达干酪在关键风味物质方面有显著性改善。
总体来说,产酶酵母菌发酵后的契达干酪挥发性化合物和关键风味物质种类方面均得到改善。由此可见,可利用GC-MS结合电子鼻技术对产酶酵母菌发酵后的契达干酪风味物质进行分析,旨在鉴别不同发酵剂对干酪风味特征的影响。电子鼻作为一项成熟的风味物质检测手段,在本研究中进一步验证了其在干酪风味区分中的适用性与有效性。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070269
  • 接收时间:2025-07-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-23
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    内蒙古农业大学职业技术学院,内蒙古包头 014109
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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