Article(id=1320881335003103447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070212, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752681600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852251053, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852251053, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852251053, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852251053, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=449, endPage=460, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881335783243992, articleId=1320881335003103447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Mechanism of Jin-Ju Tea in Ameliorating Type 2 Diabetes in Rats through Gut Microbiota, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To investigate the mechanisms underlying the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Jin-Ju tea (JJT), a medicinal and edible formula composed of Abelmoschus manihot, Helianthus tuberosus, and Taraxacum mongolicum, in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A T2DM rat model was established using a high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin injection. Successfully modeled rats were divided into the diabetic model (DM) group, metformin (MET) group, JJT low-dose (JJTL, 200 mg/kg), JJT medium-dose (JJTM, 400 mg/kg), and JJT high-dose (JJTH, 800 mg/kg) groups, with a normal control (CON) group also included. After 8 weeks of continuous intragastric administration, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Fasting blood glucose, glycated serum protein, fasting insulin, four lipid profile indicators, liver function, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were measured. The composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing, and correlations between microbial changes and metabolic indicators were explored. Results: Compared with the DM group, the JJTM group showed significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, glycated serum protein, and oral glucose tolerance test-area under the curve (P<0.05), along with a marked increase in fasting insulin levels (P<0.01). Serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly decreased (P<0.001), while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly increased (P<0.01). Levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α were significantly reduced (P<0.001). Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities decreased significantly by 47.64% and 35.76%, respectively (P<0.001). JJT increased the diversity of the gut microbiota and modulated its structure in T2DM rats, specifically upregulating the relative abundances of Lactobacillus, Bacillus, unclassified_Muribaculaceae, and Prevotellaceae_UCG_001, while downregulating Dubosiella, unclassified_Lachnospiraceae, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group. Correlation analysis indicated that Prevotellaceae_UCG_001, Bifidobacterium, and Dubosiella were closely associated with glycemic and lipid metabolic indicators. Conclusion: JJT effectively ameliorates T2DM, with the JJTM group exhibiting the most pronounced effects. The underlying mechanism may be related to the alleviation of inflammatory responses and modulation of the gut microbiota structure.

, authors=Ran MENG1, 2, Wei FENG1, 2, Zhaojia LI1, 2, Yue CHEN1, 2, Chenxi WU3, Xiuping WANG1, 2, *, Ji'an LI3, authorsList=Ran MENG, Wei FENG, Zhaojia LI, Yue CHEN, Chenxi WU, Xiuping WANG, Ji'an LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiuping WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881338979303655, articleId=1320881335003103447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于肠道菌群探究金菊茶改善2型糖尿病大鼠的作用机制, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:研究由金花葵、菊芋与蒲公英组成的药食同源复方——金菊茶(Jin-Ju Tea,JJT)对2型糖尿病(Type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)大鼠的降糖降脂作用机制。方法:采用高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素构建T2DM大鼠模型,将成功建模的大鼠分为糖尿病模型组(DM)、二甲双胍组(MET)、JJT低剂量组(JJTL,200 mg/kg)、JJT中剂量组(JJTM,400 mg/kg)、JJT高剂量组(JJTH,800 mg/kg),另设正常对照组(CON),连续灌胃给药8周,进行口服糖耐量试验,检测大鼠空腹血糖、血清糖化蛋白、空腹胰岛素、血脂四项、肝功能及促炎因子等指标。通过16S rRNA测序技术分析大鼠肠道菌群组成,并探讨菌群变化与代谢指标的相关性。结果:与DM组相比,JJTM组大鼠空腹血糖、血清糖化蛋白以及口服葡萄糖耐量试验-血糖曲线下面积显著降低(P<0.05),血清胰岛素水平显著升高(P<0.01);血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著降低(P<0.001),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著升高(P<0.01);促炎因子白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-1β和肿瘤坏死因子-α水平显著降低(P<0.001);谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性分别显著下降47.64%和35.76%(P<0.001)。JJT可提高T2DM大鼠肠道菌群多样性、调节菌群结构,JJT上调了乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、unclassified_Muribaculaceae、Prevotellaceae_UCG_001的相对丰度,下调了杜氏杆菌属(Dubosiella)、unclassified_Lachnospiraceae、Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group的相对丰度。相关性分析表明,Prevotellaceae_UCG_001、双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)及杜氏杆菌(Dubosiella)与血糖血脂指标密切相关。结论:JJT能有效改善T2DM,其中JJTM组效果显著,其机制可能与缓解炎症反应、调节肠道菌群结构有关。

, authors=孟然1, 2, 冯薇1, 2, 李赵嘉1, 2, 陈悦1, 2, 吴晨曦3, 王秀萍1, 2, *, 李继安3, authorsList=孟然, 冯薇, 李赵嘉, 陈悦, 吴晨曦, 王秀萍, 李继安, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王秀萍, authorNote=

孟然(1993−)(ORCID:0000−0002−6755−4708),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:功能植物成分提取与功能验证,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王秀萍(1966−),女,本科,研究员,研究方向:中草药鉴定及应用,E-mail:。
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孟然(1993−)(ORCID:0000−0002−6755−4708),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:功能植物成分提取与功能验证,E-mail:

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孟然(1993−)(ORCID:0000−0002−6755−4708),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:功能植物成分提取与功能验证,E-mail:

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Frontiers in Immunology, 2021, 12: 578386., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320881661504504500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881661512893109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, companyId=1320881661504504500, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Institute of Coastal Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Tangshan 063299, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881661521281718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, companyId=1320881661504504500, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1河北省农林科学院滨海农业研究所,河北唐山 063299)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320881661592584887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881661600973496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, companyId=1320881661592584887, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Tangshan Dandelion Engineering Technology Research Center, Tangshan 063299, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881661613556409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, companyId=1320881661592584887, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2唐山市蒲公英工程技术研发中心,河北唐山 063299)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320881661684859578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881661693248187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, companyId=1320881661684859578, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Traditional Chinese Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881661701636796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, companyId=1320881661684859578, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3华北理工大学中医学院,河北唐山 063210)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320881664507626223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=HPLC chromatogram of mixed reference substance (A) and JJT sample (B), figureFileSmall=XX6S4J6V7J1Rr36zzjOwrQ==, figureFileBig=8e/BbvtwoLNWmBL8qZKPXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881664587318000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, language=CN, label=图1, caption=混合对照品(A)和JJT样品(B)HPLC色谱图

注:1.绿原酸;2.咖啡酸;3.阿魏酸;4.芦丁;5.木犀草苷。

, figureFileSmall=XX6S4J6V7J1Rr36zzjOwrQ==, figureFileBig=8e/BbvtwoLNWmBL8qZKPXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881664679592689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of JJT on glucose homeostasis in T2DM rats, figureFileSmall=2GJapO4EHmZGx8klQBebFg==, figureFileBig=YmYAJ7GUAAIbGeR8W3+NAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881664742507250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, language=CN, label=图2, caption=JJT对T2DM大鼠葡萄糖稳态的影响

注:(A)空腹血糖;(B)糖基化血清蛋白;(C)葡萄糖耐量;(D)时间-血糖曲线下面积;(E)血清胰岛素;(F)胰岛素抵抗指数;CON:对照组;DM:未经治疗的糖尿病模型组;MET:阳性对照组;JJTH:JJT高剂量组;JJTM:JJT中剂量组;JJTL:JJT低剂量组;*表示与对照组相比,在P<0.05水平差异显著,**表示与对照组相比,在P<0.01水平差异显著,***表示与对照组相比,在P<0.001水平差异显著;#表示与模型组相比,在P<0.05水平差异显著,##表示与模型组相比,在P<0.01水平差异显著,###表示与模型组相比,在P<0.001水平差异显著;图3~图4同。

, figureFileSmall=2GJapO4EHmZGx8klQBebFg==, figureFileBig=YmYAJ7GUAAIbGeR8W3+NAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881664813810419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of JJT on lipid metabolism, liver function, and inflammatory factors in T2DM rats, figureFileSmall=Yc/ixb9qD0Jv3KckHGYTGQ==, figureFileBig=lnFQ95qsTo0vDXA0ArjObw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881664880919284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, language=CN, label=图3, caption=JJT对T2DM大鼠血脂、肝功能和促炎因子的影响

注:(A)总胆固醇(TC);(B)甘油三酯(TG);(C)低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C);(D)高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C);(E)白细胞介素-6(IL-6);(F)肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α);(G)白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β);(H)谷丙转氨酶(ALT);(I)谷草转氨酶(AST);CON:对照组;DM:未经治疗的糖尿病模型组;MET:阳性对照组;JJTH:JJT高剂量组;JJTM:JJT中剂量组;JJTL:JJT低剂量组。

, figureFileSmall=Yc/ixb9qD0Jv3KckHGYTGQ==, figureFileBig=lnFQ95qsTo0vDXA0ArjObw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881664968999669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of JJT on the diversity and richness of gut microbiota in T2DM rats, figureFileSmall=q170ZL4Ow3cZ4UBZ39WHkA==, figureFileBig=GQUGH2Kyd1o4clb0uF8pBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881665044497142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, language=CN, label=图4, caption=JJT对T2DM大鼠肠道菌群多样性及丰富性的影响

注:(A)OTU数量图;(B)Simpson指数;(C)Chao1指数;(D)ACE指数;(E)Shannon指数;(F)PCA多样性。

, figureFileSmall=q170ZL4Ow3cZ4UBZ39WHkA==, figureFileBig=GQUGH2Kyd1o4clb0uF8pBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881665132577527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of JJT on the composition of gut microbiota in T2DM rats, figureFileSmall=VhpZ+XIfg0t5w/fufuq3yQ==, figureFileBig=T3tdA8VYTmzKfoqdCSRawQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881665187103480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, language=CN, label=图5, caption=JJT对T2DM大鼠肠道菌群组成的影响

注:(A)门水平肠道菌群组成;(B)门水平主要菌群相对丰度及厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门(F/B)比值,左侧Y轴代表厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门的菌群相对丰度,右侧Y轴代表F/B比值;(C)属水平肠道菌群组成;(D)LDA线性差异判别柱形图;(E)LEfSe多级物种层级树图。*表示与对照组相比,在P<0.05水平差异显著,#表示与模型组相比,在P<0.05水平差异显著。

, figureFileSmall=VhpZ+XIfg0t5w/fufuq3yQ==, figureFileBig=T3tdA8VYTmzKfoqdCSRawQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881665237435129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Prediction analysis of microbial functional enrichment based on KEGG metabolic pathway, figureFileSmall=vfuEmDilO9p3LPMuGZ7mAQ==, figureFileBig=sc2+DS0qNBZx6kwKjZaASg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881665308738298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, language=CN, label=图6, caption=基于KEGG代谢通路微生物功能富集预测分析

注:(A)一级通路注释结果;(B)二级通路注释结果。

, figureFileSmall=vfuEmDilO9p3LPMuGZ7mAQ==, figureFileBig=sc2+DS0qNBZx6kwKjZaASg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881665401012987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Heat map of correlation analysis between gut microbiota and metabolic indicators, figureFileSmall=F2yhteGcch2aQwXoKRB/sw==, figureFileBig=XCjSUL9wNR4w9yPoFG5ntQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881665472316156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, language=CN, label=图7, caption=肠道菌群与代谢指标的相关性分析热图

注:*表示肠道菌群与代谢指标之间呈显著性相关性(P<0.05),**表示肠道菌群与代谢指标之间呈极显著性相关性(P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=F2yhteGcch2aQwXoKRB/sw==, figureFileBig=XCjSUL9wNR4w9yPoFG5ntQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881665543619325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of JJT on body mass of T2DM (x±s, n=10, g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时期CON组DM组MET组JJTH组JJTM组JJTL组
第1周426.6±12.4448.6±36.5*461.2±39.1*446.9±34.8*452.7±39.0*450.7±19.2*
第2周444.1±36.2442.7±40.5467.5±50.4439.3±39.6455.1±52.6447.0±21.8
第3周461.0±22.4439.6±44.9466.0±55.6437.7±46.2454.2±73.5438.8±22.1
第4周487.8±30.3#431.0±47.9*469.8±59.8433.8±50.6*459.4±73.3435.1±27.1*
第5周502.0±22.5##428.6±48.1**463.1±63.7##430.7±55.8**458.7±60.4##430.4±26.9**
第6周506.9±24.6##424.9±48.8**465.1±70.0##431.0±58.5**455.7±68.6##423.4±25.6**
第7周518.9±22.9##417.6±52.2**464.6±71.4##427.6±61.7**454.0±71.3##418.5±28.8**
第8周525.2±23.7##408.9±54.5**462.1±74.2##422.0±61.4**445.0±62.0##413.3±28.4**
), ArticleFig(id=1320881665606533886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881335003103447, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

JJT对T2DM大鼠体质量的影响(x±s,n=10,g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时期CON组DM组MET组JJTH组JJTM组JJTL组
第1周426.6±12.4448.6±36.5*461.2±39.1*446.9±34.8*452.7±39.0*450.7±19.2*
第2周444.1±36.2442.7±40.5467.5±50.4439.3±39.6455.1±52.6447.0±21.8
第3周461.0±22.4439.6±44.9466.0±55.6437.7±46.2454.2±73.5438.8±22.1
第4周487.8±30.3#431.0±47.9*469.8±59.8433.8±50.6*459.4±73.3435.1±27.1*
第5周502.0±22.5##428.6±48.1**463.1±63.7##430.7±55.8**458.7±60.4##430.4±26.9**
第6周506.9±24.6##424.9±48.8**465.1±70.0##431.0±58.5**455.7±68.6##423.4±25.6**
第7周518.9±22.9##417.6±52.2**464.6±71.4##427.6±61.7**454.0±71.3##418.5±28.8**
第8周525.2±23.7##408.9±54.5**462.1±74.2##422.0±61.4**445.0±62.0##413.3±28.4**
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基于肠道菌群探究金菊茶改善2型糖尿病大鼠的作用机制
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孟然 1, 2 , 冯薇 1, 2 , 李赵嘉 1, 2 , 陈悦 1, 2 , 吴晨曦 3 , 王秀萍 1, 2, * , 李继安 3
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(16): 449-460
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (16) : 449 -460
基于肠道菌群探究金菊茶改善2型糖尿病大鼠的作用机制
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孟然(1993−)(ORCID:0000−0002−6755−4708),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:功能植物成分提取与功能验证,E-mail:

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孟然1, 2 , 冯薇1, 2, 李赵嘉1, 2, 陈悦1, 2, 吴晨曦3, 王秀萍1, 2, * , 李继安3
作者信息
  • 1河北省农林科学院滨海农业研究所,河北唐山 063299
  • 2唐山市蒲公英工程技术研发中心,河北唐山 063299
  • 3华北理工大学中医学院,河北唐山 063210
通讯作者:
王秀萍(1966−),女,本科,研究员,研究方向:中草药鉴定及应用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

孟然(1993−)(ORCID:0000−0002−6755−4708),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:功能植物成分提取与功能验证,E-mail:

Mechanism of Jin-Ju Tea in Ameliorating Type 2 Diabetes in Rats through Gut Microbiota
Ran MENG1, 2 , Wei FENG1, 2, Zhaojia LI1, 2, Yue CHEN1, 2, Chenxi WU3, Xiuping WANG1, 2, * , Ji'an LI3
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Coastal Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Tangshan 063299, China
  • 2Tangshan Dandelion Engineering Technology Research Center, Tangshan 063299, China
  • 3Traditional Chinese Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070212
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目的:研究由金花葵、菊芋与蒲公英组成的药食同源复方——金菊茶(Jin-Ju Tea,JJT)对2型糖尿病(Type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)大鼠的降糖降脂作用机制。方法:采用高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素构建T2DM大鼠模型,将成功建模的大鼠分为糖尿病模型组(DM)、二甲双胍组(MET)、JJT低剂量组(JJTL,200 mg/kg)、JJT中剂量组(JJTM,400 mg/kg)、JJT高剂量组(JJTH,800 mg/kg),另设正常对照组(CON),连续灌胃给药8周,进行口服糖耐量试验,检测大鼠空腹血糖、血清糖化蛋白、空腹胰岛素、血脂四项、肝功能及促炎因子等指标。通过16S rRNA测序技术分析大鼠肠道菌群组成,并探讨菌群变化与代谢指标的相关性。结果:与DM组相比,JJTM组大鼠空腹血糖、血清糖化蛋白以及口服葡萄糖耐量试验-血糖曲线下面积显著降低(P<0.05),血清胰岛素水平显著升高(P<0.01);血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著降低(P<0.001),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著升高(P<0.01);促炎因子白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-1β和肿瘤坏死因子-α水平显著降低(P<0.001);谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性分别显著下降47.64%和35.76%(P<0.001)。JJT可提高T2DM大鼠肠道菌群多样性、调节菌群结构,JJT上调了乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、unclassified_Muribaculaceae、Prevotellaceae_UCG_001的相对丰度,下调了杜氏杆菌属(Dubosiella)、unclassified_Lachnospiraceae、Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group的相对丰度。相关性分析表明,Prevotellaceae_UCG_001、双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)及杜氏杆菌(Dubosiella)与血糖血脂指标密切相关。结论:JJT能有效改善T2DM,其中JJTM组效果显著,其机制可能与缓解炎症反应、调节肠道菌群结构有关。

2型糖尿病  /  金花葵-菊芋-蒲公英复方  /  肠道菌群  /  糖脂代谢  /  炎症反应

Objective: To investigate the mechanisms underlying the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Jin-Ju tea (JJT), a medicinal and edible formula composed of Abelmoschus manihot, Helianthus tuberosus, and Taraxacum mongolicum, in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A T2DM rat model was established using a high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin injection. Successfully modeled rats were divided into the diabetic model (DM) group, metformin (MET) group, JJT low-dose (JJTL, 200 mg/kg), JJT medium-dose (JJTM, 400 mg/kg), and JJT high-dose (JJTH, 800 mg/kg) groups, with a normal control (CON) group also included. After 8 weeks of continuous intragastric administration, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Fasting blood glucose, glycated serum protein, fasting insulin, four lipid profile indicators, liver function, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were measured. The composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing, and correlations between microbial changes and metabolic indicators were explored. Results: Compared with the DM group, the JJTM group showed significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, glycated serum protein, and oral glucose tolerance test-area under the curve (P<0.05), along with a marked increase in fasting insulin levels (P<0.01). Serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly decreased (P<0.001), while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly increased (P<0.01). Levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α were significantly reduced (P<0.001). Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities decreased significantly by 47.64% and 35.76%, respectively (P<0.001). JJT increased the diversity of the gut microbiota and modulated its structure in T2DM rats, specifically upregulating the relative abundances of Lactobacillus, Bacillus, unclassified_Muribaculaceae, and Prevotellaceae_UCG_001, while downregulating Dubosiella, unclassified_Lachnospiraceae, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group. Correlation analysis indicated that Prevotellaceae_UCG_001, Bifidobacterium, and Dubosiella were closely associated with glycemic and lipid metabolic indicators. Conclusion: JJT effectively ameliorates T2DM, with the JJTM group exhibiting the most pronounced effects. The underlying mechanism may be related to the alleviation of inflammatory responses and modulation of the gut microbiota structure.

type 2 diabetes mellitus  /  edible abelmoschus-jerusalem artichoke-dandelion compound  /  gut microbiota  /  glucose and lipid metabolism  /  inflammatory response
孟然, 冯薇, 李赵嘉, 陈悦, 吴晨曦, 王秀萍, 李继安. 基于肠道菌群探究金菊茶改善2型糖尿病大鼠的作用机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 449 -460 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070212
Ran MENG, Wei FENG, Zhaojia LI, Yue CHEN, Chenxi WU, Xiuping WANG, Ji'an LI. Mechanism of Jin-Ju Tea in Ameliorating Type 2 Diabetes in Rats through Gut Microbiota[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 449 -460 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070212
2型糖尿病(Type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)是一种复杂的系统性疾病,已成为全球性的重大公共卫生挑战。随着生活方式的改变和人口老龄化进程加剧,其患病率持续攀升,据国际糖尿病联盟(The International Diabetes Federation,IDF)预测,至2045年全球糖尿病患者人数将高达7.83亿,其中90%以上为T2DM [1]。T2DM主要由胰岛素抵抗、胰岛β细胞功能异常引起,常伴随血脂异常、慢性低度炎症及肠道菌群失调等系统性病症[2−3]。当前,主要依赖二甲双胍、格列奈、吡格列酮等化学降糖药物治疗,虽能有效控制血糖,但长期应用易引发耐药性及胃肠道不良反应[4−5],因此,探寻更为安全、有效且适合长期管理的糖尿病防治策略迫在眉睫。
近年来,基于传统医学“药食同源”理论的天然药物在T2DM防治领域展现出广阔前景。中医认为,T2DM属“解渴”范畴,“热毒”是解渴证的关键病机,临床上常以清热解毒法应用于糖尿病的治疗。金花葵、菊芋和蒲公英都是清热解毒的代表性药食同源中草药,富含黄酮类、酚酸类、生物碱类、多糖类及皂苷类等多种生物活性成分,在改善代谢紊乱、调节血糖及血脂方面发挥了重要的作用[6−7]。现代药理学研究证实,金花葵(Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik.)花提取物可调节胰岛素敏感性、改善脂质代谢紊乱,通过激活Nrf2/ARE通路发挥抗氧化应激及保护胰岛β细胞的作用[8−10];菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)块茎中的菊粉作为益生元,能通过调节肠道菌群减少慢性炎症和内毒素,改善胰岛素抵抗,以及调节PI3K/Akt通路增加糖原合成并促进葡萄糖运输,改善代谢紊乱[11−13];蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.)中的低聚果糖可促进有益肠道细菌的增殖,从而改善肠道微生态平衡[14]。此外,凭借其抗炎、抗氧化特性及抑制消化酶活性,在多靶点干预糖脂代谢方面表现出潜力[15−17]。尤为重要的是,肠道菌群作为连接宿主代谢与外界干预的关键桥梁,在T2DM发病中的作用日益明确。研究发现,T2DM患者普遍存在菌群失调,主要表现为双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌等有益菌的减少和大肠杆菌、肠球菌等条件致病菌的增加[18],这种菌群结构的改变会影响宿主的能量代谢和营养吸收,引起机体内毒素血症、慢性低度炎症和胆汁酸代谢紊乱,加剧T2DM的发生发展[19−21]。而天然植物提取物可通过“菌群-代谢-炎症”轴改善胰岛素敏感性和糖代谢,且中草药成分与肠道菌群之间存在双向互动关系[22−25]。然而,现有研究多集中于单味中药材或其提取物,基于中医配伍理论、系统性阐释“药食同源”中草药复方通过调节肠道菌群干预T2DM作用机制的研究尚显不足,尤其缺乏多靶点协同作用的深入探索。
针对上述研究空白,本研究基于中医“清热滋阴”理论,结合现代药理学对降糖靶点与肠道菌群的认识,自主设计了一个全新的“药食同源”中草药复方——金菊茶(Jin-Ju Tea,JJT)。该复方由金花葵(Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik.)、菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)及蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.)组成。君药金花葵性寒味甘,善于清热凉血、滋阴润燥;臣药菊芋,益气养阴,其富含的菊粉等膳食纤维有助于调节肠道菌群,从“脾胃”根本辅助君药改善胰岛素抵抗;佐使药蒲公英,清热解毒、消肿散结,用以清解体内因代谢紊乱产生的炎症之“热”,旨在通过多组分、多靶点的协同作用,全面干预T2DM的核心病机。为系统评价其药效及机制,本研究通过高脂高糖饮食联合链脲佐菌素(Streptozocin,STZ)诱导建立T2DM大鼠模型,设置200、400、800 mg/kg三个剂量组,综合评估金菊茶对大鼠糖脂代谢、肝功能及促炎因子等关键指标的影响;并进一步利用16S rRNA基因测序技术,从肠道菌群的角度阐释其作用机制,为开发基于药食同源中草药复方防治T2DM提供新的实验依据和理论支持。
SPF级雄性SD大鼠 8周龄,60只,体质量(200±20)g,北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司[动物生产许可证号:SCXK(京)2022-0002]。所有动物饲养于华北理工大学动物实验中心洁净实验室,饲养条件:室温(22±2)℃,相对湿度40%~60%,每天12 h光/暗循环,实验动物饲养和操作均符合中国实验动物伦理条款,本研究方案经由华北理工大学实验动物伦理委员会审查批准后实施,批准号2023-SY-215。大鼠基础饲料(配方组成:60%碳水化合物、16%蛋白质、3%脱脂乳、4%纤维、5%矿物质、12%水分)、大鼠高糖高脂饲料(配方组成:糖42.3%,蛋白质17%,脂肪22.5%,纤维3.2%,矿物质5%,水分10%);金花葵(Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik.)花、菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)块茎、蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.)全草 干燥品,来自河北省农林科学院滨海农业研究所,经该所王秀萍研究员鉴定与质检,确保中草药质量符合规范要求;绿原酸对照品(批号C109403,纯度≥98%)、咖啡酸对照品(批号C108307,纯度≥99%)、阿魏酸对照品(批号F103702,纯度≥99.5%)、芦丁对照品(批号R409144,纯度≥98%)、木犀草苷对照品(批号C110085,纯度≥98%) 上海阿拉丁试剂有限公司;链脲佐菌素(STZ,S8050)、柠檬酸钠缓冲溶液(C1013) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;二甲双胍(MET,S30880) 上海源业生物科技;0.9%生理盐水 四川科伦药业;50%葡萄糖注射液 武汉福星生物药业;空腹胰岛素(Fasting insulin,FINS)、血清糖化蛋白(Glycated serum protein,GSP)、总胆固醇(Total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(Triglyceride,TG)、高密度脂蛋白(High-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、谷丙转氨酶(Alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(Aspartate aminotransferase,AST)生化检测试剂盒 南京建成生物工程研究所;白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor Necrosis Factor-α,TNF-α)酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)试剂盒 上海酶联生物技术有限公司;DNA提取试剂盒 北京天根生化科技有限公司。
GZX-9240MBE电热鼓风干燥箱 上海博讯公司医疗设备公司;HC-800Y粉碎机 浙江永康敏业工贸有限公司;AP124W电子天平 日本岛津公司;血糖仪(批号K007249G0574) 爱森斯生物科技有限公司;D-37520 osterode台式高速冷冻离心机 德国Biofage stratos公司;M200PR0酶标仪 瑞士Tecan公司;Agilent 1200高效液相色谱仪 美国Agilent公司。
根据课题组前期研究制备金菊茶,由金花葵花、菊芋根茎和蒲公英全草三种原料按照质量比5:3:2的比例,通过水煎煮法制成。参考彭莉莉等[26]的方法并有所修改,将样品60 ℃烘干至恒重,粉碎并过20目筛,精确称重按照比例进行混合,加入10倍体积量的蒸馏水浸泡40 min,浸泡后煎煮提取2次,每次1 h,将两次收取的滤液进行合并,经浓缩、冷冻干燥,制备成金菊茶样品。
采用高效液相色谱法(High performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)对金菊茶中绿原酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸、芦丁、木犀草苷的含量进行同步测定。采用外标法,以绿原酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸、芦丁、木犀草苷为标准品,通过标准曲线法,利用峰面积响应值实现对各组分的定量分析。色谱条件如下:采用Mars ODS-AQ色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 µm),以0.2%磷酸水溶液-甲醇(50:50)为流动相,等梯度洗脱,体积流量为1 mL/min,进样量20 μL,柱温30 ℃,检测时间为40 min,检测波长350 nm。
大鼠分组后适应性饲养一周后随机进行分组,分为正常对照组(n=10)和造模组(n=50),进行后续试验。正常对照组(control group,CON)饲喂普通饲料,造模组以高糖高脂饲料连续饲养8周。随后,在禁食12 h后,采用腹腔注射的方式给造模组大鼠注射50 mg/kg STZ-柠檬酸钠缓冲溶液(0.1 mol/L,pH=4.22),CON组大鼠腹腔注射等量的柠檬酸钠缓冲液,注射后72 h随机测量血糖,以血糖水平≥16.7 mmol/L作为T2DM模型构建成功的标准[27]。
在本研究正式实验之前,通过为期4周的预实验,设置了100、400和800 mg/kg三个剂量组。结果显示,400与800 mg/kg JJT剂量组均能显著降低模型大鼠的空腹血糖(P<0.05),且动物状态良好。因此,本实验选定400 mg/kg作为中剂量(JJTM),并按其0.5倍和2倍分别设置低剂量(JJTL,200 mg/kg)与高剂量(JJTH,800 mg/kg),以全面评价JJT的量效关系。将造模成功的大鼠随机分为5组(n=10):糖尿病模型组(diabetes mellitus group,DM)、二甲双胍阳性对照组(Metformin group,MET,0.2 g/kg[28])、JJT高剂量组(High dose group of JJT,JJTH,800 mg/kg)、JJT中剂量组(Medium dose group of JJT,JJTM,400 mg/kg)、JJT低剂量组(Low dose group of JJT,JJTL,200 mg/kg),灌胃体积10 mL/kg,连续给药8周,CON组和DM组每日灌胃等体积生理盐水25 mL/kg,其余各组大鼠灌胃对应剂量的药物溶液。CON组给予普通饲料喂养,其余各组给予高糖高脂饲料喂养,所有大鼠均自由采食饮水。
干预8周后,大鼠禁食不禁水12 h,腹主动脉取血,4 ℃静置2 h,3000 r/min离心15 min,收集上层血清,保存于−80 ℃冰箱备用;之后使用脱颈椎法处死大鼠并采集肠道内容物,置于1.5 mL EP管中,并迅速于液氮中冷冻,保存于−80 ℃冰箱备用。
实验过程和结束后,采集样本初步检测其生理生化指标。主要检测项目如下:体重变化:各组大鼠均于给药前、给药期间每周记录体重,记录体重变化;空腹血糖指标:给药8周后,大鼠禁食12 h过夜,剪尾静脉取血,并使用血糖仪试纸法测量空腹血糖(Fasting blood glucose,FBG);采用试剂盒法测定血清糖化蛋白(Glycated serum protein,GSP)水平;口服葡萄糖耐量试验(Oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT):给药8周后,大鼠禁食(不禁水)12 h,通过管饲法以2 g/kg葡萄糖灌胃处理,使用血糖仪和试纸在0、30、60和120 min测量葡萄糖水平,并计算血糖曲线下面积(Area under the curve,AUC);胰岛素抵抗试验:给药8周后,大鼠禁食12 h过夜,采用ELISA法测定血清空腹胰岛素(Fasting insulin,FINS),并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance,HOMA-IR),HOMA-IR=(空腹血糖×空腹胰岛素/22.5)[29];血脂指标及肝功能水平:按照生化检测试剂盒提供的说明书,测定总胆固醇(Total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(Total glyceride,TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(High-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL)、谷丙转氨酶(Alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(Aspartate aminotransferase,AST);促炎因子水平:采用ELISA法测定白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor Necrosis Factor-α,TNF-α)水平。
采用TGuide S96磁性土壤/粪便DNA试剂盒提取全基因组DNA,称取约200 mg样品,加入蛋白酶及裂解液,通过涡旋振荡进行充分均质后,于65 ℃水浴中裂解60 min,期间间歇振荡混匀。裂解后,在磁力架上进行DNA的吸附、洗涤和洗脱,其他步骤按说明书要求操作。DNA提取后用1.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳和Nanodrop 2000检测纯度和浓度。以提取的DNA样本为模板,利用引物338F(5'-actccacgggagcagcac-3')和806R(5'-Ggactachvgggtwtctaat-3'),对肠道细菌16S rRNA基因V3~V4区序列进行扩增。扩增反应总体系为25 μL,体系组分为:2×Taq PCR Master Mix 12.5 μL,10 μmol/L上下游引物各0.5 μL,DNA模板1.0 μL,无菌去离子水10.5 μL补足体系。PCR扩增程序设置如下:95 ℃预变性3 min;随后进行30个循环,每个循环包含95 ℃变性30 s、55 ℃退火30 s、72 ℃延伸45 s;循环结束后于72 ℃终延伸10 min,反应完成后4 ℃恒温保存。扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测合格后,委托北京百迈客生物科技有限公司完成后续高通量测序工作。使用2%琼脂糖凝胶回收PCR产物,并通过Omega DNA纯化试剂盒(Omega公司)进行了纯化。收集纯化后的PCR产物,并将其配对端(2×250 BP)在Illumina Novaseq 6000平台上进行。
本实验所得数据由至少进行3次重复独立实验所获取,实验结果以平均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计学分析,Origin2024软件进行作图。采用Pearson相关分析评价生化指标与肠道菌群变化的相关性。使用Tukey’s检验的单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)分析显著性差异,选择P<0.05作为显著性差异衡量标准。将P<0.05确认为数据间具有显著差异,将P<0.01确认为数据间具有极显著差异。
同标准品相比,可观察到实验用的JJT检测样液中含有绿原酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸、芦丁及木犀草苷这五种有效成分,含量分别为1.221%、1.963%、0.514%、0.284%和0.095%。混合对照品和JJT样品HPLC色谱图见图1。
与CON组相比,DM组大鼠体质量显著下降(P<0.05),符合T2DM模型典型消瘦病理特征。给药第1周,MET组与JJTM组大鼠体质量较DM组显著上升,该现象源于干预药物短期缓解高糖毒性、改善渗透性利尿脱水状态,同时修复受损肠道营养吸收功能,使机体快速恢复能量与体液蓄积;给药第2~3周,急性代谢紊乱得到初步平复,短期代偿效应消退,加之DM组自身多食代偿延缓体重降低,各组体质量增长趋于平缓,组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。直至给药第5周,MET组和JJTM组体质量显著高于DM组(P<0.01)(表1),提示二者长期干预可有效逆转糖尿病大鼠进行性体重降低,且JJTM改善效果与二甲双胍阳性药物相当。体质量是反映糖尿病进展的直观表型指标,上述体重变化规律说明JJTM可逐步纠正T2DM大鼠糖代谢紊乱,具备潜在抗糖尿病活性。
研究结果表明,与CON组相比,DM组大鼠FBG、GSP及OGTT-AUC均显著升高(P<0.001)。与DM组相比,MET、JJTH和JJTM组可显著降低FBG水平(P<0.01)(图2(A)),MET、JJTH、JJTM、和JJTL组均显著降低GSP水平(P<0.01,P<0.05)(图2(B));通过口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)进一步评估各组大鼠的糖代谢状态。结果显示(图2(C)~图2(D)),在干预初始(0 min),各试验组大鼠血糖值均明显升高,其中DM组血糖含量达到21.90 mmol/L,为CON组的4.19倍。给药后60 min,所有给药组大鼠血糖水平均达到峰值,随后呈现下降趋势。值得注意的是,在给药后120 min,DM组大鼠血糖水平和OGTT-AUC均显著高于CON组(P<0.001)。与DM组相比,MET组、JJTH组、JJTM组和JJTL组OGTT和OGTT-AUC均呈现不同程度的降低,其中MET组和JJTM组AUC显著降低(P<0.001或P<0.05)。这些结果表明,JJTM干预能够有效改善T2DM大鼠的糖代谢紊乱。
空腹胰岛素(Fasting Insulin,FINS)水平和稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗指数(Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance,HOMA-IR)是评估胰岛β细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗(Insulin Resistance,IR)状态的重要指标。进一步分析血清FINS水平(图2(E)),与CON组相比,DM组大鼠血清FINS极显著下降(P<0.001);相较于DM组,MET组、JJTM组血清FINS水平显著升高(P<0.01)。HOMA-IR结果表明(图2(F)),DM组胰岛素抵抗指数较CON组呈极显著升高(P<0.001);经MET、JJTH、JJTM干预后,大鼠HOMA-IR水平较DM组有所下降,胰岛素抵抗得到一定程度上缓解。综合两项指标结果表明,MET与JJTM干预可同时改善T2DM大鼠胰岛β细胞分泌功能并缓解胰岛素抵抗。
T2DM大鼠常伴随胰岛素抵抗和代谢紊乱,这一病理状态可导致脂肪合成增加、分解减少,进而引起血脂水平异常升高。同时,代谢紊乱还会引起炎症反应,导致促炎因子水平发生显著变化。本研究对血清血脂四项指标TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C和促炎因子IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α的分析结果显示,与CON组比较,DM组大鼠TC、TG、LDL-C水平(图3(A)~图3(C))以及IL-6、IL-β和TNF-α水平均显著升高(P<0.001)(图3(E)~图3(G)),而HDL-C水平显著降低(P<0.001)(图3(D)),这些结果表明,T2DM大鼠存在明显的血脂异常和高脂饮食诱导的炎症反应。与DM组比较,MET和不同剂量JJT组(JJTL、JJTM、JJTH组)在不同程度上均能降低TC、TG、LDL-C水平及IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α水平,并且提高HDL-C水平。这一发现提示,JJT干预不仅能够改善糖尿病大鼠的血脂代谢紊乱,还能有效减轻系统性炎症反应。
此外,肝功能相关指标ALT和AST的检测结果显示,与CON组相比,DM组大鼠血清ALT、AST活性显著升高(P<0.001),提示存在肝损伤。与DM组相比,MET组和JJT各剂量干预组均能显著降低AST、ALT活性(P<0.001或P<0.01),其中JJTM组的效果最为显著(P<0.001),AST和ALT活性分别下降了47.64%和35.76%(图3(H)~图3(I))。结果表明,JJT干预对T2DM大鼠的肝功能具有显著保护作用,可能通过改善代谢紊乱和减轻炎症反应来实现。综合以上结果,JJT在改善T2DM大鼠血脂代谢紊乱、减轻炎症反应以及保护肝功能方面均表现出显著的有益作用。
基于16S rRNA基因测序,共获得4203665条高质量序列,通过对这些序列进行聚类(以相似性>97%为阈值)得到18664个操作分类单元(OTUs),涵盖了39个门、92个纲、232个目、421个科、726个属和838个种,表明本次测序深度足以捕获大鼠肠道微生物的高度多样性。统计结果显示,不同处理组大鼠肠道OTU数目存在分化:CON组4008个、DM组3771个、MET组4428个、JJTH组4477个、JJTM组4535个、JJTL组3838个。基于OTU矩阵进行组间交集统计,结果显示全部组别共检出370个共有核心OTUs,该类菌群在不同处理条件下均可稳定存在,是大鼠肠道微生态体系的重要组成部分。结合OTU数量变化可见,糖尿病模型构建导致大鼠肠道OTU数目下降,而JJTM、JJTH与二甲双胍干预可不同程度提升OTU数量,初步提示中高剂量JJT干预对肠道微生物丰富度具有改善作用。
为进一步量化微生物群落的多样性,本研究计算了Alpha多样性指数。与CON组相比,DM组微生物多样性和丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。JJTM干预后,Simpson、Chao1、ACE和Shannon指数均显著升高(P<0.01,P<0.05),表明JJTM能够有效提高肠道菌群多样性和丰度(图4(B)~图4(E)),与上述DM组OTU数量降低,JJTM组OTU数量最高的结果相一致。此外,基于Bray-Curtis距离的主坐标分析(PCoA)显示,CON组与其他组明显分离,表明T2DM模型大鼠肠道菌群结构发生显著改变(图4(F))。
肠道菌群组成的分析(图5(A)~图5(B))显示,在门水平上,各组大鼠肠道菌群均以厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,61.20%~72.08%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota,16.49%~30.52%)为主,占细菌总丰度的80%以上(图5(A))。丰度排名前十的菌门还包括:放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、脱硫杆菌门(Desulfobacterota)、变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、疣状菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)、弯曲杆菌门(Campylobacterota)、迷踪菌门(Elusimicrobiota)以及部分未分类的细菌(unclassified_Bacteria)。与CON组相比,DM组拟杆菌门丰度显著降低(P<0.05),放线菌门丰度显著增加(P<0.05),而厚壁菌门无显著差异(P>0.05)。与DM组相比,JJTH、JJTM和JJTL组厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门(F/B)比值显著降低(P<0.05),表明JJT干预可促进肠道菌群向更健康的方向转变,缓解T2DM引起的菌群紊乱。
在属水平上,优势菌属包括乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、杜氏杆菌属(Dubosiella)、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)等。与CON组相比,DM组中乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、杜氏杆菌属(Dubosiella)以及unclassified_Lachnospiraceae的相对丰度增加;而unclassified_Muribaculaceae、unclassified_Clostridia_UCG_014、Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group和Prevotellaceae_UCG_001的相对丰度降低。与DM组相比,JJT上调了乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、unclassified_Muribaculaceae、Prevotellaceae_UCG_001等有益菌相对丰度,下调了杜氏杆菌属(Dubosiella)、unclassified_Lachnospiraceae、Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group的相对丰度。表明JJT对T2DM小鼠肠道菌群结构有正向调节作用,即增加与糖脂代谢相关的益生菌丰度,抑制有害菌的生长。
为鉴定组间肠道菌群的关键差异生物标志物,采用线性判别分析效应量(LEfSe)分析(LDA得分阈值设定为4)。结果表明,CON、DM、MET、JJTH和JJTM五组分别富集了12、3、12、2和9个具有统计学意义的差异分类群(图5(D))。由图5(F)可知,CON组主要富集于厚壁菌门(p__Firmicutes)下的梭菌纲(c__Clostridia),包括毛螺菌目(o__Lachnospirales)、毛螺菌科(f__Lachnospiraceae)、颤螺旋菌目(o__Oscillospirales)、颤螺旋菌科(f__Oscillospiraceae)等。在属水平上,Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group、NK4A214_group(二者均隶属于毛螺菌科的未明确分类属)、Prevotella(普雷沃氏菌属)等被鉴定为CON组的关键生物标志物。DM组富集的分类群较少,主要包括Dubosiella(杜氏杆菌属)以及unclassified_Lachnospiraceae和UCG_005。MET组富集了大量有益菌,主要分布于放线菌门(p__Actinobacteriota)下的双歧杆菌目(o__Bifidobacteriales)及其所属的双歧杆菌科(f__Bifidobacteriaceae)与Bifidobacterium(双歧杆菌属),以及厚壁菌门下的乳杆菌目(o__Lactobacillales)、乳杆菌科(f__Lactobacillaceae)与Lactobacillus(乳杆菌属)。JJTH组富集于普雷沃氏菌科(f__Prevotellaceae)和Prevotella_9。JJTM组富集于拟杆菌门(p__Bacteroidota)下的多个分类单元,包括f__Muribaculaceae、g__unclassified_Muribaculaceae以及Prevotellaceae_UCG_001;同时,也富集了厚壁菌门下的芽孢杆菌属(g__Bacillus)。
综上所述,JJT干预(特别是JJTM组)富集了拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和Prevotellaceae_UCG_001等被认为有益的菌属,这些菌群可能作为JJT发挥抗糖尿病作用的潜在微生物标志物。本研究结果提示,JJT可通过调节肠道菌群结构,增加有益菌的相对丰度,从而在T2DM治疗中发挥有益作用。
基于PICRUSt分析和KEGG数据库对肠道菌群功能进行预测,揭示了可能受影响的潜在代谢途径(图6)。KEGG通路注释共鉴定出6条一级通路,包括代谢、遗传信息处理、环境信息处理、细胞过程、人类疾病和生物体系统。在二级通路中,共发现10条显著通路(P<0.05),细菌菌落功能主要与碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、核苷酸代谢和维生素代谢途径有关。未发现组间整体微生物功能潜能的显著差异(P>0.05),这可能反映了肠道微生物生态系统固有的功能冗余特性,即在物种组成发生变化时,关键代谢功能仍由不同的菌群成员协同维持。
为探究肠道菌群与宿主代谢之间的潜在关联,采用Pearson相关性分析评估属水平上相对丰度TOP10的肠道微生物与代谢指标的相关性(图7)。结果显示,双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)、芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)丰度与HOMA-IR呈显著正相关(P<0.05);瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcus)丰度与IL-6和IL-1β呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与HDL-C呈显著负相关(P<0.05);杜氏杆菌(Dubosiella)丰度与GSP、AUC呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与LDL-C、TC、TG、IL-6呈显著正相关(P<0.05);Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group丰度与LDL-C呈显著负相关(P<0.05);Prevotellaceae_UCG_001丰度与IL-1β呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与TNF-α呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。相关性分析结果表明,JJT上调的Prevotellaceae_UCG_001与炎症呈负相关。JJT下调的双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)与胰岛素抵抗呈正相关;杜氏杆菌(Dubosiella)丰度与血糖控制指标、脂质代谢及炎症呈正相关。总体而言,JJT可能通过重新平衡肠道菌群和增加有益菌群来改善糖脂代谢紊乱并降低炎症水平,从而发挥其治疗T2DM的潜在作用。
在本研究中,采用高糖高脂饲料饲喂联合链脲佐菌素注射的方法成功构建了T2DM大鼠模型,表现出典型的多饮、多尿、多食及体质量增长缓慢等糖尿病症状,证实了该模型在后续研究中的可靠性。通过动物实验结果可知,JJT干预显著缓解了T2DM大鼠的体质量下降,与Zhou等[30]的研究结果一致,表明其在增强能量代谢和抑制脂肪分解方面的潜在作用。FBG是诊断糖尿病的最直接且最简单的指标,GSP是反应过去1~3周的血糖水平,OGTT-AUC可量化评估个体胰岛素敏感性及葡萄糖代谢效能[31]。JJT能显著降低FBG、GSP水平以及OGTT-AUC,说明JJT可通过增强胰岛素分泌和敏感性来改善葡萄糖耐量异常与代谢调控失衡[32]。此外,JJT增加了FINS水平并降低了HOMA-IR,进一步证明了其增强2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素敏感性和胰腺β细胞功能的能力。血脂异常是T2DM关键病理特征之一。JJT干预显著降低了T2DM大鼠TC、TG和LDL-C水平,同时提高了HDL-C水平,其中JJTM组的效果最为明显,可能与其抑制肝脂生成或促进脂质氧化分解相关,表明JJT对T2DM代谢紊乱具有潜在的减轻作用,与根皮苷改善T2DM大鼠的糖脂代谢紊乱的结论相一致[32]。T2DM中糖脂代谢紊乱会引起机体炎症反应,促炎因子的过量产生会导致脂肪组织、肌肉和肝脏的胰岛素抵抗(IR),从而加剧代谢紊乱,最终导致全身IR和胰腺β细胞功能障碍[33−34],而JJT可抑制促炎细胞因子(IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α)的产生来缓解炎症,提高胰岛素敏感性。T2DM也通常与肝功能受损有关,如血清AST和ALT水平升高。在本研究中,JJT干预有效地降低了AST和ALT水平,由此推断JJT可通过防止肝脏脂质过度积聚和减轻代谢应激引起的肝损伤,从而增强肝功能和代谢[35]。综上所述,JJT通过多靶点机制对T2DM具有显著的治疗作用,包括维持葡萄糖稳态、调节脂质代谢、减轻炎症和改善肝功能。
T2DM通常与肠道菌群多样性降低和生态失调紧密有关[36]。厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门(F/B)比率的增加被认为是肠道生态失调的重要标志,并与代谢性疾病有关[37]。本研究发现,JJT干预不仅增加了肠道微生物的多样性和丰度,还改变了肠道菌群的物种组成。在糖尿病大鼠中,F/B比值显著升高,与JIANG等[38]的研究结果一致。通过JJT干预后降低了厚壁菌门的丰度,同时增加了拟杆菌的水平,从而恢复了F/B平衡,缓解T2DM引起的肠道菌群紊乱状态。拟杆菌是代谢胆固醇的特定菌株,通过产生乙酸和丙酸等短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)来提供能量,其丰度的降低不仅会导致肠道菌群多样性的减少,还可能破坏能量代谢和血糖稳态的平衡[39−40]。此外,JJT干预富集了乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、unclassified_Muribaculaceae以及Prevotellaceae_UCG_001等有益菌,这些菌群的变化可能会增强SCFA的产生,提高胰岛素敏感性,减轻炎症反应[41]。同时,还降低了Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group的丰度,这是一种与脂多糖(LPS)产生、肠道屏障破坏和全身炎症有关的T2DM相关病原体,从而导致胰岛素抵抗[42]。这表明JJT可通过增加有益菌、抑制有害菌来改善代谢紊乱。研究表明,中药中多糖、黄酮类化合物、生物碱和膳食纤维等成分可以通过改变pH值、氧化还原状态和其他肠道环境因素来调节肠道菌群,选择性地抑制病原菌,同时促进有益菌的生长[43]。然而,JJT干预也降低了某些有益细菌的相对丰度,包括杜氏杆菌属、unclassified_Lachnospiraceae等,这可能会损害SCFA的产生和肠道屏障的完整性,从而影响胰岛素敏感性[42],这些细菌的特定代谢功能值得进一步研究。
基于LDA评分的LEfSe分析确定拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和Prevotellaceae_UCG_001是JJT干预后的关键生物标志物。据报道,这些细菌可以增强胰岛素敏感性、减轻炎症、增强肠道屏障功能和调节免疫反应[44−46]。因此,JJT通过调节肠道菌群的多样性和结构,同时丰富有益细菌,发挥其降血糖、胰岛素增敏和抗炎作用。使用PICRUSt的功能预测分析进一步表明,JJT显著影响了与碳水化合物、氨基酸和核苷酸代谢相关的代谢途径,表明其在改善T2DM相关代谢功能障碍方面的潜在作用。相关性分析表明,JJT上调的Prevotellaceae_UCG_001与炎症呈负相关,而下调的双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)与胰岛素抵抗呈正相关。此外,杜氏杆菌(Dubosiella)丰度与血糖控制指标、脂质代谢标志物和促炎因子呈正相关。这些发现进一步表明,JJT可以通过重新平衡肠道菌群和增加有益细菌群来减轻糖脂代谢紊乱和减少炎症,突出了其在2型糖尿病管理中的治疗潜力。
然而,本研究也存在一些局限性。一方面,中药对肠道菌群的双向调节凸显了优化干预策略的必要性,如剂量调整、草药兼容性改进和干预时机,以最大限度地提高治疗效果的同时保护有益的微生物种群。未来的研究应侧重于阐明这些微生物改变的功能作用及其对宿主代谢的影响,以完善基于JJT的T2DM干预效果。另一方面,基于16S rRNA基因测序的功能预测存在一定的局限性,它只能反映基因的存在(功能潜力),而无法反映其实际的表达活性(转录组)和代谢产物。因此,组间可能存在的在基因表达或代谢物水平上的差异未能被本方法捕获。未来的研究可采用宏基因组学、宏转录组学或代谢组学等技术,直接从基因含量、基因表达和代谢产物层面进行验证,以更全面地揭示菌群功能的改变,进一步揭示中药通过多靶点、多途径调节血糖的机制,推动其在T2DM治疗中的应用。
本研究全面探索了金花葵-菊芋-蒲公英“药食同源”中草药复方——金菊茶(JJT)对链脲佐菌素诱导的T2DM大鼠的改善作用,研究表明JJT可改善T2DM,其中JJTM组效果显著,能够有效降低T2DM大鼠的血糖水平,减少促炎细胞因子,改善脂质代谢,减轻肝功能损害,并提高胰岛素敏感性;同时,JJT能改善肠道菌群失调,促进有益细菌的增殖,抑制有害菌的生长,其机制可能与缓解炎症反应、调节肠道菌群有关,为药食同源中草药在糖尿病干预中的应用提供了理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070212
  • 接收时间:2025-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-17
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作者信息
    1河北省农林科学院滨海农业研究所,河北唐山 063299
    2唐山市蒲公英工程技术研发中心,河北唐山 063299
    3华北理工大学中医学院,河北唐山 063210

通讯作者:

王秀萍(1966−),女,本科,研究员,研究方向:中草药鉴定及应用,E-mail:。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/spgykj/CN/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070212
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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